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Methods FMRI TMS
Methods FMRI TMS
Neuroimaging II
Ilja Sligte
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Overview
Topics MRI/fMRI
Deoxygenated blood?
Signal loss!!!
Because, deoxy HB acts as little
magnet and causes more rapid
desynchronisation of spin-spin
alignment = less signal
measured
Images from Huettel, Song & McCarthy, 2004, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Topics MRI/fMRI
Neural Networks
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white matter
(axons)
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Topics MRI/fMRI
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Submillimeter Resolution
Stria of Gennari
(Layer IV)
Spin Echo
Functional
(activation
localized to
Layer IV)
Gradient Echo
Functional
(superficial activation
includes vessels)
Spin Echo
Anatomical
vein
Gradient Echo
Anatomical
Topics MRI/fMRI
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red = 2 - 1
green = 3 - 2
Sync each trial response to
start of trial
Not completely
linear,
but good enough!
Source: Dale & Buckner, 1997
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Topics MRI/fMRI
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Sample Artifacts
Ghosts
Hardware Malfunctions
Spikes
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Head Restraint
Vacuum Pack
Head Vise
(more comfortable than it
sounds!)
Bite Bar
Thermoplastic mask
Often a whack of foam padding works as well as anything
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Topics MRI/fMRI
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fMRI signaal
Ruis
Signaalverandering
conditie 2
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Disclaimer
Standaard fMRI
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Topics MRI/fMRI
Magnet
Radio
MRI PHYSICS
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In a non-magnetic environment
hydrogen atoms have a random
orientation
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Low energy
state
High energy
state
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Magnet
Radio
If an electromagnetic radio
frequency (RF) pulse is applied
at the resonance (Larmor)
frequency, then the protons
can absorb that energy.
At the quantum level, 2 things
happen:
1. Magnetization changes
(longitudinal excitation),
2. The phase of spins will
become synchronized
(transversal excitations).
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T1 or spin-lattice relaxation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YBUSOrH0lw
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If an electromagnetic radio
frequency (RF) pulse is applied
at the resonance (Larmor)
frequency, then the protons
can absorb that energy.
At the quantum level, 2 things
happen:
1. Magnetization changes
(longitudinal excitation),
2. The phase of spins will
become synchronized
(transversal excitations).
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If an electromagnetic radio
frequency (RF) pulse is applied
at the resonance (Larmor)
frequency, then the protons
can absorb that energy.
At the quantum level, 2 things
happen:
1. Magnetization changes
(longitudinal excitation),
2. The phase of spins will
become synchronized
(transversal excitations).
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T1 or spin-lattice relaxation.
Groot molecuul (=vet), snelle
recovery
Klein molecuul (=water),
langzame recovery
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T2 or spin-spin relaxation
If an electromagnetic radio
frequency (RF) pulse is applied
at the resonance (Larmor)
frequency, then the protons can
absorb that energy.
At the quantum level, 2 things
happen:
1. Magnetization changes
(longitudinal excitation),
2. The phase of spins will
become synchronized
(transversal excitations) and
desynchronize again.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0YuwCphcRU&feature=channel&list=UL
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Magnet
Radio
1. THE MAGNET CAUSES ATOMS TO SPIN AROUND THE MAGNETIC AXIS WITH A SPECIFIC
FREQUENCY, THE SO-CALLED LARMOR FREQUENCY
2. WHEN THE RADIO EMITS RADIO SIGNALS EXACTLY AT THE RIGHT FREQUENCY, IT WILL
EXCITE THE ATOMS IN TWO WAYS: LONDITUDINAL (T1) & TRANSVERSAL (T2).
3. AFTER TURNING OFF THE RADIO, THE ORIENTATION OF THE ATOMS WILL REALIGN WITH THE
MAGNETIC FIELD AND SEND BACK A RADIO SIGNAL (T1) AND SPINS BETWEEN ATOMS WILL
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DESYNCHRONIZE (T2) CAUSING SIGNAL LOSS OVER TIME
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Susceptibility Artifacts
T1-weighted image
T2*-weighted image
sinuses
ear
canals
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Aha!
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BOLD MRI
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Deoxygenated blood?
Signal loss!!!
Because, deoxy HB acts as little
magnet and causes more rapid
desynchronisation of spin-spin
alignment = less signal
measured
Images from Huettel, Song & McCarthy, 2004, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
65
Topics MRI/fMRI
Overview
Causale methoden
Extracranile stimulatie
Magnetische stimulatie
door de schedel heen
Vrij nauwkeurig (1 cm)
Online Transcranile
magnetische stimulatie
(TMS) = tijdens taak
Zwaar apparaat
Veroorzaakt neurale
activiteit (spikes) tijdens
TMS en dit kan
epileptische insulten
opwekken
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What is TMS?
TMS is a technique with which you can disrupt neural activity at a local level and
influence activity in neural networks.
Motor Area
A TMS coil is placed above the cortical area you want to target
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Neuraal gezien
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Neuraal gezien
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Nauwkeurigheid, invloed
van frequentie, online/offline
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coils
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rTMS
In an online experiment
(pulses during task) the
higher the frequency, the
higher the disruption.
In offline experiments this
is more complex
Slow rTMS decreases cortical
excitability
Fast rTMS increases cortical
excitability
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rTMS
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TBS
Theta Burst stimulation based on the physiologic pattern of neuronal firing found in the
hippocampus.
Three-pulse burst at 50Hz given every 200 milliseconds (5 Hz).
Two paradigms: Continuous and intermittent stimulation
TBS
cTBS produces inhibition of MEP s, whereas iTBS facilitates MEP s for a several
minutes after stimulation
Nauwkeurigheid, invloed
van frequentie, online/offline
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Advies
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Position sensor
Defines a coordinate space
Monitors changes in this
space
Trackers
Keep track of the TMS coil
and markers on the subject.
Computer
Obtains coordinates of
trackers from position sensor
Displays anatomical MRI of
subject.
Overlay TMS on MRI
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Advies
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VRAGEN?
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