What is it?

A c-chart is an attributes control chart used with data collected in subgroups that are the same size. C-charts show
how the process, measured by the number of nonconformities per item or group of items, changes over time.
Nonconformities are defects or occurrences found in the sampled subgroup. They can be described as any
characteristic that is present but should not be, or any characteristic that is not present but should be. For example a
scratch, dent, bubble, blemish, missing button, and a tear would all be nonconformities. C-charts are used to
determine if the process is stable and predictable, as well as to monitor the effects of process improvement theories..

When is it used?
A c-chart is particularly useful when the item is too complex to be ruled as simply conforming or nonconforming.
For example, an automobile could have hundreds of possible defects yet still not be considered defective. A c-chart
could also be used to monitor the number of phone calls received in a given period of time such as an hour or a day.
Use c-charts when you can answer "yes" to these questions:
1.

Do you need to assess system stability?

2.

Is the data the number of nonconformities per subgroup?

3.

Are the subgroups the same size?

4.

Have the possible nonconformities been identified prior to data collection?

5.

Is the time order of subgroups preserved?

Example of a C chart
An LCD manufacturer wants to monitor defects on 17-inch LCD screens. Technicians record the number of dead
pixels for each subgroup of 10 screens per hour. They use a C chart to monitor the number of dead pixels.
On average, technicians find 10 dead pixels in each sample. Sample 17 is out of control. The
technicians should try to identify any special causes that may have contributed to the
unusually high number of dead pixels.
What is it?A p-chart is an attributes control chart used with data collected in subgroups of varying sizes. Because the
subgroup size can vary, it shows a proportion on nonconforming items rather than the actual count. P-charts show
how the process changes over time. The process attribute (or characteristic) is always described in a yes/no,
pass/fail, go/no go form. For example, use a p-chart to plot the proportion of incomplete insurance claim forms
received weekly. The subgroup would vary, depending on the total number of claims each week. P-charts are used to
determine if the process is stable and predictable, as well as to monitor the effects of process improvement theories.

c-chart
In statistical quality control, the c-chart is a type of control chart used to monitor "count"-type data, typically total
number of nonconformities per unit.[1] It is also occasionally used to monitor the total number of events occurring in
a given unit of time.

The c-chart differs from the p-chart in that it accounts for the possibility of more than one nonconformity per
inspection unit, and that (unlike the p-chart and u-chart) it requires a fixed sample size. The p-chart models
"pass"/"fail"-type inspection only, while the c-chart (and u-chart) give the ability to distinguish between (for
example) 2 items which fail inspection because of one fault each and the same two items failing inspection with 5
faults each; in the former case, the p-chart will show two non-conformant items, while the c-chart will show 10
faults.

ExternaL strUcture of a sTem

nOde - a rEgiOn On the sTem where the leaf is aTTached.
inTernOde - The rEgiOn bEtweEn twO nODe.
Leaf sCar -OvaL scArs On a stEm mArk The points where leaves were once attached.
lenticels - the breahing organs of the stems equivalent to the stomates of leaves.
bud - or Undeveloped, shoot that may be found at the tip of a stem or at angle formed by a leaf
& a stem.
terminal bud- bud that grows at the ends of the stem, enabling it to grow longer.
axillary bud - bud that appears where an older leaf attaches to the stem ; a twig will grow out of
it.
bud scales - give protection to the terminal buds during winter.
bud scale scars - marks on the stem left by fallen bud scales. The age of the stem can be
determined by counting the bud scale scars.