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Geography
The Sun- Head of solar system. Made up of hot gases. 150 million kms away
from earth. It is the ultimate source of heat and light for the solar system.
Planets Nine. They move around sun in orbits.
Mercury takes 88 days to complete a revolution around sun.
Pluto takes 248 years.
Venus is considered as Earths twin bcoz of similar shape and size.
A new planet 2003 UB313 has been found farthest away from sun.
Aryabhatta was an ancient Indian astronomer.
The Earth- 3 rd nearest planet to the Sun. Fifth largest in size.Flattened at poles
thats why is shape is considered as Geoid (Earth like shape). Blue planet
The Moon - only satellite of earth, Dia of moon = one fourth of earth. It is about
4 lakh kms away from earth. It rotates around earth and on its axis in 27 days.
Hence, only one side of moon is visible from earth.
Light travels with a speed of 3*108 kmps. Yet it takes suns light 8 minutes to
come on the earth.
Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk on moon in 1969.
Satellite : A celestial body that moves around a planet in the same way planets
move around sun. Moon is natural satellite.
Man made satellites are artificial bodies. Indian satellites in space include
INSAT, IRS , ELUSAT etc.
Asteroids apart from planets and satellites there are other celestial bodies
which move around sun. These are asteroids. Assumed to be the parts of planets
departed bcoz of explosion. Found between orbits of mars and Jupiter. Largest
asteroid found is Ceres.
Meteroids small pieces of rocks which move around sun. When come near
earth bcoz of the friction with air ,they gets heated up and burn causing a flash
of light.
Milky way Galaxy (Akash Ganga)- our solar system is a part of this.
Universe- made up of millions of galaxy.
All other planets except venus and Uranus spin is in anti clockwise direction.
Temperature zone :
southern hemisphere . the angle of suns rays goes on decreasing towards the
pole. Hence regions have moderate temperatures.
Frigid zone :
Longitudes
Hyderabad (Pakistan ) and allahbad ( india ) are located on same latitude (25
degree 25 N). How to define position ? hence, we need longitude as well.
Meridians of longitude are equal unlike latitudes.
Prime meridian ( 0 degree ) which pass through Greenwich. It divides earth into
two parts- eastern hemisphere and western hemisphere. 180 degree east and
180 degree west lies on same line.
earthday.
Elliptical orbit of earth. Year is divided into seasons on the basis of the
position of the earth.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Summer
Winter
Spring
Autumn
Chapter 4 : Maps
Different types of maps:
1. Physical maps(relief) : maps showing natural features
of earth.
2. Political maps
3. Thematic maps
Three components of maps :
1. Distance
2. Direction
3. Symbol
Hydrosphere :
Earth is called blue planet.
71 % of earth is covered with water, and 29 % with the land.
(7% of earths water is found in oceans and is salty, and then
larger proportion in the form of glaciers and a very smaller
proportion is adequate for drinking. )
Oceans:
Three chief movements of earths water are :
1. the waves
2. the tides
3. and the oceanic currents.
4 major oceans in terms of size :
Pacific(1/3 of earth, circular in shape-NA,SA,asia, Australia
all surrounded by it),atlantic( S shaped indented
coastline), Indian( triangular shaped,),arctic( berring strait)
.
Atmosphere