Professional Documents
Culture Documents
مشروع المحطات بهندسه حلوان
مشروع المحطات بهندسه حلوان
مشروع المحطات بهندسه حلوان
Faculty of Engineering
Electrical Power and Machine Department
Electrical Substation
Protection and Sizing
Under Supervision of
Helwan University
Faculty of Engineering
Electrical Power and Machine Department
Electrical Substation
Protection and Sizing
Under Supervision of
Prof.Ass.Saady abd-el Hameed
The Project Group:
1 - Ahmed Basiouny Fayoud
2 - Ahmed Abo el Alla El Sayed
3 - Ahmed khaled Salah Ali
4 - Mahmoud Abd El Fattah Korany
5 - Mohammed Nabil Ali
6 - Eslam Abdulah Fahiem
7 - Ahmed Mohammed Mahmoud kellany
8 - Khaled Saeed Abd El Rahman
9 - Ahmed khaled Salah Ali
10 - Gomaa Shaker Abd El Samd
11 - Ahmed Farrag Dahy
Graduation Project 2014
UCTION TO SUB-STATION1
Group2014 | Confidential
Chapter 1
Introduction to Substation
Substation definition
An electrical sub-stations an assemblage of electrical
components including bus-bars, switchgear, power
transformers, auxiliaries etc. substation is a part of an
electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system.
Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the
reverse, or perform any of several other important
functions. Electric power may flow through several
substations between generating plant and consumer, and
its voltage may change in several steps.
Briefly, Sub-stations are integral parts of a power system
and form important links between the generating station,
transmission systems, distribution systems and the load
points.
Introduction to Substation
Chapter 1
Functions of Substations
Substations serve the following functions;
Substations serve as sources of energy supply for
the local areas of distribution in which these are
located
Power
in
Transfer
power
Introduction to Substation
Chapter 1
Connected
to control
and protection
system.
Local and
remote
Line
CT
Operated by
control and
protection
system
CB
Line
VT
SA
Transformers
with tap changers
Shunt
reactor
Shunt
capacitor
Introduction to Substation
Chapter 1
Types of substation
According to voltage
level:
3- According to the
constructional features:
-A.C. Substation
-HVDC Substation
1- Indoor substation
2-- Outdoor substation
3- Underground substation
4- Pole mounted substation
-2-According to the
service requirement
1 - Transformer
substation
2- Switch substations
3 - Power factor
correction substations
4- Frequency change
substation
5- Converting substation
6-industrial substation
4-according to insulating
medium
AIS(air insulated
substation)
GIS(gas insulated
substation)
Chapter 1
Introduction to Substation
One of the substations of the new 1,500 kilometer HVDC transmission line in
China
Group2014 |Electrical Substation Protection and Sizing
Chapter 1
Introduction to Substation
Introduction to Substation
Chapter 1
2-1-transformer substations
They are known as transformer substations as because
transformer is the main component employed to change the
voltage level, depending upon the purposed served
.transformer substations may be classified into:
2-1-1STEP UP SUBSTATION
Introduction to Substation
Chapter 1
10
Chapter 1
Introduction to Substation
11
Introduction to Substation
Chapter 1
AIS
GI
12
Chapter 1
Introduction to Substation
13
Chapter 1
Introduction to Substation
1. Bus bar
2. Disconnector
3. Maintenance Earthing Switch
4. Current Transformer
5. Circuit Breaker
6. Current Transformer
7. Maintenance Earthing Switch
8. Disconnector
9. Earthing Switch
10. Voltage Transformer
11. Bushing
14
Chapter 1
Introduction to Substation
15
Introduction to Substation
Chapter 1
Switchyard
Control & Protection House
Includes:
1. AC/DC room
2. Battery room
3. Telecom room
4. Control & protection room
Main Office Building:
Administrative Building.
Conference Room - etc.
Group2014 |Electrical Substation Protection and Sizing
16
Chapter 1
Introduction to Substation
Switch Yard
It is the field where components used in controlling
supply and measuring supply (incoming and outgoing)
are placed.
Switchyards generally have Breakers, Isolators , CTs
,PTs , Bus bars, protection and control equipment,
transformers ,grounding wires and switches, disconnects
and metering devices, etc.
17
Chapter 1
Introduction to Substation
Ac/Dc Board
It provides ac supply for station (for lighting & heater
&sockets) and provides DC supply which is the more
important than A.C. supply as it feed the relays.
NOTE
That the digital relays become blind (useless) if D.C
drops so D.C supervision relay is used to check D.C
continuity.
18
Chapter 1
Introduction to Substation
Battery Room
In normal operation:
The battery supply intermittent medium-rate and momentary
high-rate loads, such as trip coils and dc motors of C.B. &
Disconnectors.
When we lost D.C. supply or failure of charger , the battery
Supply D.C. for all loads for hours i.e. 8 hours then it needs
re-charging
19
Introduction to Substation
Chapter 1
Aux transformer
Protection panels
Contain protective relays that are very essential part of the
substation, that is capable of detecting faults and isolating
them selectively and quickly from the network as a whole,
so that the consequences of the fault are limited as much
as possible.
20
Chapter 1
Introduction to Substation
21
Chapter 1
Introduction to Substation
Remote control
22
Chapter 1
Introduction to Substation
Alarm system:
Substation operator must be informed by:
1. Switchgear status.
2. Switchgear settings.
3. Faults.
Alarm Annunciate Panels are widely used as a central
indicator of status of equipment or systems in an aircraft,
industrial process, building and installation. These Alarm
Annunciate devices provide a visual indication of a
number of electric circuits
23
Chapter 1
Introduction to Substation
Telecom room
Like SCADA system in the station which take signal from
protection panel.
Supervisory control refers to equipment that allows for
remote control of a substation's functions from a system
control center or other point of control. Supervisory
control can be used to:
operate circuit breakers,
operate tap changers on power transformers,
supervise the position and condition of equipment, and
Telemeter the quantity of energy in a circuit or in
substation equipment.
24
Chapter 2
25
Chapter 2
Contents
1- Overview
2- Instrument Transformers
3- Disconnecting Switches
4- Circuit Breaker
26
Chapter 2
27
Chapter 2
28
Chapter 2
29
Chapter 2
30
Chapter 2
2.2.1.1 Operation
31
Chapter 2
2.2.1.2 Construction
32
Chapter 2
33
Chapter 2
34
Chapter 2
35
Chapter 2
Reference values for rated output are 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 30
and up to 200 VA.
36
Chapter 2
Main Differences
1 - Accuracy Class:
Metering CTs require high accuracy at rated full load current.
Protection CTs don't have to be with high accuracy.
2 - Difference in Operating Conditions:
Protection CTs will have to carry the fault currents which may
reach to 10 and 20 times the normal full load current. So it is
designed at much bellow the saturation point (knee) in order to
avoid saturation.
Metering CTs used for metering will have to carry only full load
current. So it is designed near to knee point
37
Chapter 2
38
Chapter 2
39
Chapter 2
40
Chapter 2
41
Chapter 2
42
Chapter 2
43
Chapter 2
44
Chapter 2
45
Chapter 2
Application
46
Chapter 2
General Features:
Weather proof outdoor terminal box
Stainless steel or aluminum, nameplate
Weather resistant
Easy installed
High mechanical impact and dielectric strength
Clearly identified secondary terminals
Ratios may be single-ratios, dual-ratio, or multi-ratios
This design can be manufactured to customer specified size
47
Chapter 2
48
Chapter 2
49
Chapter 2
50
Chapter 2
51
Chapter 2
52
Chapter 2
53
Chapter 2
2.3.1.2 Construction
54
Chapter 2
55
Chapter 2
56
Chapter 2
57
Chapter 2
Secondary low voltage winding has few turns wound over the
magnetic core and the primary high voltage winding is
comprised of several turns wound over the secondary
winding.
58
Chapter 2
Tank made from galvanized steel filled with oil contains the
magnetic core wound with primary and secondary windings of
VT.
In a voltage transformer the core size is comparatively large so
that a low flux is maintained at operating point.
59
Chapter 2
Where
Kn is the rated transformation ratio;
Vp is the actual primary voltage;
Vs is the actual secondary voltage.
60
Chapter 2
Accuracy
Class
Voltage
Error (%)
Phase Error
(Minutes)
Application
0.1
+0.1
+5
Precise
Measurement
0.2
+0.2
+10
Measurement
0.5
+0.5
+20
Measurement
1.0
+1.0
+40
Measurement
3.0
+3.0
---
Measurement
3P
+3.0
+120
Protection
6P
+6.0
+240
Protection
61
Chapter 2
2.3.1.2.4 Construction
62
Chapter 2
63
Chapter 2
64
Chapter 2
65
Chapter 2
66
Chapter 2
67
Chapter 2
68
Chapter 2
Due to their rotating blade design which pivots about its long
axis, vertical break switches are excellent for application in
environments which experience formation large amount of ice.
69
Chapter 2
Southern States - Whip Type Arcing Horns Increase the Speed of Contact
Separation during the Opening of Switch
Coelme Egic - Vertical Break Disconnector - Model SLOB - Rating 72.5 - 550kV Open Position
| Electric Substation Protection and Sizing
70
Chapter 2
71
Chapter 2
Operating Technique
There are 2 Models available for double end break switch:
Central Arm moves only perpendicularly to the plane of the
insulators up to direct engagement of the moving contacts
into the fixed ones happened.
Central Arm upon completing its movement perpendicularly
to the plane of the insulators, it rotates around its own
longitudinal axis leading to complete engagement and
locking of the moving contacts into the fixed ones.
First Model is characterized by an extremely simple design
and it is rather cheap; while the Second Model can provide
very high performance levels.
ITG LLC - Reliable Energy Solutions - 72.5-300kV Disconnecting Switch - Close Position
| Electric Substation Protection and Sizing
72
Chapter 2
Sieyuan - Rated Voltage 72.5 - 550kV - High Short Circuit Carrying Capacity Up to 63kA Close Position
73
Chapter 2
Liaoning Mec - Model GW4 - Ratings 40.5 - 252 kV / Current 630 - 3150 A - Open Position
74
Chapter 2
75
Chapter 2
Coelme Egic - Centre Break Disconnector - Model CBD - Rating 36-52 kV Close Position
76
Chapter 2
77
Chapter 2
78
Chapter 2
A Pair of Double End Break Vee Switches in Closed Position Feeding a Circuit Breaker
Southern States - Center Rotate Switch - Ratings 121 - 362 kV / 1200 - 4000 Amps
| Electric Substation Protection and Sizing
79
Chapter 2
Center break Vee switch is a two-insulator, outdoor, groupoperated side opening two insulator, air disconnect switch
with both insulators rotating and it is constructed primarily of
aluminum.
Center break Vee switches have all the same features and
characteristics that center break switches have but with one
additional feature which is space saving advantage, producing
one of the most compact disconnect switch installation
possible.
Sieyuan - Rating 40.5 - 126kV / Short Circuit Carrying Capacity 40kA - Close Position
| Electric Substation Protection and Sizing
80
Chapter 2
Southern States - Ratings 15.5 - 242 kV / 1200 - 3000 Amps - Close Position
Coelme Egic - Model CBVD - Rating 72.5-170 kV - Earthing Switch Shown - Open Position
| Electric Substation Protection and Sizing
81
Chapter 2
Single side break switch enjoys the same economic advantage that
center break and center break Vee switches do. Moreover it just
require only six insulators versus nine insulators required for vertical
`
Cleaveland Price - Model RL-C - Ratings 7.2-69kV / 600-2000A - Close Position - Horizontal Mounted
Southern States - Model ES-1 - Ratings 115kV / 1200A - Close Position - Horizontal Mounted
| Electric Substation Protection and Sizing
82
Chapter 2
83
Chapter 2
7- Pantograph Type
84
Chapter 2
1 -Scissors Arms
2 -Bearing Frame
3 -Support Insulator
4 -Rotating Insulator
5 -Motor Operating Mechanism
85
Chapter 2
Since the movement of the arm takes place on the same plane
as that of the insulators, the phase-to-phase spacing is
minimized.
86
Chapter 2
87
Chapter 2
88
Chapter 2
89
Chapter 2
90
Chapter 2
Siemens - SF6 Insulated - Rating 400kV Outdoor High Voltage Circuit Breaker
91
Chapter 2
92
Chapter 2
Notes:
93
Chapter 2
Western Electrical Services - High Voltage Circuit Breaker Contacts and Cluster
Zensol - Make Break Contacts in Power Circuit Breakers in Close and Open Positions
| Electric Substation Protection and Sizing
94
Chapter 2
2.4.1 Construction
95
Chapter 2
96
Chapter 2
This design is simple and robust (), with few moving parts
and a vibration-isolated latch system of the highest reliability.
All components of the operating mechanism, the control and
monitoring equipment and all terminal blocks are arranged in a
compact and convenient way in one cabinet.
97
Chapter 2
98
Chapter 2
99
Chapter 2
100
Chapter 2
101
Chapter 2
2.4.4.1 Precaution
A tripped circuit-breaker often indicates that fault has
occurred somewhere down the line from the panel. The fault
must usually be isolated before switching the power on, or an
arc flash can easily be generated.
If the voltage is high enough, and the wires leading to the fault
are large enough to allow a substantial amount of current, an
arc flash can form within the panel when the switch is turned
on
And so precautions must be taken on switching circuit
breakers, such as:
Standing off to the side while switching to keep the body out
of the way.
Wearing protective clothing.
Turning-off equipment, circuits and panels down-line prior to
switching.
102
Chapter 2
103
Chapter 2
104
Chapter 2
105
Chapter 2
106
Chapter 2
107
Chapter 2
CO t'' CO
108
Chapter 2
Circuit breakers are rated both by the normal current that they
are expected to carry, and the maximum short-circuit current
that they can safely interrupt.
Application of
breaker in a circuit with a prospective shortcircuit current higher than the breaker's interrupting capacity
rating may result in failure of the breaker to safely interrupt a
fault.
109
Chapter 2
110
Chapter 2
111
Chapter 2
112
Chapter 2
113
Chapter 2
114
Chapter 2
115
Chapter 2
116
Chapter 2
Operation Mechanism
117
Chapter 2
118
Chapter 2
119
Chapter 2
120
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Siemens - Model 3AP1FG - Rating 145KV SF6 Live Tank Circuit Breaker
| Electric Substation Protection and Sizing
122
Chapter 2
123
Chapter 2
2.5 Transformer
124
Chapter 2
2.5.1. Introduction
Fig(2.5.1)
The more current that flows, the stronger is the magnetic field.
stronger magnetic field can be produced by winding the wire
into a coil.
125
Chapter 2
Fig (2.5.2)
Alternating
126
Chapter 2
Fig (2.5.3)
The
Fig(2.5.4)
127
Chapter 2
Fig (2.5.5)
The
128
Chapter 2
Fig (2.5.6)
(. . )
(. . )
129
Chapter 2
Transformers
are rated in volt-amperes (VA) or kilovoltamperes (kVA). This means that the primary and the
secondary winding are designed to withstand the VA or kVA
rating stamped on the transformer nameplate.
When
(. . )
(. . )
130
Chapter 2
(. . )
It
Fig (2.5.7)
Fig(2.5.8)
131
Chapter 2
A varying
2.5.4.3. Polarity:
A dot
132
Chapter 2
b.Leakage flux:
133
Chapter 2
Fig (2.5.9)
134
Chapter 2
c. Equivalent circuit:
Fig (2.5.10)
135
Chapter 2
2.5.5.
The ideal transformer's core behaves linearly with time for any
non-zero frequency.
136
Chapter 2
Core losses:
1. Hysteresis losses:
Each time the magnetic field is reversed, a small amount of
energy is lost due to hysteresis within the core.
2. Eddy current losses:
Ferromagnetic materials are also good conductors and a core
made from such a material also constitutes a single shortcircuited
turn
throughout
its
entire
length. Eddy
currents therefore circulate within the core in a plane normal
to the flux, and are responsible for resistive heating of the core
material. The eddy current loss is a complex function of the
square of supply frequency and inverse square of the material
thickness.
137
Chapter 2
Fig (2.5.11)
As
Core
138
Chapter 2
2.5.6. Construction:
2.5.6.1. Cores :
a. Laminated steel cores:
Fig (2.5.12)
Fig (2.5.13)
139
Chapter 2
b. Solid cores:
Powdered
These
The
The
140
Chapter 2
Fig (2.5.14)
d. Air cores :
The
141
Chapter 2
2.5.6.2. Windings :
The conducting
For
Large
142
Chapter 2
Power-frequency
143
Chapter 2
Fig(2.5.15)
2.5.7. Cooling:
To
144
Chapter 2
Small
cooling,
water-cooling,
or
Large
Transformer
145
Chapter 2
146
Chapter 2
147
Chapter 2
b.ONAF cooling:
Heat dissipation can obviously be increased, if
dissipating surface is increased but it can be make
further faster by applying forced air flow on that
dissipating surface. Fans blowing air on cooling
surface is employed. Forced air takes away the heat
from the surface of radiator and provides better
cooling than natural air. The full form of ONAF is
"Oil Natural Air Forced". As the heat dissipation rate
is faster and more in ONAF transformer cooling
method than ONAN cooling system, electrical power
transformer an be put into more load without
crossing the permissible temperature limits.
148
Chapter 2
c. OFAF cooling:
In
149
Chapter 2
d.OFWF cooling:
We know that ambient temperature of water is much
less than the atmospheric air in same weather
condition. So water may be used as better heat
exchanger media than air. In OFWF cooling system
of transformer, the hot oil is sent to a oil to water
heat exchanger by means of oil pump and there the
oil is cooled by applying sewers of cold water on
the heat exchanger's oil pipes. OFWF means "Oil
Forced Water Forced" cooling in transformer.
150
Chapter 2
e. ODAF cooling:
ODAF or oil directed air forced cooling of
transformer can be considered as the improved
version of OFAF. Here forced circulation of oil
directed to flow through predetermined paths in
transformer winding. The cool oil entering the
transformer tank from cooler or radiator is passed
through the winding where gaps for oil flow or predecided oil flowing paths between insulated
conductor are provided for ensuring faster rate of
heat transfer. ODAF or oil directed air forced
cooling of transformer is generally used in very high
rating transformer.
151
Chapter 2
f. ODWF cooling:
ODAF or oil directed water forced cooling of
transformer is just like ODAF only difference is that
here the hot oil is cooled in cooler by means of
forced water instead of air. Both of these
transformer cooling methods are called forced
directed oil cooling of transformer.
152
Chapter 2
153
Chapter 2
154
Chapter 2
155
Chapter 2
Transformer
Some
Fig (2.5.16)
| Electric Substation Protection and Sizing
156
Chapter 2
Fig (2.5.17)
157
Chapter 2
Fig (2.5.18)
Fig (2.5.19)
158
Chapter 2
Common
A wye-wye
159
Chapter 2
160
Chapter 2
161
Chapter 2
162
Chapter 2
163
Chapter 2
164
Chapter 2
165
Chapter 2
. With two buses and a bus tie available, there is some ease in
doing maintenance, but maintenance on line breakers and
switches would still require outside the substation switching
to avoid outages
2.6.5-Ring Bus
166
Chapter 2
167
Chapter 2
2.6.6- Breaker-and-a-Half:
168
Chapter 2
169
Chapter 2
170
Chapter 2
the capacitor is
A device for storing electric charge. It comprises of two electrodes
separated by an
insulation medium called the dielectric.
| Electric Substation Protection and Sizing
171
Chapter 2
172
Chapter 2
Capacitor Application
Capacitors provide tremendous benefits to distribution system
performance.
Most noticeably, capacitors reduce losses, free up capacity,
and reduce voltage drop:
Losses; Capacity
By canceling the reactive power to motors and other loads with low
power factor, capacitors decrease the line current.
Reduced current frees up capacity; the same circuit can serve more
load. Reduced current also significantly lowers the I2R Line losses.
Voltage drop
Capacitors provide a voltage boost, which cancels
part of the drop caused by system loads. Switched capacitors can
regulate voltage on a circuit.
173
Chapter 2
174
Chapter 2
175
Chapter 2
176
Chapter 2
Capacitor banks type SCB, ACB are used for individual or central
power factor correction in medium voltage power networks
177
Chapter 2
178
Chapter 2
2) Location Considerations
A network study is performed in order to determine the most
economical and technically viable solution. The results of the study
aid with selecting the type, size and location of the compensation
system. The objectives are; to maintain a desired voltage profile, to
improve the power factor and to reduce the losses along feeder
circuits. The process to optimize a large electrical system is
complex and requires iterative
A large compensator can be positioned at the supply point of
common coupling to the network. This will improve the overall
power factor, voltage support and transmission capability
Compensation positioned at the load has the advantage of
offsetting inductance directly at the load thereby reducing losses in
the load.
179
Chapter 2
180
Chapter 2
A lightning
arrester is a
device used on
electrical power
systems and
telecommunicati
ons systems to
protect the
insulation and
conductors of
the system from
the damaging
effects of
lightning
The typical
lightning arrester
has a High-voltage
terminal and a
ground terminal.
When a lightning
surge travels along
the power line to
the arrester, the
current from the
surge is diverted
through the
arrestor, in most
cases to earth.
181
Chapter 2
182
Chapter 2
183
Chapter 2
184
Chapter 2
Rod arrester.
Horn gap arrester.
Multi gap arrester.
Expulsion type lightning arrester.
Valve type lightning arrester.
185
Chapter 2
186
Chapter 2
187
Chapter 2
188
Chapter 2
189
Chapter 2
190
Chapter 2
Configuring MO Arresters
In order to configure an MO arrester, it is first of all necessary
to understand how the different requirements and parameters
affect the operational performance of the arrester.
With knowledge of the basic principles and interdependencies
191
Chapter 2
192
Chapter 2
193
Chapter 2
- MO diameter: 40* mm
- 10 kA/Ur = 2.65* (This factor is characteristic for the MO
resistor used when
configuring it for the line discharge class 1.)
The resulting protective characteristics*:
- lightning impulse protective level (10 kA, 8/20 ms): 159 kV
- switching impulse protective level (0,5 kA, 30/60 ms): 122
kV
- steep current impulse protective level (10 kA, 1/<20 ms):
169 kV
62 CONFIGURING MO ARRESTERS
Checking the protective values:
- LIWV/10 kA, 8/20 s = 325 kV/159 kV = 2.04 definitely
sufficient
Height of the MO resistor column:
- hMO = 400* mm
Selecting a Housing
Minimal requirements:
- lightning impulse withstand voltage =
1.3 . lightning impulse protective level = 1.3 . 159 kV = 207 kV
- power-frequency withstand voltage 1 min, wet =
1.06/ 2 . switching impulse protective level = 1.06/ 2 . 122 kV =
92 kV
- creepage distance: 16 mm/kV . 72.5 kV (27.7 mm/kV 41.9 kV)
= 1160 mm
- permissible head load static (SLL): 350 N
- permissible head load dynamic (SSL): 500 N
- rated short-circuit current (rated short-circuit (withstand)
current Is): 20 kA
- possible length of the active part: 400 mm
- number of units: 1
- grading ring: no
194
Chapter 2
195
Chapter 2
196
Chapter 1
197
Chapter 1
EXAMPLE:
A typical space (420/525) kV SF6 GIS requires only
920m2 site area against 30000 m2 for a conventional air
insulated substation
The complete enclosure of all live parts guards against any
impairment of the insulation system
2. Reliable:
The complete enclosure of all live parts guards against any
impairment of the insulation system.
198
Chapter 1
199
Chapter 1
200
Chapter 1
201
Chapter 1
2.9.7.1Switchgear Definition
A sitchgear is a general term that covering switching devices
and their combination with associated control, measuring,
protective and regulating equipment, also assemblies of such
devices and equipment with associated inter
connections,accessories, enclosures and supporting
structures, intended in principle for use in connection with
generation, transmission, distribution and conversion of
electric energy,
A switchgear installation contains all the apparatus and
auxiliary equipment necessary to ensure reliable operation of
the installation and a secure supply of electricity.
Three phase AC High-voltage switchgear installations with
operating voltages of up to 800 kV are used for distributing
electricity in towns and cities , regions ,industrial centers, and
also for power transmission.
| Electric Substation Protection and Sizing
202
Chapter 1
203
Chapter 1
1- Circuit Breaker:
are mechanical switching devices able to make, carry and
interrupt currents occurring in the circuit under normal
conditions, and can make, carry for a specified time and break
currents occurring in the circuit (e.g. short circuit) under
specified abnormal conditions.
A circuit breaker is an automatically-operated electrical switch
designed to protect an electrical from damage caused by
overload or short circuit.
Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by
interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical
flow.\
Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then has to be
replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or
automatically) to resume normal operation
204
Chapter 1
205
Chapter 1
2- Disconnector Switch:
are used for galvanic isolation of networks or sections of
switchgear installations.
As an independent air-insulated device, they form a visible
isolating distance in their open position.
They are suitable for switching small currents ( 0.5A) or also
larger currents if the voltage does not change significantly
between the contacts of a disconnector pole during switching
(commutation currents).
Disconnectors have a moving contact that opens or closes a
gap between stationary contacts when activated by an
insulating operating rod that is itself moved by a sealed shaft
coming through the enclosure wall, the Figure 3.2 shows a
disconnector with its main parts.
The stationary contacts have shields that provide the
appropriate electric field distribution to avoid too high a
surface stress.
The moving contact velocity is relatively low compared to a
circuit breaker moving contact,
And the disconnector can interrupt only low levels of
capacitive current (e.g. disconnecting a section of GIS bus) or
small inductive currents (e.g. transformer magnetizing
current).
206
Chapter 1
207
Chapter 1
208
Chapter 1
3-Earthing switches:
are used for earthing and short-circuiting de-energized station
components
Earthing switches can withstand currents during a specified
time (1s, 3s) under abnormal conditions, such as a short
circuit,
But they are not required to carry continuous operating
currents.
In general, earthing switches are combined with the adjacent
disconnectors to form one unit.
However, earthing switches can also be installed separately.
The earthing switches can be adapted to diverse components,
and according to the layout and the buyer specifications, can
be mounted in any point of the installation, as maintenance
earthing switches or as fast-closing earthing switches.
Locking bolts provided with padlocks or similar devices
ensure the locking in the desired position.
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Chapter 1
4-Instrument transformers
Their function is to transform high voltages and currents to
values that can be unified or measured safely with low internal
losses.
With current transformers, the primary winding carries the
load current, while with voltage transformers, the primary
winding is connected to the service voltage
The voltage or the current of the secondary winding is
identical to the value on the primary side in phase and ratio
except for the transformer error.
Current transformers operate almost under short circuit
conditions while voltage transformers operate at no-load
Primary and secondary sides are nearly always electrically
independent and insulated from one another as required by
the service voltage. Above a service voltage of 110 kV,
Instrument transformers are frequently manufactured as
combined current and voltage transformers.
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Chapter 1
A- Current transformers:
The GIS conductor is the single turn primary for the CT
CTs inside the enclosure must be shielded from the electric
field produced by the high voltage conductor or high transient
voltages can appear on the secondary through capacitive
coupling.
For CTs outside the enclosure, the enclosure itself must be
provided with an insulating joint, and enclosure currents
shunted around the CT. Both types of construction are in wide
use.
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Chapter 1
B-Voltage Transformer :
VTs are one-phase (phase-to-ground connection) and can be
inductive or capacitive
The primary winding is supported on an insulating plastic film
immersed in SF6.
The VT should have an electric field shield between the
primary and secondary windings to prevent capacitive
coupling of transient voltages.
The VT is usually a sealed unit with a gas barrier insulator.
The VT is either easily removable so the GIS can be high
voltage tested without damaging the VT, or the VT is provided
with a disconnect switch or removable link.
The insulation among the layers of the primary winding is
elaborated with plastic sheets, and the insulation between the
primary winding, covered by a shielding electrode, and the
external casing is SF6.
The voltage transformer is accommodated in an independent
gas compartment separated from the others by a conical
fastening insulator.
The high voltage connection is performed through an
interconnection bolt, the opposite extreme of the primary
winding, connected to ground
AS well as the extremes of the secondary windings, are
carried in a gas-tight fashion out of the transformer casing,
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Chapter 1
5- CABLE TERMINATION:
High-Voltage cables of various types are connected to SF6
switchgear via cable connection assembly & also it enables
the GIS & Cables to be tested separated
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Chapter 1
6- Transformer connection:
consists of Oil/SF6 bushing, the enclosure, the main circuit
end terminal & removable connection.
For High-Voltage test on GIS, transformer is isolated from
switchgear by dismantling the removable connection
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Chapter 3
Chapter (3)
Protective relays
217
Chapter 3
Relays
Relay is a device when detects the fault supplies information to the
breaker for circuit interruption
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218
Chapter 3
CTs
Protected
Equipment
Control
Relay
VTs
219
Chapter 3
220
Chapter 3
Stability:
The term stability is usually associated with unit protection
schemes and refers to the ability of the protection system to remain
unaffected by conditions external to the protected zone, for
example through load current and external fault conditions.
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Chapter 3
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Chapter 3
advantages
Electromagnetic Relays
Simplicity
Not expensive
Mechanical Wear
Solid-state Relays
No mechanical movements
Faster than EMR
No sparking between
contacts
Low Power Consumption
223
Chapter 3
Digital relays
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Chapter 3
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Chapter 3
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Chapter 3
Operation
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Chapter 3
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Chapter 3
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Chapter 3
230
Chapter 3
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Chapter 3
232
Chapter 3
233
Chapter 3
Earth-Fault Protection
When the fault current flows through earth return path, the fault is
called Earth Fault. Other faults which do not involve earth are called
phase faults. Since earth faults are relatively frequent, earth fault
protection is necessary in most cases. When separate earth fault
protection is not economical, the phase relays sense the earth fault
currents. However such protection lacks sensitivity.
Hence separate earth fault protection is generally provided. Earth
fault protection senses earth fault current. Following are the
method of earth fault protection.
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Chapter 3
237
Chapter 3
Trans.-REFR
238
Chapter 3
239
Chapter 3
240
Chapter 3
.
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Chapter 3
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Chapter 3
244
Chapter 3
Figure show how lock out relay can be used in tripping & in
initiating breaker failure (The Sequence for initiate breaker failure
signal)
As if internal fault exist at the transformer, differential relay
(87) Will detect the fault & send signal to lockout relay (86) which
will send trip signal to the trip coil (TC) of the circuit breaker and
one of its normally open contact will be closed in order to complete
the path of the dc supply energizing the over current relay (50).
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Chapter 3
4
If fault is not cleared, the over current relay(50) will detect
current which will be higher than its setting as fault current is
very high, so the (OC) relay will operate and its normally open
contacts will be closed.
One of its contacts will send another trip signal to the (TC) of
the circuit breaker and at the same time and another contact
will energize a timer (62).
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Chapter 3
3
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247
Chapter 3
Block close
248
Chapter 4
249
Chapter 4
2- Mechanical protection
1- Buchhloz relay.
2- Pressure relief device.
3- Oil temperature.
4- Winding temperature.
5- Oil level.
250
Chapter 4
251
Chapter 4
Test Socket
Features
1. Reduction in down time of the equipment under test2. Testing does not cause disturbance to wiring, terminals, or
equipment setting.
252
Chapter 4
3.
Exi
sti
ng
au
xili
ary
su
ppl
y
to
th
e
eq
uip
me
nt
un
de
r
tes
t
ma
y
be
Iso
lat
ed.
4. Ct shorting &connect test equipment
253
Chapter 4
Schemes Arrange:
AC Supply Scheme
DC Supply Scheme
Differential Relay Scheme
Group 2014 |Electrical Substation Protection and Sizing
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 4
Ac and Dc Supply:
The AC supply in this scheme is provided by one winding
Transformer with rating 33kv/220v
The Ac supply provides:
1-Heating and lightning circuit
2-CB motor circuit
3-Power supply unit
4-Control circuit Supply
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 4
2- The DC supply
-using for feeding the Relay coils with Dc current
- If the Relay coils does not feeded with Dc , the relay will not
operate .
275
Chapter 4
2-Metering:
- It is required to measure Power Quantities like (voltage
Ampere-Power)
-We achieve that by using Instrument transformers
connecting to measuring devices
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Chapter 4
For Current :
-The CT has one core designed for measuring connecting
to Ammeter through Switch .
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Chapter 4
For Voltage :
-The VT has only core for measuring with rating
(33KV-110V) connecting to Voltmeter with rate (0-110v)
through Switch.
-Also, we have anther connection for remote metering in
protection and control room .
- There is an device called capacitive Voltage indicator which
used to indicate voltage .
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Chapter 4
3-Incoming cell
Incoming cell consists of :
1- 3-ph transimission line
2- Load break switch to provide making or breaking of specified
currents
3- Earthing switch : is necessary to earth the conducting parts
before maintenance and also to provide deliberate shortcurrent while testing.
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 4
4-Trip Circuit
282
Chapter 4
5-Alarm
283
Chapter 4
284
Chapter 4
6- Outgoing Cell
285
Chapter 5
286
Chapter 5
Define the short circuit current that the load will present.
Many loads, such as motors, require a large burst of current
(referred to as inrush current) to break the load free of a
standing start and transition the load to normal operating
conditions.
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Chapter 5
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Chapter 5
; =
289
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5
1-Introduction:
Cable (or conductor) sizing is the process of selecting
appropriate sizes for electrical power cable conductors. Cable
sizes are typically described in terms of cross-sectional area,
American Wire Gauge (AWG) or kcmil, depending on
geographic region.
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Chapter 5
4-General Methods:
When sizing a cable, the following general process is typically
followed:
A-Gather data about the cable, its installation conditions and
the load that it will carry, etc
B-Determine the minimum cable size based on Ampacity (
continuous current carrying capacity)
C-Determine the minimum cable size based on voltage drop
considerations
D-Determine the minimum cable size based on short circuit
temperature rise
E-Select the cable based on the highest of the sizes calculated
in the steps above
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Chapter 5
Data Gathering
2- Load data
The characteristics of the load that the cable will supply, which
includes:
A- Number of phases, e.g. three phases or single phase
B- System / source voltage
C- Full load current (A) - or calculate this if the load is
defined in terms of power (kW)
D- Full load power factor
E- Distance / length of cable run from source to load - this
length should be as close as possible to the actual route of
the cable and include enough contingency for vertical
drops / rises and termination of the cable tails
| Electric Substation Protection and Sizing
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Chapter 5
Cable installation
How the cable will be installed, which includes:
A-Installation method - e.g. cable tray / ladder, in
conduit / raceways, against a wall, in air, directly
buried, etc
B-Ambient or soil temperature at the installation site
C-Cable grouping, i.e. the number of other cables
that are bunched together or installed in the same
area
D-Cable spacing, i.e. whether cables are installed
touching or spaced
E- Soil thermal resistivity (for underground cables)
F-For single core three-phase cables, are the cables
installed in trefoil or laid flat?
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Chapter 5
Where
V is the three phase or single phase voltage drop (V)
I is the nominal full load or starting current as applicable (A)
Rc is the ac resistance of the cable (Ohms/km or Ohms/ft)
Xc is the ac reactance of the cable (Ohms/km or Ohms/ft)
Cos(phi) is the load power factor (pu)
L is the length of the cable (m or ft)
When sizing cables for voltage drop, a maximum voltage drop
is specified, and then the smallest cable size that meets the
voltage drop constraint is selected. For example, suppose a
5% maximum voltage drop is specified. 16mm2, 25mm2 and
35mm2 cables have calculated voltage drops of 6.4%, 4.6%
and 3.2% respectively. The 25mm2 cable is selected as it is the
smallest cable that fulfils the maximum voltage drop criteria of
5%.
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Chapter 5
Where
A is the minimum cross-sectional area of the cable (mm2)
i is the prospective short circuit current (A)
t is the duration of the short circuit (s)
k is a short circuit temperature rise constant
300
Chapter 5
Where
theta-i and theta-f are the initial and final conductor
temperatures respectively.
As a rough guide, the following temperatures are common for
the different insulation materials:
301
Chapter 5
ETAP CALCULATIONS
Single line diagram
302
Chapter 5
303
Chapter 5
ETAP Example
304
Chapter 5
305
Chapter 5
306
Chapter 5
Lumped Load
307
Chapter 5
Cable Sizing
1- Length
308
Chapter 5
309
Chapter 5
3 - Loading
310
Chapter 5
4 - Ampacity
311
Chapter 5
5 - Sizing
312