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System On Chip and Embedded Systems
System On Chip and Embedded Systems
Shinde
Assistant Professor,
Electronics Engineering,
PVPIT, Budhgaon
shindesir.pvp@gmail.com
It may contain digital, analog, mixed-signal, and often radiofrequency functions all on one.
Many interesting systems are too complex to fit on just one chip
built with a process optimized for just one of the system's tasks.
1.
2.
3.
4.
timers and
These blocks are connected by either a proprietary or industrystandard bus such as the AMBA bus from ARM.
DMA controllers
route
data
directly
between external
interfaces and memory, by-passing the processor core and
thereby increasing the data 6 throughput of the SoC
Ethernet
MAC
Audio
Codec
Interrupt
Controller
GP I/O
Address
Decode
Unit
CLK
SRAM
Power Supply
CLK
CLK
CPU
(uP / DSP)
Memory
Controller
SRAM
SRAM
SDRAM
Timer
UART
CoProc.
SDRAM
custom
IF-logic
L
C
Display
Controller
Ethernet
MAC
Audio
FPGA Codec
Interrupt
Controller
GP I/O
Address
Decode
Unit
CLK
SRAM
Power Supply
CLK
CLK
CPU
Memory
Controller
SRAM
SRAM
(uP / DSP)
SDRAM
Timer
UART
CoProc.
SDRAM
custom
IF-logic
L
C
Display
Controller
Audio
Codec
EPROM
Power Supply
L
C
SRAM
SRAM
SRAM
SDRAM
SDRAM
10
The design flow for a SoC aims to develop this hardware and
software in parallel.
The hardware blocks are put together using CAD tools; the
software modules are integrated using a software-development
environment.
11
A key step in the design flow is: The hardware is mapped onto
an FPGA that mimics the behavior of the SoC, and the software
modules are loaded into the memory.
After emulation the hardware of the SoC follows the place and
route phase of the design of an integrated circuit before it is
fabricated.
12
Microcontroller:
A microcontroller is a processor that has its program and data
memory built in.
These chips are intended for small embedded control
applications, so leaving the pins for I/O and not requiring a
external memory bus.
Some microcontrollers have as little as 6 pins, and can do
useful things.
In contrast, general purpose computing processor (GPP) is
intended for a large computations, such can have 100s of pins
in a array and require extensive external circuitry.
In general a microcontroller is taken as being an embedded
device which is internally programmed to perform a specific
task.
There is minimal user interaction and little or no flexibility.
A microcontroller is typically fairly low powered with only small
amounts of memory and ROM (flash).
13
SoC:
Conversely a System-on-Chip is the other end of the spectrum.
It is more geared towards complete flexibility and user
interaction.
It often includes things like IO drivers for bigger hardware, and
even sometimes a graphics adapter.
A System-on-Chip is more like a complete computer system, on
a single chip.
System on Chip, is a less well defined term.
Cyprus calls some of their parts PSOC (Programmable System
on Chip).
These are basically a microcontroller with small FPGA on the
same chip.
Instead of having built in peripherals, you can make whatever
you want within the available resources of the FPGA.
14
15
An embedded system is a
special-purpose
computer
system designed to perform one
or a few dedicated functions,
often with real- time computing
constraints.
16
Complexity
varies
from
low,
with
a
single
microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals
and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.
INTRO TO
18
Characteristics of a Microcontroller
Low cost
Low speed, on the order of 10 KHz 20 MHz
Low Power, extremely low power in sleep mode
Small architecture, usually an 8-bit architecture
Small memory size, but usually enough for the type of
application it is intended for. Onboard Flash.
Limited I/O, but again, enough for the type of application
intended for.
19
Characteristics of a Microprocessor
High cost
High speed, on the order of 100 MHz 4 GHz
High Power consumption, lots of heat
Large architecture, 32-bit, and recently 64-bit architecture
Large memory size, onboard flash and cache, with an external
bus interface for greater memory usage
Lots of I/O and peripherals, though Microprocessors tend to be
short on General purpose I/O
20
This is to provide the processor with two distinct data paths, one
for instruction and one for data
22
23
Whereas Architectures
Big-Endian
from
Sun,
IBM,
24
25
Without the Reset Vector, the processor would not know where to
begin execution
Upon reset, the processor loads the Program Counter (PC) with
the reset vector value from a pre-defined memory location
On
CPU08
$FFFE:$FFFF
architecture,
this
is
at
location
26
The Stack Pointer (SP), much like the reset vector, is required at
boot time for many processors
29
It takes too much time for servicing an interrupt, and you may
miss another interrupt.
30
Proposal
Definition
Technology Selection
Budgeting (Time, Human, Financial)
Material and Development tool purchase
Schematic Capture & PCB board design
Firmware Development & Debug
Hardware Manufacturing
Testing
Certification
Firmware Release
Documentation
Ongoing Support
31
32
34
GANTT CHART
36
to
37
38
39
40
Problem Statement
43
44
45
Schematic
of
microcontroller
board
47
49
well-specified
50
51
52
Any
s
53