INDUSTRY EDUCATION

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF
BIOMECHANICAL PRINCIPLES
IN RESISTANCE TRAINING:
NEUROMUSCULAR FACTORS AND
RELATIONSHIPS
Jason P. Lake 1, Paul A. Swinton 2, Justin W.L. Keogh 3, 4, 5
1

Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK

2
School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK.
3
Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Australia
4
Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
5
Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia

Corresponding author: Justin Keogh

Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia, 4229
Tel: +61 7 5595 4487 , Fax: +61 7 5595 4480, Email: jkeogh@bond.edu.au

ABSTRACT
This paper is the second in our three part series examining how a variety of biomechanical principles and concepts
have direct relevance to the prescription of resistance training for the general and athletic populations as well as for
musculoskeletal injury rehabilitation. In this paper, we considered different neuromuscular characteristics of resistance
exercise. We started by defining the causes of motion, discussing force and Newtons second law of linear motion. This
led to discussion of impulse, and how its relationship with momentum can be used to study force-time curves recorded
from different ground-based resistance exercises. This enables the sports biomechanist to derive movement velocity,
which enables study of the relationship between force and velocity, and we concluded that as the force required to
cause movement increases the velocity of movement must decrease. This relationship is critical because it enables
strength and conditioning coaches and exercise professionals to manipulate resistance-training loads to maximise
training gains for sports performance. We described representative force-time curves from basic human movements
to provide a foundation for discussion about how different resistance-training gains can be achieved. This focused on
exercise technique, including use of the stretch-shortening cycle, magnitude of load, ballistic resistance exercise, and
elastic band and chain resistance (although elements of this will receive greater attention in our final article). Finally, we
defined and explained the concept of mechanical work and power output, examining the effect that load has on power
output by considering the load-power relationships of different common resistance exercises. We hope that exercise
professionals will benefit from this knowledge of applied resistance training biomechanics. Specifically, we feel that
the take home message of this article is that resistance exercise load and technique can be manipulated to maximise
resistance-training gains, and that this can be particularly useful for athletes trying to improve sporting performance.
Keywords: biomechanics; forces; velocity; impulse; work; power; resistance exercise.

Volume 3, Issue 1, April 2014 | JOURNAL OF FITNESS RESEARCH

ISSN 2201-5655 2014, Australian Institute of Fitness

19

INTRODUCTION
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Figure 1: Peak and mean force-velocity trendlines

from unloaded and loaded (+25%, +50%, +75%, and
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Figure 2: Continuous force-velocity loops from unloaded and loaded (+25%, +50%, +75%, and +100% body
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Figure 3: Force-time and velocity-time curves of unloaded SJ performance.

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Volume 3, Issue 1, April 2014 | JOURNAL OF FITNESS RESEARCH

26

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Volume 3, Issue 1, April 2014 | JOURNAL OF FITNESS RESEARCH

27

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