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ME 684 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM DESIGN
PG Elective
Class Timing Wed & Fri 11:05 - 12:30 Slot 6 Room # ME 205
Instructor Prof M V Rane Office 2nd Floor HPL_IITB Phone 7514, Lab 4527, 4593
Course Content
Load Estimation
Comfort Conditioning
Weather Data
Solar Heat Gain
Cooling and Heating Loads
Air-Conditioning Systems
Central and Unitary Systems

Duct Design and Fan Selection
Heating and Cooling Coil Design
Humidification and Dehumidification Systems
ME 684 Air Conditioning System Design Lecture Presented by Prof M V Rane at IIT Bombay
Saved as D:/Lectures/ME 684/1+ME684_Intro+2015 was last updated on 07-01-2015 10:36 AM
Heat Pump Laboratory IITB 1 of 64
CONFIDENTIAL

PG Elective
Air-Conditioning Systems
Cooling Tower Design and Selection

Air Cleaners and Scrubbers
Hydronic Heating and Cooling Systems
Automatic Controls
Noise Reduction
Energy Conservation and Air- Conditioning for Special Applications

Waste Heat Recovery
Cogeneration of Power and Refrigeration
Dairy and Textile Processing
CONFIDENTIAL

PG Elective
References
2001 / 2005 / 2009 / 2013 ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals
2000 / 2004 / 2008 / 2012 ASHRAE Handbook HVAC System and Equipment
Manufactures Literature and Handouts
Evaluation
Two Quizzes, Attendance and Class Participation
Two/Three Assignments
End Semester Examination
30%
30%
40%
CONFIDENTIAL
ASHRAE SUMMER AND WINTER COMFORT

CONDITION
ASHRAE HBF 2009
Comfort Zone
Air Temperature
DBT 22 to 27oC
Mean Radiant
Temperature
DBT + 10oC
Humidity
12 g moisture/kgda
Air Velocity
< 0.2 m/s
Clothing Range
1 and 0.5 clo
< 1.1 met
CONFIDENTIAL
THERMAL INTERACTION OF HUMAN BODY

For Space Air Conditioning
M W = Qsk+ Qres+S
= (C+R+Esk)+ (Cres+Eres)+(Ssk+Scr)
Where,
M
W
Qres
Qsk
Cres
Eres
C+R
Ssk, Scr
Rate of metabolic heat production

W/m2
Rate of mechanical work
accomplished, W/m2
Total rate of heat loss through
respiration, W/m2
Total rate of heat loss from skin, W/m2
Rate of convective heat loss from
respiration, W/m2
Rate of evaporative heat loss from
respiration, W/m2
Sensible Heat loss from skin, W/m2
Rate of heat storing in skin and core
components , W/m2
CONFIDENTIAL
COMFORT CONDITIONS
For Some Important Terms
met = 58.2 W/m2
Unit of Metabolic Rate

Some typical values: sleeping 0.7 met; walking 2 to 3.8 met; office work 1.0 to 2.1 met;
wrestling 7 to 8.7 met
Surface area of adult body of 70 kg weight is taken as 1.8 m2
Clo = 0.155 m2 K/W

w
Skin Wetness
Unit of Insulating Effect of Clothing

Range 0.06 to 1
Ratio of evaporative loss from the skin to maximum evaporative loss from the skin, when
all the sweat not evaporated
tr
Mean Radiant Temperature

Uniform black body temperature of an imaginary enclosure with which subjects
exchange the same heat by radiation as they would in actual complex environment
to
Operative Temperature
Average of the mean radiant and ambient temperature, weighted by their respective heat
transfer coefficients
CONFIDENTIAL
COMFORT CONDITIONS
For Some Important Terms
ET* Effective Temperature

Temperature of a uniform environment at 50% RH in which a person loses the same total
heat exchange by radiation, convection and evaporation as in the actual environment
Skin wetness, w and permeability index, im of clothing needs to be specified and are
constant for a particular ET*
SET* Standard Effective Temperature

ET* estimated assuming that the subject is wearing clothing standardized for the activity
concerned.
toh
Humid Operative Temperature

Temperature of a uniform environment at 100% RH in which a person loses the same
total heat exchange by radiation, convention, and evaporation as in the actual
environment
CONFIDENTIAL
WEATHER DATA
Mumbai
CONFIDENTIAL
WEATHER DATA
Mumbai
CONFIDENTIAL
HEATING AND WIND DESIGN CONDITIONS

ASHRAE HBF 2001, Table 3A, pp 27.36
CONFIDENTIAL
SOLAR ANGLES FOR VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL

SURFACE
ASHRAE HBF 1997
For Solar Heat Gain
CONFIDENTIAL
SOLAR HEAT GAIN

Solar Angle Determination
Local Latitude L (North is Positive)

Bombay 18o 54' N; Allahabad 25o 28' N
Local Longitude LON (West is Positive)

Bombay 72o 49' E; Allahabad 81o 54' E
Solar Declination
Angle between the line joining the centre of earth and the sun and its projection on the equatorial
plane; it varies between + 23.45o and can be calculated using the formula
= 23.45 sin ((284 + n) 360 / 365)
where,
n is number of days starting from January 1 as the first day
day
Sept. 21
Dec. 21
Mar. 21
Jun. 21
equinox
winter solstice
equinox
summer solstice
0o
-23.45o
0o
23.45o
CONFIDENTIAL
SOLAR HEAT GAIN

Hour Angle H
Number of minutes from local solar noon expressed as an angle;
H = 0 at solar noon
H = 0.25 (number of minutes from solar noon)
Solar Altitude
Angle between the earth-sun line and its projection in the horizontal surface; = 0o at sun rise and
sun set
sin = cos L cos cos H + sin L sin
Solar Azimuth
Angle between horizontal projection of earth-sun line and due south, angle POS, is positive for
afternoon hours and negative for morning hours
cos = (sin sin L - sin ) / (cos cos L)
CONFIDENTIAL
SOLAR HEAT GAIN

Surface Azimuth
Angle between horizontal projection of surface normal and due south, angle HOS;
Orientation
N
NE E SE S SW
W
NW
Surface azimuth 180 -135 -90
-45 0
45
90
135
Surface Solar Azimuth

Angle between horizontal projection of earth-sun line and horizontal projection of surface normal,
angle HOP; if is greater than 90o or less than 270o then the surface is in the shade
=
Tilt Angle
Tilt angle of surface from horizontal; for a horizontal surface = 0o and for a vertical surface = 90o
CONFIDENTIAL
SOLAR HEAT GAIN

Angle of Incidence
For a surface is the angle between the in coming solar rays and a line normal to that surface; for any
surface it is given by
cos = cos cos sin + sin cos
for the horizontal surface, = 0o, H is QOV
cos H = sin
for the vertical surface, = 90o, v is QOP;
cos v = cos cos
Solar Radiation Incident On a Surface

Et total short-wave irradiance reaching a terrestrial surface, W/(m2.K)
Et = EDN cos + Ed + Er
where,
EDN
direct irradiation on a surface normal to the sun rays

EDN = A / [exp (B / sin )]
CONFIDENTIAL
SOLAR HEAT GAIN

A
B
Ed
C
Fss
Er
g
Fsg
apparent solar irradiation at air mass = 0 (from table)

atmospheric extinction coefficient (from table)
diffuse radiation from the sky
Ed = C EDN Fss
diffuse radiation factor (from table)
shape factor between the surface and the sky
Fss = (1 + cos ) / 2
solar radiation reflected from surrounding surfaces, buildings,
ground, etc.; if no other structure is in the vicinity then only
ground reflectance is considered
Er = EDN (C + cos ) g Fsg
ground reflectance
shape factor between the surface and ground
Fsg = (1 - cos ) / 2
Note: Sum of All Shape Factors is Unity

CONFIDENTIAL
FENESTRATION TABLES
ASHRAE HBF 1997, Table 15, p 29.29
EDN and SHGF for 16o North Latitude
CONFIDENTIAL
FENESTRATION TABLES
Month wise Half Day Total of SHGF for 16o North Latitude
CONFIDENTIAL
FENESTRATION TABLES
CONFIDENTIAL
FENESTRATION TABLES
CONFIDENTIAL
WINDOW AIR CONDITIONER

www.lg-aircons.co.za
Wall Mounted AC
Compact Units
Factory Assembled Unit
Less Space Requirement
Low maintenance
Condenser
Air Out
CONFIDENTIAL
SPLIT AIR CONDITIONER

www.airconditioningcentre.com
Internal Views
CONFIDENTIAL

www.indiancustomers.in
Indoor and Outdoor Units
CONFIDENTIAL

www.todaypriceworld.in,
Indoor and Outdoor Units
CONFIDENTIAL
3D AIR CIRCULATION
www.samsung.com.au
Samsung Wall Mounted AC
CONFIDENTIAL
MULTI SPLIT AND CASSETTE AC

Mali, 2010
Single Floor
CONFIDENTIAL
FAN COIL UNITS

www.zamilac.com
Concealed R22, R407c, Qc 1.5 to 5 TR,
Fits practically in any tight false ceiling space

Compact cabinets
Flexibility to cool/heat single or multiple zones

Depending on the situation
Ease of maintenance
All maintenance and utility connections are
available on one side
CONFIDENTIAL
FAN COIL UNIT

www.york.com
Components
1
2
3
4
5
Structure
Fixing Brackets
Filter
Fan Deck
Auxiliary Coils
(2 or 3 Row)
6 Standard Coil
7 Condensate Tray
8 Fan Deck Access Panel
9 Electrical Connector
10 Filter Access Panel
11 Electrical Panel
CONFIDENTIAL
FAN COIL UNITS

www.zamilac.com
Horizontal Concealed Plenum
District Cooling Applications

Operates at higher Delta T requirement
Ranging from 7.7 to 8.9C (14 to 16F )
Ease of maintenance
All maintenance and utility connection are on one side, back and bottom return air options are provided
Available from 340 to 2380 m/h (200 to 1400 cfm)

CONFIDENTIAL
CONCEALED CHILLED WATER FCU

www.zamilac.com
Features
Commercial Applications using Chilled Water

Multi room buildings, offices, malls, hospitals, schools
Combination of Energy Saving Design, Superior Engineering Features and Flexibility of

Application
Available from 340 to 3,400 m/h (200 cfm to 2,000 cfm)

CONFIDENTIAL
CONCEALED CHW VERTICAL FCU

www.zamilac.com
Features
Slim line Design

For ducted applications in public buildings, office spaces, hospitals, hotels and mechanical rooms
Provide Additional Floor Space

Can be placed on the floor or hung to the wall
Available from 500 to 1,700 m/h (300 cfm to 1,000 cfm)

CONFIDENTIAL
CASSETTE AIR CONDITIONER

www.indiamart.com
Indoor Unit
CONFIDENTIAL
CASSETTE AND SPLIT AIR CONDITIONER

www.orionairsales.co.uk
Four Way Cassette AC & Split AC with Single ODU
CONFIDENTIAL
AIR HANDLING UNITS (DX)

www.zamilac.com
R22, R407c Qc 2.5 to 30 TR
Designed for Horizontal and Vertical Installation

Quiet Operation
Optimum Sound and Thermal Insulation
Achieved with 1/2" thick tuff-skin fiberglass insulation
CONFIDENTIAL
FREE STANDING UNITS

www.zamilac.com
Qc 3 to 6.6 TR
Applications like Restaurants, Showrooms and Warehouses
Electronic Controls
Including automatic mode and fan functions, make life for the end user
much more convenient and enjoyable
CONFIDENTIAL
INDOOR UNITS
www.panasonic.com
Different Types
CONFIDENTIAL
INDOOR UNITS
www.panasonic.com
Different Types
CONFIDENTIAL
AIR COOLED CONDENSING UNITS

www.zamilac.com
Side Discharge R22, R407c Qc 1.5 to 5 TR
Copeland
Provide Quiet and Reliable Performance

Can combined with a wide variety of
evaporator coils and blower packages to

provide quiet and dependable comfort
Available Models
Cool only models as well as a heat pump version
CONFIDENTIAL
OUTDOOR UNITS
www.panasonic.com
Inverter Series
Inverter
Constantly Adjusts Compressor Rotation Speed
To Provide Optimum Performance at All Times
4 HP, 5 HP and 6 HP Model

Shares same casing
Single and Three Phase Power Supply

Shares Common Indoor Units and Controllers
6 Types of Capacity Combinations
CONFIDENTIAL
MULTI SYSTEM OUTDOOR UNITS

www.panasonic.com
Different Types of Indoor Units
CONFIDENTIAL
OUTDOOR UNITS
www.panasonic.com
Inverter Series
CONFIDENTIAL
OUTDOOR UNITS
www.panasonic.com
Combinations for Higher Capacity
CONFIDENTIAL
OUTDOOR UNITS
www.panasonic.com
Higher COP by Derating Same Unit
CONFIDENTIAL

www.zamilac.com
Top Discharge R22, R407c Qc 2.5 to 30 TR
Ruggedly Built
Specially Designed
Use in systems where there is a need to
separate the outdoor and indoor units
Remote installation
Provides an advantage when it comes to
sound, as the unit can be located away
from conditioned space
CONFIDENTIAL

www.zamilac.com
Top Discharge R22 Qc 2.5 to 30 TR
Specially Designed and Developed

To keep up compact spaces, lighter weight and ruggedness
Remote installation
Provides an advantage when it
comes to sound, as the unit can
be located away from
conditioned space
Combined with a variety of

evaporator coils and air handlers
to provide energy saving, quiet

operation and dependable comfort
CONFIDENTIAL

www.zamilac.com
Top Discharge R134a
Qc 2.5 to 30 TR
Ruggedly built
Remote installation
Advantage when it comes to sound, as the
unit can be located away from conditioned
space
CONFIDENTIAL
PACKAGED ROOFTOP AC
www.zamilac.com
R134a Qc 3 to 30 TR
Villa Type Applications

Convenient Capacity Range and Flexibility
Allow them to group rooms together and supply them the conditioned air providing the ultimate in
individual comfort
CONFIDENTIAL
VERTICAL PACKAGED UNITS

www.zamilac.com
Wall Mounted, Easy Servicing, Telecom Shelter Qc 3 to 30 TR
CONFIDENTIAL
QUIET AHU
www.zamilac.com
Features
20 mm thick panels
Double skin quiet AHU
Low noise applications

Available in between 600 to 2400 m3/h (353 cfm to 1413 cfm)
CONFIDENTIAL
MODULAR PACKAGED UNITS

www.zamilac.com
Qc 20 to 95 TR
Open Architectural Design

Allow consultants and contractors to
make their choice of air filtration,
insulation thickness of 1 or 2 inches,
inner skin, supply and sir return
arrangements
Rigid Structure and Small Foot Print

For industrial and commercial
applications
Provides with Additional Modules

and Accessories
Mixing box, bag filters, low velocity
filters, economizer, drip eliminator,
ultra violet lamps, fresh air damper
with hood and more
CONFIDENTIAL

www.zamilac.com
Standard Unit
CONFIDENTIAL

www.trane.com
Qc 20 to 120 TR
Scroll Compressors
Factory-Installed Valves
Discharge and liquid line
Coil Frost Protection

Provide energy efficient comfort at
part load conditions
Louvered Panels for Coil Protection

CONFIDENTIAL
PACKAGED MOBILE AC UNITS

www.zamilac.com
Qc 10 to 70 TR
Variety of Applications
Hydrocarbon, petrochemical plants, airport ground support, shipyards emergency cooling for utilities,
buildings and hospitals
Produced with aluminum, galvanized or stainless steel enclosure, and designed to meet the needs
Deliver the optimum high performance

at the most difficult environment under a very high ambient temperature and relative humidity
Motor cab option is also available
CONFIDENTIAL
PACKAGED MOBILE AC UNITS

www.zamilac.com
R22, R134a Qc 10 to 500 TR
Easy Start up and Operation

Minimal work and supervision
Capable of Serving Chilled Water in the Toughest Ambient Conditions

Most remote sites without the need of any auxiliary systems, they can be used to provide temporary
short or long term cooling
CONFIDENTIAL
AIR COOLED DRY COOLERS

www.zamilac.com
Process Fluid Cooling using Dry Air
Application Flexibility and Ability to Withstand Extreme Ambient Temperature

Air Cooled Heat Exchangers
Utilize the ambient air to cool off the circulating fluid to the required temperature
Factory Assembled Heat Exchangers

suitable for horizontal or vertical mounting
Delivers with an Integral Weather Resistant Control Panel

To be instantly connected to utilities
CONFIDENTIAL
COOLING TOWERS
www.supercooling.com
Fluid Cooling
CONFIDENTIAL
COOLING TOWERS
www.supercooling.com
Internal Details
CONFIDENTIAL
COOLING TOWERS
www.rsd.net
Fluid Cooling
hghgh
CONFIDENTIAL
AIR HEATING
AND
COOLING COILS
Located in an Air Handling Unit (AHU)

Internally Isolated Fan and
Motor
Standard and High Efficiency

Motor Options
Centrifugal Blower
Double Wall Construction

with Foam-Injected Insulation
Stainless Steel
Sloped Drain Pan
Aluminum Frame and

Polymeric Corners
Flexible Coil and Filter Options
CONFIDENTIAL
AIR HEATING
AND
COOLING COILS
Located in an Air Handling Unit (AHU)
CONFIDENTIAL
COMMONLY USED FINS
IN
AIR COILS
Flat
Corrugated - normally applied to condensers

or coils that operate with dirty air
Louvered/Lanced high air side heat

transfer coefficient, usually used for indoor
coils with filtered air
Spiral - to maximize the amount of heating

surface that can be utilized in a given volume
of installation space
CONFIDENTIAL
RECOPROCATING COMPRESSOR
www.danfosscom
Internal Details
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Discharge Connection
Orbiting Scroll
Fixed Scroll
Coupling Joint
Suction Connection
Shaft
Motor
CONFIDENTIAL
SCROLL COMPRESSOR
www.zamilac.com
Internal Details
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Discharge Connection
Orbiting Scroll
Fixed Scroll
Coupling Joint
Suction Connection
Shaft
Motor
Scroll Movements
CONFIDENTIAL
ROTORY COMPRESSOR
www.samsung.com
Internal Details
CONFIDENTIAL

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ME 684 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM DESIGN

Central and Unitary Systems

Heat Pump Laboratory IITB 1 of 64

ME 684 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM DESIGN

Cooling Tower Design and Selection

Energy Conservation and Air- Conditioning for Special Applications

Heat Pump Laboratory IITB 2 of 64

ME 684 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM DESIGN

Heat Pump Laboratory IITB 3 of 64

ASHRAE SUMMER AND WINTER COMFORT

Heat Pump Laboratory IITB 4 of 64

THERMAL INTERACTION OF HUMAN BODY

Rate of metabolic heat production

Heat Pump Laboratory IITB 5 of 64

met = 58.2 W/m2

Unit of Metabolic Rate

Clo = 0.155 m2 K/W

Unit of Insulating Effect of Clothing

Mean Radiant Temperature

Heat Pump Laboratory IITB 6 of 64

ET* Effective Temperature

SET* Standard Effective Temperature

Humid Operative Temperature

Heat Pump Laboratory IITB 7 of 64

Heat Pump Laboratory IITB 8 of 64

Heat Pump Laboratory IITB 9 of 64

HEATING AND WIND DESIGN CONDITIONS

Heat Pump Laboratory IITB 10 of 64

SOLAR ANGLES FOR VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL

For Solar Heat Gain

Heat Pump Laboratory IITB 11 of 64

SOLAR HEAT GAIN

Local Latitude L (North is Positive)

Local Longitude LON (West is Positive)

Heat Pump Laboratory IITB 12 of 64

SOLAR HEAT GAIN

Heat Pump Laboratory IITB 13 of 64

SOLAR HEAT GAIN

Surface Solar Azimuth

Heat Pump Laboratory IITB 14 of 64

SOLAR HEAT GAIN

Solar Radiation Incident On a Surface

direct irradiation on a surface normal to the sun rays

Heat Pump Laboratory IITB 15 of 64

SOLAR HEAT GAIN

apparent solar irradiation at air mass = 0 (from table)

Note: Sum of All Shape Factors is Unity

Heat Pump Laboratory IITB 16 of 64

EDN and SHGF for 16o North Latitude

Heat Pump Laboratory IITB 17 of 64

Heat Pump Laboratory IITB 18 of 64

EDN and SHGF for 16o North Latitude

Heat Pump Laboratory IITB 19 of 64

EDN and SHGF for 16o North Latitude

Heat Pump Laboratory IITB 20 of 64

WINDOW AIR CONDITIONER

Heat Pump Laboratory IITB 21 of 64

SPLIT AIR CONDITIONER

Heat Pump Laboratory IITB 22 of 64

SPLIT AIR CONDITIONER

Indoor and Outdoor Units

Heat Pump Laboratory IITB 23 of 64

SPLIT AIR CONDITIONER