INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENT

KNIT GARMENTS MARCHANDISING

Page 1 of 60

Chapter 1
1.1: Introduction
Garments are produced in the garments factories on industrial basis all the people of a
specific country. Bangladesh is one of the garments producing & exporting country in
the world market. At present there are about 4500 garments factories running in
Bangladesh. Growth of garments factories started in Bangladesh around 1980.around
1980, garment production & export business was unknown to us. Foreign currency
earning through garments export $3.24 million which was not countable in percentage
of the total national foreign currency earnings. Afterwards, tremendous growth of
garment factory, garments productions, garments export, the percentage of foreign
currency earnings through garments export reached from 0% to around 80% of the
national foreign currency earnings, in 2007-08 financial year.
At present Bangladesh is producing & exporting more than 60 items of garments. the
most common items are shirt, trouser, jacket, sports wear, T-shirt, polo shirts, ladies
wear, sweater, socks, hats etc. this produced items are exported in USA, Canada, Japan,
Australia, middle east and many other countries in the world. Bangladesh is one of the
important & competitive garments exporting country in the world market. Cheapest
labor cost is the biggest advantage for Bangladeshi garments producers & exporters.

1.2 scope of the project

Bangladesh is a developing country. And a developing country largely depends on
foreign currency. Nearly 75%-80% of foreign currency is earned by exporting garments
& textile. Merchandiser plays a vital role. At present a large number of merchandising
personnel are working in textile & its sub-sector.
But one thing is that in our country there have lots of differences between practical job
life & general education life. It could be a problem during the time of service. So we have
tried ourselves to establish a combination between our general education line &
practical life with various article, documents & calculation. We hope this project will
give a way to learn merchandising which will help in the future to lead our textile &
garment sector.

Page 2 of 60

Chapter 2
Process flow chart of merchandising
Process flow chart of merchandising
Merchandiser
Negotiation with buyer & collect order
Costing
Sample making (according to buyer requirement)
Get approval &Placement of order
Getting started (In-house preparation of accessories)
Line balancing
Commencing production
Production Monitoring
Inspection
Buyers Inspection (After Finishing)
Preparation of banking & documentation
Shipment/delivery

2.1: Merchandiser
2.1.1: Definition of merchandiser
The main role of a garments merchandiser is to collect garments export order (export
L/C), produce the garments, export the garments and earn profit, to perform those
functions successfully needs lot of knowledge, experience & tremendous effort for a
merchandiser. The term merchandising is defined as follows:
Definition of merchandising

The term merchandising related with trade

Trade means buying & selling
The person who is involved with trade, he/she is a merchandiser
Page 3 of 60

And the activities of a merchandiser is known as a merchandising

2.1.2: Function of the merchandiser

Activities of Junior Merchandiser (In a factory)

Main task is production monitoring

Collect inventory report from store
Swatch making & getting approval from buyer
Arrange preproduction meeting in order to prepare a schedule for smooth
production
Place order to different production unit
Collect Daily Production Report & Daily Quality Report
If any shortage in store, arrange locally.
Arrange final inspection

Responsibilities of Senior Merchandiser

Sample development
Price negotiation
Order confirmation
L/C opening
Opening summery
Sourcing
Material collection
Production planning
Production monitoring
Quality assurance
Arrange final inspection
Arrange shipment

Qualities of a merchandiser

Language skill
Computer skill

Page 4 of 60

Marketing skill
Right consumption knowledge of various goods
Costing knowledge of raw materials
Order getting ability (That is if the merchandiser is known by actual rate of raw
materials, so that he can negotiate perfectly with buyer. In this way, the
possibility of getting order is hundred percent.)
Sincere & responsible
Hard worker

2.2: Negotiation with buyer

2.2.1: Business collaboration

The most critical work is the procurement of garment export order. Normally garment
export order is found from the potential garment importers called garment buyer.
Anybody wants to collect garments export order, should be able to convince the buyer.
When the buyer is convinced about garment production, garments quality, garments
costing and shipment ability of a garments exporter, he or she can think about issuing a
garments export order.
Without clear confidence among buyer& exporter from both sides, may be a risky
business deal. If a garment exporter can continuously deal with only three or four buyer
with buyers satisfaction, it will be sufficient enough to run garment production &
garment export business smoothly round the year.
A successful negotiation outcome does not generally occur through luck, but by
following a clear process. The process reflects the different levels of knowledge of the
subject of negotiation, various parties and the way they communicate at various stages
in the negotiation. The following is an outline of steps essential to effective negotiation:
1) Researching the needs of both parties
The greater the knowledge a buyer has of their own and the suppliers requirements,
the better able they are to construct an acceptable solution. The buyer must be clear
about both the department mark-up to be placed on the product cost and the intended
retail selling price so that she or he can judge the viability of the suppliers products.
2) Preparation
Effective preparation is also vital to successful communication. It is essential that the
buyer also has identified the maximum and minimum positions that she will accept for a
range of factors including:
product price
Page 5 of 60

 order size
Lead- time.

3) Offer

The buyer and supplier can make specific proposals to set the boundaries of the
negotiation.
4) Discussion
There will be areas on which one side can move than more then the other and vice
versa. It is important for the buyer to make a note of which ones provide the greatest
and least opportunities for flexibility.
5) Counter and revised offers
This is the real bargaining where elements of the order, such as number of units,
product details, lead-time and so on are being decided in the context of an overall cost
price the buyer should make firm proposals.
6) Summaries
7) Agree & commit.

2.2.2: Processing of order

Execution of garments export order
After receiving the garment export order, without wasting any time, it is essential to
prepare a schedule for the jobs to be done for safe execution of the export order. The
main jobs for the execution of an export order are as follows:
Details analysis of export L/C
Preparation of a time schedule for the export L/C
Collection of fabric & accessories for the garment to be exported[source, quantity
of the items, cost of the items, receiving data of the items, quality& quantity,
Inspection of the items, etc]
Distribution of responsibilities for the jobs & duties
Production plan
Inspection of the produced garments for quality, quantity, packing & other
requirements of the buyer.
Preparation of banking & shipment formalities
Continuous follow-up progress
Page 6 of 60

 Others.

2.3: Costing
2.3.1 Booking sheet.
For required production of garments, yarn and fabric is booked or need to in house in
factory. a sample booking sheet is given below:

Page 7 of 60

2.3.2 Sample Local fabric price list

Fabric
Type
Single
Jersey
Single
Jersey
Single
Jersey
Single
Jersey
Single
Jersey
Single
Jersey
Lycra
Jersey
Lycra
Jersey
Lycra
Jersey
Lycra
Jersey

Finished GSM

Yarn
Count

110-120

40 s/1

125-135

34 s/1

140-150

30 s/1

160-170

26 s/1

180-190

24 s/1

200-220

20 s/1

18.5"-34.5"

170-180

34
s/1+40dI

190-200
210-220
230-240

30
s/1+40dI
26
s/1+40dI
24
s/1+40dI

Picque

170-180

30 s/1

Picque

200-210

26 s/1

Picque

220-230

24 s/1

M/C Dia

Finished Dia

Guage

Shrinkage

17"-- 33"

24

Good

18" -- 34"

24

Good

19" -- 35"

24

Good

20" -- 37"

24

Good

20" -- 37"

24

Good

21" -- 38"

24

Good

22" / 25"

21" / 24"

24

Good

22" / 25"

22" / 25"

24

Good

22" / 25"

23" / 26"

24

Good

22" / 25"

23" / 26"

24

Good

25" -- 47"

24

Good

25" -- 47"

24

Good

26" -- 48"

24

Good

18.5"-34.5"
18.5"-34.5"
18.5"-34.5"
18.5"-34.5"
18.5"-34.5"

18.5"
34.5"
18.5"
34.5"
18.5"
34.5"

----

Page 8 of 60

Remarks

Picque
Single
Lacost
Single
Lacost
Single
Lacost
Single
Lacost
Double
Lacost
Double
Lacost

20 s/1

18.5"
34.5"

--

170-180

30 s/1

18.5"
34.5"

--

190-200

26 s/1

210-220

24 s/1

250-260

260-270

18.5"
34.5"
18.5"
34.5"

---

20 s/1

18.5"
34.5"

--

170-180

34 s/1

18.5"
34.5"

--

190-200

30 s/1

18.5"
34.5"

--

28" -- 50"

24

Good

24" -- 45"

24

Good

25" -- 46"

24

Good

26" -- 47"

24

Good

27" -- 48"

24

Good

25" -- 48"

24

Good

26" -- 49"

24

Good

2.3.3 CONSUMPTION KNIT GARMENTS

Fabric Consumption Calculation for 1 dozen Mens T-shirt:

For a Mens T-Shirt:
a) G.S.M (Given by buyer)

Body

Neck/Rib

Page 9 of 60

: 145-150
: 175-180

b) Sewing & seam allowances (Not given by buyer) 1.50-3cm

c) Wastage % (Not given by buyer) 7%
d) Measurement chart (given by buyer)

Measurement Chart:
Parameter

Given

a) Chest

96cm

c) sleeve length

20cm

b) HPS

d) Arm hole
e) Neck

f) Neck width

g) Bottom hem

65cm
46cm
58cm

2+2=4cm
2cm

Formula:
Cpd = L x W x 12 x GSM
10000000

kg
Page 10 of 60

Estimated with sewing

allowance
102cm
70cm
25cm
49cm
61cm
7cm

Where, Cpd = Consumption per dozen

L

= Length

W = Width

A) Cpd (body)

= L x W x 12 x GSM

kg

= 70 x 102x 12 x 150

kg

10000000

10000000

= 1.28 kg
B) Cpd (Sleeve)

= L x W x 12 x 2 x GSM kg
10000000

= 25 x 49 x 12 x 2 x 150 kg
10000000

= 0.44 kg
C) Cpd (Neck)

= L x W x 12 x GSM

kg

= 61 x 7 x 12 x 180

kg

10000000

10000000

So, total Cpd

Actual Cpd

= 0.092 kg

= (A + B+C)

= (1.28 + 0.44 + 0.09) kg

= 1.81 kg

= Total Cpd + 7% wastage

Page 11 of 60

= (1.81 + 7%)
= 1.94 kg

So, the fabric consumption for mens T-shirt is 1.94 kg per dozen.

Consumption Calculation for 1 dozen Polo shirt:

Here,

a) G.S.M. (given by buyer)

body

145 150

Collar (12pcs)

400

Cuff (12 x 2)
b) Sewing & seam allowance
c) Wastage %

300
1.50 3cm

7%

d) Measurement chart (given by buyer)

Measurement Chart:
Parts Name

Given

Page 12 of 60

Estimated

a) Chest

96 cm

102 cm

c) Sleeve length

20 cm

25 cm

b) HPS

65 cm

d) Arm hole

46 cm

e) Collar length

46 cm

7 cm

g) Cuff length

10 cm

26 cm

h) cuff width

10 cm

3 cm

5cm

= L x W x 12 x GSM

kg

= 70 x 102x 12 x 150

kg

10000000

10000000

B) Cpd (Sleeve)

49 cm

46 cm

f) Collar width

A) Cpd (body)

70 cm

= 1.28 kg

= L x W x 12 x 2 x GSM kg
10000000

= 25 x 49 x 12 x 2 x 150 kg

C) Cpd (Collar)

= 0.44 kg

107

= L x W x 12 x GSM

kg

= 46 x 10 x 12 x 400

kg

107

107

Page 13 of 60

= 0.22 kg
C) Cpd (Collar)

= L x W x 12 x GSM

kg

= 46 x 10 x 12 x 400

kg

107

107

= 0.22 kg
D) Cpd (Cuff)

= L x W x 12 x 2 x GSM kg
107

= 30 x 5 x 12 x 2 x 300
107

kg

= 0.108 kg

So, total Cpd= A + B + C + D

= (1.28 + 0.44 + 0.22 + 0.108) kg

= 2.05kg

Actual Cpd = 2.05 kg + 7%

= 2.19 kg

So, fabric consumption for 1 dozen polo shirt is 2.19 kg.

Consumption Calculation for 1 dozen Trousers:

Page 14 of 60

For Trouser,

a) G.S.M. (given by buyer)

b) Sewing & seam allowance

c) Wastage %

180 - 250
7%

1.50 3cm

d) Measurement chart (given by buyer)

Measurement Chart:

Parts Name

Given

Estimated

107 cm

114 cm

a) Waist

112 cm

c) Thigh (width

66 cm

b)Side seam (length)

d) Front rise

28 cm

e) Back rise

36 cm

f)Leg Opening
(bottom)

Cpd

46 cm

= L x W x 12 x GSM kg
107

= 114 x 2 x 72 x 12 x 200 kg
107

Page 15 of 60

114 cm
72 cm

= 3.93 kg

Actual Cpd = (3.93 + 7%) kg

= 4.2 kg

So, fabric consumption for 1 dozen Trousers is 4.2 kg.

COSTING:
Coat a price for 1 dozen Mens T-shirt:
Pre-requisites:

Unit price

1. Fabric consumption 2 kg/dz

Costing

$5.0/kg

2. Accessories

$10/kg

$2/dz

3. CM (cost of manufacturing)

$2/dz

$2/dz

$2/dz

Total
A) Direct cost (raw materials)

= $14.0

B) Indirect cost (15% to 20% of direct cost)

Indirect cost

= $14.0 x 20%

= $2.8

Page 16 of 60

$14

Total

C) Profit @5%

= $14.0 + $2.8
= $16.8

= $16.8 x 5%
= @0.84

Therefore, total cost = $16.8 + $0.84

= $17.64
= $18

So, the cost for 1 dozen means T-shirt is $18

Cost a price for 1 dozen Polo shirt:

Pre-requisites

1. Fabric consumption 2.7 kg/dz

Cost

$2.5/dz

$2.5

$5.0/dz

2. Accessories
3. CM

A) Direct cost (raw material)

Unit price

$4-6/dz
Total

= $21
Page 17 of 60

$13.5

$5

$21

B) Indirect cost

= 15% - 20% of direct cost

= $21 x 20%
= $4.2

Total cost

=A+B

= $21 + $4.2
= 25.2

C) Profit at 5%

= $25.2 x 5%
= $26.46
= $26.5

The total cost for 1 dozen polo shirt is $26.5

2.3.4 Specimen sewing thread consumption

Approx sewing thread consumption of different items
No.

Product name

consumption

02

Basic polo shirt

175

01
03
04
05
06
07

Basic t- shirt

125meter

Tank top

50meter

Fleece/Sherpa jacket

250meter

Kids/girls dresses

basic long sleeve woven shirt

Basic short sleeve woven shirt

Page 18 of 60

300-450meter
150meter

125 meter

08

basic long trouser/pant

350meter

Machine wise sewing thread consumption/inch

1.plain m/c

1 needle

2.5 inch

3.over lock

3 thread

13.25 inch

2.plain m/c

2 needle

4. over lock

5 inch

4thread

5.over lock

16.75inch

5 thread

6.flat lock

18.75inch

3 thread

7.flat lock

16.75inch

5thread

8.bar tack stitching

Per operation

2.3.5 Some conversion unit

Conversion system
1 Yard

0.9144 Meter

1 Foot

30.48 cm

1 Foot
1 inch

1 Meter

=
=

2.54 cm

1 Meter

1 CM

1 CM

0.3048 Meter

1.09 Yard
3.28 Foot

1 Square Inch =

0.032 Foot
0.393 Inch

1 Square Meter =

6.45 Square CM

0.836 Square CM

Page 19 of 60

22.25inch

Generally 7 inch

2.3.6 Specimen local accessories price list

Local accessories suppliers are available in Bangladesh. Qualities are varying according
to market place & price. Some companies are BUYER nominated.
For example: 1) Plastiform
2) Bright trim etc.
Approx. price range
Accessories
Hanger
: 1.65-2.50 dollar
Papers hang tag
: 10 cent-1 dollar.
Price tag
: 10 cent-60 cent
Poly bag
: 30cent-1dollar (Depending on size & thickness)
Carton
: 65 cent- 1.5 dollar
(Note: price is varying according to market price)

Page 20 of 60

Trims
Sewing thread
: 70-85 cent ( per cone)
Button
: 1.2-2.5 dollar/grows (144 pcs=1 grows)
Rivet
: 80 cents-1.5 dollar/grows
Hole button/chock button: 6 dollar- 8 dollar/gg (1728pcs=1gg;greater grows)
Zipper
: 1.20dollar-3.50dollar/dozen (pant)
7 dollar-12 dollar (jacket)

(Note: the price is depend on the basis of zipper quality that is cotton, nylon, polyester
etc)

2.3.7Packing Accessories
The Accessories which are used for garment packing during garment shipment to buyer
are called packing accessories. Packing accessories are depended on garment packing
and folding etc which is instructed by buyer.
Poly bag, packing board, tissue paper, hanger, scotch tape, gum tape, carton etc are part
of packing accessories.

Page 21 of 60

Packing should be varying (as per buyer garment packing instruction) in different
orders as per instruction of buyer garments packing. , The number of one carton
garments it is weight on depend carton quality.
Understand quality of carton follow 3 ply, 5 ply, 7ply.

The number of carton is high ply number it is very much it is hard and strong.

The sea frights depend on dimension of the export carton and the air frights depend on
dimension of the export carton or gross weight of the carton.
CARTON

TYPE OF CARTON:

1. DEPEND ON PAPER

: 1. Khaki Carton Or Brown Carton

2. Duplex Carton

3. Box Carton

2. DEPEND ON STITCHING : 1. Stitching Carton

2. Now stitching /Gum Pasting Carton Or Metal Free
Carton
3. DEPEND ON PLY

: 1. 3 Ply Carton
2. 5 Ply Carton
3. 7 Ply Carton

4. DEPEND ON LINER
5. DEPEND ON SIZE

: 1. Both Side Liner Carton

2. out Side Liner Carton

: 1. Master Carton
2. Inner Carton

Page 22 of 60

CARTON MEASUREMENT:

FORMULA (1) = (L+W) (W+H)X2 in cm (Without Wastage)

100X100

FURMULA (2) = (L+W+6) X (W+H+4) X 2/10000 (Include Wastage)

PRICE = (L+W) (W+H) X 2 x Rate per Square Meter
100x100

= Rate/Pc

Example:

Here, L=30, w=40, H=20,

From (2) = (30+40+6) X (40+20+4) X2/10000

Rate for

= 0.97 Square Meter.

7 PLY = .55 USD [For GMTS Export Natural 7 Ply Used

5 PLY = .39 USD (.55X 5/7) (Less Wt Master Carton)
3 PLY = .23 USD (It is used as inner carton)

NOTE: Some time some buyer wants top & bottom inside in the carton. It should be
in 3 Ply.

CARTON:

Carton should be made of 7 ply to be exported. Carton is tested by carton bursting machine.

Page 23 of 60

"BUTTON"

40 Line =1 inch =2.54 cm=25.4 mm

1 line =0.635 MM
TYPE : 1. Pearl button

2. Horn button: It is also polyester button

3. Chalk
4. Logo

"

"

5. Polyester "

6. Imitation leather

7. Polyester imitation button:

8. Nylon button
9. Alloy button

10. Brass fashion button

11. Jeans button

12. Snap button: 2 ports & 4 ports

13. Press button
14. ABS button

15. Polymat button

: It is made of polyester & metal.

17. Handicraft button

16. Cord

button

18. Fabric Covered button:

: It is made of cord.

19. Coconut button

21. Real horn button

20. Wooden button

:
Page 24 of 60

22. Real Shell button

23. Rhine stone button

: It is made of metal & stone

"ZIPPER"

TYPE OF ZIPPER:

1. DEPEND ON END 1. Open end Zipped:

(a) Right insertion of sleeve & left puller (Mens)

(b) left insertion of sleeve & Right puller (Womens)

2. DEPEND ON TEETH SIZE: 1. 3 SIZE
2. 4 SIZE
3. 5 SIZE
4.

It depend on teeth length it 3 mm then size 3.

3. DEPEND ON TAPE: 1. Polyester

2. Cotton

4. DEPEND ON PULLER: 1. Double puller

2. Single

5. DEPEND ON SLIDER LOCK: 1. Auto lock

2. Semi lock
3. Non lock

Page 25 of 60

6. DEPEND ON TEETH MATERIAL: 1. LYLON (COIL)

2. VISLON /PLASTIC ZIPPER

3. Metal

1. NYLON: SHINY RAINBOW, SHINY GOLD, SHINY SILVER, ANTIC BRASS.

2. METAL: BRASS, ANTIC BRASS, NIKEL BRASS, ALUMINIUM, PEWTER.

3. PLASTIC ON DERLIN: IVORY, TRANSLUCENT, SHINY GOLD, SILVER RAINBOW.

QUALITY:-

1. AZO Free

2. NICKEL Free

3. Non magnetic.
4. Non toxic

5. Zipper teeth is not shrink so zipper tape S/B shrink free.

6. FBRIC S/B max 3% Shrinkage otherwise garment
7. like wavy & difficult for the zipper Slider
8. To go up and down .

Page 26 of 60

HHH ZIPPER COMPANY SYSTEM

1. Types of zipper
The type and name of zipper is given on the basis of the material used in
zipper teeth .
Teeth size is expressed by # 3, #10 and on words .
Page 27 of 60

# 3 representing Smaller size teeth and # 10 the larger.

PZ : Plastic zipper .

CZ : Polyester Zipper , coil zipper (previously Known as Nylon Zipper)

MZ: Metal Zipper

GK: Antique Brass Zipper

GB : Golden Brass Zipper

AL : Aluminum Brass Zipper

NI : Nickel Zipper.

2. FUNCTION :

EXAMPLE :

0(0/E)

C (C/E)

: OPEN -END

: CLOSED -END

M(2 WAY) : 2 WAY OPENED

PZC # 5: Plastic Zipper No 5 , Closed end

PZM # 8: Plastic Zipper No 8 , Way Open End

GKO # 5: Metal ,Antique Brass No .5 Open-End

Open -end zipper are used generally in the front of garments closed-ends in pockets,
hoods legs of garments.
3. POSITION OF SLIDER:

L/S: Left Slider (Same as R/H-Right Hand) Mens When a Jacket in Opened the Slider
remains at the left Side of the user.
R/S: Right Slider (Same as L/H-left hand)

USE: L/S: IN Europe & Asia both male & female -IN USA Generally female.
R/S: IN USA, Canada, South American Countries
SOME SPECIAL ZIPPER:-

1. REFLECTIVE ZIPPER

2. INVISIBLE zipper : In this type teeth are not show frontout .

3. 2 way slider zipper :

1. 0 Type : Two end is closed so when two slider come toward then it shape like "0 ".
Page 28 of 60

2. x Type : Two end is open so when two slider come toward then it shape like x.

3. R Type : One End is closed other is open when two slider come towards then it shape
like R.

2.3.8 Price break down

SAMPLE price break down for basic t- shirt

buyer:name
order no:

style/art no:

ITEM: BASIC T- SHIRT

SL#

MATERIAL DESCRIPTION

FABRIC(100%
KNIT,180GSM

COMPOSITION LABEL

2
4
5
6
7
8
9

10
11
12
13
14

COTTON

NECK RIB

SEWING THREAD

($)MAT.
CONSUMPTION/PC PRICE
JERSEY

UNIT TOTAL
PRICE/PC

.20KG

4.5/KG

$0.90

1PCS

.02/PCS

0.02

.008KG

HANG TAG

PRICE TAG

BAR CODE STICKER

POLY BAG

GUM TAPE

SCOTCH TAPE
P.P- BAND

METAL CLIP
CARTON

COST OF MAKING
Page 29 of 60

5.5/KG

0.44

15

TOTAL PRODUCTION COST

17

PROFIT 10%

16

OVERHEAD COST 4%

TOTAL PRICE FOB CHITTAGONG.

NOTE:
GUM TAPE=1 ROLL=50 YDS
SCOTCH TAPE=1 ROL=25 YDS
METALCLIP=1 BOX=200PCS
ALPIN=1 BOX=500PCS
TISSUE PAPER=1 BUNDLE
G.G=GREAT GROSS=1GG=1728PCS
CONE=1 CONE=500METERS

2.4: Sample making

According to buyer requirement the sample is developed in sample section. The sample
should be accurate to get approval.

Page 30 of 60

Page 31 of 60

Page 32 of 60

2.5: Production report

Daily Production report
The production report is placed hourly in the production report board according to
achieve production. This report is followed by the factory manager whether it is good or
bad. One production report is given below:

Page 33 of 60

2.6: Inspection
2.6.1 Fabric inspection

Page 34 of 60

Page 35 of 60

Page 36 of 60

2.6.2Knowledge about faults

Barre : occurs in circular knit. Caused by mixing yarn on feed into machine. Fabric will
appear to have horizontal streaks.
Broken Color Pattern: Usually caused by colored yarn out of place on frame.
Color Out: the result of color running low in reservoir on printing machine.

Crease Mark: differs from crease streak in that streak will probably appear for an
entire roll. Crease mark appears where creases are caused by fabric folds in the
finishing process. On napped fabric, final pressing may not be able to restore fabric or
original condition. Often discoloration is a problem.

Drop Stitches: results from malfunctioning needle or jack. Will appear as holes or
missing stitches.
End Out: Occurs in Warp knit. Results from knitting machine continuing to run with
missing end.
Hole: caused by broken needle.

Knots: caused by tying spools of yarn together.

Missing Yarn: Occurs in warp knit. Reuslts from wrong fiber yarn (or wrong size yarn)
placed on warp. Fabric could appear as thick end or different color if fibers have
different affinity for dye.
Needle Line: Caused by bent needle forming distorted stitches. Usually a vertical line.

Pin Holes: Holes along selvage caused by pins holding fabric while it processes through
tenter frame.
Puckered Selvage: Usually caused by selvage being stretched in finishing

Slub (Knit fabric): Usually caused by a thick or heavy place in yarn, or by ling getting
onto yarn feeds.
Soiled Filling or End: Dirty, oily looking spots on the warp or filling yarns, or on
packaged-dyed yarn.
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2.6.3 Care instructions

Machine Wash Cycle
Icons:

What it means:
Regular/Normal Cycle with regular agitation and spin speed
may be used.
Use Permanent Press/Wrinkle Resistant washer setting (which
has a cool down or cold spray before the reduced spin).

Use Gentle/Delicate washer setting (slow agitation and/or

reduced wash time).
Hand washes only.
Do not wash.
Do not wring by hand or use rollers on wringer washer. Hang
dry, drip dry or dry flat.

Water Temperature
Icons:

What it means:
Maximum water temperature 200F/95C.
Maximum water temperature 160F/70C.
Maximum water temperature 140F/60C.
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Maximum water temperature 120F/50C.

Maximum water temperature 105F/40C.
Maximum water temperature 85F/30C.

Tumble Dry Cycle

Icons:

What it means:
Machine dry.
Use Normal Cycle setting.
Use Permanent Press/Wrinkle Resistant Cycle setting.
Use Gentle/Delicate Cycle setting.
Do not tumble dry.

Heat Setting
Icons:

What it means:

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Set dryer at any heat.

Set dryer at High heat.
Set dryer at Medium heat.
Set dryer at Low heat.
No heat/air.
Do not dry (used with do not wash).

Special Instructions
Icons:

What it means:
Line dry/hang to dry - hang damp from line or bar and allow to
dry.
Drip dry - hang wet on plastic hanger and allow to dry with
hand shaping only.
Dry flat - lay garment on flat surface.
Dry in the shade.

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Bleach Symbols
Icons:

What it means:
Use any bleach (when needed).
Use only non-chlorine bleach (when needed).
Do not bleach.

Iron - Dry or Steam

Icons:

What it means:
Iron - Ironing is needed.
Iron using High temperature setting.
Iron using Medium temperature setting.
Iron using Low temperature setting.
Do not iron or press with heat.

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No steam - iron without using steam.

Dryclean - Normal Cycle

Icons:

What it means:
Dryclean.
Dryclean using any solvent.
Dryclean using any solvent except trichloroethylene.
Dryclean using Petroleum solvent only.

Do not dryclean.

Special Dryclean Instructions

Icons:

What it means:
Low heat.
Short cycle.

Reduce moisture.
No steam finishing.
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2.6.4 PURPOSE OF QUALITY CONTROL.

It will affect the sale ability of the product.

It will affect the service ability of the product
It improves the manufacturing quality
It will help to certify the performance of the company.
It will help to maintain total commitment to organized design.
It will help to reduce wastage of goods
It will help to get better order from buyer.

2.7: Banking & shipment documents

2.7.1 Types of L.C
L.C. (Letter of Credit)

The whole system of merchandising is depending on L. C. It is the main stem of

this trade.

Types of L.C.

Various types of L.C. are present in business system. Some recognized processes
are

1) MASTER /MOTHER L.C

2) BACK TO BACK L.C
3) SIGHT L.C
4) DEFFERED L.C
5) revocable l / c
6) irrevocable l / c

(Note: in Bangladesh sight l. c OR irrevocable l / c is mainly used)

In this trade initially cash money is not used. L. c is the main process for buying &
selling. When a business deal is made for buying & selling between buyer &
merchandiser then the buyer gives permission to his bank to open an L.C. of
approx amount & send it to merchandisers bank. Then this bank informed to
merchandiser that an L.C. is accepted. This l .c is called MASTER L.C.
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 THEN MERCHANDISER takes decision about the manufacturer for collecting raw
materials .when merchandiser choose supplier then he tell the supplier to send a
pro-forma invoice. After getting p .I. merchandiser tell to his bank to open an l .c
send to the suppliers bank. This l. c is opened from mother l .c which is given to
merchandiser. This l .c is called back to back or b to b l.c.
When supplier sends the products to merchandiser, then he send a acceptance
copy to his bank & a copy to the supplier. Then the supplier can able to get cash
from his bank. At the same way merchandiser send the product to the buyer or
after shipment he also able to get cash from bank. Shipment of goods is done by
B.L (bill of leading).this system is called SIGHT L.C.SIGHT L.C. consists of MASTER
& B TO B L.C.

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2.7.2 Specimen local accessories pro-forma invoice

Pro-forma invoice

An invoice presented by one company to another for payment for goods prior to their
dispatch. This method of invoicing is to ensure payment is received and is often the case
when two companies have not traded before. If future trading is anticipated it will then
be usual for an account to be set up for the purchasing company with credit facilities
It is known as P.I. Pro-forma invoice is taken by merchandiser from the supplier or
manufacturer. Where everything is listed that is product amount, price, carton size and
the total cost of required production and received by the merchandiser from supplier.
Sample pro-forma invoice type

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Page 52 of 60

2.7.3 Documentation for shipment.

Documentation for shipment

Packing list
U.D
Commercial invoice
ERC(export registration certificate)
Bank account.
Bill of Lading.
FOB
: FREE ON BOARD (Free on Board) is simply the Supplier
delivers the goods to his nearest Port and hands them over to the Freight
Forwarder nominated by the Buyer. Buyer then pays the freight and
arranges Insurance
CNF

: CLEARING & FORWADING

DDP

: DELIVERED DUTY PAID

CIF
: COST INSURANCE & FREIGHT (Cost Insurance Freight)
means that the Supplier delivers the goods to his own Freight Forwarder
who then ships the goods to the destination Port. Seller pays freight and
insurance. From a Buyer's point of view, CIF is better as he does not have
to worry about arranging shipping from Supplier to his home Port.
DDU

: DELIVERDED DUTY UNPAID

TERMS OF TRADE

C&F (cost and freight)

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 The seller/supplier agrees to contract the freight and pay "cost and
freight" for loading the goods, cleared for export, on board a vessel
and the charges to ship the goods to destination. The buyer bears
the risk of the goods from the time they pass the ship's rail at the
port of shipment and pay for the insurance coverage, and for the
unloading costs at the port of destination.

CIF (cost, insurance, freight)

CM

CMQ

CMT

CMTQ

FOB

The seller's price includes all charges, freight and insurance up to

the point where the ship carrying the goods arrives at the port of
destination; the goods must be cleared for export by the seller.
From that point the buyer has to bear all charges and risks,
including unloading costs.

This refers to the manufacturing cost and this term means "cut and
make". The buyer supplies all the materials to the manufacturer.

This term means "cut, make and quota" and is similar to 'CM'
except that the manufacturer has to supply the quota as well.

The term means "cut, make and trim". The buyer provides the
fabric, and the supplier makes the garments.

The term means "cut, make, trim and quota". The buyer has to
provide the fabric and the manufacturer makes the garments as
well as provides the quota.

This term means "Free On Board". The supplier is responsible for

all charges (including export licences, export taxes, etc.) and risks
until the goods have passed over the ship's rail at the port of
shipment; the merchandise must be cleared for export. The buyer
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contracts and pays for the freight and bears all risks for loss or
damage to the goods as soon as the merchandise passes the ship's
rail. The buyer also pays for all import duties and clears the goods
through customs at the point of destination.

FOB Airport (FOA)

This is similar to the term FOB except that the mode of

transportation is an air carrier. The supplier fulfills his obligations
after he has delivered the goods to the air carrier. The goods must
be cleared for export by the supplier.

Export Licence

In Hong Kong, export licences are needed for all garments and
textile products. The licences are issued by the Trade Department.

Packing List

This is a document that indicates the contents of each individual

carton/ package in the container. The packing list includes the cubic
measurement of the cartons/package, the weight, the number of
cartons/packages, the breakdown of the goods by size/colour/quantity.
This document is prepared by the seller or the ship owner, and the
buyer can specify which information should be included.

2.7.3.1 B/L (Bill of lading)

Bill of Lading

Bill Of Lading (BoL)

It is a major document if the goods are dispatched by sea.
The document represents:

1. A formal receipt for the goods

2. The evidence of the contract of carriage of the goods between the

shipper of the goods and the shipping company
3. The document of title to the goods

A bill of lading may include the following details:

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a description of the goods in general terms not inconsistent with that in the letter
of credit

identifying marks and numbers, if any

the name of the carrying vessel

evidence that the goods have been loaded on board

the ports of shipment and discharge

the names of shipper, consignee (if not made out "to order"), and name and
address of the "notifies" party if any
whether freight has been paid in advance or is payable at destination
the number of original bills of lading issued
the date of issue

the departure date of carrying vessel or aircraft

Types of B/L

STRAIGHT BILL O LADING

MEMO BILL OF LADING

EXPRESS BILL OF LADING

NON NEGOTIABLE BILL OF LADING.

CONSIGNED
DIRECTLY
TO
IMPORTER. CONSIGNED DIRECTLY
TO THIRD PARTY.

NEEDED FOR DOCUMENTS AND.

REVENUE
PURPOSE.SHORT
SHIPMENT AND ADVANCE.
NON NEGOTIABLE OF LADING.
CONSIGNED DIRECTLY TO THIRD
PARTY. HARD COPY IS NOT
REQUIRED BY SHIPPER.
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SHIPPING TERMS

Consignee
The person whose name appears on the bill of lading or airway bill as the
party to whom the goods are to be delivered by the carrier.

FCL (full container load)

A fully loaded container which may be in weight or cubic measurement

terms, contracted by one shipper, and conveyed to one consignee and to
one destination.

LCL (less container load)

A consignment of cargo which does not fill a full container, grouped with
other consignments for the same destination.

Shipper

This is the person whose name appears on the bill of lading or airway bill
as the party who has contracted the carrier to dispatch the goods.
Shipping Marks
These are marks essential to identifying cargo and linking that cargo with
specific documents. Because these marks are important as identifiers, the
marks and numbers should be as simple as possible. Shipping marks
include the abbreviated name of buyer, reference number, destination,
package number, and container number (if applicable).

Garment on Hangers (GOH)

The garments are packed into the container on hangers.

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Flat Packed
The goods are packed into cartons.

Reedisha Knitex Shipments

Import Genius: Search millions of import - export records

OCEAN BILL OF LADING

BILL OF LADING NO.

SYSASYL000684
SHIPPER

REEDISHAKNITEXLTD
DHANUA,NAYANPUR,SREEPUR GAZIPUR BD
CONSIGNEE

STRATEGICDISTRIBUTION
13576 DESMOND STREET,PACOIMA,CA 913 CALIFORNIA CA

L.P.

NOTIFY PARTY
VOYAGE NO.
00167

VESSEL NAME

ARRIVAL DATE
2006-01-12

PORT OF LOADING
CHITTAGONG

PORT OF DISCHARGE
LOS ANGELES

DECLARATION OF GOODS

ROUND NECK T SHIRT EMPIRE WISE

PARTICULARS (1)

CONTAINER NO. QTY. MARKS (2)

(NOTES)
(1)
(2)

521

CARGO WEIGHT COUNTRY OF ORIGIN

STRATEGIC DISTRIBUTION L.P 2547 KG

As declared by Shipper and not acknowledge by Carrier

Said to contain

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BANGLADESH

SIGNED BY/ON BEHALF OF CARRIER

CHAPTER3.
DISCUSSIONS

Actually merchandising field is a large area where a lot of business work is done by a lot
of ways. The most important thing is that, we have needed to choose the better & easier
way to do our work. For example if I want to say about L/C, that which types of L/C is
the best for business? By knowing about the L/C it seems to me that irrevocable is the
best .revocable L/C, where no terms and condition is present. All rights reserved for
buyer or bank that opened it. He can stop it any time without any notice. But in
irrevocable L/C, there have terms and conditions for opening l /c. once the l /c is
opened for beneficiaries & accepted, buyer or banker never reserve any right to close it.
So it will help for both parties.
Another important thing is fabric consumption. During the time of measurement, it is
necessary to take highest part of the garments that is chest, body length etc. it will help
to find out the right consumption for garments & help in costing. Costing is important
for a company. Right costing helps to get better profit for company. So it should be made
carefully.
Another thing is that merchandiser should take over all view on fabric faults during the
time of production & inspection. Because it seems to me that a merchandiser can
everything for his company. Thats why merchandiser should take better inspection
process during the time of final inspection.

CHAPTER 4.

CONCLUSION
Bangladesh is a developing country .in this country unemployment problem is slightly
overcoming by our garments or apparel sector. A huge number of people are working in
this sector. Initially, the situation of this sector is not so good but now a day this sector
is earning a lot of foreign currency, around 75%-80% of our total economic growth
which is making our economic sector very strong. And merchandisers are those people
who are working here day to night in order to develop this sector. Merchandisers goal
is to collect order, execute, develop the best & supply the best.

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REFERENCE
BANGLADESH APPAREL GROUP, BUYING HOUSE, UTTARA,
DHAKA.
CPM KNIT COMPOSITE LTD, SAVAR.
REEDISHA KNITEX LTD, SREEPUR, GAZIPUR.
SHARA FASHIONS, BUYING HOUSE, UTTARA, DHAKA.
SAJID KNITWEAR, NARAYANGONJ.
www.textile today.com
www.fiber2fashion.com

www.bkmea.com

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