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Important Equations in Physics Application
Important Equations in Physics Application
Important Equations in Physics Application
Sensing device
Sensing
device
Processing
unit
Output
Device
Light Dependent
Resistor (LDR)
Light intensity, I
Thermistor
Piez0 electric
transducer
Strain gauge
unit watts/meter2
Input devices:
Processing devices:
7
Processing unit
Potential divider
Operational
Amplifier:
It contains 20
transistors,
resistors and
capacitors
10
11
Op amp as
comparator
Op amp as feedback
(positive feedback)
12
Inverting amplifier
13
Non-inverting
amplifier
Ideal amplifier
- infinite input impedance: no current enters or leaves from the inputs for op-amp
- zero output impedance: no current is reduced at the output of op-amp
- infinite open loop gain: if the input is small the output is same as supply
=
- infinite bandwidth: all frequencies are amplified equally
- infinite slew rate: when input signal change the output also change at the same time
without delay. Higher the slew rate lesser the delay.
Real amplifier
input impedance (106 to 1012 ) , output impedance 100 , open loop gain 105 , finite
bandwidth and slew rate is 10V/ microsecond
>
>
=
=
(1
=
= 1+
Output devices:
14
Relay
15
Sharpness of x-ray
image
Contrast of x-ray
image
Incident/
transmitted
intensity