Exercise:

Compute ,

dx
x 1

Solution: Let u x 1 du

dx
x 1

2u

1 u du

1
2 x 1

dx 2udu dx

u
u 11
1
du 2
du 2 1
du
u 1
u 1
u

2u 2 ln u 1 c 2 x 1 2 ln

x 1 1 c

Exercise:
Compute ,

ln x dx

Solution: Let u ln x and dv x ndx du

1
x n 1
and v
x
n 1

x n 1 ln x
x n 1 1
x n 1
1
x ln x dx

dx
ln x
x n 1 x 1dx

n 1
n 1x
n 1
n 1
n

x n 1
1
x n 1
1 x n 1
x n 1
1
n
ln x
x
dx

ln
x

ln
x

c
n 1
n 1
n 1
n 1n 1
n 1
n 1

Exercise:
n

ai
n

Show that, lim

a 1

i 1

Solution: Let S

ai

i 1

where a

1 2
3
n

....
...
a a2 a 3
an

(1)

1
1
2
3
n
S 0

....
... (2) subtracting (1) from (2) to get
a
a2 a 3 a 4
a n 1

1
2
1
1 3
2
1 1
1
(1) (2) : S S 0 ....

....
2
2
3
3
2
a a
a
a3
a a
a
a
a

ai
i 1

1
1

a 1 1

a
1 1
a
a

a
S 1
S
S a 1 a

a 1 a 1
a i 1 a i
1 1

a i 1 a

a
i

a
a
Thus S a 1
a 1
a 1

ai
n

i.e lim

i 1

a 1

,a

Exercise:
m

Show that ,

x
x m x

m
where m
2

Solution: Let u m x du dx if x 0 u m and if x m u 0

m

x
x m x
m

2I I I

m u

dx

m u u

m x x
m x x

du

m u
m u u

dx dx m thus I
0

du

m
2

Exercise:
b

Show that ,

f a b x dx f x dx

Solution: Let f be continuous function in a,b and let u a b x du dx

a

if x a u b and if x b u a f a b x dx f u du f u du
b

Exercise:

x y 1 27 and x 2y 5

Solve in

Solution: we have x 2y 5

also we have x
y

y 1

1
3

xy

1
1
x 2y x 5
3
3
x5
y

3 x x 3 x

Let t x 3t

315
t

33
xy

3 x

3t 7 315 t 7 314 t

Thus x y 32 x 3 and y 2

1
3 xy
3

32

33

xy

32

x5

Exercise:
0

log sin x dx

Show that ,

log 2

2
0

Solution: Let J

log sin x dx

and Let u

x du dx if x

u 0 and

if x 0 u

hence J

Thus 2J

log
sin
x
dx

log sin 2 u du

log sin x dx log cos x dx

log cos u du

log sin x log cos x dx

log 2 sin x cos x dx

log 2 sin 2x dx

0
1
log
dx

2
log sin 2x dx

1
So we obtain that 2J J 1 J 2 where J 1 log dx and J 2
2

2
0
1
J 1 log dx
2

log sin 2x dx

2
0

log 1 log 2 dx log 2 dx log 2 x

log 2 0 log 2 log 2 Thus J 1 log 2
2
2 2

J2

log sin 2x dx

Let v 2x dv 2dx

dv
dx so v if x
and v 0 if
2
2

2
0

1
1
x 0 so J 2 log sin 2x dx log sin v dv 2 log sin x dx J
2
2

Thus 2J

log 2 J J

log 2

Q.E.D

Exercise:

Compute, sin ln x cos ln x dx

Solution: Let t ln x et x etdt dx so

sin ln x cos ln x dx sin t cos t e dt

sin t etdt cos t etdt sin t et c x sin ln x c

Let U sin t etdt sin t et cos t etdt

sin t e dt cos t e dt sin t e

t

Exercise:

16
Solution: First lets expand 1 x 1 1 x 1 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 and
1 x 1 1 x 1 2 x 1 x 2 x 1
Hence 1 x 1 1 x 1 16 x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 16

, 1 x 1

Solve in

1 x 1

x 2 2 2 x 4 4 12 0

x 2 4 x 1 4 x 1 x 2 4 x 1 4 x 1 16 2x 2 8x 8 16

2x 2 8x 24 0 x 2 4x 12 0

x 2

16 x 2 4 x 4 2 2 or x 4 2 6 which is rejected

Exercise:
Solve in

, 2 | z |2 z 2 5 i 3 0 where i 2 1

Solution: Let z

, z x iy | z |2 x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2 and z 2 x iy x iy

z 2 x 2 ixy ixy i 2y 2 x 2 y 2 2ixy

thus 2 | z |2 z 2 5 i 3 0 2 x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2 i 2xy 5 i 3 0

2x 2 2y 2 x 2 y 2 i 2xy 5 i 3 0 3x 2 y 2 i 2xy 5 i 3 3x 2 y 2 5
2

3
3
3
5 3x 2
5 12x 4 3 20x 2
and 2xy 3 y
so 3x 2
2
2x
2x
4x

12x 4 20x 2 3 0 Let t x 2 12t 2 20t 3 0 t

thus x

1
6

or x

3
hence y
2

2
or
2

1
3
or t
6
2

3 2
1
so z
2
6

3 2
3
i or z
2
2

2
i
2

Exercise:

1 x

Compute ,

1 x

dx

Solution: Let u x du

2u 1 u
1u

2
2

1u
1 u2

1 u2

2 x

dx 2udu dx so

1 u du

1 u 1 u
2

2u

du

du 2

du 2

u2 1 1
1u
du
1 u2

du 2

2udu
1 u2

1 u
1u

1u

1 x
1 x

du 2

u 1u

du 2

1u

1 u2 1
1u

du 2 1 u 2du 2

dx

1u
2udu
1u

du 2

du 2

du
1 u2

u u2
1u

u
1u

du

du

lets compute each

term aside as follows: Let t 1 u 2 dt 2udu dt 2udu

thus

2u
1 u2

du

2u
1u

dt
t

t 1/2dt

du 2 1 u 2 c also

,Let u sin du cos d so

so 1 u 2du
thus

1 x
1 x

du
1u

arcsin u c

1 sin2 cos2

cos2 cos d cos2 d

dx 2 1 x arcsin

t 1/2
2t 1/2 c 2 1 u 2 c
1
2

1
1
1
1 cos 2 d sin 2 c

2
2
4

x 21 sin 2 arcsin x c

1 u 1 u u 1 since 1 u 0

Exercise:
Solve in

the following system :

x y y z 3

y z z x 5

z x x y 4
Solution: Adding the above equations we get 2

x y y z z x 12

x y y z z x 6 3 z x 6

x y 1 and

y z 4 6

z x 3 ,

x y 5 6

y z 2 S.B.S for the box equation we get:

z x 9, x y 1 and y z 4 Adding the pervious equations we get: 2 z x y 14

x y z 7 but z x 9 y 7 9 2 thus y 2 , z 6 and x 3

Exercise:

7 3x 3
Compute, lim
x 8
x 8
Solution: Let t 3 x t 3 x as x 8 , t 2 hence lim

x 8

lim
t 2

7 t 3
3

t 8

7 t 3

lim
t 2

7 t 3

but t 3 23 t 2 t 2 2t 4
Thus lim
t 2

t 2

23

7 t 3

7 t 9
3

23

t t 22
3

lim
t 2

7 t 3

lim
t 2

t 2

23

t 2 2t 4
1

7 3x 3
7 t 3
lim
t 2
x 8
t3 8

2t 4

7 t 3

1
1

12 6 72

7 t 3

Exercise:
Show that lim

x4 x 1

16

x 2

x 2

Solution: Let g x x 4 x 1

lim

x 2

lim

x2 x 1

8 lim

x 2

x 2

x2 x 1

8 lim

x 2

x 2

but t 3 t 1

8 lim

4 x2 x 1

4 x2 x 1

x 2

4 but lim x 2 x 1
x 2

4 4 1 4 8

Now let t x 1 t 1 x as x 2, t 1

t 1
8 lim

2 3

t 4

t 12

8 lim

t3 t 1 4
t 1

t 1

4 t 3 t 2 2t 1 4 t 5 2t 4 t 3 4 t 5 2t 4 t 3 3 1

t 1

t 1

t3 t 1 4

t 1

lim x 2 x 1
x 2

x2 x 1

x 2

x 2

x 2

16 x 2 x 1

x 1
3

2
x x 1
16
lim

x 2

27

t 5 1 2t 4 t 3 3
t5 1
2t 4 t 3 3
8 lim
8 lim
t 1 t 1
t 1
t 1
t 1
t 1

8 lim

but t 5 1 t 1 t 4 t 3 t 2 t 1

t5 1
lim t 4 t 3 t 2 t 1 5
t 1 t 1
t 1

lim

t5 1
8 5 40 we have 2t 4 t 3 3 2t 4 t 3 2 1 2 t 4 1 t 3 1
hence 8 lim
t 1 t 1

but t 4 1 t 1 t 3 t 2 t 1 and t 3 1 t 1 t 2 t 1

2 t4 1 t3 1
t4 1
t3 1
2t 4 t 3 3
2 lim
lim
so lim
lim
t 1 t 1
t 1 t 1
t 1
t 1
t 1
t 1

2 lim t 3 t 2 t 1 lim t 2 t 1 2 4 3 8 3 11
t 1

thus lim

x 2

x4 x 1

x 2

16

t 1

40 8 11 128 27

Exercise:
Show that , lim
x

4 2 cos x sin x
1 sin 2x

5 2

a b
a b
Solution: We know that cos x sin x and cos a cos b 2 cos
cos

2
2

x x
x x

2
2
cos x sin x cos x cos x 2 cos
cos

2
2
2

2x

2
2 cos cos
4
2

cos x 2 cos x
2
2
4
4

4 2 2 cos x
4

hence lim

1 sin 2x
x

Now we have x

4 2 1 cos5 x
4

lim

1 sin 2x
x
4

4 2 1 cos5 x
4

lim
4 2 lim

h 0
1 sin 2x
x
4

but 2 sin2 h 1 cos2h lim

h 0

lim

1 cos5 h

h 0 1

cos2 h

lim

1 t5

t 1 1 t 2

0 so let h x

1 cos5 h
2 sin2 h

1 cos5 h
1 cos5 h
4 2 lim
h 0 1 cos 2h

1 sin 2h
2

1
1 cos5 h
Let t cos h as h 0 , t 1
lim
2 h 0 1 cos2 h

lim t
lim
t
t 1
t5 1

t 1

| h | 0

t 1

t 1 t 4 t 3 t 2 t 1
but

2
1
t2 1
t 1t 1
5

t5 1

4 2 cos x sin x
t4 t3 t2 t 1 5
lim
lim
Thus lim
t 1 t 2 1
t 1

t 1
2
1 sin 2x
x
t5 1

5
4 2 5 2
4

Exercise:

Compute, lim x 2 tan
x 2
x

Solution: Let t

tx as x 2, t

lim x 2 tan lim 2 tan t

x 2
2
x t t

2t
1
lim
tan t but cot t tan t and cot t

t
2
tan t
2

t
2

2
t
t
2

t
2
lim 2 tan t lim
2
lim
lim t

t t
t tan t
t tan t t t
2
2
2
2

2 t

2
2

but lim
t

2t

2 2
4
2
lim

1 so lim t

t 2t
t t
tan t
2
2
2
2
2

Exercise:

2x 3
lim

Compute,

3x 2

x 1

x 1

Solution: we have x 1 x 1 0 so by taking h x 1 we get h 0

2 h 1 3
lim

h 0

2h 1
lim

h 0

3 h 1 2

2h 1
lim

h 0

2h 1
3h
lim
lim
h 0 h
h 0
h

3h 1

2h 1
lim

h 0

2x 3
lim

thus

x 1

3x 2

x 1

13

3 Now Let t 2h 1 as h 0, t 1

2 t5 1
t5 1
lim
2 lim t 4 t 3 t 2 t 1 2 5 10
So lim
t 1 t 1
t 1
t 1
t 1
2

1 3h

Exercise:
24

, log 64 2x

Solve in

40x

0
24

Solution: we know that log1 0 hence log 64 2x

1
x 2 40x 24

64 2

x 2 40x

1 2

24

1

64

2x

40x

40x

24

log1 64 2x

2
6

24

1
144

x 2 40x 144 0 x 2 2 20 x 400 400 144 0 x 20

40x

2x

40x

2144

256 x 20 16

x 16 20 36 or x 20 16 4 so the roots are x 36 or x 4

Exercise:
, 25

Solve in

124 5

Solution: we know that 25

125

52

so by letting t 5

we will obtain the

following t 2 124t 125 t 2 2 62 t 622 622 125 0 t 62

3969 63

t 62 63 thus t 125 or 1 but t 1 is rejected since t 0 thus 5

125 53

therefore x 9
Exercise:

dy
4y et
2x
Solve the following ODE system dx
x dy e 4t
dx
Solution: We have 2x

2y

dy
dy
dy
et
et
e 4t e 4t 2y
4y et x
2y
but x
dx
dx
dx
2
2

et
et e 4t
d et e 4t
now using the second equation we get x
e 4t y

e 4t

2
4
2
dx 4
2

et
dt
et

d et e 4t dt
e 4t x 2e 4t
e 4t x 2et dt e 4tdx

4
dx
4

dt 4
2 dx

et
1 3t
2e 4t
e 2t c

1
dx 1 3t
dx
e 2 dt ln x e 3t 2t c x e 12

4
dt
12
x
x
e 4t
4

1 3t

e 2t
12

ce

Chapter 4: Logarithm
Logarithm to base a:
The logarithm to the base a where a 0, a 1 of a number x 0 is the number y
such that a y x thus y loga x
Remark: if a 10 , we called log10 x the common logarithm where

if a e , we called loge x the natural logarithm

Remark: ln x loge x
Properties:
1) loga 1 0 , a 0, a 1
2) loga a 1, a 0, a 1
3) loga e x x x

and e

loge x

e ln x x

x 0

4) loga xy loga x loga y x , y 0 , a 0, a 1

x
5) loga loga x loga y x , y 0 , a 0, a 1
y
1
6) loga loga x
x
7) if a

, x 0, a 0, a 1

and x 0 we define x

a log x
e e

a ln x

a loge x

n 0

8) log x y y log x x 0, y
9) x y a

y loga x

, a 0, a 1

10) if a 0, a 1 then loga x

loge x
loge a

ln x
( Change of the base )
ln a

11) if a,b, c 0 and a, c 1 then loga b

logc b
logc a

( Change of the base )

12) if 0 x y then log x log y so log is an increasing function

if 0 x 1 then log x 1 , in particular if x 1 then log x 0

13) if a 1 and 0 x y then loga x loga y and a x a y

if 0 a 1 and 0 x y then loga x loga y and a x a y

14) a

loga x

x , a 0, a 1

a ln x

n 0

Properties for logarithm inequalities:

1) for x 1 , log

x f x log x g x f x g x 0

x f x log x g x 0 f x g x
x
3) for x 1 , log x f x a f x a

x
4) for 0 x 1 , log x f x a 0 f x a

2) for 0 x 1 , log

Remark: if a,b, c 0 , a,b 1 then loga c

logb c
logb a

logb c loga b

Exercises:
, 4

Solve in

log2 log x

Solution: we have 4

thus log x

2 log2 log x

log x log x

log2 log x

log x log x

1
2

Let t log x t 2 t

1 2 log x

1
0 t 1
2

log2 log x

log x

log x 1 0 log x

1
1
log x 0
2
2

t 21 0 hence log x 1 or log x 21

rejected

since log x 0 thus x e

Exercise:

Determine the solution for this inequality, log sin x x 2 8x 23

3
log2 sin x

Solution: we need first to the domain of definition for the above inequality log2 sin x 0

2n 1

sin x 1 sin x 2k thus x

, n where n
2
2
2

also log sin x x 8x 23

log2 x 2 8x 23
log2 sin x

3
as log2 sin x 0 we get
log2 sin x

log2 x 2 8x 23 3 x 2 8x 23 23 8 x 2 8x 15 0 after studying the sign

3 3
we get 3 x 5 So the solution is x 3, ,
,5
2 2

Exercise:

1
log
2

Determine the solution log3 x 2 x 4 log1/3 x 2

7 (*)

Solution: (*) is defined when x 2 x 4 0, x 2 0 x 2

so we can write log 3 x 2 x 4

log3 x 2 x 4 log3 x 2

log 3 x 2
1
log3
3

log3 7
log3 3

1
but log3 log3 3 1
3
3

log3 7

2 log

log3 7 log3 x 4 log3 7 x 4 7

x 3
Exercise:

x 4 x 5 0

Determine the solution for this inequality log0.3 x 2 x 20 log 0.3 x 4 0 (**)
Solution: (**) is defined when x 2 x 20 0 , x 4 0

So x 2 x 20 0 whenever x 4 or x 5 and we have x 4 0 x 4

thus (**) is defined when x 5

But the base is 0.3 which is between 0 and 1 thus log0.3 x 5 0 x 5 1 x 6

So the solution is 5 x 6
Exercise:
Determine the solution x

log5 x

Solution: clearly that x 0 log5 x

log5 x

log5 x

log5 5 1 log5 x log5 x 1

1 log5 x 1 log5 x 1 0 log5 x 1 or log5 x 1

log5 x 1 x 5 or log5 x 1 log5 5 log5 5 1 x 51

1
Thus the solution is x 0, 5,
5

log5 x

log5 x

0 0

Exercise:

x2 x
Determine the solution for log0.7 log6
0

(***)

x2 x
Solution: log0.7 log6
0 for x 0 , loga x is increasing function a 1

so we can write (***) as log6

x2 x
x2 x
1
6 x 2 x 6x 24 0
x 4
x 4

x 2 5x 24 0 now solving we get x 2 5x 24 x 8 x 3 0 x 8 or x 3

thus x 3 or x 8 from the domain we have

x2 x
0 x 4 and
x 4

x 2 x x x 1 0 x 0, x 1

So the solution for this is S x

x
x2 x
x 4

: x 0 or 4 x 1 thus 4 x 3 or x 8

thus S 4, 3 8,

Exercise:
Solve in

sin x sin 2x sin 3x

3 3
2

x 3x
x 3x
Solution: we know that sin x sin 3x 2 sin
cos
2sin2x cos x
2
2
hence sin x sin 2x sin 3x 2 sin 2x cos x sin 2x
but

3 3
3 3
sin 2x 2 cos x 1
2
2

3 3 21 3
1
3

1
sin sin sin
2
2
2
2
2
6
3

Exercise:

Determine the differentiable function f x defined for x 0 such that for f x and the

f x

1 2
g t dt
x 8

which satisfied

inverse function g x

take inverses both sides we get

f 1 y f 1 f x

Solution: Let y f x

g y x

y
1 3

y
dy
d 1 3
d
d
d
2
x 2 8
x 8 by Chain rule
g t dt
g t dt

dx
dx 3

dy 1
dx 3
dx 1

y' x

g y

g y f' x

x
x
x
but g y x xf ' x
f' x
2
2
2x

1 1
1
hence f x x 2 dx x 1/2dx x c f x x c lets find c
2
2

f x c x y c x y c

f x

x c

g t dt

1
t c dt t c
3

x g y

x c

thus g t t c

x c c

So our result is more same as above equation thus 1 c

3
3
1
1 c x x 1 c

8 1 c 3 8 2 c 1

Therefore f x x 1
Exercise:
Compute,

cos x

1 cos x dx

Solution: we know that cos2 x

x
1 cos 2x
2 cos2 x 1 cos 2x 2 cos2 1 cos x
2
2

x
2 cos2 1
x

cos x
1
x
2
dx
dx dx sec2 dx x d tan
so
1 cos x
x
2
2
2

2 cos2
2

x
x 1
x
x tan c since d tan sec2
2 2
2
2

Exercise:

3x
x a

ln 1 x holds true.
2x 3 bx c

Determine the values of a,c such that for all x 0 ,

Then determine the range of b .

2x3x 3 , g x bxx ac and h x ln 1 x

thus f x g x h x x 0 so in particular f 0 g 0 h 0 0 g 0 0
Solution: Let f x

a
0 a 0
c

g 0 0 g 0

Notice that the two curves f & h have same

tangent point at x 0 and below the line y x

thus f x h x y x we are interesting in g x

so g must have y x as a tangent line

at x 0 g ' x

Thus g ' 0

c0
c2

2
bx c

1 bx c b x a

c
c2

bx c bx ab c ab
2
2
bx c
bx c

so g ' 0

bx 1 b x
x
1
1
1
hence w x ln 1 x
but w ' x

2
bx 1
x 1
x 1 bx 1 2
bx 1

Now we have h x g x

c2

1
1
g' 0
but f ' x g ' x h ' x thus 1 g ' 0 1
c
c

3x
x
1
1 c 1 so the obtain expression is

ln 1 x
2x 3 bx 1
c

c ab

h x g x 0 Let w x h x g x 0 x 0

and w 0 0 g is increasing for every x 0

bx 1 x 1 0

2
x 1bx 1
2

b 2x 2 1 2bx x 1

x 1bx 1

1
1

x 1 bx 1

0 2b 1 0 b 1

x xb 2 2b 1

x 1bx 1

with b 0, x 0 f x g x 0 2x3x 3 bx x 1 0
3 2x 3 2 3x bx 1 b x
6x 9 6x 1 bx bx

0
2
2
2
2
2x 3 bx 1
2x 3
bx 1

Now suppose that f x g x

x 3b 2

3 bx 1 2x 3
3
1
3bx 3 3 2x

0 , x 0
0
2x 3 bx 1
2x 3 bx 1
2x 3 bx 1

2x 3bx 1

3b 2
1
2
0 thus 3b 2 0 b
bx 1
2
3

Remark:

x bx 2b 1 but
2
2
x 1bx 1 x 1 bx 1
x bx 2b 1

hence 2b 1 0 so b

x
0 x 0 thus bx 2b 1 0 x 0
x 1

x 3b 2
1
x
3b 2
and similarly for

0 x 0
2
2x 3 bx 1
2x 3 bx 1

x
2
0 x 0 hence 3b 2 0 b
2x 3
3

but

Exercise:
Compute,

x 1
x 1

dx

Solution: Let u x 1 du
So

x 1
x 1
1

hence
so

thus

dx

x 1
1
x 1

dx

dx

1
x 1

x
x 1

1
2 x 1

dx

dx 2udu dx

1
x x 1

dx

2u

u du 2 du 2u c 2
2u

xu du x du

dx 2

du
u2 1

1
x 1

dx

1
x x 1

dx

x 1 c

but u x 1 u 2 x 1 u 2 1 x

2 tan 1 u c

x 1
x 1

dx 2 x 1 2 arctan

x 1 c

Exercise:

x 4

Compute,

x2

dx

Solution: Let x 4 tan2 t dx 8 tan t sec2 t dt

so

x 4
x

dx

4 tan2 t 4
4

16 tan t

but sec2 t tan2 t 1

16 tan4 t 8 tan t sec

2 sec t

t dt

8 tan t sec2 t dt

x 4
x

dx

4 tan2 t 1

16 tan t

16 tan4 t 8 tan t sec

4 sec2 t

sec t

sec t

tan3 t dt tan t

8 tan t sec t dt
2

t dt
1

dt but

sec t
1
cos t

csc t
tan t
sin t
sin t
cos t

x 4

dx csc3 t dt csc t csc2 t dt let u csc t & dv csc2 t dt

x
du csc t cot t dt & v cot t

so csc3 t dt csc t cot t cot csc t cot t dt csc t cot t cot2 t csc t dt but

cot2 t csc2 t 1
hence

csc

t dt csc t cot t csc2 t 1 csc t dt csc t cot t csc3 t dt csc t dt

2 csc3 t dt csc t cot t csc t dt but

Thus

csc

tan t

csc t dt ln csc t cot t

1
1
x
t dt csc t cot t ln csc t cot t c but x 4 tan2 t tan2 t
2
2
4
x
2
and we know that csc2 t 1 cot2 t csc t 1 cot2 t
cot t
2
x

csc t 1

x 4
thus
x

x 4
x

dx

1 x 4 2
1

ln
2
x
x 2

x 4
2

c
x
x

Exercise:

bc c 2 b 2
a c b

Show that det c 2 ca a 2 abc det c b a

2

b a c
b a 2 ab

Solution:

bc c 2 b 2

det c 2 ca a 2 bc caab a 4 c 2 c 2ab b 2a 2 b 2 c 2a 2 cab 2

2

b a 2 ab

c ab cab bca cab

abc cab a abc c cab abc abc b

abc abc a c abc abc b
abc a bc a c c ab b ac b

bc a cba a 3

a c b

abc det c b a
b a c

b a
c b
a b

abc a
c
b
a c
a c
b c

Exercise:
Suppose that x

1
x

2 then what is value of x

Solution: Let w x 0 w 2 x hence x

1
x

w2

1
2 multiply by w both sides
w

w 3 1 2w w 3 2w 1 0 w 1 w 2 w 1 0 w 1or w 2 w 1 0
2

1 1
1
5
1 5
but w 1 is rejected since w 0 thus w w 1 w w
4 4
2
4
2

so w

1 5
x
2

1 5

1 5

2
1 5

1 5 1 5 2 5 36 8 2 5 30
2

4
1 5
4 1 5
2 5 30 2 2 5 4 5 8

5 8

1 5
9

4 1 5

5 30 2 1 5

8 36 1 5

Exercise:

ax 1
ln a where a 0
x 0
x

Show that lim

Solution: We know that a e

Now let

ln a x

x ln a

ax 1
e x ln a 1
lim
thus lim
x 0
x 0
x
x

1
1
e x ln a 1 1 e x ln a take ln both sides ln 1 x ln a
t
t
t

1
ln 1
t
ax 1
1
lim
thus x
as x 0 , 0 hence t thus lim
x 0
t
ln a
x
t

1
t

1
ln 1
t

ln a

ln a
ln a
lim
but the natural logarithm is a continuous function
t
t

1 t

1
t ln 1
ln 1
t

lim

t
t

ax 1
1
1
ln a
so lim ln 1 ln lim 1 ln e 1 thus lim
x 0
t
t

x
t
t

Exercise:
Let z1, z 2

such that z1 x

a iy b b and z

b where

x a a iy

i , i 2 1 if the product of z 1 and z 2 is equal to 1 i 4 3 and Re z1z 2 is equal to the

2,1 and

curve that passes through two points are

3, 2

1) Write the equation of that curve

2) Deduce z 1 and z 2
Solution:

a iy b b x a a iy b xa iyx ab iyx ab ab yb

xa yb i yx ab ab ab xa yb ixy ab 1 ab 1 i 4 3

Now by comparison we get xa yb 1 and xy ab 1 ab 4 3 since Re z z is

a curve passes through two points 2,1 & 3, 2 thus a 2 b 1 (1) and
3a 2b 1 (2) 2a b 1 & 3a 2b 1 from equation (1) we obtain
b 2a 1 from equation (2) we get 3a 2 2a 1 1 3a 4a 2 1 a 1
1) z1z 2 x

1 2

a 1 thus b 1 but a,b 0 thus the accepting values are a 1,b 1 hence

Re z1z 2 is a curve whose equation is x 2 y 2 1 (1*) which is an hyperbola curve

2) we already have ab 1 thus the imaginary part

for z1z 2 will be in this form xy 2 4 3 xy 2 3 ..(2*)

From (2*) we get y

2 3
12
now back to the
y2
x
x2

equation (1*) and substitute to get : x 2

12
x

1 x 4 12 x 2 x 4 x 2 12 0

1
7
17
1
1
t 4, 3
let t x t t 12 0 t 12 t t
2
2
2
2
4

but t x 2 x t So x 2 where t 3 will give two complex numbers are

x i 3 thus z1 2 i 3

& z 2 2 i 3

Exercise:
Solve the following differential equation
Solution:

1 1 1

and y 0 2
y ' y ex

dy
dy
1 1 y y' 1
y

e x y y ' yy ' e x y e x y ' yy ' e x y e x

x
dx
dx
y' y
y 'y
e

y2
y2
d x
d y2
x
x
thus

e
y

e
y

since y 0 2 0
e y

2
2
dx
dx 2

y2
so e y
2e x y y 2 y 2e x
2
x

Or

we can solve it using exact and none exact differential equation:

e x y e x y ' yy ' e x y yy ' e x y ' e x y y e x

dxdy e ydx y e dy
x

e x ydx y e x dx 0 e x y dx e x y dy 0 M x , y dx N x , y dy 0

M x ,y

Mx

N x ,y

M
N
ex
hence exact differential equation , suppose that the solution y is in the
x
y

form f x , y where

thus

f
f
f
f
M and
e x y and
N
ex y
x
x
y
y

y2
y2
x
f x , y e y g y 0 and f x , y e y
h x 0 e y
for y 0 2
2
2

we get 0 hence y 2e x
Exercise:
Compute,

1 x

dx

Solution: Let t x dt

So

1 x

dx

1
2 x

dx dt

1
dx 2tdt dx
2t

2
t2 t
1t
2t 2t 2

2
2
t
dt

dt
1 t dt 2 2 t 1 t dt
1t
1t

4 dt 2 t dt 4

dt
4t t 2 4 ln 1 t c 4 x x 4 ln 1 x c
1t

Exercise:
4

Show that,

4 dx 16

Solution: x 2 4 0 x 2 4 x 2
4

2
x 4 dx
0

2
2
x 4 dx x 4 dx

We have 0 x 2 0 x 2 4 4 x 2 4 0 thus 0 4 x 2 4
2

thus

4 dx x 2 4 dx

x3
8
4 x 2 dx 4x 8

3
3

for 2 x 4 4 x 16 0 x 4 12 thus

4 dx

x3

64
8

4x
16 8 hence
3

3
3

4 dx 8

x
4

4 dx

8 64
8

16 8 16
3 3
3

Exercise:
a

Show that,

dx

x 2 a2

4a

x2

Solution: we have x a a 1 hence

a2

Now let t
a

so

dx

x 2 a2
0

dx

x 2 a2
0

1
a

dx
2

x
1
a

x
ta x adt dx where t 0 if x 0 and t 1 if x a
a

adt

a2 0 t2 1

0 a1 arctan 1 arctan 0 4a

1 1 dt
1
arctan t

a 0 t2 1 a

Elementary Row operation for Determinant

We use elementary row operations to reduce the given matrix to an upper or lower triangular
matrix.

Theorem:
If A is n n upper or lower triangular matrix then

a11 a12
0 a22

det A A

... a1n
a2n

ann

a11 0
a21 a22

...

0
n

0
an 1

a11a22 ....ann aii

i 1

ann 1 ann

Properties for determinant operations:

Let A, B are n n square matrices, then

det AB det A det B

1) det A det AT
2)

3) If A has a row or column of zeros then det A 0

is obtained by interchanging two rows of A then det B det A

If two rows or two columns of A are identical then det A 0

4) If B

5) If B is obtain by adding a multiple of one row ( or column ) of A to another ,then

det B det A

6) If the matrix B is obtained by multiplying single row or single column by a scalar

then det B det A

If all n -rows (or all columns) of A are multiplied by any scalar to obtain B ,then

det B

det A

Summary:
Interchanging two rows will change the sign of the determinant Ri Rj
Multiply a row or a column by scalar will also multiply the determinant by same scalar

Theorem:
Let a1, a2,..., an denote the row of A If the i th row vector of A is the sum of the two row

vectors i.e. ai bi ci then det A det B det C

where

a1

a
i 1
B bi
a
i 1

a
n

and

a1

a
i 1
C ci
a
i 1

a
n

Exercises:
1) Evaluate

2 1
1 2
2 4
2 2

3 7
4 3
2 1
8 4

2) Use row reduction to compute the determinant of

2 3 3 1

0 4 3 3

A
2 1 1 3

0 4 3 2

2 4x
3) Show that , 5 3x
1 2x

4 2
3 2 0
2 1

x2 x 1
4) Find all x satisfying 1 1 1 0
4 2 1

Solution:

2 1
1 2
1) We have det A
2 4
2 2

1
2

1 2 0

2 3
0
0

1
5
1

1
2

1
10
3

0 0

1
2

1 11 0 1

22 69
0 0
0 0

thus det A 138

2)

3
2
4
2
8

7
1
2
3 R2 R1 1 0
2
1 R3 2R1
0
4 R4 2R1
0

1
3
7
2
2
5
1
1 0

3
3 R3 R3 5R2
3
0
1 8
R4 R4 R2
5 11
0

3
2
5
3

1 3 0 1

3 22
0 0

1
3 7
1
2
4 3
1 1 2

2 1 2 2 4
8 4
2 2

3
2
5
3
1
0

1
2
1
0
0

1
7
1
2
2
1
1 0 1
3

29
22
0 0
22
32
10
0 0
R4 R4 R3
3
3

3
2
5
3
22
3
10
3

7
2
1
3
29
3
32
3

3
2
5
3
1
0

7
2
1
3
29
22
69
11

7
2
1
1
det A det B since det B 1
3
138
29
22
1

1 3
7
2
2
2
3 5 1
2
2
2
5 1 8
1 5 11

Exercise:
Compute,

cos ln x dx

Solution: let t ln x dt

1
dx xdt dx but et x thus etdt dx
x

so cos t etdt e t sin t sin t e tdt and a same process take U et & dV sin t
dU et dt &V cos t so sin t etdt e t cos t cos t e tdt
thus cos t etdt et sin t et cos t cos t etdt 2 cos t etdt et sin t et cos t c
so cos ln x dx cos t e tdt , Let u et & dv cos t dt du etdt & v sin t

1
1
cos t etdt et sin t cos t c cos ln x dx x sin ln x cos ln x
2
2

Exercise:

log5 x 2 8

, log x 8 log 2 x

Solve in

log5 2 x

log x 2 8
log b
Solution: we know that loga b
hence log5 x 2 8
and
log a
log 5

log x 8 log x
log 2 x
thus
log 2 x

log 5

so log x 8 log 2 x

log5 2 x

log x 2 8

log 2 x

log 2 x

Exercise:

, x 3

Solve in

log

x 3

x 3

x2 9 x 3

Solution: Let u x 3 & v x 3

x 3
u

log

logv u

x 3

x 3

uv 2 logv u

x2 9 x 3 u

logv u

logv u

x 2 9 v but x 2 9 x 3 x 3 vu

log uv log u log u log u log v

2

logv u logv u logv u 2 logv v but logv v 1 now take t logv u to get:
2

1
9
1
3
13
t t 2 t t 2 0 t t t
t 2 or 1
2
4
2
2
2

If t 2 logv u 2 u v 2 x 3 x 3

x 2 7x 6 0 x 6 or x 1

Since v 0 x 3 0 x 3 so the accepted solution is x 6 hence x 1 is rejected

If t 1 logv u 1 u v 1 x 3

1
x 2 9 1 x 2 10 x 10
x 3

But we are interesting in v 0 which means x 3 thus the accepted solution is x 10

where as x 10 is rejected. So the solution set is S 6, 10

Exercise:

Find the general solution for this differential equation y x 2 ln y x

Solution: we have y x 2 ln y x

dy
0
dx

x dy
dy
0 x 2 ln y
0
dx
y dx

x
M 1 N
x 2 ln y dx dy 0 M x , y dx N x , y dy 0 so

hence the obtain
y
y
y x

differential equation is exact, so the solution will be in the form f x , y

f
f
M &
N f x , y M x
Thus
x
y

x3
x ln y dx
x ln y g (y ) 0 and
3
2

f x , y N y

x
x3
dy

x
ln
y

h
(
x
)

0
h
x

hence
and g y 0
y
3

Therefore x ln y

x3
is the General solution for this D.E
3

Exercise:
Compute,

sin x cos x

dx

Solution: we have sin x cos x

Let u tan x 1 du sec2 x dx

so

dx

sin x cos x

thus

sin x cos x

cos2 x

cos2 x tan x 1

dx

dx

dx

sin x

cos x
1 cos2 x tan x 1
cos x

sec2 x

tan x 1

dx

du

u2

1
c
u

1
c
tan x 1

Exercise:
Compute,

sin x

a 2 cos2 x dx

where a

Solution: Let u cos x du sin x dx du sin x dx so

du
2

u
a 1
a

So

Thus

a2

du
2

u
1
a

a2

du
2

u
1
a
adw

Let w

dw

a 2 cos2 x

dx

du
a2 u2

u
1
dw du adw du
a
a

arctan w c

a w2 1
a
a2 w2 1

cos x
1
dx

arctan

c
a 2 cos2 x
a
a
sin x

sin x

u
1
arctan c
a
a

Exercise:
Solve the following linear congruency system

11x 5y 7 mod20

6x 3y 8 mod20

Solution: We need to check if this system had a solution or not first

so gcd 11, 5,20 1 | 7 and gcd 6, 3,20 1 | 8 thus there are exactly md solution module m

3 33x 15y 21 mod20 1 mod20

5 30x 15y 40 mod20 0 mod20

3x 1 mod 20 but gcd 3,20 1 thus 31 exits which is 31 7 mod 20
hence x 7 mod 20 Now just substitute x in (2) to get :
6 7 3y 8 mod 20 3y 8 42 mod 20 34 mod 20 6 mod 20
thus 3y 6 mod 20 hence y 6 7 mod 20 42 mod 20 y 2 mod 20
11x 5y 7 mod20

6x 3y 8 mod20

Exercise:
Solve in

, log3 x 8 logx 3 6

Solution: we know that log3 x

ln x
ln 3
1
1
& logx 3

ln 3
ln x ln x log3 x
ln 3

so log3 x 8 logx 3 6 log3 x

8
8
6 let w log3 x w 6
w
log3 x

w 2 8 6w w 2 2 3 w 9 9 8 0 w 3
So log3 x 2 or 4 x 32 or x 34

1 w 3 1 w 2 or 4

Exercise:
, x x 2 6

Solve in

Solution: we have x x 2 6 x x 2 6 or x x 2 6

x 6 x 2 or x 6 x 2 S.B.S

x 2 36 12x x 2 4 4x or x 2 36 12x x 2 4 4x
36 4 4x 12x or 36 4 4x 12x 32 16x or 32 8x x 2 or x 4
If x 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 6 thus rejected hence the acceptable solution is

x 4 or we can solve this exercise as follows :

let y x 2 x y 6 y 2 x 2

x y

x 2 y 2 2xy 36 x 2 x 2

and x y

36

2xy 36 x 2 x 2 4 4x 2xy 36

2x 2 4x 2xy 32 x 2 2x xy 16 xy 16 2x x 2 y

x x 2 16
x

y x 2

x 2 2x 16
x

16
but D16 1, 2, 4, 8, 16
x

If x 1 y 13 rejected If x 1 y 17 rejected
If x 2 y 4 rejected If x 2 y 8 rejected
If x 4 y 2 rejected If x 4 y 2 accepted since 2 4 2 2 2
If x 8 y 8 rejected If x 8 y 4 rejected If x 16 y 17 rejected
If x 16 y 13 rejected thus the accepted solution is x 4
Exercise:
Solve in

, xx x

Solution: we have x x x x x x thus x x x x take ln both sides we get :

ln x x ln x x x ln x

1
1
1
ln x ln x x 0 ln x 0 ln1 x 0 x 2 1 0
x
x
x

x 1 or x 2 1 x 1 x 1 0 x 1 or x 1 thus the solution set is S 1,1

Exercise:

, x 2

Solve in

log2 x 4 1

x 4

log2 x 2 1

x 3

x 4
2

11

Solution: Let a x 2 & b x 4 thus a b 2x 6 2 x 3 x 3

log2 b 1

log2 a 1

a b

2 11

x 3 b

We have log2 b log2 a log2 a log2 b log2 b

a b
2

a b

b11 thus a
log2 a

log2 b 1

log2 a

log2 b

log2 a 1

log2 a

log2 b

b11

a b 11
a b b12
a b b12
w
thus wa
b w ab w
w ab 1
b
4
4
4

but ab 1 x 4 x 2 1 x 6x 8 1 x 3
2

a b
a b

thus ab 1
2
2

a b
a b 12
a b
a b
12
12
w

b
w b 0
0 or w b
2
2
2
2

a b 0 a b thus x 2 x 4 2x 6 x 3
w b12 w b12 a

log2 b

b12 log2 a

log2 b

log b

12

log2 b log2 a 12 log2 b log2 b log2 a 12 0 thus log2 b 0 b 20 1 b 1

log2 a 12 a 212 thus a 212 so b x 4 1 x 3 or

a x 2 212 x 212 2 2112 2 2 211 1 2 2047 4094 but x 3 is rejected

since x 2 thus the accepted solution is x 4094
Exercise:
Compute ,

e 2x

1 ex dx

Solution: Let u e x du e xdx so

du

e 2x

udu

1 ex dx 1 u

du
u ln u 1 c e x ln e x 1 c
u 1

u 11
du
u 1

Exercise:

ln x

Compute,

1 ln x

dx

Solution: Let u ln x du
So

ln x

1 ln x

dx

ueu

1 u

ln x

1 ln x

dx

du

dU eu u 1 du & V

1
dx but x e u e udu dx
x

1 u

1
so
1u

eudu Let U ueu & dV

ueu

1u

du

1 u

du

ueu
1

u 1 e udu
1u
1u

x ln x
ln x ln x
x c
e e ln x c
1 ln x
1 ln x

Exercise:
Compute,

cot x tan x
dx
1 3 sin 2x

Solution: Let t 2 tan x x arctan t 2

but cot x

So

dx

2t
1 t4

dt

1
1
2 tan x
2t 2

cot x t 2 and we know that sin 2x

tan x t 2
1 tan2 x 1 t 4

cot x tan x
dx
1 3 sin 2x
2 2t 2

1 t 4 6t 2

1
1t

t 2 t 2
1 3

dt 2
4

2t 2

2t

dt

1 t4

1 t4
1 t2
1 t 4 6t 2

dt 2

t 1 t
1

6t 2

2t
1 t4

dt

1 t4
1 t2

t 4 2t 2 4t 2 1

dt 2

1 t4

t 1

t 1
2

4t

dt 2

1 t 2

t 1 t t
2

1
t 2 1 2
t

t t 2 1 t 2 4

dt 2

dt 2

1 t 2
2

t 1t

1 t 2

t 1 t

dt 2

tan x cot x
t t 1
c
arctan
c arctan
2

dt
4

1 t 2

t t
1

dt
4

1 t2

t 1
2

4t

dt
2

Exercise:
Solve the following 8 cos4 1 8 cos2 sin 2 where 0,2

Solution: cos4 cos2

2
1 cos 2
1 cos 2

2
4

1 cos 2
hence 8 cos 8
4

2 1 cos 2

so 2 1 cos 2

1 8 cos2 sin 2

2 1 cos2 2 2 cos 2 1 8 cos2 sin 2

1 cos 2
2 2 cos2 2 4 cos 2 1 8
sin 2
2

3 2 cos2 2 4 cos 2 4 4 cos 2 sin 2 1 2 cos2 2 sin 2 0

2 cos2 2 1 sin 2 2 cos2 2 2 1 sin 2 2 1 cos2 2 1 sin 2

2 sin2 2 1 sin 2 2 sin2 2 sin 2 1 0 Let t sin 2 2t 2 t 1 0

1
1
1
1
t 2 t 0 t or 1 so sin 2 1or
sin 2 sin or sin
2
2
2
2
2
6
2

2k or 2

have 2

2k k or k on the other hand we

6
4
12

2k or 2

2k

k or

7
k where k
12

7
,
thus the solution set is ,
4 12 12
Exercise:
Solve in

, x 3 y 3 7 and x y 1

Solution: we have x 3 y 3 x y x 2 xy y 2 but x y 1 x 3 y 3 x 2 y 2 xy

but x 2 y 2 2xy x 2 y 2 2xy 2xy xy x y

x 3 y 3 7 1 3xy 7 xy
2

3xy

2
6
xy 2 so x 1 x 2 x 2 0
3
x

1 1
1
9
1
3
13
x x 2 0 x x x
x 2 or 1
4 4
2
4
2
2
2

thus x , y 2, 1 , 1,2

Exercise:
x

2 3 2 3 4

Solve in

Solution: Let t 2 3

1
2 3 so
t
let y

1
1
2 3 2 3

2 3 thus t 2 3 and
t 2 3 2 3
43
x

1
4

y 2 1 4y 0 y 2

if y 2 3

If y 2 3

3y 2 3

2 3

x
t2

2 3

2 3

x
t2

x
t2

x
1 x 2
2

1
t 1 x 2
t

Exercise:
Find the General solution for y ' xy x 2e x
2 x

Solution: we have y ' xy x e

multiply by

x2
e2

we get

x2
e 2 y '

x2
xe 2 y

2 x

x e

x2
x2
x2
x2
x2
x
x
x
x
d 2
2 x 2 1 1 e
2 x 1 x 1 e
2 e
2

e y x 2e

dx
v'
v

v'
u

x2
x2

x
d 2 d
2

e y
x 1 e

dx
dx

y x 1 e

x2
2

x2
2

ce

x2
x2

x
2 c
so e 2 y x 1 e

x2
2

y x 1 e x ce

x2
2

x2
e 2

Exercise:
Solve the following system

log x log y log z 2

4
4
2
log9 x log3 y log9 z 2
log x log y log z 2
16
4
16
Solution: (1) log2 x log 4 yz 2 , (2) log9 xz log 3 y 2 and (3) log16 xy log4 z 2
(2) log9 xz log3 y 2

1
log3 xz log3 y 2 log3 xz 2 log3 y 4 log3 xzy 2 4 log3 3
2

xzy 2 81 (*) so (1) log2 x log4 yz 2 2 log2 x log2 yz 4 log2 x 2yz log2 24
x 2yz 16 (**) so (3) log16 xy log4 z 2 log 4 xy 2 log 4 z 4
log4 xyz 2 4 log4 4 log4 4 4 xyz 2 256 (***)

So xzy 2 81 x 16x y 2 81 x 2y 2 16 81

Note that loga u x is defined in

xy

(* * *) xyz 2 256
z
:

16
(**) x 2yz
16
x

9
81
xy
4
16

only when u x 0 thus x , y & z 0 hence xy 0 so

2

32
9
9
256 4
32
xy
from (***) xyz 2 256 z 2 256 z 2
z2 z
4
4
9
3
3

32
9 3 27
9
2
9
z
32
2
y

Now back z 16x x

so xy y
3
x
42
8
4
3
4
16 16 48
3

Exercise:

1
Determine the value of x that satisfied sin sin 1 cos 1 x 1

1
1
Solution: Let sin 1 sin
and let cos 1 x cos x
5
5

So sin 1 sin
2
2

Now expanding sin sin cos sin cos 1

But by Pythagoras theorem we get cos 1

1
24
and sin 1 x 2

25
5

24 1 x 2
x

1 x 24 1 x 2 5 x 5
5
5

1
x sin cos 1
5

24 1 x 2

x 2 10x 25 24 24x 2 25x 2 10x 1 0 25x 2 2 5 x 1 0 5x 1

5x 1 0 x

1
5

Exercise:
, x 3 y 3 56

Solve in

Solution: First we factorize x 3 y 3 x y x 2 xy y 2 so x 3 y 3 56

x y x 2 xy y 2 56 but 56 2 28 x y 2 x y 2
So y 2

y y 2 y 2 28 y 2 4y 4 y 2 2y y 2 28

3y 2 6y 24 0 y 2 2y 8 0 y 2 2y 1 1 8 0

y 1

9 0 y 1 3 thus y 3 1 2 or y 4

4,2 , 2, 4

therefore x , y

Exercise:

Solution:

1 sin x
dx 0
cos x

0 arctan

Show that,

1 sin x
arctan
dx
cos x

1 sin x
1 sin x
dx arctan
dx
cos x
cos
x

02 arctan

1 sin x
1
Let u arctan
& dv dx du dx & v x
2
cos x

1 sin / 2

1 sin x
1 sin x x 2 2

2
so arctan
dx x arctan
arctan
0
cos / 2
2
cos
x
cos
x

4 0

2 / 4

1 sin x
1 1 2

1 sin x

but lim arctan

arctan lim
arctan
arctan

2
2
cos x
0 16
x
x cos x
2
2

3 2
thus I 1 2 f x
on the other hand I 2
0
16

1 sin x x 2
f x dx x arctan

cos
x

1 sin x
1 sin x

But lim arctan

arctan 1
lim arctan

arctan

4
2
x

cos x
cos x
x

So I 2

2
4

2 2
3 2
so

4 4
16
16

1 sin x

cos x

0 f x dx 0 where f x arctan

Even and odd functions:

then

A function is said to be odd if f x f x

f x f x then
a

the element of symmetry is O and f x dx 0

a

A function is said to be even if

The element of symmetry is y ' oy and

a f x dx 20 f x dx
a

Properties:
1) The product of even and odd function is odd
2) The product of two odd functions is always even
3) The product of two even functions is always even
4) Any scalar multiplied by odd respectively even is odd respectively even

Properties:
1) The sum of two even functions is even
2) The sum of two odd functions is odd
Exercise:
Compute,

1 x2 1 x2

1x

1 x2 1 x2
1x

dx

1 x 1 x

1 x4

Solution: we have

dx

1 x2 1 x2

dx

1 x 1 x
2

1
1x

dx

1
1x

1 x2

1 x 1 x
2

dx

1 x 1 x
2

dx d arcsin x

d arcsin x d arcsinh x

1 x2

1x

dx

arcsin x arcsinh x c

d
1
d
1
arcsin x
&
arcsinh x
dx
dx
1 x2
1 x2

Remark that

Exercise:
Compute,

Solution:

x sin x

0 1 cos2 x dx
x sin x

0 1 cos2 x

dx

x sin x

1 cos2 x

dx

x sin x dx x sin x dx
0 1 cos2 x
0 1 cos2 x

sin x

0 1 cos2 x
sin x

0 1 cos2 x dx

Let u cos x du sin x dx so

x sin x

1 cos2 x

dx

sin x

1 cos2 x

sin x

dx

dx

du

0 1 cos2 x dx u 0 1 u 2

arctan u arctan 1 arctan 1

1
4 4 2

So

x sin x

0 1 cos2 x

dx

22
4

du
1 u2

dx

Exercise:
Compute,

cos x sin x
dx
2 sin 2x

Solution: we have 2 sin 2x 2 2 cos x sin x 1 2 cos x sin x cos2 x sin2 x

1

1 cos x sin x

cos x sin x
cos x sin x
dx
2 sin 2x
1 cos x sin x

dx

Take u cos x sin x du sin x cos x dx

Thus

cos x sin x
du
dx
arctan u c arctan cos x sin x c
2 sin 2x
1 u2

Notation:
n

a
a aa

& a n a a .... a where n

n times

n powers

5
5
Example: 3 5 55 5 53125 where as 53 5 5 5 125

Example: Perform

33

3
Solution: 3 3 33 327 so

327
3

327 3 324

Exercise:
Solve in

, 372 x

Solution: we have 372 x

1 30 72 x x 0 , let u x u 2 x

72 u 2 u 0 Now finding the roots u 2 u 72 0 u 2 u

1 1
72 0
4 4

2
u
9

1
17
1 17
1
1 288
u
u
u 9 or 8
u
2
2
2
2
4
E 0

So 9 u 8 but u 0 0 u 8 0 u 2 64 0 x 64
also its acceptable if x 0 372 30 as 72 0 So 0 x 64

8
0

Exercise:

x tan 4x
1

x 0 1 cos 4x
2

Show that, lim

Solution: we have

x tan 4x 1 cos 4x
x tan 4x 1 cos 4x x tan 4x 1 cos 4x

1 cos 4x 1 cos 4x
1 cos2 4x
sin2 4x

x tan 4x

x tan 4x
x tan 4x
x tan 4x
x2
lim
lim
lim 1 cos 4x but lim
x 0 sin2 4x
x 0 1 cos 4x
x 0 sin2 4x
x 0
x 0 sin2 4x

So lim

x2
tan 4x
tan 4x
sin 4x
4
1
x
x
lim
lim
lim x cos 4x
we know that
2
x 0 sin2 4x
x 0
x 0
42
42 4
sin 4x

x2
x

sin 4x
1
sin ax
sin u
lim sin 4x
lim
a Let f x
lim f x lim
x 0
x 0 x cos 4x
x 0
x 0
u 0 u
x cos 4x
x
a

lim

now let y 4x x

lim f x lim
x 0

y 0

y
4

1
y
cos y
4

so as x 0, y 0

1
sin y
lim
1 4
y 0 cos y y 0 y
4

lim sin y lim

y 0

x tan 4x
1
2 1
2
x 0 1 cos 4x
4
4 2

Thus lim
Exercise:

Show that, lim

sin 2x
2

sin 3x
3

Solution: we have x x 0 take y x y 0

So lim

sin 2 y
sin 2x
lim
sin 3x y 0 sin 3 y

lim 2 cos y sin y

y 0 sin 3y 3
y 0 3 cos2 y sin y sin 3 y

lim

sin 2y
sin 2y
2
y
lim

lim
y 0 sin 3y
y 0 sin 3y
3

sin 2y 2

Exercise:
Let a

such that a 0 which satisfies

2a

3a

a2

4
ln x dx 4 ln 1 , Show that a 1
x

a2

a2 x 2
Solution: we have ln
x ln
ln a 2 x 2 ln x ln a x a x ln x
x

ln a x ln a x ln x
So

2a

3a

a2

ln x dx
x

2a

3a

ln a x dx

Let u ln a x & dv dx du
2a

3a

Hence
But
So

2a

3a
2a

3a

a x a
a x

ln a x dx x ln a x

dx

2a

3a

2a

3a

ln a x dx

2a

3a

ln x dx

dx
&v x
a x

3a 3a a x x dx
2a

dx

2a

3a

2a

x ln a x

3a 3a x a a x a dx
2a

2a dx
2a
a
dx x
a
3a
3a a x
a x
2a

2a ln 3a 2a a ln 3a 3a ln 4a 3a a ln 4a
2a ln 3a 2a a ln 3a 3a ln 4a 3a a ln 4a
3a ln 3a a 4a ln 4a

ln a x dx x ln a x x a ln a x

3a

Similarly we work for

2a

3a ln a x dx x ln a x x a ln a x 3a
2a

a ln a a 2a ln 2a

2a ln a 2a a ln a 3a ln 2a 3a a ln 2a

2a

3a
So

2a

ln x dx x ln x x
2a ln 2a 2a 3a ln 3a 3a
3a
2a

3a

2a

a2

ln x dx
x

Exercise:

Let g x ax 3 bx 2 cx d be numerical function

defined over

By using the adjacent figure

Determine the values for a,b, c & d

Solution: Graphically the obtain data are :

g ' 1 0 & g ' 1 0
g 1 0 a b c d 0 (1) g 1 4 a b c d 4 (2) g 0 2 d 2
g 2 0 8a 4b 2c d 0 (3) but g ' x 3ax 2 2bx c
g ' 1 0 3a 2b c 0 (4) and g ' 1 0 3a 2b c 0 (5)
g 1 0, g 1 4, g 0 2, g 2 0

By using d 2 we get : 8a 4b 2c 2 , (1) a b c 2 & a b c 2

8a 4b 2c 2

8a 2c 2
8a 2c 2

2
b

0
a

a c 2 (2)
2a 2c 4

a b c 2

6a 6 a 1 & c 3 thus g x x 3 3x 2
Exercise:
Let f :

be a numerical function defined as f x ax 2 bx c

By using the adjacent figure determine the values for a,b & c
Solution: Graphically we obtain the following data

f 0 1 , f ' 1 0 and 1, f 1 2

So we have 3 equation of 3 unknowns are:

f 0 1 1 c .(1)

f ' x 2ax b f ' 1 0 0 2a b a

b
2

We also have point ( Local Max ) 2 a b c 2

Thus our function will be f x x 2 2x 1

(2)

b
b 2b
b 1 1
2 b (3)
2
2

Exercise:

Compute,

4 x x2
4 x2

Solution: we have

dx where

4x x

4 x2

dx

2
4 x x2
2
dx
4 x2

4 x2
4 x2

dx

1 2x
dx
2 0 4 x 2

Let u 4 x 2 du 2xdx du 2xdx u 0 4 & u 4 2

Put I 1

I2

u ( ) du

u(0)

4 x2

4 x2

4
2
u du
4

dx

4 x
2

4x

1
2
2u

4 2

4 x2
2

dx

1
I
2 1

1
2
u

4 1 sin2

2 cos d

4 2 2
4

4 x 2dx

x
Now let x 2 sin dx 2 cos d & arcsin
2

4 2

4 4 sin2 2 cos d

cos2 2 cos d 2 2 cos2 d 4 cos2 d

x
1
1 cos 2 d 2 d 2 cos 2d 2 sin2 c 2 arcsin sin 2 c
2
2

x
x
2 arcsin 2 sin cos c 2 arcsin 2x cos c
2
2
But sin2 cos2 1 cos2 1 sin2 cos 1 sin2 , but

sin
So

x2
x
x2
4 x2
sin2
so cos 1
4
2
4

x
4 x 2dx 2 arcsin 2x 4 x 2 c thus
2

Therefore

4 x x2
4x

4 x 2dx 2 arcsin 2 4 2
2

dx 4 2 1 2 2 arcsin 2
2

Exercise:
Let U ,V X

by Using the Standard Euclidean Basis for

3

, ,
Drive the formula for U ,V in terms of
x y z
Solution: We have U X
also V X

U a x b y c z
3

V x y z
3

where a,b, c C

where , , C

So U ,V a
b
c ,

since .,. is bilinear then

y
z
x
y
z
x

a , a , a , b , b , b ,
x x
y x z y x y
y y z
x

c , c , c ,
x z
y z z
z

a
a
x x
x
x

a
a
y x
x
y

z x
z

b b

b b

b
y x
x y
y y
y y
y z
z y

c c

c c

c
z x
x z
z y
y z
z z
z z

a

a
2
2
2
2
a

a a

x x x 2
x x x 2
x y xy
y x yx

a

b
2
2
2
2
a

a b

b
x z xz
z x zx
y x yx
x y xy

b
y

c
z

y
y y 2

x
x zx

2
2
2

b b

y z yz
z y zy
y y 2

2
2
2

c c

c
z y zy
y z yz
z xz

c
2
2
c

z z z 2
z z z 2

a

a

a

b

x x
x x
x y
y x
x z
z x
y x
x y

b

b

c

c

y y
y y
y z
z y
z x
x z
z y
y z

z z
z z

a
a
a

b
b

a

b
c
a

x
y
z
y
z x x
x
y
y
z
z y
x

c
c

c
a
b

c

y
x
y
z
z z
x

a
a
a
a
b
c

y
y x
y
z x
x

b
b
b
a
b
c

y
y x
y
z y
x

c
c
c

a
b
c

y
y x
y
z z
x

x V U b y V U c z

So U ,V V U a
Exercise:
Solve this inequality in

, log0.1 x 2 log0.01 x 2

Solution loga u x is defined when a 0, a 1 & u x 0 thus x 2

We know that loga b

ln x 2
ln x 2
ln x 2
ln b

so log0.01 x 2
ln a
ln 0.01
ln102
2 ln101

1
1
log0.1 x 2 thus log0.1 x 2 log0.1 x 2 2 log0.1 x 2 log0.1 x 2
2
2

0 x 1 , log x f x log x g x 0 f x g x

log0.1 x 2

log0.1 x 2

x 2

x 2 x 2 x 2 1 0
2

x 2 x 3 0 so the roots are

x
x 2 or x 3 using the sign table to obtain 2 x 3

x 2

x 3

Exercise:
Show that, lim

i2 4

i2 4

i 3

i2

Solution:

i 3

2
n

i 3

1
6

i 2i 2
i2

n
i 2 i 2
i 2 n i 2

i i i i

i 3
i 3
i 3
n

1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
1 2 n i 2 n i 2

but
... .....
3 4 5 6
3 4 5 6
3 4 i 5 i
i 3 i

n
i 2
i

i i 2
i 3
i 5

n 2
i 4 1
2 n i 2
i 1 n
1
lim

so

2
n
6
12 i 5 i
i 2 6 i 5
6
i 3 i

Exercise:
If 8m 27 then find the value of 4m

Solution: We have 8m 27 23

33

2m

33 2m 3 S.B.S 4m 9

Exercise:
Solve the following linear system using Gauss Jordan Elimination

2x1 3x 2 3x 3 15
3x1 2x 2 5x 3 19
5x1 4x 2 2x 3 2

Solution: Let X x1, x 2, x 3

1
2 3 3 : 15

3 2 5 : 19 R2 R2 3R1 0
5 4 2 : 2 R R 5R

3
1

3
0

R1

, A M 22 R & b 15,19, 2 then AX b

3 3
15
:

2
2
2
13 19
83
2
:
R
2
2
2
13 2
7 19
71
7
:
R3 R3 R2
2
2
2
2

3 3
15
3 3
15 R R 3 R
:
:
1
1

1
1
2 3
2 2
2
2 2
2

19
83 R R 19 R
0 1 19 : 83
0 1
:
2
2
13 3

13
13
13
13
0 0 1 : 3

57 171 R3
:

0 0

13
13 57

R R 3 R
3
1
0
:

3
1
1 0 0 : 0

1
2 2
2

0 1 0 : 2 thus x1 0, x 2 2 & x 3 3
0 1 0 : 2
0 0 1 : 3
0 0 1 : 3

Exercise:
Solve the following linear system using Gauss Jordan Elimination

x1 2x 2 4x 3 x 4 7
2x1 5x 2 9x 3 4x 4 16
x1 5x 2 7x 3 7x 4 13
Solution:

1 2 4 1 : 7
1 2 4 1 : 7

2 5 9 4 : 16 R2 R2 2R1 0 1 1 2 : 2
1 5 7 7 : 13 R R R
0 3 3 6 : 6 R R 3R
3
1
3
1

3
1 2 4 1 : 7 R R 2R
1 0 2 3 : 3
1
2

0 1 1 2 : 2
0 1 1 2 : 2
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 :0
0 :0

x 2 x 3 2x 4 2 x 2 2 x 3 2x 4 & x1 2x 3 3x 4 3 x1 3 2x 3 3x 4
Where x 3, x 4
Exercise:
Solve the following linear system using Gauss Jordan Elimination

5x 1 3x 2 2x 3 13
2x 1 4x 2 3x 3 9
4x1 2x 2 5x 3 13
Solution: Our job here is to transform the above system to AX b

1
5 3 2 : 13

2 4 3 : 9 R2 R2 2R1 0
4 2 5 : 13 R R 4R

3
1

3
0

R1

3
5
26
5
2
5

2 13
:

5
5

5R2
19
71
:
5
5
26
17
13
2
:
R3 R3 R2
5
5
5

3 2 13
3 2
13 R R 2 R
:
:
1
1

1
1
5 3
5 5
5
5 5
5

19
71
19
71
0 1
:
0 1
:

19
26
26
26
26

0 0 1 : 1 R2 R2 26 R3
48
48 13R3
:
0 0

13
13 48

3
11 R R 3 R
1
0
:
1
1 0 0 :1

1
5 2
5
5

0 1 0 : 2
0 1 0 : 2 thus x1 1 , x 2 2 & x 3 1
0 0 1 : 1
0 0 1 : 1

Exercise:
Evaluate,

cos2 2 x
x

dx

where

Solution: Let u x 2 cos2 u 1 cos 2u cos2 2u

du

dx
2 x

so

1 cos 4u
2
dx
x

1
sin 4 x c
4

1 cos 4u
2 x

dx

1 cos 4u
and
2

1 cos 4udu u

1
sin 4u c
4

Exercise:
9

Compute,

25 x dx

Solution: Let u x du

u 9 3 ,A

1
2 x

dx

25 u 2u du 2

25 u 25 u du 50

25 u u 25 25 du 2

1
dx 2udu dx & u 2 x so u 0 0 ,
2u

25 udu 2 25 u
0

Let t 25 u dt du du dt

5
3
1
t2
22
22
so A 2 t 2dt 50 t 2dt 2
25
25
5
2

3
2 du

t2
50

25 u 25 u 25 du

500 25 u
also t 0 25 & t 3 25 3 22
9

22

1
2du

25
5
3

8 3125 649 22

4t 2 100t 2

5
3
15

25
22

Exercise:

Compute,

x x 2 x dx

Solution: Let u x du

So

x x 2 x dx

2 x

dx 2udu dx

u 1 u 3 2u du

u 2 u 4 .u 2u du

2 2 2
4
4
w c w w c 1 u3
3 3
9
9

x x 2 x dx

u 2 u 5 2u du

u2 1 u 3

2u du

2u 2 1 u 3du 2 u 2 1 u 3du

Now Let w 1 u 3 dw 3u 2du

4
1x x
9

dw
u 2du hence
3

x x 2 x dx
1

2
3

w dw
3

1 u 3 c but u x x 2 u 3 x 2 x x

1x x c

Exercise:
n

i3 1

i 2

i3 1

Show that, lim

n

2
3

Solution: Note that i 3 1 i 1 i 2 i 1 & i 3 1 i 1 i 2 i 1

n
n 2
i 1 i 2 i 1
i 1
i i 1
Hence lim
lim
lim
lim
3
2
2
n
n
n
n
i 2 i 1
i 2 i 1 i i 1
i 2 i 1
i 2 i i 1
n

i3 1

But

i 1

i 1 3 4 5 6 ....
i 2

n 2
n
2

n
n 1 n n 1

1
3
1 1
2
i
1
n 2
n i i
n
2
4
i i 1
4 4
And

2
2
i 2 i i 1
i 2 i 2 i 1 1 1
i 2
1
3
i
4 4
2
4

1
3
n
2
4

3
3

4
2

1
3
1
3
n
n
n 3
2
4
2
4 2
i 1
2
2
Thus lim
lim

lim

3
2
n
n n n 1
n 3
3
n n 1
i 2 i 1
3
3

4
2

Exercise:

tan sec 1 1 sin

If 0, , Show that ,
tan sec 1
cos
2
Solution: We know that tan

sin
1
& sec
cos
cos

2
sin
1
sin

2
sin

1
tan sec 1 cos cos
sin 1 cos
2

So
tan sec 1 sin
1
sin 1 cos
sin 1 cos

1
cos cos

sin 2 sin2 2 sin cos 2 sin2 2 sin cos sin
2 2
2
2
2
2
2

sin 2 sin2 2 sin cos 2 sin2 2 sin cos sin
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2

cos sin cos sin cos sin
2
2
2
2
2
2

cos sin cos sin
cos2 sin2
2
2
2
2
2
2

cos2 sin2 2 cos sin
2
2
2 2 1 sin

cos
cos

Geometric Interpretations for complex numbers:

Consider the points of affixes A z A , B z B ,C zC , D z D & M z M

1) Vector AB z B z A
2) Distance AB z B z A

z zC
3) Angle between AB &CD arg AB,CD arg D
2
z z
A
B
4)

AB / / CD iff

5)

AB CD iff

zA zB
zC z D
zA zB
zC z D

( is a real number )

( is imaginary number )

zA zB

6) I is midpoint of AB iff z I

7) M belong to circle of radius r and center A iff z M z A r where r 0

8) M belong to the perpendicular bisector of AB iff z M z A z M z B
Nature of triangles and Quadrilaterals:

in the plane O, u, v

Consider the points of affixes A z A , B z B ,C zC & D z D

1) Right triangle :

ABC is right triangle at A iff

zC z A
zB zA

z zA
&arg C

z z 2
A
B

2) Isosceles triangle

ABC is an isosceles of vertex A iff z A z B z A zC

3) Equilateral triangle

z zA
z zA
1
ABC is equilateral triangle iff arg C
& C
z

z
3
z

z
C
B
C
B
4) Right isosceles triangle

z zA
z zA

1
ABC is right isosceles triangle at A iff arg C
& C
z

z
2
z

z
A
B
A
B
5) Parm

ABCD is parm iff z B z A zC z D

6) Rectangle

in the plane O, u, v

zD zA

ABCD is rectangle iff

zB zA

&

7) Square

zD zA

ABCD is square iff

zB zA

zD zB
zC z A

8) Rhombus

zD zB

ABCD is rhombus iff

zC z A

Exercise:

5 1
4

Show that, sin 18

Solution: Let 18 but 18

90
5 90 2 3 90 2 90 3
5

sin 2 sin 3 cos 3

2

2 sin cos cos 3 cos 2

2sin cos cos cos2 sin sin2

2 sin cos cos cos2 sin2 sin 2 sin cos

2 sin cos cos3 cos sin2 2 sin2 cos cos3 3 sin2 cos

2 sin cos cos3 3 1 cos2 cos 2 sin cos cos3 3 cos 3 cos3

2 sin cos 4 cos3 3 cos cos 2 sin 4 cos2 3 0

cos 2 sin 4 1 sin2 3 0 cos 2 sin 4 4 sin2 3 0

cos 2 sin 4 sin2 1 0 cos 0 or 2 sin 4 sin2 1 0 but cos18 0

2 sin 4 sin2 1 0 Let x sin 2x

2x 1 0 2x

2x

1 1
1 0
4 4

1
5
1 5
1 5
1
5
2x
2x
x
2x
2
2
2
4
2
4

But 18 which belong to the first quadrant so sin 0 thus sin

5 1
4

Exercise:
Solve in

x 1x 2 x 2x 3 x 3x 4

1
6

Solution:

x 1x 2 x 2x 3 x 3 x 4
1 x 3 x 1

x 2 x 1 x 3

x 3 x 4

2 x 2
1
1

x 2 x 1x 3 x 3 x 4

1
3x 9

x 3 x 1 x 4

1 1
1
1

x 2 x 1 x 3 x 3 x 4

1
2x 4

x 2 x 1 x 3

x 3 x 4

1 2
1
1 2x 8 x 1

x 3x 1 x 4 x 3 x 1 x 4

3
1

x 1 x 4 18 x 2 4x x 4 18

6
x 1 x 4

25 25
5
81
x 5x 4 18 0 x 5x 14 0 x 5x

14 0 x
4
4
2
4

5
9
59
x
x 7 or x 2
2
2
2

Exercise:
Compute,
Solution:

sin x x

cos x 1 dx
sin x x
sin x
x
sin x x
sin x
x

dx
dx
dx
cos x 1 cos x 1 cos x 1
cos x 1
cos x 1
cos x 1

Let u cos x 1 du sin xdx

Let w x & dv

d cos x 1
sin x
dx

cos x 1
cos x 1 ln cos x 1 c

1
dx
1 cos 2x
dx dw dx & v
but cos2 x
cos x 1
cos x 1
2

x
x
x
dx
1
1
sec2 dx 2 tan c
2 cos2 1 cos x so v
2
x 2
2
2
2
2 cos2
2
hence

x
x
x
1
x
dx

x
tan

tan

dx Let t dt dx 2dt dx
cos x 1

2
2
2
2

So

tan 2 dx 2 tan t dt

2 d ln sec t

ln cos t 2 ln sec t 2 ln cos t

So

2 ln sec t c

1
But ln sec t ln

cos t

x
x
2 ln cos ln cos2 ln cos x 1
2
2

sin x x

cos x 1 dx ln cos x 1 x tan 2 ln cos x 1 c x tan 2 c

Exercise:
Evaluate,

sin2 x

1 sin2 x dx

Solution: we have

sin2 x
1 sin2 x

sin2 x 1

sin2 x 1 1

1 sin2 x

dx

so

dx

sin2 x 1 dx sin2 x 1 x sin2 x 1

sin2 x

1 sin2 x

dx

sin2 x 1 1
sin2 x 1

let x arctan u dx

dx

1
1 u2

du

u2

So sin2 x sin2 arctan u sin arctan u

1 u2
u 1

So

dx
2

sin x 1

1
u

u 1

du

2u 2 1

Thus

sin2 x

du

2u

sin2 x 1

du
1u

u2 1

du

du

u 2 u 2 1 1 u 2 2u 2 1 u 2 1
u2 1

dx x

1
2

1
2

arctan

arctan

2u c

2 tan x c

1
2

arctan

2 tan x c

Exercise:

Let x 2 7y dx x y sin2 y dy 1

.Compute the integral of over the

2

oriented segment 0, 0 1, 0 0,2 0, 0

Solution: Let S be the closed surface by using green theorem we get:

8 d xdy Let i :
S

7y dx x y sin2 y dy

Q
dxdy 7 1 dxdy 8 dxdy
x
S
S

be the inclusion map i x 2x 2

20
2 & y 2 2x y 2x 2
0 1

i *w i * xdy i * xd i * y x

So we get w xdy and i x 2x 2

id y i xd 2x 2 2xdx
1

16x 2
Thus 8 dxdy 8 dw 8 i * w 8 2xdx
8 unit
2

0
S
S
S
S
0