Futures Studies

Contents
Futures studies
1.1
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.1
Origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.2
Emergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.3
Further development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3
Probability and predictability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4
Methodologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.1
Futures techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.2
Shaping alternative futures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.3
Weak signals, the future sign and wild cards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.4
Near-term predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.5
Trend analysis and forecasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5
Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6
Futurists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.7
Application of foresight to specic elds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.7.1
Fashion and design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.7.2
Energy and Alternative Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.8
Research centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.9
Futurists and foresight thought leaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.10 Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.10.1 Periodicals and Monographs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.11 Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.12 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.13 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.14 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
Futurist
12
2.1
Denition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
2.2
Futures studies
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
2.3
Futurists and futurology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
2.4
Notable futurists
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
2.5
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
ii
CONTENTS
2.6
References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
2.7
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
List of futurologists
14
3.1
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
3.2
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Nayef Al-Rodhan
15
4.1
Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
4.1.1
Neuroscience awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
4.1.2
Neuroscience and international relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Major works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
4.2.1
Philosophy of human nature: Emotional Amoral Egoism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
4.2.2
International relations theory: Symbiotic Realism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
4.2.3
Diplomacy and geostrategy: Neo-statecraft and Meta-geopolitics . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
4.2.4
Philosophy of history: Sustainable History and the Dignity of Man . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
4.2.5
Theory of knowledge: Neuro-rational Physicalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
4.2.6
Global security paradigm: The Multi-Sum Security Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
4.2.7
Inevitable Transhumanism": Politics of Emerging Strategic Technologies . . . . . . . . . .
17
4.2.8
Trans-cultural security: The Role of the Arab-Islamic World in the Rise of the West . . . .
17
4.2.9
Geopolitics: Meta-Geopolitics of Outer Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
4.3
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
4.4
Selected articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
4.5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
4.6
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
4.2
Daniel Barben
21
5.1
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
5.2
Selected publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
5.3
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Ravi Batra
22
6.1
Academic career
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
6.2
Spiritual heritage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
6.3
Novel ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
6.3.1
Social evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
6.4
Bestsellers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
6.5
Outcomes of predictions
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
6.6
Recent works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
6.7
Bibliography
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
6.7.1
Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
6.7.2
Journal articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
6.8
CONTENTS
iii
6.9
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
6.10 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Gaston Berger
26
7.1
Main works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
7.2
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
Adrian Berry, 4th Viscount Camrose
27
8.1
Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
8.2
Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
8.3
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
James Canton
28
9.1
Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
9.2
Articles & Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
9.3
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
9.4
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
10 Jim Carroll (author)

10.1 References
31
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11 Gerald Celente
31
32
11.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
11.2 Criticism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
11.3 Forecasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
11.3.1 Revolution in the USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
11.3.2 Neosurvivalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
11.3.3 Predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
11.4 Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
11.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
11.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
12 Jim Channon
35
12.1 The manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
12.2 Film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
12.3 Veterans Aairs
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
12.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
12.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
13 Erika Cheetham
36
13.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
13.2 Positions on specic prophecies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
13.2.1 Angolmois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
13.2.2 Samarobryn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
iv
CONTENTS
13.2.3 Pau, Nay, Loron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
13.2.4 Hister . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
13.2.5 Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
13.3 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
13.4 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
14 Arthur C. Clarke
39
14.1 Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
14.1.1 Early years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
14.1.2 World War II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
14.1.3 Postwar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
14.1.4 Sri Lanka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
14.1.5 Television series host . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
14.1.6 Knighthood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
14.1.7 Later years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
14.2 Science ction writer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
14.2.1 Beginnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
14.2.2 The Sentinel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
14.2.3 The Big Three . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
14.2.4 2001 series of novels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
14.2.5 2001: A Space Odyssey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
14.2.6 2010: Odyssey Two . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
14.2.7 Rendezvous with Rama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
14.3 Science writer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
14.3.1 Space travel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
14.3.2 Futurism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
14.4 The Geostationary communications satellite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
14.5 Undersea explorer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
14.6 Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
14.6.1 On religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
14.6.2 Paranormal phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
14.7 Themes, style, and inuences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
14.8 Awards, honours and other recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
14.8.1 Named for Clarke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
14.9 Selected works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
14.9.1 Novels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
14.9.2 Short story collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
14.9.3 Non-ction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
14.10See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
14.11Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
14.12References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
14.13External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
CONTENTS
15 Harlan Cleveland
53
15.1 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
15.2 References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
15.3 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
16 Stephen Euin Cobb
55
16.1 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
16.1.1 Novels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
16.1.2 Short Stories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
16.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
16.3 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
17 Steve Cokely
56
17.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
17.2 Chicago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
17.3 Our Roots Run Deep appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
17.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
17.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
18 Dandridge MacFarlan Cole
58
18.1 Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
18.1.1 Parents, education, and military service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
18.1.2 Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
18.2 Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
18.3 Cultural references
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
18.4 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
18.4.1 By Cole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
18.4.2 About Cole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
18.5 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
18.6 References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
18.7 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
19 Michael Crichton
62
19.1 Early life and education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
19.2 Writing career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
19.2.1 Fiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
19.2.2 Non-ction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
19.2.3 Literary techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
19.2.4 Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
19.3 As a lm director and screenwriter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
19.4 Computer games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
19.5 Speeches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
19.5.1 Intelligence Squared Global Warming is Not a Crisis debate
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
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19.5.2 Other speeches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
19.6 Reception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69
19.6.1 Criticism of Crichtons environmental views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69
19.6.2 Michael Crowley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69
19.6.3 Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69
19.6.4 Associations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69
19.7 Personal life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
19.7.1 Marriages and children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
19.7.2 Intellectual property cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
19.7.3 Illness and death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
19.7.4 Unnished novels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
19.8 Film and television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
19.8.1 Novels adapted into lms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
19.8.2 As a screenwriter or director . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
19.8.3 Television series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
19.9 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
19.10References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
19.11Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73
19.12External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73
20 Tytus Czyewski
74
20.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
20.2 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
21 Jim Dator
75
21.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
21.2 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
22 Said E. Dawlabani
76
22.1 Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76
22.2 Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76
22.3 Personal History
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76
22.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76
22.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
23 Walter De Brouwer
78
23.1 Academic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
23.2 Publisher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
23.3 Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
23.4 Research labs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
23.5 Scanadu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
23.6 Other activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
23.7 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
CONTENTS
vii
23.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24 Chuck de Caro
79
81
24.1 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
24.2 Journalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
24.3 Television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
24.4 Development of SOFTWAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
24.5 Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
24.6 Current Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
24.7 Honors & Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
24.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
25 Patrick Dixon
84
25.1 Medical career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84
25.2 Trends analysis, business consulting and writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84
25.3 Personal life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85
25.4 Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85
25.4.1 Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85
25.4.2 Selected articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85
25.5 References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85
25.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85
26 Richard C. Duncan
86
26.1 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
86
26.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
86
27 George Dvorsky
87
27.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
87
27.2 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88
28 Freeman Dyson
89
28.1 Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
89
28.1.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
89
28.1.2 Career in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
89
28.1.3 Marriages and children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
28.1.4 Character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
28.2 Honors and awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
28.3 Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
28.3.1 Biotechnology and genetic engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
28.3.2 Dyson sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
28.3.3 Dyson tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
28.3.4 Space colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
92
28.3.5 Space exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
92
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28.3.6 Dysons transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
92
28.3.7 Dyson series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
92
28.3.8 Quantum Physics and the Primes 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
92
28.4 Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
28.4.1 Metaphysics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
28.4.2 Global warming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
28.4.3 Nuclear winter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
28.4.4 Warfare and weapons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
28.4.5 The role of failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
28.4.6 On English academics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
28.4.7 Science and religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
28.5 Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
28.6 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
96
28.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
96
28.8 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
28.8.1 Famous articles by Freeman Dyson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
28.8.2 Books about Dyson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
28.9 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
28.9.1 By Dyson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
28.9.2 About Dyson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
29 Lidewij Edelkoort
100
29.1 Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

29.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
29.3 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
30 Mahdi Elmandjra
102
30.1 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

30.2 Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
30.2.1 UNESCO (1961-1969) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
30.2.2 UNESCO (1971-1976) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
30.2.3 Professional associations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
30.3 Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
30.4 Major television programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
30.5 Juries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
30.6 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
30.7 Awards and decorations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
30.8 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
30.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
30.10External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
31 Douglas Engelbart
109
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ix
31.1 Early life and education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

31.2 Career and accomplishments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
31.2.1 Guiding philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
31.2.2 SRI and the Augmentation Research Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
31.2.3 Tymshare and McDonnell Douglas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
31.2.4 Bootstrap and the Doug Engelbart Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
31.2.5 Later years and death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
31.2.6 Anecdotal notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
31.3 Honors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
31.4 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
31.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
31.6 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
31.7 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
32 Jerry Fishenden
116
32.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

32.2 References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
32.3 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

33 Betty Sue Flowers
119
33.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

34 FM-2030
120

34.2 Name change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
34.3 Predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
34.4 Personal life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
34.5 Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
34.6 Published works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
34.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
34.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
35 Jacque Fresco
122
35.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

35.2 Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
35.2.1 Aircraft Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
35.2.2 Trend Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
35.2.3 Scientic Research Laboratories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
35.3 Midlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
35.3.1 Looking Forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
35.3.2 Sociocyberneering, Inc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
35.4 Venus Project and later career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
35.5 Personal life and family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
CONTENTS
35.6 Critical appraisals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
35.6.1 Historic connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
35.6.2 Hypothetical form of government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
35.6.3 Question of utopianism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
35.6.4 Comments on Fresco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
35.7 Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
35.7.1 Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
35.7.2 Films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
35.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
35.9 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
36 Benjamin M. Friedman
128
36.1 Partial bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

36.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
36.3 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
37 George Friedman
129
37.1 Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

37.2 Personal life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
37.3 Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
37.4 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
37.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
37.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
38 Buckminster Fuller
131
38.1 Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

38.1.1 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
38.1.2 Wartime experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
38.1.3 Depression and epiphany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
38.1.4 Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
38.1.5 Geodesic domes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
38.1.6 Best-known work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
38.1.7 World stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
38.1.8 Honors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
38.1.9 Last lmed appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
38.1.10 Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
38.2 Philosophy and worldview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
38.3 Major design projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
38.3.1 The geodesic dome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
38.3.2 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
38.3.3 Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
38.3.4 Dymaxion map and World Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
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38.4 Quirks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

38.5 Language and neologisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
38.6 Concepts and buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
38.7 Inuence and legacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
38.8 Patents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
38.9 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
38.10See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
38.11References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
38.12Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
38.13External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
39 Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov
144
39.1 Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

39.2 Philosophy
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
39.2.1 Mankinds Common Cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

39.2.2 Two reasons for death
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
39.2.3 Immortality for all . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

39.2.4 Restoring life and making it innite
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
39.2.5 Transformation of past physical forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

39.2.6 Transhumanism
39.3 Fedorovs quotes
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
39.4 Popular culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

39.5 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
39.6 References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
39.7 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

40 Dennis Gabor
147
40.1 Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

40.2 Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
40.3 Awards named after Dennis Gabor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
40.4 In popular culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
40.5 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
40.6 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
40.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
40.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
41 Hugo de Garis
150
41.1 Evolvable hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

41.2 Current research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
41.3 Employment history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
41.4 Cosmists versus Terrans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
41.5 Quotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
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41.6 Writings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
41.7 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
41.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
41.9 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
42 Jennifer Gidley
155
42.1 Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

42.1.1 Books and monographs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
42.1.2 Journal special issue editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
42.1.3 Selected academic journal articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
42.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
42.3 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
43 George Gilder
157
43.1 Early years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

43.1.1 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
43.1.2 United States Marine Corps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
43.2 Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
43.2.1 Speechwriting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
43.2.2 Supply-side economics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
43.2.3 Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
43.2.4 On women and feminism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
43.2.5 Race and welfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
43.2.6 On corruption and suicide of Native American and African cultures . . . . . . . . . . . 158
43.2.7 On Christianity, Satanism, and secular education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
43.2.8 Immigration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
43.2.9 The American Spectator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
43.2.10 Regular contributor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
43.2.11 Speaking engagements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
43.3 Wealth and poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
43.4 The Israel Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
43.5 Intelligent design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
43.6 Bibliography (partial) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
43.7 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
43.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
43.9 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
43.9.1 Interviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
44 William Gilpin (governor)
163
44.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

44.2 Pacic Northwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
44.3 The Central Gold Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
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xiii
44.4 Governor of Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

44.4.1 American Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
44.5 The Sangre de Cristo Land Grant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
44.6 Legacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
44.7 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
44.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
44.9 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
44.10External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
45 Darla Jane Gilroy
166
45.1 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

46 Ben Goertzel
167
46.1 Life and career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

46.2 Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
46.2.1 Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
46.2.2 Papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
46.3 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
46.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
46.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
47 M. G. Gordon
177
47.1 Childhood and Early Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

47.2 In Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
47.3 Inventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
47.4 Investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
47.5 The Telephone
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
47.6 Privacy Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

47.7 Professional Honors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
47.8 Personal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
47.9 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
47.10References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
47.11External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

48 Walter Greiling
180
48.1 Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

48.2 Greilings predictions till 2100
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
48.3 Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

48.4 References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
48.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

49 Genco Gulan
182
49.1 Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
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49.2 Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
49.3 Curatorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
49.4 Museum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
49.5 Selected Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
49.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
49.7 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
49.8 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
50 Ray Hammond
186
50.1 Selected bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

50.1.1 Fiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
50.1.2 Non-ction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
50.2 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
51 Arthur Harkins
187
51.1 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

51.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
51.3 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
52 Robert A. Heinlein
188
52.1 Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

52.1.1 Birth and childhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
52.1.2 Navy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
52.1.3 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
52.1.4 Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
52.1.5 Later life and death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
52.2 Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
52.2.1 Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
52.2.2 Early work, 19391958 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
52.2.3 19591960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
52.2.4 Middle period work, 19611973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
52.2.5 Later work, 19801987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
52.2.6 Posthumous publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
52.3 Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
52.3.1 Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
52.3.2 Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
52.3.3 Individualism and self-determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
52.3.4 Sexual issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
52.3.5 Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
52.4 Inuence and legacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
52.4.1 Heinlein Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
52.4.2 In popular culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
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52.5 Honors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

52.6 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
52.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
52.7.1 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
52.7.2 Other sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
52.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
53 Hazel Henderson
203
53.1 Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

53.2 Ontology
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
53.3 Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

53.4 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
53.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
54 David H. Holtzman
205
54.1 Dot Com Boom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

54.2 Early career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
54.3 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
54.4 Personal Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
54.5 Some Articles Written by Holtzman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
54.6 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
54.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
54.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
55 David Houle (futurist)
207
55.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

55.2 Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
55.3 Futurist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
55.4 Writings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
55.5 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
55.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
55.7 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
56 James Hughes (sociologist)
209
56.1 Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

56.2 Quote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
56.3 Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
56.4 Mentions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
56.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
56.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
57 Deane Hutton
57.1 References
211
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
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58 Erich Jantsch
212
58.1 Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

58.2 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
58.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
58.4 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
59 Mitchell Joachim
215
59.1 Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

59.2 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
59.3 Early life
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
59.4 Design projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

59.5 Selected publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
59.6 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
59.7 References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
59.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

60 Laurence F. Johnson
218
60.1 Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

60.2 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
60.3 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
60.4 Recognitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
60.5 Selected keynote addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
60.6 Selected publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
60.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
61 Bertrand de Jouvenel
224
61.1 Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

61.1.1 The Sternhell controversy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
61.2 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
61.3 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
61.4 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
62 Bill Joy
226
62.1 Early career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

62.2 Sun Microsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
62.3 Post-Sun activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
62.4 Technology concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
62.5 Joys Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
62.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
62.7 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
63 Anthony Judge
63.1 Early life
229
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
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63.2 Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

63.3 Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
63.4 Writings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

63.5 References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
63.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

64 Robert Jungk
64.1 References
232
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
64.2 Bibliography
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
64.3 Decorations and awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

64.4 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
65 Herman Kahn
234
65.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

65.2 Cold War theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
65.2.1 The unthinkable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
65.3 The Hudson Institute and Vietnam War
65.4 The Year 2000
65.5 Later years
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
65.6 Cultural inuence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

65.7 Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
65.8 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
65.9 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
65.10Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
65.11External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
66 Michio Kaku
239

66.2 Academic career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
66.3 Popular science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
66.3.1 Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
66.3.2 Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
66.3.3 Television and lm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
66.4 Policy advocacy and activism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
66.5 Personal life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
66.6 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
66.7 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
66.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
66.9 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
67 Sergey Kapitsa
244
67.1 Life and career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

67.2 Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
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67.3 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

67.4 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
68 Daria Khaltourina
246
68.1 Mathematical modeling of global dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

68.2 Russian demographic crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
68.3 Literacy and the Spirit of Capitalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
68.4 Select publications
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
68.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

69 Anne Lise Kjaer
249
69.1 Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

69.2 Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
69.3 Selected articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
69.4 Other activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
69.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
69.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
69.7 Video links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
70 Andrey Korotayev
251
70.1 Education and career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

70.2 Mathematical modeling and cliodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
70.2.1 Global dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
70.2.2 Social and biological macroevolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
70.2.3 Cliodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
70.2.4 Russian demographic crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
70.2.5 Literacy and the Spirit of Capitalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
70.3 World-system analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
70.3.1 Kondratie waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
70.3.2 General theory of social macroevolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
70.4 Cross-cultural studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
70.4.1 Matrilocal vs. patrilocal residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
70.4.2 Myths, genes, and deep history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
70.4.3 Unilineal descent and Christianization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
70.5 Sociopolitical systems in the Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
70.5.1 Origins of parallel-cousin marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
70.5.2 Yemeni Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
70.5.3 African Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
70.5.4 Origins of Islam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
70.6 Select publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
70.7 Edited volumes by Andrey Korotayev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
70.8 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
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70.9 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

71 Thorkil Kristensen
263
71.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

72 Ray Kurzweil
264
72.1 Life, inventions, and business career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

72.1.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
72.1.2 Mid-life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
72.1.3 Later life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
72.1.4 Creative approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
72.2 Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
72.3 Movies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
72.4 Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
72.4.1 The Law of Accelerating Returns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
72.4.2 Stance on the future of genetics, nanotechnology, and robotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
72.4.3 Health and aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
72.4.4 Kurzweils view of the human neocortex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
72.4.5 Encouraging futurism and transhumanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
72.5 Predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
72.5.1 Past predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
72.5.2 Future predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
72.6 Reception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
72.6.1 Praise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
72.6.2 Criticism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
72.7 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
72.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
72.9 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
73 Jaron Lanier
275
73.1 Early life and education (19601982) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

73.2 Atari Labs, VPL Research (19831990) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
73.3 Internet2, visiting scholar (19972001) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
73.4 Philosophy, criticism of Web 2.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
73.4.1 One-Half of a Manifesto (2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
73.4.2 Post-symbolic communication (2006) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
73.4.3 Wikipedia and the omniscience of collective wisdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
73.4.4 You Are Not a Gadget (2010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
73.4.5 Who Owns the Future (2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
73.5 Music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
73.6 Memberships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
73.7 In the media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
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73.8 Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
73.9 Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
73.9.1 Western classical music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
73.9.2 Video games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
73.9.3 Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
73.10References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
73.11External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
74 Ervin Lszl
280
74.1 Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

74.2 Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
74.2.1 Akashic eld theory
74.2.2 Macroshift theory
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
74.2.3 Giordano Bruno University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

74.2.4 Autobiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
74.3 Honors
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
74.4 Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

74.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
74.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
75 William Lederer
283
75.1 Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

75.2 Eugene Burdick collaborations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
75.3 Selected works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
75.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
75.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
76 James Lovelock
285
76.1 Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

76.2 Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
76.2.1 CFCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
76.2.2 Gaia
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
76.2.3 Nuclear power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

76.2.4 Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
76.3 Awards and honours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
76.4 Bibliography
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
76.5 Portraits of Lovelock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

76.6 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
76.7 References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
76.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

76.8.1 Interviews
77 Archibald Low
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
293
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77.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

77.2 Early career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
77.3 The Great War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
77.4 Inter-war years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
77.5 Second World War and later . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
77.6 Quotations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
77.7 Later life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
77.8 Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
77.8.1 Non-ction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
77.8.2 Fiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
77.9 Appointments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
77.10Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
77.11References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
77.12External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
78 Mina Loy
298
78.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

78.2 Poetry and work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
78.3 Loy and Arthur Cravan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
78.4 Return to Europe and New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
78.5 Later life and work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
78.6 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
78.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
78.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
79 Elza Maalouf
301
79.1 Inuences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

79.2 Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
79.3 Leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
79.4 Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
79.5 Personal History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
79.6 More Audio, Video, Writings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
79.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
79.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
80 Tom Mandel (futurist)
305
80.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

80.2 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
81 Marshall McLuhan
306
81.1 Life and career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

81.2 Major works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
81.2.1 The Mechanical Bride (1951) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
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81.2.2 The Gutenberg Galaxy (1962) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
81.2.3 Understanding Media (1964) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
81.2.4 The Medium is the Massage: An Inventory of Eects (1967) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
81.2.5 War and Peace in the Global Village (1968) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
81.2.6 From Clich to Archetype (1970) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
81.2.7 The Global Village: Transformations in World Life and Media in the 21st Century (1989) . . 313
81.3 Key concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

81.3.1 Tetrad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
81.3.2 Figure and ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
81.4 Legacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
81.5 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
81.6 Works cited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
81.6.1 By Marshall McLuhan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
81.6.2 About Marshall McLuhan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
81.7 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
81.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
82 Erwin McManus
320
82.1 Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

82.2 Christian Minister . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
82.3 Public Speaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
82.4 Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
82.5 Fashion Designer and Filmmaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
82.5.1 Selected Filmography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
82.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
82.7 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
83 Danila Medvedev
322
83.1 Education and career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

83.2 Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
83.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
83.4 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
84 Theodore Modis
323
84.1 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

84.2 Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
84.3 Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
84.4 Distinctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
84.5 Praise for Predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
84.6 iPhone/iPad Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
84.7 Partial bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
84.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
CONTENTS
84.9 References
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
85 Richard Moran (author)
325
85.1 Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

85.2 Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
85.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
85.4 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
86 Hans Moravec
327
86.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

86.2 Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
86.3 Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
86.4 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
86.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
86.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
87 Gerry Morgan
329
87.1 Educator and Entrepreneur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

87.2 Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
87.3 References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
87.4 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

88 Takuya Murata
331
89 John Naisbitt
332
89.1 Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

89.2 Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
89.2.1 On futurists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
89.2.2 On social and political thought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
89.3 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
89.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
89.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
90 Nicholas Negroponte
334
90.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334

90.2 Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
90.2.1 MIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
90.2.2 Wired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
90.3 Later career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
90.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
90.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
91 Richard Neville (writer)
336
91.1 Oz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
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91.2 London Oz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336

91.3 Later career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
91.4 Current associations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
91.5 Portrayals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
91.6 Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
91.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
91.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
92 Peter Newman (environmental scientist)
338
92.1 Career and inuence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338

92.1.1 Local, State and Federal Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
92.1.2 Academia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
92.1.3 International advisor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
92.2 Honors and recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
92.3 Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
92.4 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
92.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
93 Ghanem Nuseibeh
340
93.1 Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

93.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
93.2.1 References and selected recent media quotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
93.2.2 Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
93.3 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
94 David Passig
342
94.1 Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

94.2 Predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
94.3 A Future Taxonomy of Cognitive skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
94.4 Imen Delphi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
94.5 Enhancing Cognitive Skills with Virtual Reality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
94.6 Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
94.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
94.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
95 Aurelio Peccei
345
95.1 Early life
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
95.2 Business ventures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

95.3 Club of Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
95.4 Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
95.5 References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
95.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
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96 Mark Pesce
349
96.1 Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

96.2 Teaching
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
96.3 Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

96.4 Film projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
96.5 References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
96.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

97 Orrin H. Pilkey
351
97.1 Selected bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

97.1.1 Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
97.1.2 Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
97.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
97.3 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
98 Fred Polak
98.1 References
353
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
98.2 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354

99 Faith Popcorn
355
99.1 Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

99.2 Predictions
99.3 Bibliography
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
99.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

99.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
100Joanne Pransky
357
100.1External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

101Robert Prehoda
358
101.1Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
101.2References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
101.3External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
102Donald Prell
359
102.1Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

102.2Marriage and family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
102.3Professional career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
102.4Other interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
102.5Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
102.6References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
103Renzo Provinciali
361
103.1References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
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104Paul Raskin
362
104.1Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
104.2Research contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
104.3Great Transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
104.4Selected publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
104.5See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
104.6References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
105Ricardo Barretto
365
105.1References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
106Raymond Spencer Rodgers
366
106.1Education and early career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366

106.2Rodgers as futurist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
106.3Controversy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
106.4References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
107Michael A. Rogers
368
107.1Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
107.2Media and Technology Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
107.3Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
107.3.1 Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
107.3.2 Periodicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
107.3.3 Interactive media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
107.4Honors and awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
107.5Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
107.6References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
107.7External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
108Jol de Rosnay
371
108.1External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371

109Douglas Rushko
372
109.1Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
109.1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
109.1.2 Inuences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
109.1.3 Awards and appointments
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
109.2Themes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
109.2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
109.2.2 Technology and cyberculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
109.2.3 Religion
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
109.2.4 Currency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374

109.2.5 Social media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
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109.3Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
109.3.1 Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
109.3.2 Fiction works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
109.3.3 Graphic novels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
109.3.4 Documentaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
109.3.5 Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
109.4References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
109.5External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376

110Phil Salin
110.1References
377
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
110.2External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378

111Marshall Savage
379
111.1See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379

111.2References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
112Peter Schwartz (futurist)
380
112.1Personal history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380

112.2Writings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
112.3Global Business Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
112.4References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
112.5External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
113Ismail Khudr Al-Shatti
382
113.1Membership of Tony Blairs Faith Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382

113.2References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
114Arthur B. Shostak
383
114.1Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
114.2Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
114.2.1 Selected Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
114.3References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
115Jason Silva
385
115.1Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
115.1.1 Current TV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
115.1.2 Public speaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
115.1.3 Brain Games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
115.1.4 Shots of Awe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
115.1.5 Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
115.2References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
115.3External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
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116Matthew Simmons
387
116.1Saudi Arabian oil reserves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

116.1.1 Oil price wager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
116.2Ocean Energy Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
116.3Appearances and interviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
116.3.1 Deepwater Horizon oil spill conjectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
116.4Wikileaks cable mention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
116.5Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
116.6See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
116.7References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
116.8Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
116.9External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
117Richard Slaughter
390
117.1Selected works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390

117.2References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
117.3External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
118John Smart (futurist)
391
118.1Ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
118.2See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
118.3References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
118.4External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
119Sohail Inayatullah
393
119.1Academic career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393

119.1.1 Academic contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
119.1.2 Academic positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
119.1.3 Role in journals and web publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
119.1.4 Other aliations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
119.2References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
120Dirk HR Spennemann
395
120.1Publications (selected) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

120.2See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
120.3References
121Alex Steen
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
397
121.1Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
121.2Public speaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
121.3See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
121.4References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
121.5External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
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122Will Steger
399
122.1Awards and Accomplishments
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
122.2Explorer-in-Residence Emeritus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399

122.3References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
122.4External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
123Mark Stevenson
401
123.1Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
123.2Early career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
123.3Comedy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
123.4Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
123.5Current Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
123.6References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
124Alastair M. Taylor
403
124.1Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
124.2Selected bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
124.3Filmography
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
124.4Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
124.5References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
124.6External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404

125Robert Theobald
405
125.1Life and work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405

125.2Quotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
125.3Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
125.4Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
125.5External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
125.6References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
126Meredith Thring
407
126.1Education and career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407

126.2Honours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
126.3Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
126.4Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
126.5Patents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
126.5.1 British Patents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
126.5.2 US Patents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
126.6References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
127Jody Turner
410
127.1Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
127.2Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
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127.3Boards & Associations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
127.4References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
128Michael Vassar
412
128.1Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
128.2References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
129W. Warren Wagar
413
129.1Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
129.2Work on H. G. Wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
129.3Single works
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
129.3.1 The City of Man
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
129.3.2 A Short History of the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413

129.4Quote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
129.5Editions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
129.6Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
129.7References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
129.8External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414

129.9See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
130Kevin Warwick
415
130.1Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
130.2Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
130.2.1 Articial intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
130.2.2 Bioethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
130.2.3 Deep brain stimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
130.2.4 Public awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
130.2.5 Robotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
130.2.6 Project Cyborg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
130.2.7 Implications of Project Cyborg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
130.2.8 Turing Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
130.2.9 Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
130.3Awards and recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
130.4Criticism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
130.5Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
130.6See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
130.7References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
130.8External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
131Ben Way
423
131.1Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423

131.2Business history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
131.3Business ventures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
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xxxi
131.4Television, lm, and media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424

131.5Supported charities and organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
131.6Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
131.7Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
131.8Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
131.9References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
131.10External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
132Alfred Webre
427
132.1Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
132.1.1 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
132.1.2 Early career
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
132.1.3 Later career
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
132.1.4 Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428

132.1.5 Statements on Canada
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
132.2Institute for Cooperation in Space (20012011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428

132.3Exopolitics
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
132.3.1 Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429

132.3.2 Videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
132.4See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
132.5References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
132.6Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430

132.7External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
133Jan Westerbarkey
431
133.1Early life and education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431

133.2Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
133.3External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
133.4References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
134Robert Anton Wilson
134.1Early life
432
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
134.2The Illuminatus! Trilogy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432

134.2.1 On the Illuminati . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
134.3Schrdingers Cat Trilogy, The Historical Illuminatus Chronicles, and Masks of the Illuminati . . . . . 434
134.4Plays and screenplays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
134.5The Cosmic Trigger series and other books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
134.6Probability reliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
134.7Economic thought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
134.8Other activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
134.9Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
134.10Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
xxxii
CONTENTS
134.10.1Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
134.10.2Discography
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
134.10.3Filmography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
134.10.4Documentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
134.11See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
134.12References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
134.13External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
134.14Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
134.14.1Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
134.14.2Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
134.14.3Content license . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
Chapter 1
Futures studies
Future technology redirects here. For theoretical and The methodology and knowledge are much less proven
upcoming inventions, see Emerging technologies.
as compared to natural science or even social science like
Futurology redirects here. For Manic Street Preachers sociology, economics, and political science.
album, see Futurology (album).
For the study of the futures nancial instrument, see
futures contract and futures exchange.
1.1 Overview
Futures studies (also called futurology and futurFutures studies is an interdisciplinary eld, studying yesterdays and todays changes, and aggregating and analyzing both lay and professional strategies and opinions with
respect to tomorrow. It includes analyzing the sources,
patterns, and causes of change and stability in an attempt
to develop foresight and to map possible futures. Around
the world the eld is variously referred to as futures studies, strategic foresight, futuristics, futures thinking,
futuring, futurology, and futurism. Futures studies
and strategic foresight are the academic elds most commonly used terms in the English-speaking world.
Foresight was the original term and was rst used in this
sense by H.G. Wells in 1932.[2] Futurology is a term
common in encyclopedias, though it is used almost exclusively by nonpractitioners today, at least in the Englishspeaking world. Futurology is dened as the study of
the future.[3] The term was coined by German professor
Ossip K. Flechtheim in the mid-1940s, who proposed it
as a new branch of knowledge that would include a new
Moores law is an example of futures studies; it is a statistical
science of probability. This term may have fallen from facollection of past and present trends with the goal of accurately
vor in recent decades because modern practitioners stress
extrapolating future trends.
the importance of alternative and plural futures, rather
ism) is the study of postulating possible, probable, and than one monolithic future, and the limitations of predicpreferable futures and the worldviews and myths that un- tion and probability, versus the creation of possible and
derlie them. There is a debate as to whether this dis- preferable futures.
cipline is an art or science. In general, it can be con- Three factors usually distinguish futures studies from the
sidered as a branch of the social sciences and parallel research conducted by other disciplines (although all of
to the eld of history. History studies the past, futures these disciplines overlap, to diering degrees). First, fustudies considers the future. Futures studies (colloqui- tures studies often examines not only possible but also
ally called futures by many of the elds practitioners) probable, preferable, and wild card futures. Second,
seeks to understand what is likely to continue and what futures studies typically attempts to gain a holistic or
could plausibly change. Part of the discipline thus seeks systemic view based on insights from a range of diera systematic and pattern-based understanding of past and ent disciplines. Third, futures studies challenges and unpresent, and to determine the likelihood of future events packs the assumptions behind dominant and contending
and trends.[1] Unlike the physical sciences where a nar- views of the future. The future thus is not empty but
rower, more specied system is studied, futures studies fraught with hidden assumptions. For example, many
concerns a much bigger and more complex world system. people expect the collapse of the Earths ecosystem in
1
CHAPTER 1. FUTURES STUDIES
the near future, while others believe the current ecosystem will survive indenitely. A foresight approach would
seek to analyse and so highlight the assumptions underpinning such views.
Futures studies does not generally focus on short term
predictions such as interest rates over the next business
cycle, or of managers or investors with short-term time
horizons. Most strategic planning, which develops operational plans for preferred futures with time horizons of
one to three years, is also not considered futures. Plans
and strategies with longer time horizons that specically
attempt to anticipate possible future events are denitely
part of the eld.
The futures eld also excludes those who make future predictions through professed supernatural means. At the
same time, it does seek to understand the models such
groups use and the interpretations they give to these models.
1.2 History
Johan Galtung and Sohail Inayatullah[4] argue in Macrohistory and Macrohistorians that the search for grand patterns of social change goes all the way back to Ssu-Ma
Chien (145-90BC) and his theory of the cycles of virtue,
although the work of Ibn Khaldun (13321406) such as
The Muqaddimah[5] would be an example that is perhaps
more intelligible to modern sociology. Some intellectual foundations of futures studies appeared in the mid19th century; according to Wendell Bell, Comte's discussion of the metapatterns of social change presages futures
studies as a scholarly dialogue.[6]
The rst works that attempt to make systematic predictions for the future were written in the 18th century.
Memoirs of the Twentieth Century written by Samuel
Madden in 1733, takes the form of a series of diplomatic
letters written in 1997 and 1998 from British representatives in the foreign cities of Constantinople, Rome, Paris,
and Moscow.[7] However, the technology of the 20th century is identical to that of Maddens own era - the focus is
instead on the political and religious state of the world
in the future. Madden went on to write The Reign of
George VI, 1900 to 1925, where (in the context of the
boom in canal construction at the time) he envisioned a
large network of waterways that would radically transform patterns of living - Villages grew into towns and
towns became cities.[8]
H. G. Wells rst advocated for 'future studies, in a lecture delivered in 1902.
1.2.1 Origins
According to W. Warren Wagar, the founder of future
studies was H. G. Wells. His Anticipations of the Reaction of Mechanical and Scientic Progress Upon Human
Life and Thought: An Experiment in Prophecy, was rst
serially published in The Fortnightly Review in 1901.[9]
Anticipating what the world would be like in the year
2000, the book is interesting both for its hits (trains
and cars resulting in the dispersion of population from
cities to suburbs; moral restrictions declining as men and
women seek greater sexual freedom; the defeat of German militarism, and the existence of a European Union)
and its misses (he did not expect successful aircraft before 1950, and averred that my imagination refuses to
see any sort of submarine doing anything but suocate
its crew and founder at sea).[10][11]
Moving from narrow technological predictions, Wells envisioned the eventual collapse of the capitalist world system after a series of destructive total wars. From this
havoc would ultimately emerge a world of peace and
plenty, controlled by competent technocrats.[9]
The work was a bestseller, and Wells was invited to

deliver a lecture at the Royal Institution in 1902, entiThe genre of science ction became established towards tled The Discovery of the Future. The lecture was wellthe end of the 19th century, with notable writers, includ- received and was soon republished in book form. He ading Jules Verne and H. G. Wells, setting their stories in vocated for the establishment of a new academic study of
an imagined future world.
the future that would be grounded in scientic methodol-
1.2. HISTORY
ogy rather than just speculation. He argued that a scientically ordered vision of the future will be just as certain, just as strictly science, and perhaps just as detailed as
the picture that has been built up within the last hundred
years to make the geological past. Although conscious
of the diculty in arriving at entirely accurate predictions, he thought that it would still be possible to arrive at
a working knowledge of things in the future.[9]
who might articulate these.[16][17]
mid-1960s. First-generation futurists included Herman

Kahn, an American Cold War strategist who wrote On
Thermonuclear War (1960), Thinking about the unthinkable (1962) and The Year 2000: a framework for speculation on the next thirty-three years (1967); Bertrand de Jouvenel, a French economist who founded Futuribles International in 1960; and Dennis Gabor, a Hungarian-British
scientist who wrote Inventing the Future (1963) and The
Mature Society. A View of the Future (1972).[6]
1975 saw the founding of the rst graduate program in

futures studies in the United States, the M.S. program
in Studies of the Future at the University of Houston
at Clear Lake City;[19] there followed a year later the
M.A. Program in Public Policy in Alternative Futures at
the University of Hawaii at Manoa.[20] The Hawaii program provides particular interest in the light of the schism
in perspective between European and U.S. futurists; it
bridges that schism by locating futures studies within a
pedagogical space dened by neo-Marxism, critical political economic theory, and literary criticism. In the years
following the foundation of these two programs, single
courses in Futures Studies at all levels of education have
proliferated, but complete programs occur only rarely.
By the 1960s, academics, philosophers, writers and artists

across the globe had begun to explore enough future scenarios so as to fashion a common dialogue. Inventors
such as Buckminster Fuller also began highlighting the
eect technology might have on global trends as time progressed. This discussion on the intersection of population
growth, resource availability and use, economic growth,
In his ctional works, Wells predicted the invention and quality of life, and environmental sustainability referred
use of the atomic bomb in The World Set Free (1914).[12] to as the global problematique came to wide public atIn The Shape of Things to Come (1933) the impending tention with the publication of Limits to Growth, a study
World War and cities destroyed by aerial bombardment sponsored by the Club of Rome.[18]
was depicted.[13] However, he didn't stop advocating for
the establishment of a futures science. In a 1933 BBC
broadcast he called for the establishment of Depart- 1.2.3 Further development
ments and Professors of Foresight, foreshadowing the
development of modern academic futures studies by ap- International dialogue became institutionalized in the
form of the World Futures Studies Federation (WFSF),
proximately 40 years.[14]
founded in 1967, with the noted sociologist, Johan Galtung, serving as its rst president. In the United States,
the publisher Edward Cornish, concerned with these is1.2.2 Emergence
sues, started the World Future Society, an organization
Futures studies emerged as an academic discipline in the focused more on interested laypeople.
Future studies had a parallel origin with the birth of

systems science in academia, and with the idea of national economic and political planning, most notably in
France and the Soviet Union.[6][15] In the 1950s, France
was continuing to reconstruct their war-torn country. In
the process, French scholars, philosophers, writers, and
artists searched for what could constitute a more positive
future for humanity. The Soviet Union similarly participated in postwar rebuilding, but did so in the context of
an established national economic planning process, which
also required a long-term, systemic statement of social
goals. Future studies was therefore primarily engaged in
national planning, and the construction of national symbols.
As a transdisciplinary eld, futures studies attracts generalists. This transdisciplinary nature can also cause problems, owing to it sometimes falling between the cracks
of disciplinary boundaries; it also has caused some diculty in achieving recognition within the traditional curricula of the sciences and the humanities. In contrast to
Futures Studies at the undergraduate level, some graduate programs in strategic leadership or management offer masters or doctorate programs in "strategic foresight"
By contrast, in the United States of America, futures for mid-career professionals, some even online. Neverstudies as a discipline emerged from the successful ap- theless, comparatively few new PhDs graduate in Futures
plication of the tools and perspectives of systems analy- Studies each year.
sis, especially with regard to quartermastering the war- The eld currently faces the great challenge of creeort. These diering origins account for an initial ating a coherent conceptual framework, codied into
schism between futures studies in America and futures a well-documented curriculum (or curricula) featuring
studies in Europe: U.S. practitioners focused on applied widely accepted and consistent concepts and theoretical
projects, quantitative tools and systems analysis, whereas paradigms linked to quantitative and qualitative methEuropeans preferred to investigate the long-range future ods, exemplars of those research methods, and guideof humanity and the Earth, what might constitute that fu- lines for their ethical and appropriate application within
ture, what symbols and semantics might express it, and society. As an indication that previously disparate intel-
4
lectual dialogues have in fact started converging into a
recognizable discipline,[21] at least six solidly-researched
and well-accepted rst attempts to synthesize a coherent framework for the eld have appeared: Eleonora
Masinis Why Futures Studies,[22] James Dator's Advancing Futures Studies,[23] Ziauddin Sardar's Rescuing all
of our Futures,[24] Sohail Inayatullah's Questioning the
future,[25] Richard A. Slaughter's The Knowledge Base of
Futures Studies,[26] a collection of essays by senior practitioners, and Wendell Bells two-volume work, The Foundations of Futures Studies.[27]

Such improvements in the predictability of individual
events do not though, from a complexity theory viewpoint, address the unpredictability inherent in dealing
with entire systems, which emerge from the interaction
between multiple individual events.
1.4 Methodologies
Futures practitioners use a wide range of models and

methods (theory and practice), many of which come
from other academic disciplines, including economics,
sociology, geography, history, engineering, mathematics,
1.3 Probability and predictability psychology, technology, tourism, physics, biology,
astronomy, and aspects of theology (specically, the
Some aspects of the future, such as celestial mechanics, range of future beliefs).
are highly predictable, and may even be described by rel- One of the fundamental assumptions in futures studies is
atively simple mathematical models. At present however, that the future is plural not singular, that is, that it conscience has yielded only a special minority of such easy sists of alternative futures of varying likelihood but that
to predict physical processes. Theories such as chaos it is impossible in principle to say with certainty which
theory, nonlinear science and standard evolutionary theone will occur. The primary eort in Futures studies,
ory have allowed us to understand many complex systems therefore, is to identify and describe alternative futures.
as contingent (sensitively dependent on complex environ- This eort includes collecting quantitative and qualitamental conditions) and stochastic (random within con- tive data about the possibility, probability, and desirabilstraints), making the vast majority of future events unity of change. The plurality of the term futures in futures studies denotes the rich variety of alternative fupredictable, in any specic case.
Not surprisingly, the tension between predictability and tures, including the subset of preferable futures (normaunpredictability is a source of controversy and conict tive futures), that can be studied.
Practitioners of the discipline previously concentrated on
extrapolating present technological, economic or social
trends, or on attempting to predict future trends, but more
recently they have started to examine social systems and
uncertainties and to build scenarios, question the worldviews behind such scenarios via the causal layered analysis method (and others), create preferred visions of the
future, and use backcasting to derive alternative impleAs an example, consider the process of electing the presi- mentation strategies. Apart from extrapolation and scedent of the United States. At one level we observe that any narios, many dozens of methods and techniques are used
U.S. citizen over 35 may run for president, so this process in futures research (see below).
may appear too unconstrained for useful prediction. Yet Futures studies also includes normative or preferred fufurther investigation demonstrates that only certain public tures, but a major contribution involves connecting both
individuals (current and former presidents and vice pres- extrapolated (exploratory) and normative research to help
idents, senators, state governors, popular military com- individuals and organisations to build better social futures
manders, mayors of very large cities, etc.) receive the amid a (presumed) landscape of shifting social changes.
appropriate social credentials that are historical prereq- Practitioners use varying proportions of inspiration and
uisites for election. Thus with a minimum of eort at research. Futures studies only rarely uses the scientic
formulating the problem for statistical prediction, a much method in the sense of controlled, repeatable and falsireduced pool of candidates can be described, improving able experiments with highly standardized methodoloour probabilistic foresight. Applying further statistical ingies, given that environmental conditions for repeating a
telligence to this problem, we can observe that in certain predictive scheme are usually quite hard to control. Howelection prediction markets such as the Iowa Electronic ever, many futurists are informed by scientic techniques.
Markets, reliable forecasts have been generated over long Some historians project patterns observed in past civispans of time and conditions, with results superior to in- lizations upon present-day society to anticipate what will
dividual experts or polls. Such markets, which may be happen in the future. Oswald Spenglers Decline of the
operated publicly or as an internal market, are just one of West argued, for instance, that western society, like imseveral promising frontiers in predictive futures research. perial Rome, had reached a stage of cultural maturity that
among futures studies scholars and practitioners. Some
argue that the future is essentially unpredictable, and that
the best way to predict the future is to create it. Others
believe, as Flechtheim, that advances in science, probability, modeling and statistics will allow us to continue to
improve our understanding of probable futures, while this
area presently remains less well developed than methods
for exploring possible and preferable futures.
1.4. METHODOLOGIES
would inexorably lead to decline, in measurable ways.
Futures workshops
Futures studies is often summarized as being concerned

with three Ps and a W, or possible, probable, and
preferable futures, plus wildcards, which are low probability but high impact events (positive or negative), should
they occur. Many futurists, however, do not use the wild
card approach. Rather, they use a methodology called
Emerging Issues Analysis. It searches for the seeds of
change, issues that are likely to move from unknown to
the known, from low impact to high impact.
Failure mode and eects analysis
Estimates of probability are involved with two of the

four central concerns of foresight professionals (discerning and classifying both probable and wildcard events),
while considering the range of possible futures, recognizing the plurality of existing alternative futures, characterizing and attempting to resolve normative disagreements on the future, and envisioning and creating preferred futures are other major areas of scholarship. Most
estimates of probability in futures studies are normative and qualitative, though signicant progress on statistical and quantitative methods (technology and information growth curves, cliometrics, predictive psychology, prediction markets, etc.) has been made in recent
decades.
Trend analysis
Futures wheel
Technology roadmapping
Social network analysis
Systems engineering
Morphological analysis
Technology forecasting
1.4.2 Shaping alternative futures
Futurists use scenarios alternative possible futures as

an important tool. To some extent, people can determine
what they consider probable or desirable using qualitative and quantitative methods. By looking at a variety
of possibilities one comes closer to shaping the future,
rather than merely predicting it. Shaping alternative futures starts by establishing a number of scenarios. Setting
up scenarios takes place as a process with many stages.
1.4.1 Futures techniques
One of those stages involves the study of trends. A trend
persists long-term and long-range; it aects many sociMain article: Futures techniques
etal groups, grows slowly and appears to have a profound
basis. In contrast, a fad operates in the short term, shows
While forecasting i.e., attempts to predict future states the vagaries of fashion, aects particular societal groups,
from current trends is a common methodology, pro- and spreads quickly but supercially.
fessional scenarios often rely on "backcasting": asking
what changes in the present would be required to arrive Sample predicted futures range from predicted ecological
at envisioned alternative future states. For example, the catastrophes, through a utopian future where the poorest
Policy Reform and Eco-Communalism scenarios devel- human being lives in what present-day observers would
oped by the Global Scenario Group rely on the back- regard as wealth and comfort, through the transformacasting method. Practitioners of futures studies classify tion of humanity into a posthuman life-form, to the destruction of all life on Earth in, say, a nanotechnological
themselves as futurists (or foresight practitioners).
disaster.
Futurists use a diverse range of forecasting methods inFuturists have a decidedly mixed reputation and a patchy
cluding:
track record at successful prediction. For reasons of convenience, they often extrapolate present technical and so Anticipatory thinking protocols:
cietal trends and assume they will develop at the same
rate into the future; but technical progress and social up Causal layered analysis (CLA)
heavals, in reality, take place in ts and starts and in different areas at dierent rates.
Environmental scanning
Scenario method
Delphi method
Future history
Monitoring
Backcasting (eco-history)
Cross-impact analysis
Many 1950s futurists predicted commonplace space

tourism by the year 2000, but ignored the possibilities
of ubiquitous, cheap computers, while Marxist expectations have failed to materialise to date. On the other hand,
many forecasts have portrayed the future with some degree of accuracy. Current futurists often present multiple
scenarios that help their audience envision what may
occur instead of merely predicting the future. They
claim that understanding potential scenarios helps individuals and organizations prepare with exibility.
Many corporations use futurists as part of their risk management strategy, for horizon scanning and emerging issues analysis, and to identify wild cards low probability,
potentially high-impact risks.[28] Every successful and unsuccessful business engages in futuring to some degree
for example in research and development, innovation and
market research, anticipating competitor behavior and so
on.[29][30]
petitive marketplace with fast production cycles, using

such techniques as trendspotting as popularized by Faith
Popcorn.
1.4.5 Trend analysis and forecasting

Mega-trends
1.4.3
Weak signals, the future sign and Trends come in dierent sizes. A mega-trend extends
wild cards
over many generations, and in cases of climate, mega-
In futures research weak signals may be understood as

advanced, noisy and socially situated indicators of change
in trends and systems that constitute raw informational
material for enabling anticipatory action. There is confusion about the denition of weak signal by various researchers and consultants. Sometimes it is referred as future oriented information, sometimes more like emerging issues. Elina Hiltunen (2007), in her new concept the
future sign has tried to clarify the confusion about the
weak signal denitions, by combining signal, issue and
interpretation to the future sign, which more holistically
describes the change.[31]
trends can cover periods prior to human existence. They

describe complex interactions between many factors.
The increase in population from the palaeolithic period
to the present provides an example.
Potential trends
Possible new trends grow from innovations, projects, beliefs or actions that have the potential to grow and eventually go mainstream in the future. For example, just a
few years ago, alternative medicine remained an outcast
from modern medicine. Now it has links with big business and has achieved a degree of respectability in some
circles and even in the marketplace. This increasing level
of acceptance illustrates a potential trend of society to
move away from the sciences, even beyond the scope of
medicine.
Wild cards refer to low-probability and high-impact

events, such as existential risks. This concept may be
embedded in standard foresight projects and introduced
into anticipatory decision-making activity in order to increase the ability of social groups adapt to surprises arising in turbulent business environments. Such sudden and
unique incidents might constitute turning points in the
evolution of a certain trend or system. Wild cards may or
may not be announced by weak signals, which are incomplete and fragmented data from which relevant foresight Branching trends
information might be inferred. Sometimes, mistakenly,
wild cards and weak signals are considered as synonyms, Very often, trends relate to one another the same way as
a tree-trunk relates to branches and twigs. For example,
which they are not.[32]
a well-documented movement toward equality between
men and women might represent a branch trend. The
trend toward reducing dierences in the salaries of men
1.4.4 Near-term predictions
and women in the Western world could form a twig on
A long-running tradition in various cultures, and espe- that branch.
cially in the media, involves various spokespersons making predictions for the upcoming year at the beginning of
the year. These predictions sometimes base themselves
on current trends in culture (music, movies, fashion, pol- Life-cycle of a trend
itics); sometimes they make hopeful guesses as to what
major events might take place over the course of the next When does a potential trend gain acceptance as a bona
de trend? When it gets enough conrmation in the
year.
various media, surveys or questionnaires to show it has
Some of these predictions come true as the year unfolds, an increasingly accepted value, behavior or technology.
though many fail. When predicted events fail to take Trends can also gain conrmation by the existence of
place, the authors of the predictions often state that mis- other trends perceived as springing from the same branch.
interpretation of the "signs" and portents may explain the Some commentators claim that when 15% to 25% of a
failure of the prediction.
given population integrates an innovation, project, belief
Marketers have increasingly started to embrace futures or action into their daily life then a trend becomes mainstudies, in an eort to benet from an increasingly com- stream.
1.6. FUTURISTS
1.5 Education
1.6 Futurists
Education in the eld of futures studies has taken place

for some time. Beginning in the United States of America in the 1960s, it has since developed in many dierent
countries. Futures education can encourage the use of
concepts, tools and processes that allow students to think
long-term, consequentially, and imaginatively. It generally helps students to:
Main article: Futurist
1. conceptualise more just and sustainable human and

planetary futures.
2. develop knowledge and skills in exploring probable
and preferred futures.
3. understand the dynamics and inuence that human,
social and ecological systems have on alternative futures.
Several authors have become recognized as futurists.

They research trends, particularly in technology, and
write their observations, conclusions, and predictions. In
earlier eras, many futurists were at academic institutions.
John McHale, author of The Future of the Future, published a 'Futures Directory', and directed a think tank
called The Centre For Integrative Studies at a university.
Futurists have started consulting groups or earn money
as speakers, with examples including Alvin Toer, John
Naisbitt and Patrick Dixon. Frank Feather is a business speaker that presents himself as a pragmatic futurist. Some futurists have commonalities with science ction, and some science-ction writers, such as Arthur C.
Clarke, are known as futurists. In the introduction to The
Left Hand of Darkness, Ursula K. Le Guin distinguished
futurists from novelists, writing of the study as the business of prophets, clairvoyants, and futurists. In her words,
a novelists business is lying.
4. conscientize responsibility and action on the part of

A survey of 108 futurists[42] found the following shared
students toward creating better futures.
assumptions:
Thorough documentation of the history of futures education exists, for example in the work of Richard A.
Slaughter (2004),[33] David Hicks, Ivana Milojevi[34]
and Jennifer Gidley[35][36][37] to name a few.
While futures studies remains a relatively new academic
tradition, numerous tertiary institutions around the world
teach it. These vary from small programs, or universities with just one or two classes, to programs that incorporate futures studies into other degrees, (for example
in planning, business, environmental studies, economics,
development studies, science and technology studies).
Various formal Masters-level programs exist on six continents. Finally, doctoral dissertations around the world
have incorporated futures studies. A recent survey documented approximately 50 cases of futures studies at the
tertiary level.[38]
The largest Futures Studies program in the world is at
Tamkang University, Taiwan. Futures Studies is a required course at the undergraduate level, with between
three to ve thousand students taking classes on an annual
basis. Housed in the Graduate Institute of Futures Studies is an MA Program. Only ten students are accepted
annually in the program. Associated with the program is
the Journal of Futures Studies.[39]
As of 2003, over 40 tertiary education establishments
around the world were delivering one or more courses in
futures studies. The World Futures Studies Federation[40]
has a comprehensive survey of global futures programs
and courses. The Acceleration Studies Foundation maintains an annotated list of primary and secondary graduate
futures studies programs.[41]
1. We are in the midst of a historical transformation.

Current times are not just part of normal history.
2. Multiple perspectives are at heart of futures studies,
including unconventional thinking, internal critique,
and cross-cultural comparison.
3. Consideration of alternatives. Futurists do not see
themselves as value-free forecasters, but instead
aware of multiple possibilities.
4. Participatory futures. Futurists generally see their
role as liberating the future in each person, and creating enhanced public ownership of the future. This
is true worldwide.
5. Long term policy transformation. While some are
more policy-oriented than others, almost all believe
that the work of futurism is to shape public policy,
so it consciously and explicitly takes into account the
long term.
6. Part of the process of creating alternative futures
and of inuencing public (corporate, or international) policy is internal transformation. At international meetings, structural and individual factors
are considered equally important.
7. Complexity. Futurists believe that a simple onedimensional or single-discipline orientation is not
satisfactory. Trans-disciplinary approaches that
take complexity seriously are necessary. Systems
thinking, particularly in its evolutionary dimension,
is also crucial.
8. Futurists are motivated by change. They are not will play an important role, but there are not enough new
content merely to describe or forecast. They desire sources of oil in the Earth to make up for escalating
an active role in world transformation.
demands from China, India, and the Middle East, and
to replace declining elds. And while many alternative
9. They are hopeful for a better future as a "strange
sources of energy exist in principle, none exists in fact in
attractor".
quality or quantity sucient to make up for the shortfall
10. Most believe they are pragmatists in this world, even of oil soon enough. A growing gap looms between the efas they imagine and work for another. Futurists have fective end of the Age of Oil and the possible emergence
of new energy sources.[43]
a long term perspective.
11. Sustainable futures, understood as making decisions that do not reduce future options, that include policies on nature, gender and other accepted
paradigms. This applies to corporate futurists and
the NGO. Environmental sustainability is reconciled
with the technological, spiritual and post-structural
ideals. Sustainability is not a back to nature ideal,
but rather inclusive of technology and culture.
1.7 Application of foresight to specic elds

1.7.1
Fashion and design
1.8 Research centers

Graduate Degree in Foresight, University of Houston[44]
Institute for Futures Research, University of Stellenbosch
Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies
The Foresight Programme, London, Department for
Business, Innovation and Skills
The Futures Academy, Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland
Fashion is one area of trend forecasting. The industry

typically works 18 months ahead of the current selling
season. Large retailers look at the obvious impact of everything from the weather forecast to runway fashion for
consumer tastes. Consumer behavior and statistics are
also important for a long-range forecast.
Hawaii Research Center for Futures Studies,

University of Hawaii at Mnoa
Artists and conceptual designers, by contrast, may feel

that consumer trends are a barrier to creativity. Many of
these startists start micro trends but do not follow trends
themselves.
Institute for the Future, Palo Alto, California
Design
Singularity Institute, Singularity Institute for Articial Intelligence
Foresight and futures thinking are rapidly being adopted

by the design industry to insure more sustainable, robust and humanistic products. Design, much like future
studies is an interdisciplinary eld that considers global
trends, challenges and opportunities to foster innovation.
Designers are thus adopting futures methodologies including scenarios, trend forecasting, and futures research.
Holistic thinking that incorporates strategic, innovative
and anticipatory solutions gives designers the tools necessary to navigate complex problems and develop novel
future enhancing and visionary solutions.
The Association for Professional Futurists has also held
meetings discussing the ways in which Design Thinking
and Futures Thinking intersect.
Institute for Futures Research, South Africa

Kairos Future, Sweden
National Intelligence Council, Oce of the Director

of National Intelligence, Washington DC
Tellus Institute, Boston MA

World Future Society
World Futures Studies Federation, world
Future of Humanity Institute
Italian Institute for the Future, Naples, Italy[45]
1.9 Futurists and foresight thought

leaders
Main article: List of futurologists
1.7.2
Energy and Alternative Sources
While the price of oil probably will go down and up,

the basic price trajectory is sharply up. Market forces
Daniel Bell
Peter C. Bishop
1.10. BOOKS
Nick Bostrom
Jamais Cascio
Arthur C. Clarke[46]
1.10 Books
1.10.1 Periodicals and Monographs
Jim Dator
International Journal of Forecasting
Leonardo da Vinci (Flight)
Journal of Futures Studies
Nicolas De Santis
Technological Forecasting and Social Change
Peter Diamandis
The Futurist World Future Society
Mahdi Elmandjra
Jacque Fresco[47]
1.11 Organizations
George Friedman
Hugo de Garis
Jennifer M. Gidley
Ben Goertzel
Arthur Harkins
Stephen Hawking[48][49]
Aldous Huxley ("Brave New World")
Sohail Inayatullah
Mitchell Joachim
Bill Joy
1.12 See also

Biocultural evolution
List of emerging technologies
Human overpopulation
Outline of future studies
Sustainocene
The Human genetic engineering, cyborg technology,
and other hypothetical forms of the future human
evolution.
Robert Jungk
Herman Kahn
Michio Kaku
Ray Kurzweil
Max More
1.13 References
[1] Futurology. Wordnet Search 3.1. Princeton University.
Retrieved 16 March 2013.
George Orwell ("Nineteen Eighty-Four")
[2] Wells, H.G. (1932) 1987. Wanted: Professors of Foresight! Futures Research Quarterly V3N1 (Spring): p. 8991.
David Passig
[3] Science Glossary
Kim Stanley Robinson

Michel Salo Coste
Anders Sandberg
Peter Schwartz
John Smart
Mark Stevenson ("An Optimists Tour of the Future")
Alvin Toer ("Future Shock")
Jules Verne ("From the Earth to the Moon")
Natasha Vita-More
H. G. Wells (World Brain)
Eliezer Yudkowsky
[4] Galtung, Johan and Inayatullah, Sohail (1997). Macrohistory and Macrohistorians. Westport, Ct: Praeger.
[5] Khaldun, Ibn (1967), The Muqaddimah, Trans. Franz
Rosenthal, ed. N.J. Dawood. Princeton: Princeton University Press
[6] Bell, Wendell (1997). Foundations of Futures Studies: Human Science for a New Era. New Brunswick, New Jersey,
USA: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-56000-271-9.
[7] Samuel Maddens Memoirs of the Twentieth Century"
Paul Alkon. Science Fiction Studies Vol. 12, No. 2 (Jul.,
1985), pp. 184-201 Published by: SF-TH Inc
[8] And now for the forecast. The Guardian.
[9] W. Warren Wagar (1983). H.G. Wells and the Genesis
of Future Studies.
10
[10] Annual HG Wells Award for Outstanding Contributions

to Transhumanism. Web.archive.org. 20 May 2009.
Archived from the original on 20 May 2009. Retrieved
10 June 2012.
[29] Rohrbeck, Rene (2010) Corporate Foresight: Towards

a Maturity Model for the Future Orientation of a Firm,
Springer Series: Contributions to Management Science,
Heidelberg and New York, ISBN 978-3-7908-2625-8
[11] Turner, Frank Miller (1993). Public Science in Britain

18801919. Contesting Cultural Authority: Essays in Victorian Intellectual Life. Cambridge University Press. pp.
21920. ISBN 0-521-37257-7.
[30] Rohrbeck, R. H.G. Gemuenden (2010) Corporate Foresight: Its Three Roles in Enhancing the Innovation Capacity of a Firm Technological Forecasting and Social
Change, forthcoming
[12] Richard Rhodes (1986). The Making of the Atomic Bomb.

New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 24. ISBN 0-68481378-5.
[31] article about the Future sign
[13] Cowley, Malcolm. Outline of Wellss History. The New

Republic Vol. 81 Issue 1041, 14 November 1934 (p. 22
23).
[14] Wells, H.G. (1932) 1987. Wanted: Professors of Foresight! Futures Research Quarterly V3N1 (Spring): p. 8991.
[15] Masini, Eleonora (1993). Why Futures Studies?. London,
UK: Grey Seal Books.
[16] Slaughter, Richard A. (1995). The Foresight Principle:
Cultural Recovery in the 21st Century. London, England:
Adamantine Press, Ltd.
[17] Sardar, Ziauddin, ed. (1999). Rescuing All Our Futures.
Praeger Studies on the 21st Century, Westport, Connecticut, USA.
[32] Article by Hiltunen describing the dierences of weak signals and wild cards
[33] Slaughter, Richard A. (2004). Futures Beyond Dystopia:
Creating Social Foresight. London: RoutledgeFalmer.
[34] Articles by Ivana Milojevi
[35] Futures in Education: Principles, Practices and Potential,
(Monograph No 5, The Strategic Foresight Monograph
Series, 2004)]
[36] The University in Transformation: Global Perspectives on
the Futures of the University (Westport, Ct., Bergin and
Garvey, 2000)
[37] Youth Futures: Empirical Research and Transformative
Visions (Westport, Ct. Praeger, 2002)
[38] Welcome to the World Futures Studies Federation
[18] Meadows, Donella H.; D.L. Meadows, J. Randers, and

William W. Behrens III (1972). The Limits to Growth.
New York, New York, USA: Universe Books.
[39] Journal of Future Studies. Tamsui, Taipei, Taiwan.:

Graduate Institute of Futures Studies, Tamkang University.
[19] Markley, Oliver (1998). Visionary Futures: Guided Imagery in Teaching and Learning about the Future, in
American Behavioral Scientist. Sage Publications, New
York.
[40] WFSF Directory of Tertiary Futures Education
[20] Jones, Christopher (Winter 1992). The Manoa School of

Futures Studies. Futures Research Quarterly: 1925.
[21] Kuhn, Thomas (1975, c1970). The Structure of Scientic
Revolutions. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
[41] Foresight and Futures Studies Global Academic Programs. Accelerating.org. 2005-11-04. Retrieved 200907-20.
[42] Sohail Inayatullah, ed., The Views of Futurists. Vol 4, The
Knowledge Base of Futures Studies. Brisbane, Foresight
International, 2001.
[22] Masini, Eleonora (1993). Why Futures Studies?. London,

UK: Grey Seal Books.
[43] Hawaii Research Center for Futures Studies, University of Hawaii at Mnoa.
Honolulu Advertiser 2008. http://www.futures.hawaii.edu/publications/
energy/DoingLessWithLess2008.pdf
[23] Dator, James (2002), Advancing Futures, Westport: Ct,

Praeger, 2002
[44] Graduate Program in Foresight. Retrieved 11 August

2014.
[24] Sardar, Ziauddin, ed.,(1999) Rescuing all our futures: the

futures of futures studies. Westport, Ct: Praeger
[45] Italian Institute for the Future. Retrieved 27 October

2014.
[25] Inayatullah, Sohail (2007), Questioning the Future: methods and tools for organizational and societal change. Tamsui: Tamkang University (third edition)
[46] Compressed Data; On a Futurists Forum, Money Backs

Up Predictions, The New York Times, April 1, 2002
[26] Slaughter, Richard (2005). The Knowledge Base of Futures studies.
[47] Fresco, Jacque. The Venus Project. The Venus Project:

Beyond Politics, Poverty, and War. Retrieved 16 March
2013.
[27] Bell, Wendell (1997). The Foundations of Futures Studies.
[48] Alter our DNA or robots will take over, warns Hawking
[28] A sample presentation on risk management
[49] Our species must move to another planet
1.14. EXTERNAL LINKS
1.14 External links

Future at DMOZ
11
Chapter 2
Futurist
For other uses, see Futurism (disambiguation).
futures studies eld. Bertrand de Jouvenel's The Art of

Conjecture in 1963 and Dennis Gabor's Inventing the Future in 1964 are considered key early works, and the rst
U.S. university course devoted entirely to the future was
taught by futurist Alvin Toer at The New School in
1966.[2]
Futurists (not in the sense of the art movement futurism)

or futurologists are scientists and social scientists whose
specialty is futurology, or the attempt to systematically
explore predictions and possibilities about the future and
how they can emerge from the present, whether that of More generally, the label includes such disparate lay,
human society in particular or of life on Earth in general. professional, and academic groups as visionaries, foresight consultants, corporate strategists, policy analysts,
cultural critics, planners, marketers, forecasters, prediction market developers, roadmappers, operations re2.1 Denition
searchers, investment managers, actuaries and other
risk analyzers, and future-oriented individuals educated
The term futurist most commonly refers to authors, in every academic discipline, including anthropology,
consultants, organizational leaders and others who engage complexity studies, computer science, economics, enin interdisciplinary and systems thinking to advise private gineering, Urban design, evolutionary biology, history,
and public organizations on such matters as diverse global management, mathematics, philosophy, physical scitrends, possible scenarios, emerging market opportunities ences, political science, psychology, sociology, systems
and risk management.
theory, technology studies, and other disciplines.
The Oxford English Dictionary identies the earliest use
of the term futurism in English as 1842, to refer, in a
theological context, to the Christian eschatological ten- 2.2 Futures studies
dency of that time. The next recorded use is the label
adopted by the Italian and Russian futurists, the artistic,
Main article: Futures studies
literary and political movements of the 1920s and 1930s
which sought to reject the past and fervently embrace
Futures studiessometimes referred to as futurology,
speed, technology and, often violent, change.
futures research, and foresightcan be summarized as
Visionary writers such as Jules Verne, Edward Bellamy
being concerned with three Ps and a W, i.e. possiand H. G. Wells were not in their day characterized as
ble, probable, and preferable futures, plus wildcards,
futurists. The term futurology in its contemporary sense
which are low-probability, high-impact events, should
was rst coined in the mid1940s by the German Prothey occur. Even with high-prole, probable events, such
fessor Ossip K. Flechtheim, who proposed a new science
as the fall of telecommunications costs, the growth of the
of probability. Flechtheim argued that even if systematic
internet, or the aging demographics of particular counforecasting did no more than unveil the subset of statistries, there is often signicant uncertainty in the rate or
tically highly probable processes of change and charted
continuation of a trend. Thus a key part of futures analytheir advance, it would still be of crucial social value.[1]
sis is the managing of uncertainty and risk.[3]
In the mid1940s the rst professional futurist consulting institutions like RAND and SRI began to engage in
long-range planning, systematic trend watching, scenario
development, and visioning, at rst under World War II 2.3 Futurists and futurology
military and government contract and, beginning in the
1950s, for private institutions and corporations. The pe- Not all futurists engage in the practice of futurology as
riod from the late 1940s to the mid1960s laid the con- generally dened. Preconventional futurists (see below)
ceptual and methodological foundations of the modern would generally not. And while religious futurists, as12
2.7. EXTERNAL LINKS

trologers, occultists, New Age divinists, etc. use methodologies that include study, none of their personal revelation or belief-based work would fall within a consensus
denition of futurology as used in academics or by futures studies professionals.
2.4 Notable futurists

Main article: List of futurologists
2.5 See also

Association of Professional Futurists[4]
2.6 References
[1] Flechtheim, O (1972). Futurology-The New Science of
Probability? in Toer, A (1972). The Futurists p. 264276
[2] Bell, W. (1997). Foundations of Futures Studies: Volume
1 New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers., p. 60. ISBN
1-56000-271-9.
[3] The Future: An Owners Manual, World Future Society
[4] Association of Professional Futurists
2.7 External links

Futurist (ASF denition) Twelve developmental
types of futures thinking.
THE FUTURIST magazine A magazine published by the
World Future Society
13
Chapter 3
List of futurologists
Notable futurologists include:
3.1 See also

Futures studies
Outline of futures studies
3.2 References
14
Chapter 4
Nayef Al-Rodhan
Nayef R. F. Al-Rodhan is a philosopher, neuroscientist,
geostrategist, and author. He is an Honorary Fellow of St.
Antonys College at Oxford University, Oxford, United
Kingdom,[1] Senior Fellow and Centre Director of the
Centre for the Geopolitics of Globalisation and Transnational Security at the Geneva Centre for Security Policy,
Geneva, Switzerland.
4.1.1 Neuroscience awards

Nayef Al-Rodhan has received the following research
awards: Sir James Spence Prize,[6] the Gibb Prize, the
Farquhar-Murray Prize, the American Association of
Neurological Surgeon Prize (twice), the Meninger Prize,
the Annual Resident Prize of the Congress of Neurological Surgeons, the Young Investigator Prize of the
American Association of Neurological Surgeons, and the
Annual Fellowship Prize of the Congress of Neurological
Surgeons.[7][8]
4.1 Biography
Nayef Al-Rodhan began his career as a neurosurgeon
and neuroscientist. As a medical student, he was mentored and inuenced by the renowned neurologist, Lord
John Walton of Detchant. He trained in neurosurgery
and conducted neuroscience research at the Mayo Clinic,
Rochester, Minnesota in the United States. He became
Chief Resident in neurosurgery and was inuenced by
Thoralf M. Sundt, David Piepgrass, and Patrick J Kelly
at the Mayo Clinic. He obtained a Ph.D. in 1988 for his
work on the Characterization of Opioid and Neurotensin
Receptor Subtypes in the Brain with Respect to Antinociception.[2]
4.1.2 Neuroscience and international relations
Since 2002, Nayef Al-Rodhan has shifted his scholarly focus to the interplay between neuroscience
and international relations.[9] Through several
publications,[10] he has pioneered the application of
neuroscience and the neuro-behavioural consequences
of the neurochemical and cellular mechanisms that
underpin emotions, amorality, egoisms, fear, greed,
and dominance, into the analysis and conceptualization
of trends in contemporary geopolitics, global security,
national security, transcultural security, and war and
In 1993, on a fellowship from the Congress of Neurolog- peace.[11]
ical Surgeons, he joined the department of neurosurgery In 2006, Nayef Al-Rodhan joined the Geneva Center
at the Yale University School of Medicine as a fellow in for Security Policy in Geneva, Switzerland, as a Senior
epilepsy surgery and molecular neuroscience under the Scholar in geostrategy and Director of the Geopolitics of
direction of Dennis Spencer.[3]
Globalisation and Transnational Security Programme.[12]
In 1994, Nayef Al-Rodhan became a fellow at the department of neurosurgery at the Massachusetts General
Hospital at Harvard Medical School, where he worked
on the study of neuropeptides, molecular genetics, and
neuronal regeneration. In 1995, he was appointed to the
faculty of the Harvard Medical School and while at Harvard and Massachusetts General Hospital, he founded
the neurotechnology program with Nobel Prize winner
James E. Muller. Working with Robert Martuza, AlRodhan also founded the Laboratories for Cellular Neurosurgery and Neurosurgical Technology at the department of neurosurgery of Massachusetts General Hospital,
Harvard Medical School.[4][5]
In 2009, Al-Rodhan became a Senior Member of St.

Antonys College, Oxford University where he analyses,
amongst other things, critical turning points in the ArabIslamic world and their current and future regional and
global geopolitical relevance.[13] His current geostrategy
interests include: Geopolitics of the Middle East; sustainable national and global security; geopolitics of outer
space and strategic technologies; and global strategic cascading risks. His philosophical interests include:global
justice; human dignity and international order; shared
history of humanity and transcultural security and synergy; philosophy of sustainable history and the dignity
of man; history of ideas; neurophilosophy of human
15
16
CHAPTER 4. NAYEF AL-RODHAN
nature and its implications for war, peace and moral structure that ensures a mutually benecial (Symbiotic)
and political cooperation between ideologies, states and coexistence for a myriad of actors as well as the fullcultures.[14][15]
ment of human needs everywhere. The book is entitled:
Symbiotic Realism: A Theory of International Relations
in an Instant and an Interdependent World (Berlin: LIT
Verlag, 2007).
4.2 Major works

4.2.1
Philosophy of human nature: Emo- 4.2.3 Diplomacy and geostrategy: Neotional Amoral Egoism
statecraft and Meta-geopolitics
Philosopher Nayef Al-Rodhan published his neurochemically based theory of human nature in 2008. In
this, he argues that the enduring assumption that human behaviour is governed by innate morality and reason is at odds with the persistence of human deprivation, injustice, brutality, inequality and conict.[16] He
draws on a wide range of philosophical, psychological
and evolutionary approaches to human nature as well as
neuroscientic research. He argues that human behaviour
is governed primarily by emotional self-interest and
that the human mind is a predisposed tabula rasa". AlRodhan argues that most human beings are innately neither moral nor immoral but rather amoral and that circumstances and needs will determine the survival value of
humankind's moral compass. He suggests that this has
profound implications for the re-ordering of governance
mechanisms at all levels with a strong emphasis on the
role of society and the global system in relation to stability, security, peace, cooperation, justice, human security, identity construction, transcultural relations, conict, ethnocentrism, xenophobia, morality and global governance.[17] Al-Rodhans theory of human nature challenges the views of Hobbes and Rousseau and lays the
foundation for a hopeful and pragmatic approach. It also
advocates that the moral compass of man can be inuenced positively by constructive behaviors of the society
and its various mechanisms and frameworks. He also proposes a concept he calls Fear-Induced Pre-emptive aggression and cautions us against being complacent about
the virtues of human nature. This book is entitled: emotional amoral egoism": A Neurophilosophical Theory of
Human Nature and its Universal Security Implications
(Berlin, LIT, 2008).
4.2.2
International
relations
Symbiotic Realism
theory:
In 2007, Nayef Al-Rodhan published his symbiotic

realism theory of international relations[18] that best ts
a connected, interdependent and globalized world. Symbiotic realism expands the number of unitary actors in
global politics beyond state and non-state actors and allows for non-conictual competition while allowing absolute gain in a symbiotic yet realist framework. Symbiotic realism theory also posits that international peace
and security can only be attained through a governance
In 2009, Geostrategist Nayef Al-Rodhan proposed the

concept of Meta-geopolitics.[19] The Meta-Geopolitics
paradigm proposes a multi-dimensional view of power
that accounts for seven capacities of states and assess their
relative strengths and weaknesses and enables predictions
about their ability to project power. This also includes his
concept of Just Power as the only sustainable kind of
power in the service of the national interest. Just Power
employs soft, hard and smart power tools. He also proposes a geostrategic Trip-Wire Pivotal Corridor (TPC)"
which accounts for the worlds most volatile geopolitical
area: a corridor that runs from north to south between
30 and 75 degrees east. The corridor includes countries
from three continents: Africa, Europe and Asia as well
as the pivotal Middle East. In the east, it incorporates
the disputed territories of Jammu and Kashmir, as well
as Chinas Xinjiang province. At its western edge, it includes the Horn of Africa and the entire east coast of
Africa. The corridor also includes the Arctic Circle in
the north and Antarctica in the south. Al-Rodhan argued
that, without stability in the TPC, there can be no stability
or cooperation at the international level. This book is entitled Neo-statecraft and Meta-Geopolitics: Reconciliation
of Power, Interests and Justice in the 21st Century (Berlin:
LIT Verlag, 2009).
4.2.4 Philosophy of history: Sustainable

History and the Dignity of Man
In 2009, Nayef Al-Rodhan also published his Philosophy
of history, in which he discusses the role of good governance and the ever-present tension between (human nature attributes) and (human dignity needs) in the sustainability of history and that of any political order.[20][21]
In this book, he advocates his concept of Civilizational
Triumphalism through his Ocean Model of One Human Civilization. He also insists that the attainment
of dignity for all, at all times and under all circumstances, is what drives/propels human history and ensure
its sustainability.[22] In this, Al-Rodhan suggests that a
good governance paradigm that limits excesses of human
nature and ensures an atmosphere of happiness and productivity by promoting reason and dignity is required.[23]
This book is entitled Sustainable History and the Dignity
of Man: A Philosophy of History and Civilisational Triumph (Berlin: LIT Verlag, 2009).
4.3. BIBLIOGRAPHY
4.2.5
Theory of knowledge:
rational Physicalism
17
Neuro- play between emerging strategic technologies, geopolitics
and national power in the same book. The book is entitled

The Politics of Emerging Strategic Technologies: ImplicaNayef Al-Rodhan also proposed a Theory of knowledge tions for Geopolitics, Human Enhancement and Human
called, Neuro-rational Physicalism NRP. Al-Rodhans Destiny (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011).
theory of knowledge recognises the role of interpretation,
sense-data and reason in the acquisition of knowledge and
that knowledge is to some extent indeterminate. He sug- 4.2.8 Trans-cultural security: The Role
of the Arab-Islamic World in the Rise
gests that knowledge may also be temporally, spatially
of the West
and perhaps culturally constrained and that all energy and
matter are physical, even if unobservable with our current
technologies and knowhow, making their existence pos- The latest book by Nayef Al-Rodhan (2012), explores the
sible truths subject to proof. He adds that emotional role of the Arab-Islamic world in the rise of the West. He
acts, cognition and all other thought processes are also hereby seeks to challenge the common Eurocentric interphysical and, as such, material. This was included in his pretation that Modern Europe has emerged as the result
philosophy of history book Sustainable History and the of a unique progressive trajectory that begins with AnDignity of Man: A Philosophy of History and Civilisa- tiquity and proceeds from there through feudalism to the
Renaissance and capitalism. Al-Rodhan focuses on the
tional Triumph (Berlin: LIT Verlag, 2009).
inuence of the Arab-Islamic world on the rise of the
West rather than its general inuence on Europe. The
4.2.6 Global security paradigm: The objective of the book is not to question the importance
of commonly identied landmarks in the rise of the West,
Multi-Sum Security Principle
but to argue that they are in part the result of the contribuGeostrategist Nayef Al-Rodhan advocated a Multi-Sum tions of the Arab-Islamic world. The book also represents
Security Principle that promotes win-win cooperative an important and timely contribution, because it aims to
security interactions between states and cultures based on contribute to improving contemporary political and transglobal justice. He explains that in a globalized world, cultural relations between the West and the Arab-Islamic
security can no longer be thought of as a zero-sum game world by highlighting the shared nature of our collective
involving states alone. Global security, instead, has ve history.
dimensions that include human, environmental, national,
transnational, and transcultural security, and, therefore,
Meta-Geopolitics of
global security and the security of any state or culture 4.2.9 Geopolitics:
Outer Space
cannot be achieved without good governance at all levels
that guarantees security through justice for all individuals, states, and cultures. This principle insists that the With this book, published in spring 2012, Nayef Alpromotion of global justice should be central to global Rodhan takes geopolitics to a whole new realm: outer
politics, not for altruistic reasons, but in order to achieve space. This environment is changing rapidly. States and
sustainable interests of states and cultures. This book is international companies are increasingly present; compeentitled The Five Dimensions of Global Security: Proposal tition rises; space technologies are always more used for
for a Multi-sum Security Principle (Berlin: LIT Verlag, commercial purposes; and a wide range of risks and challenges result from the development of activities. To be
2007).
able to draw new policy lines and make space more useful and safer for humanity, Al-Rodhan develops in this
4.2.7 Inevitable Transhumanism": Pol- book comprehensive tools to insure space security and
itics of Emerging Strategic Technolo- governance in a connected, interdependent yet competitive world. To do so, he applies his comprehensive and ingies
novative theory of Meta-Geopolitics to space, which goes
beyond traditional geopolitical approaches by including
Nayef Al-Rodhan proposed his concept of Inevitable
seven dierent dimensions.
Transhumanism", where he argues that human enhancement and the future evolution into transhumans is inevitable. He suggests that this is so because of our own
human nature attributes namely (emotionality, amorality 4.3 Bibliography
and egoism) that will inevitably push us towards that
The Role of the Arab-Islamic World in the Rise of the
end. To prepare for these potential existential threats, AlWest: Implications for Contemporary Trans-Cultural
Rodhan calls on the global community to urgently estabRelations Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan
lish strict moral and legal guidelines that balance the need
for innovation with the guarantee of dignity for all. In addition to human enhancement, he also analyses the inter Meta-Geopolitics of Outer Space: An Analysis of
18

Space Power, Security and Governance Basingstoke:
Palgrave MacMillan
Policy Briefs on the Transnational Aspects of Security

and Stability Berlin: LIT
The Politics of Emerging Strategic Technologies: Implications for Geopolitics, Human Enhancement and
Human Destiny Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan
Policy Briefs on the Transcultural Aspects of Security

and Stability Berlin: LIT
Critical Turning Points in the Middle East: 1915 2015 Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan
Sustainable History and the Dignity of Man: A
Philosophy of History and Civilisational Triumph
Berlin: LIT
Neo-statecraft and Meta-geopolitics: Reconciliation
of Power, Interests and Justice in the 21st Century
Berlin: LIT
Multilateralism and Transnational Security: A Synthesis of Win-Win Solutions Geneva: Slatkine
Nayef R. F. Al-Rodhan (ed.), Potential Global
Strategic Catastrophes:
Balancing Transnational Responsibilities and Burden-sharing with
Sovereignty and Human Dignity Berlin: LIT, 2009
Nayef R. F. Al-Rodhan, The Three Pillars of Sustainable National Security in a Transnational World
Berlin: LIT
Emotional amoral egoism: A Neurophilosophical
Theory of Human Nature and its Universal Security
Implications Berlin: LIT
Nayef R. F. Al-Rodhan, L. Nazaruk, M. Finaud, and
J. Mackby, Global Biosecurity: Towards a New Governance Paradigm Geneva: Slatkine
The Role of Education in Global Security Geneva:
Slatkine
The Five Dimensions of Global Security: Proposal
for a Multi-sum Security Principle Berlin: LIT
The Emergence of Blogs as a Fifth Estate and Their
Security Implications Geneva: Slatkine
Nayef R. F. Al-Rodhan and S. Kuepfer, Stability of States: The Nexus Between Transnational Threats, Globalization, and Internal Resilience
Geneva: Slatkine
Symbiotic Realism: A Theory of International
Relations in an Instant and an Interdependent
WorldBerlin: LIT
Nayef R. F. Al-Rodhan and G. Stoudmann, Pillars

of Globalization Geneva: Slatkine
The Geopolitical and Geosecurity Implications of
Globalization Geneva: Slatkine
Nayef R. F. Al-Rodhan, Lisa Watanabe, A Proposal
for Inclusive Peace and Security Geneva: Slatkine
4.4 Selected articles

Will Biology Change What it Means to be Human?", World Economic Forum November, 2014.
The Geopolitics of Europe: 1815-2015, / ISN International Relations and Security Network November, 2014.
Eight Substrates for a Possible Universal Axiology, E-International Relations October, 2014.
Emerging Technologies: Security and Regulatory
Concerns, ISN International Relations and Security
Network October, 2014.
Design Within Reach: Preparing for the 4-D Printing Revolution, Foreign Aairs October, 2014.
Programmable Matter: 4D Printings Promises and
Risks, Georgetown Journal of international Aairs
September, 2014.
The Social Contract 2.0: Big Data and the Need
to Guarantee Privacy and Civil Liberties, Harvard
International Review September, 2014.
The Islamic World and the West: Recovering
Common History, YaleGlobal July, 2014.
The Geopolitics of Culture: Five Substrates,
Harvard International Review June, 2014.
Reforming Democracy and the Future of History,
The Globalist June, 2014.
Meta-Geopolitics: the Relevance of Geopolitics
in the Digital Age, E-International Relations May,
2014.
Geopolitics of Dignity, Global Policy, May 2014
Synthetic biology - what to expect and fear?,
Global Policy, April, 2014.
4.5. REFERENCES
Rare-earth metals: anticipating the new battle for
resources, Global Policy, March, 2014.
Cloaks of Invisibility: The Latest Frontier in Military Technology, Georgetown Journal, March,
2014.
Security, ethics and emerging technologies, WEF
Blog, February, 2014.
The Neurochemistry of Power: Implications for
Political Change, Politics in Spires, February,
2014.
On Articial Intelligence and Meta-Geopolitics,
The Fletcher Forum, February, 2014.
What is the future for the China governance
model?, - Politics in Spires, February, 2014.
Sustainable Power is Just Power, - e-International
Relations, December, 2013.
Printing the Future?, - ISN ETH Zurich, November, 2013.
Moving away from the end of history to a sustainable history, - Politics in Spires, November, 2013.
The Pivot Expended, - Small Wars Journal, October, 2013.
Freedom vs. Dignity: A Sustainable History Thesis
for the Arab Spring, Georgetown Journal, November, 2013.
China and the United States: A Symbiosis, The
National Interest, September, 2013.
Dignity Decit Fuels Uprisings in the Middle East,
Yale Global, September, 2013.
Arab Spring Transitions Need Home Grown Solutions, IPI Global Observatory, August, 2013.
19
Multi-sum Security: Five Distinct Dimensions,
Safeguarding Security in Turbulent Times ISN Special Report, 2009.
Editorial of GCSP Policy Brief No. 1, Information Technology, Terrorism, and Global Security,
GCSP Policy Brief Series, Program on the Geopolitical Implications of Globalization and Transnational
Security, 2006.
R.A. Bronen, R.K. Fulbright, J.H. Kim, S.S.
Spencer, D.D. Spencer and Nayef R. Al-Rodhan,
Regional Distribution of MR Findings in Hippocampal Sclerosis, Journal of Neuroradiology,
Vol. 16, Issue 6, 1995, pp. 11931200.
Nayef R. F. Al-Rodhan, T. Sundt, D. Piepgras,
D. Nichols, D. Rfenacht and L. Stevens, Occlusive Hyperemia: A Theory for the Hemodynamic
Complications Following Resection of Intracerebral
Arteriovenous Malformations, Journal of Neurosurgery, Vol. 78, No. 2, February, 1993.
Nayef R. F. Al-Rodhan, D. Piepgras and T. Sundt,
Transitional Cavernous Aneurysms of the Internal
Cartoid Artery, Neurosurgery, Vol. 33, Issue 6, December 1993, pp. 993 998.
T.L. Yaksh, Nayef R. F. Al-Rodhan and T.S. Jensen,
Sites of Action of Opiates in Production of Analgesia, in H.L. Fields and J.M. Bensson (eds.), Progress
in Brain Research, Vol. 77 (Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1988), pp. 371 393.
T.L. Yaksh, Nayef R. F. Al-Rodhan and E. Mjanger,
Sites of Action of Opiates in Production of Analgesia, in L. Kaufman (ed.), Anasthesia Review 5
(London: Churchill Livingstone, 1988), pp. 254
268.
4.5 References
Emotionality of States and Symbiotic Realism,

Hungton Post, May, 2013.
[1] St. Antonys College, University of Oxford
The Future of International Relations: A Symbiotic

Realism Theory in Theres A Future: Visions for A
Better World, BBVA, 2013.
[2] Characterization of opioid and neurotensin receptor subtypes in the brain with respect to antinociception, Thesis (Ph.D.) - Pharmacology - Mayo Graduate School of
Medicine, 1988
Nayef Al-Rodhan, Lisa Watanabe, Le dcit de

dignit collective et le futur du monde arabe, Le
Monde. FR., April, 2011.
[3] Yale Epilepsy Program
Local Culture and History, Letters to the International Herald Tribune, International Herald Tribune,
November, 2009.
[5] Center for Integration of Medicine & Innovative Technology, Neurotechnology Program
Fred Tanner, Nayef Al-Rodhan and Sunjay Chandiramani, GCSP Geneva Paper 9, Security Strategies
Today: Trends and Perspectives, GCSP Geneva Papers, November, 2009.
[7] GCSP
[4] Harvard Medical School
[6] American Chronicle
[8] The Evian Group

[9] The Northern Times
20
[10] Sustainable history

[12] GCSP
[13] St. Antonys College, University of Oxford
[14] Sustainable History
[15] The Evian Group
[17] L'Occidentale
[18] Symbiotic Realism: A Theory of International Relations
in an Instant and an Interdependent World, Geneva Centre
for Security Policy
[19] Neo-statecraft and Meta-geopolitics: Reconciliation of
Power, Interests and Justice in the 21st Century, Geneva
Centre for Security Policy
[20] Sustainable History and the Dignity of Man: A Philosophy
of History and Civilisational Triumph, Geneva Centre for
Security Policy
[21] Philosophical Look at Human Existence, Mrs Smiths
Classroom, May 21, 2011
[23] Sustainable History and the Dignity of Man Review by
Norm Goldman, Bookpleasures.com, July 9, 2010
4.6 External links

Nayef Al-Rodhans personal webpage
Chapter 5
Daniel Barben
Reexive Governance. In: David H. Guston (Ed.):
Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Society, Vol. 2.
Thousand Oaks, Cal. 2010: Sage Reference, 654655.
Daniel Barben (born June 10, 1961 in Zurich,

Switzerland) is professor of Science, Technology and Society Studies at the Institute of Science, Technology and
Society Studies at Alpen-Adria-Universitt Klagenfurt.
Social Science. In: David H. Guston (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Society, Vol.2. Thousand Oaks, Cal. 2010: Sage Reference, 724-726.
5.1 Background
Glossary of Nanoscale Science and Engineering.

In: David H. Guston (Ed.): Encyclopedia of
Nanoscience and Society, Vol. 2. Thousand Oaks,
Cal. 2010: Sage Reference, 803-809.
Barben studied Sociology, Psychology, Political Science

and Philosophy at Freie Universitt Berlin from 1982 to
1989. He gained his doctorate at the Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Potsdam in
1995. He habilitated at the Department of Political and
Social Sciences, FU Berlin, in 2004. From April 2010
to December 2013 he held a chair of futures studies at
the Institute of Political Science at Aachen University
RWTH Aachen.
Reexive Governance toward Sustainable Development: Combining Deliberation, Anticipation, and

Transformation. Talk. 1st European Conference
on Sustainability Transitions: Dynamics and Governance of Transitions to Sustainability, Amsterdam,
The Netherlands.
Since 2014 he holds a chair of Science, Technology and

Society Studies at Alpen-Adria-Universitt Klagenfurt.
His main elds of research are the interdependencies between processes of technical and social changes facing
global problems in health, nutrition, energy, mobility, demography and climate matters.
Security, Identication, and Citizenship: The Conguration of Biometrics in National and Transnational Contexts. Poster presentation. Gordon Research Conference on Governing Emerging Technologies, Big Sky, MT.
Anticipatory Governance of Nanotechnology: Foresight, Engagement, and Integration. In: Edward J.
Hackett, Olga Amsterdamska, Michael E. Lynch,
Judy Wajcman (Eds.): Handbook of Science and
Technology Studies, Third Edition. Cambridge,
Mass. 2008: MIT Press, 979-1000.
5.2 Selected publications

Converging Technologies, Transhumanism, and Future Society. In: Hava Tirosh-Samuelson, Kenneth
Mossman (Ed.): Building a Better Human? Refocusing the Debate on Transhumanism. Frankfurt/M., Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford,
Wien 2012: Peter Lang, 379-396.
Analyzing Acceptance Politics: Towards an Epistemological Shift in the Public Understanding of Science and Technology. In: Public Understanding
of Science, 19(3), May 2010, 274-292 (rst published online as doi:10.1177/0963662509335459,
June 26, 2009).
Acceptance Politics. In: David H. Guston (Ed.):

Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Society, Vol. 1.
Thousand Oaks, Cal. 2010: Sage Reference, 4-5.
Anticipatory Governance. In: David H. Guston
(Ed.): Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Society,
Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks, Cal. 2010: Sage Reference, 17-18.
5.3 References
Innovation. In: David H. Guston (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Society, Vol. 1. Thousand
Oaks, Cal. 2010: Sage Reference, 335-337.
21
Chapter 6
Ravi Batra
Raveendra Nath "Ravi" Batra (born June 27, 1943),[2]
is an Indian-American economist, author, and professor
at Southern Methodist University. Batra is the author
of six international bestsellers, two of which appeared
on The New York Times Best Seller list, with one (The
Great Depression of 1990) reaching #1 in late 1987. His
books center on the main thesis that nancial capitalism breeds excessive inequality and political corruption
which inevitably succumbs to nancial crisis and economic depression.[3] In his works, Batra proposes an equitable distribution system known as Progressive Utilization
Theory (PROUT) as a means to not only ensure material
welfare but also to secure the ability of all to develop a
full personality.
6.3 Novel ideas
In 1963, Batra met his mentor, P.R. Sarkar (19211990),

also known as Shrii Shrii Anandamurti to disciples of
the socio-spiritual movement Ananda Marga (Path of
Bliss), and after establishing himself in his chosen eld,
he decided to branch out by contributing to his mentors
work.[4] In 1978, he published a novel book The Downfall of Capitalism and Communism: A New Study of History, where he turned his gaze from theoretical economics
to history. In the book Batra promoted the Social cycle
theory of his spiritual mentor, Sarkar, based on an analysis of four distinct classes with dierent psychological
preferences or endowments. At the same time, Batra has
Ravi Batra has appeared on CBS, NBC, CNN, ABC, and theorised that economic inequality aects economic perCNBC and has been proled in The New York Times,[4] formance and social change.[10] He popularised the conTime,[5] and Newsweek.[6] Since the nancial crisis, Batra cept of the share of wealth held by richest 1%", as an
has been a frequent guest on radio shows[7] and featured indicator of inequality and an important determinant of
depressions.[11]
in numerous publications.[8][9]
6.3.1 Social evolution
6.1 Academic career

Batra obtained his B.A. degree from Punjab University in
1963 and M.A. degree from Delhi School of Economics
in 1965. In 1969 he received his Ph.D. in Economics
from Southern Illinois University. He became Assistant
Professor of Economics at the University of Western Ontario in 1969. He moved to Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas in 1970 to become Assistant Professor of Economics. In 1972, he became Associate Professor and in 1973 he was appointed full Professor of Economics and Head of Department at the age of 30. Prior to
1978 he published advanced theoretical articles and two
books, primarily in the eld of trade theory.[4]
6.2 Spiritual heritage

Batras writings should be considered in terms of the philosophy of his mentor, Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar, who has
had a profound inuence on him.[4]
The main thesis of the book was that the age of

acquisitors, better known as capitalism, was soon to come
to an end in the West. This dramatic change was to be followed by the downfall of the age of commanders in the
Soviet Union, more commonly known as communism.
While his predictions for capitalism to collapse within
a few decades due to rampant inequality and speculation have not come true, his prediction for the collapse
of communism, due to inner stasis and oppression, arrived in 1990, sooner than expected. The key reason that
capitalism, as a self-perpetuating social formation, was
seen to be on an unsustainable path, was the relentless
drive of acquisitors to acquire ever more capital. Over
time, this activity was seen to gain momentum and result in nancial booms and busts. A depression would
then follow and as it came on top of extreme inequality
it would quickly bring social chaos and revolt. As anarchy was not a normal state of aairs, the class of military
leaders would step in the breech and reestablish order and
thereby usher in a new age of commanders. In this context, Batra reviews a prior such social change, which occurred two millennia ago, when the Roman Republic was
22
6.6. RECENT WORKS

transformed into the Roman Empire. At that time slave
uprisings were common but were violently suppressed.
This period became known as the Servile Wars. At the
same time, the military was in ascendancy as the Roman
Army continued to expand the empire. The pivotal gure
in the development was the military leader, Julius Caesar, who wrested control from the Senate by diluting its
membership, but was in turn murdered by the disgruntled Senators. The military class, led by his adopted son
Octavian, cemented the new social order. Batra thinks
such a scenario in the future will refocus the social motivity, away from acquisition of money to a mastery of
technology and physical bravery including the conquest
of space, heralding a new age of commanders in the West.
These ideas contrast starkly with those of thinkers like
Francis Fukuyama who argues in The End of History and
the Last Man that capitalism, as it is based on democracy
and freedom, represents the pinnacle of human social development. For Fukuyama, the collapse of Soviet Communism could have been inevitable, but not that of Capitalism.
6.4 Bestsellers
Main article: The Great Depression of 1990
23
commentator on matters economic and nancial began to
sour. In 1993, Batra received the Ig Nobel Prize in economics.
On September 9, 2007, Batra predicted
A political revolution will take place in
the United States by the end of this decade...by
around 2010. And the revolution could go on
for four or ve years before it is complete. So,
from 2010 to 2016 we could see major changes
in US economy and society. It will be a peaceful revolution and it will bring an end to the rule
of money in society.[14]
6.6 Recent works

In 1993, Batra published The Myth of Free Trade: The
Pooring of America in which he argued that free trade
has enabled the rich to become richer but most people
became poorer. Batra predicted that NAFTA would create unemployment in Mexico and lower wages in America. He urged the breakup of large rms, a raise in taris,
and a drastic cut in defense spending to turn the country
around. In his view, domestic monopolies generate inequality and poverty and global trade damages the industrial base and the global environment.
Ravi Batra is the author of six international bestsellers, In 1998, he published Stock Market Crashes of 1998 and
1999: The Asian Crisis and Your Future. The book
two of which appeared on The New York Times list.
was revisiting the premise of his earlier bestselling work,
In 1980 he published Muslim Civilization and the Crisis
arguing nothing had changed, only the palliative cures
in Iran where he predicted the fall of the Shah and the
of economic policy had become more eective at suprise of a class of intellectuals, or Mullahs, followed by a
pressing the symptoms of nancial capitalism, but not
drawn out war with Iraq. In 1984, he penned what was
cure its underlying illness. He therefore predicted into become his rst bestseller, rst under the title Regucreasing stock market volatility. Again in 1999, he publar Cycles of Money, Ination, Regulation and Depreslished a book The Crash of the Millennium: Surviving
sions. A central theme of this book was that the malthe Coming Inationary Depression, which suggested a
distribution of wealth, which Batra found to be the cause
plunge in stocks. The drop in high-tech stocks in the
of past episodes of nancial speculative manias that were
Spring of 2000 sent a shiver through the global market
followed by a crash and depression. Lester Thurow was
place. However, his critics claimed that since the capitalso impressed that he wrote a preface stating the ideas
ist system remained relatively intact, that he was proven
were novel and brilliant. This book was subsequently
wrong. In 2004, he wrote a new book Greenspans Fraud:
renamed as The Great Depression of 1990. It entered the
How Two Decades of His Policies Have Undermined the
New York Times Best Seller list in the Non-ction cateGlobal Economy where he critically evaluates the polgory in early 1987 and reached #1 later that year.[12]
icy prescriptions of Former Federal Reserve Chief Alan
Greenspan.[15]
6.5 Outcomes of predictions

Batra predicted a full scale depression in the USA in
1990; it did not happen.[13] Batras reputation rose in Europe on account of his correct prediction for the downfall of communism when he was awarded the Medal of
the Italian Senate in 1990. Batra continued to publish
bestselling works in Japan with economic malaise lasting
until the early 2000s. In the USA, however, his sales began to drop and his booming side-line career as a media
In 2008 he published his most recent book, The New

Golden Age: The Coming Revolution against Political
Corruption and Economic Chaos, where he analyzes the
present day economic downturn and the forces behind it.
After some signicant struggle, Batra predicts a swift
and stunning revival of American ideals based on true
democratic principles that will quickly spread around the
world:
The United States does not export much,
but it does export ideas, which today mainly
24
CHAPTER 6. RAVI BATRA

emit hedonism and materialism. A new standard exalting martial qualities and magnanimity will soon replace the currently dominant
American ethos. It will also sound the death
knell for tricklism which is creating poverty
around the world. Americas revolutionary
ideas will quickly captivate the globe; they
will spread like wildre and eradicate poverty
within a generation. The internet will make
sure that the renaissance spreads its fragrance
all over the planet. Verily, for the rst time
in history, there will be a Golden Age.(Pg.
204)[16]
6.7 Bibliography
6.7.1
Books
Batra, Raveendra (1989). Studies in the pure theory of international trade. New York: St. Martins
Press. ISBN 9780312772109.
Batra, Raveendra (1975). The pure theory of international trade under undercertainty. London:
Macmillan. ISBN 9780333165607.
Batra, Raveendra N. (1978). The downfall of capitalism and communism: a new study of history. London: Macmillan. ISBN 9780333216453.
Batra, Raveendra (1989). Regular economic cycles:
money, ination, regulation and depressions. New
York: St. Martins Press. ISBN 9780312032609.
Batra, Raveendra (1987). The great depression of
1990: Why its got to happen - How to protect
yourself. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN
9780671640224.
Batra, Raveendra (1989). Surviving the great depression of 1990: protect your assets and investments and come out on top. New York: Dell Publishing.
ISBN 9780440204619.
Batra, Raveendra (1989). Progressive utilization theory: Prout: an economic solution to poverty in the
Third World. Ermita, Manila, Philippines: Ananda
Marga Publications. ISBN 9789718623077.
Batra, Ravi (1990). The downfall of capitalism and
communism: can capitalism be saved. Dallas, Texas:
Venus Books Distributed by Taylor Pub. Co. ISBN
9780939352098.
Batra, Ravi (1993). The myth of free trade: a plan
for Americas economic revival. New York Toronto
New York: C. Scribners Sons Maxwell Macmillan
Canada Maxwell Macmillan International. ISBN
9780684195926.
Batra, Ravi (1996). The great American deception:

what politicians won't tell you about our economy
and your future. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
ISBN 9780471165569.
Batra, Ravi (1999). The crash of the millennium:
surviving the coming inationary depression. New
York: Harmony Books. ISBN 9780609605127.
Batra, Ravi (2003). Common sense macroeconomics. Richardson, Texas: Liberty Press. ISBN
9780939352869.
Batra, Ravi (2005). Greenspans fraud: how two
decades of his policies have undermined the global
economy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN
9781403968593.
Batra, Ravi (2007). The new golden age: the coming
revolution against political corruption and economic
chaos. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN
9781403975799.
Batra, Ravi (2015). End unemployment now: how
to eliminate joblessness, debt, and poverty despite
congress. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN
9781137280077.
6.7.2 Journal articles

Batra, Raveendra N.; Pattanaik, Prasanta K.
(October 1972).
On some suggestions for
having non-binary social choice functions.
Theory and Decision (Springer) 3 (1): 111.
doi:10.1007/BF00139349.
Batra, Ravi; Beladi, Hamid (September 2013).
The US trade decit and the rate of interest. Review of International Economics (Wiley Online) 21
(4): 614626. doi:10.1111/roie.12059.
Batra, Ravi; Beladi, Hamid (November 2013).
Foreign capital and urban congestion in
Review of Development
emerging markets.
Economics (Wiley Online) 17 (4): 676684.
doi:10.1111/rode.12058.
6.8 See also

Free trade controversy
Law of Social Cycle
Progressive utilization theory
6.9 References
[1] Economic crises, the Turing Test, and the Igs. Improbable research. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
[2] Batra, Raveendra N.. Library of Congress. Retrieved
25 September 2014. data sheet (b. 6/27/43)"
[3] Jay Taylor (1999). The Crash of the Millennium. USA
Gold. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
[4] Hayes, Thomas C. (1987-08-30).
DEPRESSION
GURU: RAVI BATRA; Economist or Mystic?". New
York Times. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
[5] From Boom to Doom?". Time magazine. 1987-08-24.
Retrieved 2011-08-01.
[6] The Trashing Of Free Trade. Newsweek magazine.
1993-07-11. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
[7] Dr Ravi Batra : Prole & Bio. Thom Hartman. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
[8] Kendall Anderson (2008-12-17). Prophet of Boom (and
Bust) Now will they listen to Ravi Batra?". Fort Worth
Weekly. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
[9] Gayle Reaves (2010-06-02). The U.S. Economy: Still a
House of Cards. Fort Worth Weekly. Retrieved 201108-01.
[10] Ravi Batra. Regular economic cycles : money, ination,
regulation and depressions, Venus Books, 1985. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
[11] McDowell, Edwin (1988-01-06). Best Sellers From
1987s Book Crop. New York Times. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
[12] Edwin McDowell (January 6, 1988). Best Sellers From
1987s Book Crop. New York Times. Retrieved January
10, 2012.
[13] Kevin J. Stiroh and Christopher Metli (April 2003). Now
and Then: The Evolution of Loan Quality for U.S. Banks,
Volume 9, Number 4. Federal Reserve Bank of New
York. Retrieved January 10, 2012.
[14] Why Ravi Batra is My Kind of Kick-Ass Economist for
the 99%!". C4CHAOS blog. November 14, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
[15] Tango Korrupti. Fonds Exklusiv. 2010-05-27. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
[16] The New Golden Age: The Coming Revolution against
Political Corruption and Economic Chaos.
Amazon.com.
6.10 External links

Ocial website
Southern Methodist University
25
Chapter 7
Gaston Berger
Gaston Berger (French: [be]; 1 October 1896
13 November 1960) was a French futurist but also an
industrialist, a philosopher and a state manager. He
is mainly known for his remarkably lucid analysis of
Edmund Husserl's phenomenology and for his studies on
the character structure.
Berger was born in Saint-Louis, Senegal. He received his
primary and part of his secondary education in Perpignan, France, and had to take up a position in an industrial rm . After having performed his military duties in
world war I, he became an associate of the owner of the
rm. Berger decided to continue his studies. He worked
with Rene Le Senne and passed his baccalaureat. He
then enrolled in the university of Aix-en-Provence where
he studied philosophy under Maurice Blondel. Having
passed his licence, he obtained a diploma dEtudes Superieures with a thesis on the Relations between the conditions of intelligibility on the one hand and the problem of contingency on the other hand. In 1926 Berger
founded with some friends the Societe de Philosophie
du Sud-est and its periodical Les Etudes Philosophiques.
In 1938 he organized the rst Congress of French Language Societies of Philosophy. In 1941 he submitted his
two theses de doctorat dEtat, the rst entitled Investigations on the conditions of Knowledge. Essay of Pure
Knowledge, the second The Cogito in Husserls philosophy. Berger then left his industrial rm and became rst
a 'Charg de Cours, then a 'Maitre de Conferences for
philosophy at the University of Aix-en Provence. In 1944
he became full professor. In 1949 he became secretary
general of the Fulbright Commission, in charge of the cultural relations between France and the United States.
homonym centre with Andr Gros. This same year

he created the Institut national des sciences appliques
(INSA) of Lyon with the rector Capelle.
He was the father of the French choreographer Maurice
Bjart (19272007). The university of Saint-Louis,
Senegal, where he was born is named after him.
7.1 Main works

Recherches sur les conditions de la connaissance,
Paris, PUF, 1941
Le Cogito dans la philosophie de Husserl, Paris,
Aubier, 1941
Trait pratique danalyse du caractre, Paris, PUF,
1950
Questionnaire caractrologique, PUF, Paris, 1950
Caractre et personnalit, Paris, PUF, 1954
7.2 External links
After managing a fertilizer plant during the 1930s, he

created in Paris the Centre Universitaire International et
des Centres de Prospective and directed the philosophical
studies (tudes philosophiques). The term prospective,
invented by Gaston Berger, is the study of the possible
futures.
From 1953 to 1960 he was in charge of the tertiary education at the Minister of National Education and modernised the French universities system. He was elected at
the Acadmie des Sciences Morales et Politiques in 1955.
In 1957 he founded the journal Prospective and the
26
Biography in French
Gaston Berger philosophe et homme d'action in
French
Chapter 8
Adrian Berry, 4th Viscount Camrose

Adrian Michael Berry, 4th Viscount Camrose (born
15 June 1937) is a British journalist, writer, and nobleman.
8.2 Sources
ThePeerage.com
Adrian Berry was educated at Eton College and Christ

Church, Oxford.
From 1977 until 1996 he was science correspondent of
The Daily Telegraph and on stepping down from that position he became the papers consulting editor (science).
He is a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, a
Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, and a Fellow
of the British Interplanetary Society.
Debretts People of Today (12th edn, London: Debretts Peerage, 1999), p. 157
Adrian Berrys personal website
8.3 External links
In 1967, he married Marina Beatrice Sulzberger, daughter of Cyrus Sulzberger (a member of the family which
owns the New York Times) and Marina Tatiana Ladas.
8.1 Publications
The next ten thousand years: a vision of mans future
in the universes (London: Cape, 1974), ISBN 0-34019924-5
The iron sun: crossing the universe through black
holes (London: Cape, 1977), ISBN 0-340-23231-5
From apes to astronauts (London: Daily Telegraph,
1980), ISBN 0-901684-60-0
High skies and yellow rain (London: Daily Telegraph, 1983)
The super-intelligent machine: an electronic odyssey
(London: Cape, 1983), ISBN 0-224-01967-8
The Next 500 Years (London: Headline, 1995),
ISBN 0-7472-4395-6
Ice With Your Evolution (1986), ISBN 0-245-543945
Galileo and the dolphins: amazing but true stories
from science (London: B.T. Batsford, 1996), ISBN
0-7134-8067-X
The giant leap: mankind heads for the stars (London: Headline, 1999; rev. edn, London: Headline,
2000), ISBN 0-7472-1977-X
27
Adrian Berry at the Internet Speculative Fiction

Database
Chapter 9
James Canton
James Canton (born April 29, 1951) is a futurist, author, entrepreneur, CEO & Chairman of the Institute for
Global Futures. He forecasts global trends in business,
technology, globalization, trade, health care, population,
science, climate, workforce and security. He is noted
for his keynote presentations and consulting with organizations, assisting them to better understand and benet from complex change and opportunities in technology, energy, medicine, nance, climate, population, entertainment, security and media. He also assists clients in
creating global alliances, investments, strategy and in developing new products or services. He has worked with
the leading organizations in the world including IBM,
General Mills, Delliotte, Fedex, General Electric, Apple, Phillips, Seimans, Cisco, McKinsey, Tata, Pepsi, Fujitsu, Sony, Pzer and the US Department of Defense.
He has advised three White House administrations, the
National Science Foundation, American Association for
the Advancement of Science, and the National Science
and Technology Council.Dr. Canton is the co-developer
of Trend Trakker, a network based forecasting platform
that analyzes and tracks trends, innovations, threats and
global risks. Dr. Canton received his Ph.D. in Management and social science from the Union Institute &
University in 1982. His thesis was on Global Systems
and High Technology Organizations which he completed
while working at Apple Computer. He was born and
raised in New York City area.
Strategic Planning Executive at Apple Computer, Inc.,

in 1981, where he worked on the introduction of the
Macintosh Computer, articial intelligence and next generation computing applications for business, medicine
and science. He held a number of positions in global investment banking (Swiss Occidental AG), high technology (Ultimate Media Corp) and trade nance (Oxynet)
from 1985-1990. In 1990, he founded the Institute for
Global Futures, a San Francisco based think tank that advises on business strategy and forecasts innovations and
trends for global companies and governments. Starting
with IT innovations he expanded the practice to include
other technologies such as life sciences and telecommunications but also other trend domainsclimate, energy,
workforce, population, security and medicine. He developed a Trend Convergence Model which is used today for
forecasting.
Having identied the Internet, before the web, as a major disruptive innovation in the 1980s Dr. Canton become recognized for his insights into the key trends that
will shape the future. Dr. Canton participated in the
early projects to identify the social and business impact of advanced technologies on the global economy
nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology,
telecommunications, neurotechnology and quantum technology. As a serial entrepreneur, he started ve companies working on early developments in virtual reality,
media, avatars, articial intelligence, e-commerce, Voice
Dr. Canton studied and worked with the noted fu- Over IP telephony, software as services, cloud computturist and author of Future Shock Alvin Toer at the ing, data science and digital transactions.
Anticipatory Democracy Network. This was a project He was an Adviser appointed to the National Science
designed to incorporate foresight and strategic planning and Technology Council on nanoscience, nanoengineerinto government. He was Executive Director and founder ing and nanotechnology in his work with the National Sciof the Health Policy Council, a health policy think tank ence Foundation in the National Nanotechnology Initiahe founded and lead from 197679, while serving as an
tive in 2003.[1] He was the rst private sector adviser to
adviser to the United States Department of Health and the National Science Foundation on nanoscience, nanoHuman Services working on wellness, prevention health
engineering and nanotechnology. He served on the adpolicy and strategic planning. This was an early ef- visory board of MITs Media Lab Europe where he adfort to transform the health care system by introducing
vised on the futures research projects involving emerging
prevention policy and led to the wellness revolution. Dr. technologies.[2] He was a Fellow at the Knowledge InnoCanton served on the California Governors Council on
vation Network at the Kellogg School of Management,
Wellness and was appointed Chairman, The Work and Northwestern University from 2009-2011.
Health Task Force, Wellness Council.
Dr. Canton is an Adviser Emeritus of the International
Dr. Canton joined Apple Computer as Business and Advisory Council, Economic Development Board (EDB)
28
9.1. BOOKS
for the State of Singapore. Dr. Canton serves on the
Corporate Eco-Forum Advisory Board where he advises
on global business strategy and future trends aecting
business and environmental sustainability.[3] He was an
Academic Fellow at the Center for Neurotechnology, Potomac Institute for Policy Studies where his interest is in
forecasting the emerging NeuroFuture and developments
in neuroscience.
He was the founding Co-Chairman of the Futures and
Forecasting Track for NASA and Google sponsored
Singularity University, a graduate school focused on
the convergence of exponential technologies and future
trends aecting grand challenges: population, energy, climate, security and health care.[4] He is the founder of
FutureLab, a traveling virtual and showcase on innovation
and advanced technologies that teaches youth about the
future of science and education. Dr. Canton is a director
serving on boards of a number of companies supporting
innovation in education, nance, clean tech, life sciences,
media and telecommunications including SLFC, IKOR
inc. and IGF.
Dr. Canton books have been translated into seven languages and have chronicled from 1998 many of the innovations that have shaped our world today. He is the author of three books Technofutures, The Extreme Future
and the forthcoming Future Smart: The Game Changing Trends that will Transform Your World. He has been
recognized by the Economist Magazine for his forecasts.
CNN dubbed him the Digital Guru and Yahoo named
him Dr. Future. Mike Wallace of CBSs 60 Minutes
proled, him as one of the worlds greatest minds in his
book, 50 Years From Today, Thomas Nelson, 2008. He
is a frequent commentator on CNN, MSNBC and Fox
where he reports on the global trends that are shaping the
future of our lives, work and society. He has been interviewed at Forbes, Fortune, the NY Times and the Wall
Street Journal and been featured by the Discovery Channel in a documentary on the future.
He is also a producer and writer of innovative new
media. He produced the award winning lm series
The Time Travelers, http://www.ourtimetravelers.com/
p/about.html Winner Los Angeles Film Awards and was
the producer for NanoDoc, the rst interactive game on
nano science which won the How Design Award for leading interactive media.
Current interests include: Innovation cultures, how business can be more predictive, entrepreneurship, the social enterprise, Big Data science, complexity and social networks, emergent smart machines and robots,
strong AI, quantum computing, innovation economics,
predictive analytics, simulation, mixed reality media,
supermaterials, neuromarketing, synthetic biology, cloud
computing and geo-engineering.
29
9.1 Books
Technofutures: How Leading-Edge Innovations
Will Transform Business in the 21st Century (2004)
Next Millennium Press ISBN 0-9761081-0-0
The Extreme Future: The Top Trends That Will Reshape the World in the Next 20 Years (2006) Dutton
ISBN 0-525-94938-0
9.2 Articles & Research

The Strategic Impact of Nanotechnology on the Future of Business and Economics, published in Societal Implications of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Kluwer, 2001
The Impact of Convergent Technologies and the
Future of Business and the Economy, Converging
Technologies for Improving Human Performance:
Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, Information Technology and Cognitive Science, Springer, 2003
Designing the Future: Nano-Bio-Info-Cognitive
Technologies and Human Performance Enhancement published in The Coevolution of Human Potential and the Converging Technologies, New York
Academy of Sciences Annals, 2004, Volume 1013
The Emerging Nanoeconomy: Key Drivers, Challenges and Opportunities, published in Nanotechnology: Societal Implications I Maximizing Benets for Humanity, Springer, 2006
NBIC Convergent Technologies and the Innovation Economy: Challenges and Opportunities for
the 21st Century, published in Managing Nano-BioInfo-Cogno Innovations: Converging Technologies
in Society, Springer, 2006
The Future of Nanoenergy: Meeting the 21st Century Challenge, primary research on the top trends
that will shape the future of alternative energy conducted and published by the Institute for Global Futures, 2004
Americas Youth Look to the Future, primary research on what Americas youth, 16- to 24-yearolds, think about the future of leadership, careers,
money, and education, conducted by Institute for
Global Futures, 2003
The Extreme Future of Megacities, published by the
Royal Statistical Society, 2011
The Global Futures Forecast, published by the Institute for Global Futures, 2011
30
9.3 References
[1] Nanotechnology Initiative
[2] Media Lab Europe Advisory Board
[3] Corporate Eco-Forum Advisory Board
[4] Singularity University Advisers
9.4 External links

Dr. Cantons Ocial Site
FutureLab: The Innovation Expo
Future of Nanoenergy Executive Summary
Forbes Video Interview on The Extreme Future
Trend Trakker - Geo-Spatial Data Mining Tool
Americas Youth Look to the Future Key Findings
Corporate Eco Forum
Singularity University
Twitter ID @futureguru
http://www.ourtimetravelers.com/p/about.html
CHAPTER 9. JAMES CANTON
Chapter 10
Jim Carroll (author)

For other people of the same name, see Jim Carroll
(disambiguation).
Jim Carroll
expert.[2]
[1]
is a futurist and trends and innovation
[8] Fresh Summit 2010 Web site

[9] Catch the VIBE: VIBE 2010 conference site
[10] 94th PGA AGM Fact Sheet from PGA.com site
[11] DMTI Spatial Inc. Announces Futurist, Trends and In-
novation Expert Jim Carroll to Speak at Annual Customer

Carroll has headlined events worldwide, including the
[3]
Conference, Expedition 2010
CSC Executive Interchange, the Consumer Goods &
[4]
Technology Innovation Congress, Swiss Innovation Fo- [12] http://www.jimcarroll.com/books
rum, the 4th World HealthCare Innovation and Technology Congress, the Bombardier Operators Conference
and Tradeshow,[5] the 2010 Consumer Electronics Association CEO Summit in Ojai, California;[6] the Corenet
Global Summit in New Orleans;[7] the Produce Marketing Association Fresh Summit in Orlando;[8] the VIBE
(Very Important Beverage Executives) 2010 conference
in Las Vegas;[9] and the opening speaker for the 94th Annual General Meeting of the PGA - Professional Golf Association of America in 2010.[10] He speaks on a wide
variety of topics, including technology, business model
change, innovation, and global challenges and growth.[11]
He is the author of books, including The Future Belongs

To Those Who Are Fast, Ready, Set, Done: How to Innovate When Faster is the New Fast, and What I Learned
from Frogs in Texas: Saving Your Skin with Forward
Thinking Innovation.[12]
10.1 References
[1] http://www.jimcarroll.com
[2] Jim Carroll at his agents (Washington Speakers Bureau)
website
[3] CSC Executive Interchange
[4] Consumer Goods & Technology Innovation Congress
[5] http://events.aero.bombardier.com/BCA/
OperatorsConference/Overview
[6] , Consumer Electronics Association Web site. Keynote
topic: Brand Innovation in the Era of Twitter
[7]
Produce Marketing Association conference Web site;

Keynote topic: Moving Out of the Meltdown
31
Chapter 11
Gerald Celente
Gerald Celente (born November 29, 1946) is an
American trend forecaster,[1][2] publisher of the Trends
Journal, business consultant[3] and author who makes
predictions about the global nancial markets and other
events of historical importance. Celente has described
himself as a political atheist and citizen of the
world.[4] He has appeared as a guest on media outlets such as CNN, The Oprah Winfrey Show, The Today Show, Good Morning America, CBS Morning News,
The Glenn Beck Show, NBC Nightly News, The Alex Jones
Show, Coast to Coast AM and Russia Today.[5][6][7]
11.1 Background
Celente was born in The Bronx, New York City, New
York. He had early political experience running a mayoral campaign in Yonkers, New York and served as executive assistant to the secretary of the New York State
Senate. From 1973 to 1979 Celente traveled between
Chicago and Washington D.C. as a government aairs
specialist.[8] In 1980 Celente founded The Trends Research Institute (at rst called the Socio-Economic Research Institute of America), now located in Kingston,
New York, publisher of the Trends Journal which forecasts and analyzes business, socioeconomic, political, and
other trends.[9]
11.2 Criticism
Critics of Celente have accused him of claiming successful predictions based on vague language and operating
on his hunches.[10] Critics have argued, for example, that
while he claims to have correctly predicted everything
from the fall of the Soviet Union to impending recessions,
an empirical review suggests that overall his predictions
are frequently wrong,[11] citing predictions of everything
from the resignation of Ronald Reagan to a 2012 Economic 9/11 that he predicted would be equal to or worse
than the Great Depression, marked by food riots, squatter rebellions, tax revolts and job marches.[12]
11.3 Forecasting
His forecasts since 1993[13] have included predictions
about terrorism, economic collapses and war. More recent forecasts involve fascism in the United States, food
riots and tax revolts.[3][14][15][16][17][18] Celente has long
predicted global anti-Americanism, a failing economy
and immigration woes in the U.S.[14] In December 2007
Celente wrote, Failing banks, busted brokerages, toppled corporate giants, bankrupt cities, states in default,
foreign creditors cashing out of US securities ... whatever the spark, the stage is set for panic in the streets and
Just as the Twin Towers collapsed from the top down,
so too will the U.S. economy ... when the giant rms fall,
theyll crush the man on the street. He has also predicted
tax revolts.[19][20] In November 2008 Celente appeared on
Fox Business Network and predicted economic depression, tax rebellions and food riots in the United States by
2012.[21] Celente also predicted an economic 9/11 and
a panic of 2008.[22]
In 2009 Celente predicted turmoil which he described
as Obamageddon, and he was a popular guest on conservative cable-TV shows such as Fox News Sunday and
Glenn Beck's television program.[6] In April 2009 Celente wrote, Wall Street controls our nancial lives; the
media manipulates our minds. These systems cannot be
changed from within. There is no alternative. Without
a revolution, these institutions will bankrupt the country, keep ghting failed wars, start new ones, and hold
us in perpetual intellectual subjugation.[23] He appeared
on the Glenn Beck show and criticized the U.S. stimulus
plan of 2009, calling government controlled capitalism
"fascism" and saying shopping malls in the U.S. would
become ghost malls.[24] Celente has said, smaller communities, the smaller groups, the smaller states, the more
self-sustaining communities, will 'weather the crisis in
style' as big cities and hypertrophic suburbias descend
into misery and conict, and forecasts a downsizing of
America.[17]
Hugo Lindgren and ABC News have labelled Celentes
predictions "pessimism porn" for their doom and the
alleged eschatological thrill some people receive from
imagining his predictions of the collapse of civil society
in the wake of a global economic crisis.[25][26]
32
11.3. FORECASTING
11.3.1
33
Revolution in the USA
also melted down and the situation is very bad outside the U.S. (T.J. Summer 08, pg. 1) The advanced inOn Russia Today, he predicted that the USA would face dustrial economies collapse rst, and their sagging consumer spending drags down the export-based economies
a revolution.[27]
of emerging economies next.(T.J. Summer 09, pg. 2) The
economy is as bad as it was during the Great Depression
in many ways. In spite of all this, the U.S. government,
11.3.2 Neosurvivalism
power elites, and mainstream media continue to insist that
the fundamentals of the world economy are sound, and
Celentes website has stated that:
that ocial policies can lead to a recovery. A growing
number of average people, however, doubt this. (T.J.
Summer 08, pg. 1)
11.3.3 Predictions
While the Mayan and Hopi prophecies of global destruction do not come to pass, 2012 is indeed a watershed year
that sees the death of an ailing and unsustainable global
The Crash of '09 was as dramatic as the crash of '29. The economic system and lifestyle and its replacement with
New Depression had begun. (Trends Journal, Summer something better. (T.J. Summer 08, pg. 2)
2008, pg. 12)
By 2012, Obama is viewed by most as a stale president
who sold himself as a fresh, visionary candidate in 2008
and instead proved to be a servant of the big corpora2010
tions and the military-industrial complex like his predeSome areas of the U.S. are experiencing resurgences in cessors.(T.J. Summer 09, pg. 5) His economic policies
real estate values due to highly localized factors, and some only delayed disaster and in fact have made the situainvestors prot from this. However, the rises will almost tion worse: Expansionary monetary policy and the varall stop and reverse with time, and the overall national ious government bailouts and stimulus programs create a
trend in real estate values is downward. (T.J. Summer Bailout Bubble that invariably bursts in a cataclysm for
the U.S. and world economy.(T.J. Summer 09, pg. 11)
08, pg. 8)
Obama blames other factors for this and might have even
Ghost malls have become a common sight across Amer- tried to start a war by 2012 to distract attention from the
ica. Especially hard-hit are big chain stores (Sears, Home domestic misery.(T.J. Summer 09, pg. 12) Obamas forDepot, etc.). (T.J. Summer 08, pg. 8)
eign policy has also failed to accomplish anything significant on the world stage, and Pakistan is a mess and the
Afghan war continues to drag on without hope of conclu2011
sion.(T.J. Summer 09, pg. 12)
2009
Developers have begun rehabbing some of the ghost malls In the 2012 U.S. elections, online news sites, bloggers and
independent journalists wield as much inuence on votfor more productive uses. (T.J. Summer 08, pg. 9)
ers as mainstream media outlets (TV, cable, magazines,
newspapers) for the rst time. This breaks the corporate
and moneyed stranglehold on American politics and al2012
lows a third party to attain nation-level recognition. (T.J.
The economic policies of the U.S. government over the Summer 08, pg. 5)
past few years have failed to x Americas fundamental problems and have merely papered over them and in
fact made them worse. By 2012, the American Empire is collapsing. In the U.S., basic staple goods like
quality food and water are too expensive for most people to aord, (T.J. Summer 08, pg. 1) and food riots
happen across the country (T.J. Summer 09, pg.1). Major American cities look like disaster zones, and mass
homelessness exists across the country. Crime is rampant, with much of it being directed at the rich. (T.J.
Summer 08, pg. 1) Kidnappings and ransomings of rich
people are on the rise. Average people fed up with
big government, high taxes and out-of-control spending
join tax revolts. (T.J. Summer 09, pg. 1) The world
is also experiencing major environmental problems and
the blackest of plagues. The global nancial system has
Broad future trends

Americans will adapt to lower standards of living and
will travel less, both on a daily basis and for vacations.
Higher fuel costs, advances in telecommuting and an aging American population will push many more people
to work from home or close to home. Walking-distance
communities will be constructed and will become popular. (T.J. Summer 08, pg. 7)
Geographically isolated resort destinations like Las Vegas will wither due to higher fuel costs, lower American
incomes and increased overseas competition while vacation spots closer to population centers will revive. (T.J.
Summer 08, pg. 9)
34
CHAPTER 11. GERALD CELENTE
Government-run lotteries, on the other hand, will thrive. [13] http://www.sterlingspeakers.com/celente.htm

(T.J. Summer 08, pg. 9)
[14] Dunn, Brad, "Happy new year, or '01 to forget?", Daily
In America and to a lesser extent overseas, consumer

News Express, 14 December 2000, retrieved 3 August
spending habits will be motivated out of fear and es2009
capism. Businesses that capitalize upon this will succeed.
[15] Kane, Michael, "Gerald Celente trend forecaster knows
(T.J. Summer 09, pg. 24)
which way the wind blows", New York Post, 11 August
2008, retrieved 3 August 2009
11.4 Publications
Trend Tracking: The System to Prot from Todays
Trends (1991), ISBN 978-0446392877
Trends 2000: How to Prepare for and Prot from
the Changes of the 21st Century (1997), ISBN 9780446519014
What Zizi Gave Honeyboy: A True Story about Love,
Wisdom, and the Soul of America (2002), ISBN
978-0066212661
11.5 References
[1] Alderman, Leslie, Seven great businesses for you to start
in 1998 at the Wayback Machine (archived August 13,
2009), money.cnn.com, 15 December 1997, retrieved 3
August 2009
[2] Hopkins, Steve, "Doctor doom - For 2008, Gerald Celente predicts the total collapse of an already damaged
economy", WeeklyBeat.net, 23 February 2009, retrieved
3 August 2009
[3] Naughton, Keith, "Can Toyota Get Its Mojo Back?",
Newsweek, 17 January 2000, retrieved 3 August 2009
[4] trendsresearch.com, Gerald Celente, retrieved 16 August
2009
[5] trendsresearch.com, "TV news", retrieved 16 August 2009
[6] foxnews.com, "Glenn Becks War Room", 23 February
[16] Bader, Jenny Lyn, "Ideas & trends - Forget the millennium. Try to predict one week", New York Times, 26 December 1999, retrieved 3 August 2009
[17] Ketcham, Christopher, "Trends for downsizing the US:
The Bright side of the panic of '08", atlanticfreepress.com,
27 January 2008, retrieved 3 August 2009
[18] McGrath, Ben, "American chronicles - The dystopians"
(p. 41, mentions Celente), New Yorker, 26 January 2009,
retrieved 3 August 2009
[19] Celente, Gerald, Trends journal (scanned print article carried on Celentes website), trendsresearch.com, Winter
[20] Celente, Gerald, Top Trends 2008: Panic and fear Solutions and hope, December 2007, retrieved 5 August 2009
[21] Fox Business Network, (video carried at peoplestar.co.uk), 14 November 2008, retrieved 3 August
2008
[22] De Borchgrave, "Nostradamus redux", Washington Times,
24 November 2008, retrieved 5 August 2009
[23] Celente, Gerald, "Celente calls for 'revolution' as the only
solution", 14 April 2009, retrieved 16 August 2009
[24] Fox TV, Gerald Celente: $2000 gold and the break up of
the US on YouTube, 2 April 2009, retrieved 16 August
2009
[25] Pessimism Porn: A soft spot for hard times, Hugo Lindgren, New York, February 9, 2009; accessed July 8, 2012
[26] Pessimism Porn? Economic Forecasts Get Lurid, Dan
Harris, ABC News, April 9, 2009; accessed July 8, 2012
[27] Video on YouTube
[7] Video on YouTube

[8] Jones, Alex, Alex Jones show, KLBJ (AM), Fascism has
come to America, 9 June 2010.
[9] Thompson, Carolyn, Proting from seeing into future...
Trends translate into predictions of the demands to come,
Saint Louis Post-Dispatch, p. 3D, 19 September 1990
[10] Gerald Celente, Futurist Fraud, Edward Champion, Reluctant Habits Blog, November 13, 2011; accessed March
19, 2014
[11] Gerald Celente, Encyclopedia of American Loons, October 2, 2010; accessed March 19, 2014
[12] Todays forecast: Gloom followed by increasing doom,
Dan Tynan, ComputerWorld, November 15, 2008; accessed March 14, 2014
11.6 External links

trendsresearch.com
geraldcelente.com
Chapter 12
Jim Channon
Jim Channon is a retired Lieutenant Colonel in the
United States Army. Channon is primarily known for creating the First Earth Battalion Operations Manual.[1]
[4] Rose, Frank (October 8, 1990). "http://money.cnn.com/

magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1990/10/08/74156/
index.htm". CNN.
[5] "http://www.wie.org/j32/first-earth.asp".
12.1 The manual

Many of the ideas contained in this and the outcomes
of putting such concepts into practice have been documented by journalist Jon Ronson in his book The Men
Who Stare at Goats. According to Ronsons book, Channon spent time in the 1970s with many of the people
in California credited with starting the human potential
movement, and subsequently wrote an operations manual
for a First Earth Battalion.[2]
[6] Board of Directors. Advisory Board. Veterans Holistic Healthcare Foundation of America. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
12.5 External links
Jim Channon was featured in Fortune magazine as the

business worlds rst corporate shaman.[3][4] He was featured in Omni and other magazine/websites as the founder
of the Armys First Earth Battalion.[5]
12.2 Film
The movie character Bill Django from the 2009 lm The
Men Who Stare at Goats, played by Je Bridges, is based
on Jim Channon.
12.3 Veterans Aairs

Channon was named to the Advisory Board of the Veterans Holistic Healthcare Foundation of America.[6]
12.4 References
[1] Channon, Jim (November 2, 2009). Jim Channon. The
Guardian (London).
[2] Jon Ronson, Men Who Stare at Goats, 2004
[3] "http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_
archive/1990/10/08/74155/index.htm". CNN. October
8, 1990.
35
Arcturus.org
FirstEarthBattalion.org
Social Architecture
New Earth Army
Chapter 13
Erika Cheetham
Erika Cheetham (7 July 1939 3 May 1998[1] ) was an
English medieval scholar best known for her controversial
interpretations of Nostradamus' writings. One source of
controversy being her translations into English in her bestseller The Final Prophesies of Nostradamus containing
some obvious errors.
Genghis Khan's calibre. However, other scholars have argued that this is merely a variant spelling of Angoumois, a
province of western France now known as Charente, and
that d'erayeur was actually supposed to be deraieur,
i.e. one given to appeasement.[2]
13.2.2 Samarobryn
13.1 Early life
The rst word of the third line of Prophties 6:5 has been
variously interpreted as a reference to the USS. Sam RayShe was born Erica Christine Elizabeth McMahon- burn, a ballistic missile submarine, or even to individual
Turner in London. Her parents enrolled her in a convent SAMs, i.e. surface-to-air missiles:[3]
school, from which she was expelled for positing the
non-existence of God. Later while attending St Annes
Si grand Famine par unde pestifere.
College, Oxford, she married James Nicholas Milne
Par pluye longue le long du polle arctique:
Cheetham.[1]
Samarobryn cent lieux de l'hemisphere,
After earning her doctorate (in medieval language) at OxVivront sans loy exempt de pollitique.
ford she worked as a sta writer for the Daily Mail, a
London tabloid. She began translating Les Prophties de
M. Nostradamus in 1963, which culminated in the publi- However, Cheetham dissents again from other Noscation of her rst book The Prophecies of Nostradamus: tradamian scholarsand from herselfby proposing
The Man Who Saw Tomorrow in 1965. This was the basis that Nostradamus derived the word samarobryn either:
for the 1980 Orson Welles lm of the same title.[1]
From the Russian words and [4]
meaning something to the tune of self-operated,
i.e. a self-operating machine in space, 100 leagues
13.2 Positions on specic prophefrom the hemisphere (or atmosphere), living withcies
out law [and] exempt from politics,[3] or:
13.2.1
From the trade names of wonder-drugs Suramin

and Ribavirin.[3] Pondered Cheetham: Perhaps the
remedy for AIDS will be produced in a sterile laboratory circling the Earth?"[5]
Angolmois
Prophties 10:72 is one of Nostradamus most infamous

quatrains:
L'an mil neuf cens nonante neuf sept mois,
13.2.3 Pau, Nay, Loron
Du ciel viendra vn grand Roy d'erayeur:

Cheetham cited quatrains 1:60 and 8:1 of Nostradamus
Prophties as a cryptic reference to Napoleon Bonaparte.
Resusciter le grand Roy d'Angolmois,

Avant que Mars regner par bonheur.
Un Empereur naistra pres d'Italie,

Cheetham interpreted Angolmois as a cryptic anagram
for "Mongols", predicting the rise (circa mid-1999) of
an Antichristostensibly the third such gure (after
Napoleon and Hitler)a tyrant (king of terror) of
36
Qui l'Empire sera vendu bien cher,

Diront avec quels gens il se ralie
Qu'on trouvera moins prince que boucher.
13.3. BIBLIOGRAPHY
37
PAU, NAY, LORON plus feu qu'a sang sera,
Nouvelle loy terre neufve occuper,
Laude nager, fuir grand aux surrez:
Vers la Syrie, Jude et Palestine:
Les agassas entree refusera,
Le grand empire barbare corruer,
Pampon, Durance les tiendra enferrez.
Avant que Phoebus son siecle determine.
Whilst the uppercase letters (preserved from Nos- This prophecy, according to Cheetham, predicts the estradamus original) may suggest a deeper meaning, scep- tablishment of the modern State of Israel.[11]
tics will note the mutual proximity of the Aquitainian
villages Pau, Nay, and Oloron (in southwestern France),
which form a small triangle not 70 kilometres (43 mi)
13.3 Bibliography
about.[6][7] Though more esoteric interpretations have
pegged this region more re than blood as a future nu Cheetham, Erika (1965). The Prophecies of Nosclear waste site,[8] Cheethams observation was that the
tradamus: The Man Who Saw Tomorrow. Corgi
capitalised letters can be arranged to spell something like
Books. ISBN 0-399-50345-5.
NAYPAULORON, i.e. Napoleon. Singer-songwriter
and hist-rock pioneer Al Stewart also favoured this in Cheetham, Erika (1985). The Further Prophecies
terpretation in his 1974 song "Nostradamus", wherein he
of Nostradamus: 1985 and Beyond. Perigee Press.
deliberately pronounces and spells Bonapartes name in a
ISBN 0-399-51121-0.
[9]
similar idiosyncratic manner.
Cheetham, Erika (1989). The Final Prophecies of
An emperor of France shall rise who will be
Nostradamus. Perigee Press. ISBN 0-399-51516born near Italy
X.
His rule cost his empire dear, Napoloron [sic]
his name shall be
13.2.4
Hister
Main article: Hister

Prophties 2:24:
Bestes farouches de faim euves tranner :
Plus part du champ encontre Hister sera,
En caige de fer le grand fera treisner,
Quand rien enfant de Germain observera.
Cheetham interpreted this as a reference to Adolf Hitler,
the child of Germany [who] obeys [no law]". This conclusion disregards Hitlers Austrian heritage and the Latin
use of Hister (derived from the MilesianGreek settlement of Histria in ancient Thrace, and in turn from the
Scythian river-god /Istros) to refer to the Lower
Danube.[10] Nonetheless this too is preserved in Stewarts
lyrics:[9]
One named Hister shall become a captain of
Greater Germany
No Law does this man observe and bloody his
rise and fall shall be
13.2.5
Israel
Prophties 3:97:
13.4 Notes
[1] Noble, Holcomb B (8 June 1998). Erika Cheetham Dies
at 58; An Expert on Nostradamus. The New York Times.
p. B-11. Archived from the original on 20 June 2009.
Retrieved 19 June 2009.
[2] Wilson, Ian (2007). Nostradamus: The Man Behind the
Prophecies. Macmillan & Co. p. 282. ISBN 0-31231791-3.
[3] Prophet, Elizabeth Clare; Spadaro, Patricia R.; Steinman, Murray L. (1999). Saint Germains Prophecy for the
New Millennium: Includes Dramatic Prophecies from Nostradamus, Edgar Cayce and Mother Mary. Summit University Press. pp. 5657. ISBN 0-922729-45-X.
[4] " """.
nostradam.ru. 7 January 2009. Archived from the original
on 21 June 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2009.
[5] Cheetham, Erika (1 July 1989). The Final Prophecies of
Nostradamus. Perigee Press. p. 263. ISBN 0-399-51516X.
[6] Welch, R.W (2000). Comet of Nostradamus: August 2004
Impact!. Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 232. ISBN 1-56718816-8.
[7] See also Google Maps
[8] Webber, Allan (6 July 2007). Anagrams, Code in
Nostradamus Prophecies + nuclear disaster predictions.
Adelaide. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
[9] Stewart, Al (1974). Nostradamus (Media notes). Stewart,
Al. Arista Records.
38
[10] Carroll, Robert Todd (2003). The skeptics dictionary: a

collection of strange beliefs, amusing deceptions, and dangerous delusions. John Wiley and Sons. p. 261. ISBN
0-471-27242-6.
[11] Ovason, David (2002). The Secrets of Nostradamus: A
Radical New Interpretation of the Masters Prophecies.
HarperCollins. pp. 113115. ISBN 0-06-008439-1.
CHAPTER 13. ERIKA CHEETHAM
Chapter 14
Arthur C. Clarke
Arthur Clarke redirects here.
Arthur Clarke (disambiguation).
For other uses, see
14.1 Biography
14.1.1 Early years
Sir Arthur Charles Clarke, CBE, FRAS (Sri Lankabhimanya Arthur Charles Clarke) (16 December 1917
19 March 2008) was a British science ction writer, science writer and futurist,[3] inventor, undersea explorer,
and television series host.[4]
Clarke was born in Minehead, Somerset, England and

grew up in nearby Bishops Lydeard. As a boy, he grew up
on a farm enjoying stargazing and reading old American
science ction pulp magazines. After secondary educaHe is perhaps most famous for being co-writer of the tion at Huish Grammar school in Taunton, and moving to
he joined the Board of Education as a
screenplay for the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey, widely London in 1936 [18]
pensions
auditor.
considered to be one of the most inuential lms of all
time.[5][6] His other science ction writings earned him a
number of Hugo and Nebula awards, along with a large
14.1.2 World War II
readership, making him into one of the towering gures
of the eld. For many years he, Robert Heinlein, and
During World War II from 1941 to 1946 he served in
Isaac Asimov were known as the Big Three of science
the Royal Air Force as a radar specialist and was inction.[7]
volved in the early warning radar defence system, which
Clarke was a lifelong proponent of space travel. In 1934 contributed to the RAFs success during the Battle of
while still a teenager, he joined the British Interplanetary Britain. Clarke spent most of his wartime service workSociety. In 1945, he proposed a satellite communication ing on Ground Controlled Approach (GCA) radar, as
system[8] --an idea that, in 1963, won him the Franklin documented in the semi-autobiographical Glide Path, his
Institute's Stuart Ballantine Medal[9] and other honors.[10] only non-science-ction novel. Although GCA did not
Later he was the chairman of the British Interplanetary see much practical use during the war, it proved vital to
Society from 194647 and again in 195153.[11]
the Berlin Airlift of 19481949 after several years of deClarke was a science writer, who was both an avid pop- velopment. Clarke initially served in the ranks, and was a
ulariser of space travel and a futurist of uncanny ability, corporal instructor on radar at No. 2 Radio School, RAF
as a Pilot
and wrote over a dozen books and many essays (which ap- Yatesbury in Wiltshire. He was commissioned
[19]
Ocer
(Technical
Branch)
on
27
May
1943.
He was
peared in various popular magazines) on these subjects.
[20]
promoted
Flying
Ocer
on
27
November
1943.
He
In 1961 he was awarded a Kalinga Prize, an award which
RAF
Honiley
was
appointed
chief
training
instructor
at
is given by UNESCO for popularizing science. These
along with his science ction writings, eventually earned in Warwickshire and was demobilised with the rank of
ight lieutenant.
him the moniker Prophet of the Space Age.[12]
Clarke emigrated to Sri Lanka in 1956, largely to pursue
his interest in scuba diving.[13] That year he discovered 14.1.3 Postwar
the underwater ruins of the ancient Koneswaram temple
in Trincomalee.
After the war he attained a rst-class degree in mathemat[21]
After
Clarke augmented his fame later on in the 1980s, by be- ics and physics from Kings College London, .
this
he
worked
as
Assistant
Editor
at
Physics
Abstracts.
ing the host of several television shows such as Arthur C.
Clarke then served as Chairman of the British InterplanClarkes Mysterious World.
etary Society from 1946 to 1947[22] and again from 1951
He lived in Sri Lanka until his death.[14] He was knighted to 1953.[23]
in 1998[15][16] and was awarded Sri Lankas highest civil
Although he was not the originator of the concept of
honour, Sri Lankabhimanya, in 2005.[17]
geostationary satellites, one of his most important contri39
40
CHAPTER 14. ARTHUR C. CLARKE
butions may be his idea that they would be ideal telecommunications relays. He advanced this idea in a paper privately circulated among the core technical members of
the BIS in 1945. The concept was published in Wireless
World in October of that year.[24][25][26] Clarke also wrote
a number of non-ction books describing the technical
details and societal implications of rocketry and space
ight. The most notable of these may be Interplanetary Flight (1950), The Exploration of Space (1951) and
The Promise of Space (1968). In recognition of these
contributions the geostationary orbit 36,000 kilometres
(22,000 mi) above the equator is ocially recognised
by the International Astronomical Union as a Clarke Orbit.[27]
asked why they were sealed, he answered Well, there

might be all sorts of embarrassing things in them.[3]
14.1.4 Sri Lanka

Clarke lived in Sri Lanka from 1956 until his death in
2008, having emigrated there when it was still called
Ceylon, rst in Unawatuna on the south coast, and then in
Colombo.[32] The Sri Lankan government oered Clarke
resident guest status in 1975.[37]
Sexuality
On a trip to Florida in 1953[28] Clarke met and quickly
married Marilyn Mayeld, a 22-year-old American divorcee with a young son. They separated permanently
after six months, although the divorce was not nalised
until 1964.[29] The marriage was incompatible from the
beginning, says Clarke.[29] Clarke never remarried, but
was close to a Sri Lankan man, Leslie Ekanayake, whom
the author called his only perfect friend of a lifetime
in his dedication to The Fountains of Paradise.[30] Clarke
is buried with Ekanayake, who predeceased him by three
decades, in the Colombo central cemetery. In his biography of Stanley Kubrick, John Baxter cites Clarkes homosexuality as a reason why he relocated, due to more tolerant laws with regard to homosexuality in Sri Lanka.[31]
Journalists who enquired of Clarke whether he was gay
were told, No, merely mildly cheerful.[32] However,
Michael Moorcock has written:
Everyone knew he was gay. In the 1950s
I'd go out drinking with his boyfriend. We
met his protgs, western and eastern, and their
families, people who had only the most generous praise for his kindness. Self-absorbed he
might be and a teetotaller, but an impeccable
gent through and through.[33]
1974 ABC interview with Clarke in which he describes a future

of ubiquitous, internet-enabled, personal computers.
In the early 1970s Clarke signed a three-book publishing deal, a record for a science-ction writer at the time.
The rst of the three was Rendezvous with Rama in 1973,
which won all the main genre awards[38] and spawned sequels that, with the 2001 series, formed the backbone of
his later career.
In a 1974 taped interview with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, the interviewer asked Clarke how he believed the computer would change the future for the everyday person, and what life would be like around the
year 2001. Clarke accurately predicted many things that
became reality, including online banking, online shopping, and other now commonplace things. Responding to
a question about how the interviewers sons life would be
dierent, Clarke responded: "[H]e will have, in his own
house, not a computer as big as this, [points to nearby
computer], but at least, a console through which he can
talk, through his local computer and get all the information he needs, for his everyday life, like his bank statements, his theatre reservations, all the information you
need in the course of living in our complex modern society, this will be in a compact form in his own house
... and he will take it as much for granted as we take the
telephone.[39]
In an interview in the July 1986 issue of Playboy

magazine,[34] when asked if he had had a bisexual experience, Clarke stated Of course. Who hasn't?" .[35] In
his obituary, Clarkes friend Kerry O'Quinn wrote : Yes,
Arthur was gay ... As Isaac Asimov once told me, 'I think
he simply found he preferred men.' Arthur didn't publicize his sexuality that wasn't the focus of his life but
14.1.5
if asked, he was open and honest.[36]
Clarke maintained a vast collection of manuscripts and
personal memoirs, maintained by his brother Fred Clarke
in Taunton, Somerset, England, and referred to as the
Clarkives. Clarke said that some of his private diaries
will not be published until 30 years after his death. When
Television series host
In the 1980s Clarke became well known to many for

his television programmes Arthur C. Clarkes Mysterious
World, Arthur C. Clarkes World of Strange Powers and
Arthur C. Clarkes Mysterious Universe. In 1986 he was
named a Grand Master by the Science Fiction Writers of
14.2. SCIENCE FICTION WRITER
41
America.[40] In 1988 he was diagnosed with post-polio

syndrome, having originally contracted polio in 1962, and
needed to use a wheelchair most of the time thereafter.[32]
Clarke was for many years a Vice Patron of the British
Polio Fellowship.[41]
Just hours before Clarkes death, and remarkably

serendipitous, a massive gamma-ray burst (GRB) reached
Earth. Known as GRB 080319B, the burst set a new
record as the farthest object that could been seen from
Earth with the naked eye.[60] Occurring about 7.5 billion
is
In the 1989 Queens Birthday Honours Clarke was ap- years ago and taking the light that long to reach Earth
[60]
rough
in
equality
to
half
the
time
since
the
Big
Bang.
It
pointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire
http://earthsky.org/)
was
suggested
by
Larry
Sessions
(of
(CBE) for services to British cultural interests in Sri
that the burst be named the Clarke Event.
Lanka.[42] The same year he became the rst Chancellor
of the International Space University, serving from 1989 A few days before he died, he had reviewed the
to 2004 and he also served as Chancellor of Moratuwa manuscript of his nal work, The Last Theorem, on which
University in Sri Lanka from 1979 to 2002.
he had collaborated by e-mail with his contemporary
Pohl.[61] The book was published after Clarkes
In 1994, Clarke appeared in a science ction lm; he Frederik
[62]
portrayed himself in the telelm Without Warning, an death. Clarke was buried in Colombo in traditional Sri
American production about an apocalyptic alien rst con- Lankan fashion on 22 March. His younger brother, Fred
family were among
tact scenario presented in the form of a faux newscast. Clarke, and his Sri Lankan adoptive
[63]
the
thousands
in
attendance.
Clarke also became active in promoting the preservation
of gorillas and became a patron of the Gorilla Organization which ghts for the preservation of gorillas.[43] When
tantalum mining for cell phone manufacture threatened
the gorillas in 2001, he lent his voice to their cause.[44]
14.2 Science ction writer

14.2.1 Beginnings
14.1.6
Knighthood
On 26 May 2000 he was made a Knight Bachelor for

services to literature at a ceremony in Colombo.[16][45]
The award of a knighthood had been announced in the
1998 New Year Honours,[15][46] but investiture with the
award had been delayed, at Clarkes request, because of
an accusation, by the British tabloid The Sunday Mirror,
of paedophilia.[47][48] The charge was subsequently found
to be baseless by the Sri Lankan police.[49][50] According to The Daily Telegraph (London), the Mirror subsequently published an apology, and Clarke chose not to sue
for defamation.[51][52] Clarke was then duly knighted.
While Clarke had a few stories published in fanzines, between 1937 and 1945, his rst professional sale appeared
in Astounding Science Fiction in 1946: "Loophole" was
published in April, while "Rescue Party", his rst sale,
was published in May.[lower-alpha 1] Along with his writing Clarke briey worked as assistant editor of Science
Abstracts (1949) before devoting himself in 1951 to fulltime writing.
Clarke began carving out his reputation as a scientic

science ction writer with his rst science ction novel,
Against the Fall of Night, published as a novella in 1948.
It was very popular and considered ground-breaking work
for some of the concepts it contained. Clarke revised and
expanded the novella into a full novel which was published in 1953. Clarke would later rewrite and expand
14.1.7 Later years
this work a third time to become The City and the Stars in
Although he and his home were unharmed by the 1956, which rapidly became a denitive must-read in the
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake tsunami, his Arthur C. eld. His third science ction novel, Childhoods End was
Clarke Diving School at Hikkaduwa was destroyed. He also published in 1953, cementing his popularity. Clarke
made humanitarian appeals, and the Arthur C. Clarke capped the rst phase of his writing career with his sixth
Foundation worked towards better disaster notication novel "A Fall of Moondust" in 1961, which is also an acknowledged classic of the time period.
systems.[53] The school has since been rebuilt.
In September 2007, he provided a video greeting for During this time, Clarke corresponded with C. S. Lewis in
NASA's Cassini probe's yby of Iapetus (which plays an the 1940s and 1950s and they once met in an Oxford pub,
important role in the book of 2001: A Space Odyssey).[54] The Eastgate, to discuss science ction and space travel.
In December 2007 on his 90th birthday, Clarke recorded Clarke voiced great praise for Lewis upon his death, sayof
a video message to his friends and fans bidding them ing that the Ransom trilogy was one of the few works
[64]
[55]
science
ction
that
should
be
considered
literature.
good-bye.
Clarke died in Sri Lanka on 19 March 2008 after suering from respiratory failure, according to Rohan de Silva, 14.2.2 The Sentinel
one of his aides.[32][56][57][58] His aide described the cause
as respiratory complications and heart failure stemming In 1948 he wrote "The Sentinel" for a BBC competition. Though the story was rejected, it changed the course
from post-polio syndrome.[59]
42
of Clarkes career. Not only was it the basis for 2001:

A Space Odyssey, but The Sentinel also introduced a
more cosmic element to Clarkes work. Many of Clarkes
later works feature a technologically advanced but stillprejudiced mankind being confronted by a superior alien
intelligence. In the cases of The City and the Stars (and
its original version, Against the Fall of Night), Childhoods
End, and the 2001 series, this encounter produces a conceptual breakthrough that accelerates humanity into the
next stage of its evolution. In Clarkes authorised biography, Neil McAleer writes that: many readers and critics
still consider [Childhoods End] Arthur C. Clarkes best
novel.[29]
Almost all of his short stories can be found in the book
The Collected Stories of Arthur C. Clarke (2001).
A collection of early essays was published in The View
from Serendip (1977), which also included one short
piece of ction, "When the Twerms Came". Clarke
also wrote short stories under the pseudonyms of E. G.
O'Brien and Charles Willis.
14.2.3
The Big Three
lished in 1997).
2061: Odyssey Three involves a visit to Halleys Comet
onits next plunge through the Inner Solar System and a
spaceship crash on the Jovian moon Europa. The whereabouts of astronaut Dave Bowman (the Star Child), the
articial intelligence HAL 9000, and the development of
native life on Europa, protected by the alien Monolith, are
revealed.
Finally, in 3001: The Final Odyssey, astronaut Frank
Poole's freeze-dried body is found by a spaceship beyond
the orbit of Neptune is revived by advanced medical science. The novel details the threat posed to humanity by
the alien monolith builders.
14.2.5 2001: A Space Odyssey

Clarkes rst venture into lm was the Stanley Kubrick
directed 2001: A Space Odyssey. Kubrick and Clarke
had met in New York City in 1964 to discuss the possibility of a collaborative lm project. As the idea developed, they decided to loosely base the story on Clarkes
short story, The Sentinel, written in 1948 as an entry in
a BBC short story competition. Originally, Clarke was
going to write the screenplay for the lm, but Kubrick
suggested during one of their brainstorming meetings that
before beginning on the actual script, they should let their
imaginations soar free by writing a novel rst, on which
they would base the lm. This is more or less the way it
worked out, though toward the end, novel and screenplay
were being written simultaneously, with feedback in both
directions. Thus I rewrote some sections after seeing the
movie rushesa rather expensive method of literary creation, which few other authors can have enjoyed.[67] The
novel ended up being published a few months after the
release of the movie.
For much of the later 20th century, Clarke, Isaac Asimov and Robert Heinlein were informally known as the
Big Three of science ction writers.[7] Clarke and Heinlein began writing to each other after The Exploration
of Space was published in 1951, and rst met in person the following year. They remained on cordial terms
for many years, including visits in the United States and
Sri Lanka. In 1984, Clarke testied before Congress
against the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI).[65] Later,
at the home of Larry Niven in California, Heinlein attacked Clarke verbally over his views on United States
foreign and space policy (especially the SDI). Although
the two reconciled formally, they remained distant until
Due to the hectic schedule of the lms production,
Heinleins death in 1988.[29]
Kubrick and Clarke had diculty collaborating on the
Clarke and Asimov rst met in New York City in book. Clarke completed a draft of the novel at the end of
1953, and they traded friendly insults and gibes for 1964 with the plan to publish in 1965 in advance of the
decades. They established a verbal agreement, the lms release in 1966. After many delays the lm was
ClarkeAsimov Treaty, that when asked who was best, released in the spring of 1968, before the book was comthe two would say Clarke was the best science ction pleted. The book was credited to Clarke alone. Clarke
writer and Asimov was the best science writer. In 1972, later complained that this had the eect of making the
Clarke put the treaty on paper in his dedication to Re- book into a novelisation, that Kubrick had manipulated
port on Planet Three and Other Speculations.[29][66]
circumstances to downplay Clarkes authorship. For these
and other reasons, the details of the story dier slightly
from the book to the movie. The lm contains little ex14.2.4 2001 series of novels
planation for the events taking place. Clarke, on the other
hand, wrote thorough explanations of cause and eect
2001: A Space Odyssey, Clarkes most famous work, for the events in the novel. James Randi later recounted
was extended well beyond the 1968 movie as the Space that upon seeing the premiere of 2001 for the rst time,
Odyssey series. In 1982, Clarke wrote a sequel to 2001 Clarke left the theatre in tears, at the intermission, after
titled 2010: Odyssey Two, which was made into a lm having watched an eleven-minute scene (which did not
in 1984. Clarke wrote two further sequels that have not make it into general release) where an astronaut is doing
been adapted into motion pictures: 2061: Odyssey Three nothing more than jogging inside the spaceship, which
(published in 1987) and 3001: The Final Odyssey (pub- was Kubricks idea of showing the audience how boring
14.3. SCIENCE WRITER
43
space travels could be.[68]
no script and as you know, Morgan Freemans not in the

best of health right now. We've been trying to do it but
its probably not going to happen.[74] However, in 2010
it was announced that the lm was still planned for future
production and both Freeman and Fincher mentioned it
as still needing a worthy script.[75]
In 1972, Clarke published The Lost Worlds of 2001,

which included his accounts of the production, and alternate versions, of key scenes. The special edition of
the novel A Space Odyssey (released in 1999) contains an
introduction by Clarke in which he documents the events
leading to the release of the novel and lm.
14.2.6 2010: Odyssey Two
14.3 Science writer
In 1982 Clarke continued the 2001 epic with a sequel,

2010: Odyssey Two. This novel was also made into a
lm, 2010, directed by Peter Hyams for release in 1984.
Because of the political environment in America in the
1980s, the lm presents a Cold War theme, with the
looming tensions of nuclear warfare not featured in the
novel. The lm was not considered to be as revolutionary
or artistic as 2001, but the reviews were still positive.
During his life Clarke published a number of non-ction

books with essays, speeches, addresses, etc. Several of
his non-ction books are composed of chapters that can
stand on their own as separate essays.
Clarkes email correspondence with Hyams was published in 1984.[69][70] Titled The Odyssey File: The Making of 2010, and co-authored with Hyams, it illustrates
his fascination with the then-pioneering medium of email
and its use for them to communicate on an almost daily
basis at the time of planning and production of the lm
while living on opposite sides of the world. The book also
included Clarkes personal list of the best science-ction
lms ever made.
In particular, Clarke was a populariser of the concept

of space travel. In 1950 he wrote Interplanetary Flight,
a book outlining the basics of space ight for laymen.
Later books about space travel included The Exploration
of Space (1951), The Challenge of the Spaceship (1959),
Voices from the Sky (1965), The Promise of Space (1968,
rev. ed. 1970) and Report on Planet Three (1972) among
others.
Clarke appeared in the lm, rst as the man feeding the

pigeons while Dr. Heywood Floyd is engaged in a conversation in front of the White House. Later, in the hospital scene with David Bowman's mother, an image of the
cover of Time portrays Clarke as the American President
and Kubrick as the Soviet Premier.
14.3.2 Futurism
14.2.7 Rendezvous with Rama

Clarkes award-winning novel Rendezvous with Rama
(1972) was optioned for lmmaking decades ago, but this
motion picture is in "development hell" as of 2014. In the
early 2000s, the actor Morgan Freeman expressed his desire to produce a movie based on Rendezvous with Rama.
After a drawn-out development process which Freeman
attributed to diculties in getting nancing it appeared
that in 2003 this project might be proceeding, but this is
very dubious.[71] The lm was to be produced by Freemans production company, Revelations Entertainment,
and David Fincher has been touted on Revelations Rama
web page as far back as 2001 as the lms director.[72]
After years of no progress, Fincher stated in an interview
in late 2007 (in which he also credited the novel as being
inuential on the lms Alien and Star Trek: The Motion
Picture) that he is still attached to helm.[73] Revelations
indicated that Stel Pavlou had written the adaptation.
14.3.1 Space travel
His books on space travel usually included chapters about

other aspects of science and technology, such as computers and bioengineering. He predicted the computer age
would comein the form of a giant, space-born macrocomputer serviced by astronauts in space suits, who would
replace the computers vacuum tubes as they burned
out.[76]
His many predictions culminated in 1958 when he began
a series of magazine essays that eventually became Proles of the Future, published in book form in 1962. [77] A
timetable[78] up to the year 2100 describes inventions and
ideas including such things as a global library for 2005.
The same work also contained Clarkes First Law and
text that became Clarkes three laws in later editions.[29]
In a 1959 essay Clarke predicted global satellite TV

broadcasts that would cross national boundaries indiscriminately and would bring hundreds of channels available anywhere in the world. He also envisioned a personal transceiver, so small and compact that every man
carries one. He wrote: the time will come when we will
be able to call a person anywhere on Earth merely by dialing a number. Such a device would also, in Clarkes
vision, include means for global positioning so that no
one need ever again be lost. Later, in Proles of the FuIn late 2008, Fincher stated the movie is unlikely to be ture, he predicted the advent of such a device taking place
made. It looks like its not going to happen. Theres in the mid-1980s.[77]
44
An extensive selection of Clarkes essays and book chapters (from 1934 to 1998; 110 pieces, 63 of them previously uncollected in his books) can be found in the book
Greetings, Carbon-Based Bipeds! (2000), together with
a new introduction and many prefatory notes. Another
ne collection of essays, all previously collected, is By
Space Possessed (1993). Clarkes technical papers, together with several essays and extensive autobiographical
material, are collected in Ascent to Orbit: A Scientic Autobiography (1984).
14.4 The Geostationary communications satellite

I'm often asked why I didn't try to patent
the idea of communications satellites. My answer is always, A patent is really a license to
be sued.[84]
Though dierent from Clarkes idea of telecom relay,
the idea of communicating with satellites in geostationary orbit itself had been described earlier. For example, the concept of geostationary satellites was described in Hermann Oberth's 1923 book Die Rakete
zu den Planetenrumen (The Rocket into Interplanetary
Space) and then the idea of radio communication with
those satellites in Herman Potonik's (written under the
pseudonym Hermann Noordung) 1928 book Das Problem der Befahrung des Weltraums der Raketen-Motor
(The Problem of Space Travel The Rocket Motor), sections: Providing for Long Distance Communications and
Safety[lower-alpha 2] and (possibly referring to the idea of relaying messages via satellite, but not that 3 would be optimal) Observing and Researching the Earths Surface published in Berlin.[85][lower-alpha 3] Clarke acknowledged the
earlier concept in his book Proles of the Future.[86]
14.5 Undersea explorer
Geostationary orbit
Main article: Geostationary orbit

Clarke contributed to the popularity of the idea that
geostationary satellites would be ideal telecommunications relays. He rst described this in a letter to the editor of Wireless World in February 1945[79] and elaborated on this concept in a paper titled Extra-Terrestrial
Relays Can Rocket Stations Give Worldwide Radio Coverage?, published in Wireless World in October 1945.[80]
The geostationary orbit is now sometimes known as the
Clarke Orbit or the Clarke Belt in his honour.[81][82]
It is not clear that this article was actually the inspiration
for the modern telecommunications satellite. According
to John R. Pierce, of Bell Labs, who was involved in the
Echo satellite and Telstar projects, he gave a talk upon
the subject in 1954 (published in 1955), using ideas that
were in the air, but was not aware of Clarkes article
at the time.[83] In an interview given shortly before his
death, Clarke was asked whether he had ever suspected
that one day communications satellites would become so
important; he replied
Clarke was an avid scuba diver and a member of the

Underwater Explorers Club. In addition to writing,
Clarke set up several diving-related ventures with his
business partner Mike Wilson. In 1956, while scuba
diving, Wilson and Clarke uncovered ruined masonry,
architecture and idol images of the sunken original
Koneswaram temple including carved columns with
ower insignias, and stones in the form of elephant heads
spread on the shallow surrounding seabed.[87][88] Other
discoveries included Chola bronzes from the original
shrine, and these discoveries were described in Clarkes
1957 book The Reefs of Taprobane.[89] In 1961, while
lming o Great Basses Reef, Wilson found a wreck and
retrieved silver coins. Plans to dive on the wreck the following year were stopped when Clarke developed paralysis, ultimately diagnosed as polio. A year later, Clarke
observed the salvage from the shore and the surface. The
ship, ultimately identied as belonging to the Mughal
Emperor, Aurangzeb, yielded fused bags of silver rupees,
cannons, and other artefacts, carefully documented, became the basis for The Treasure of the Great Reef.[29][90]
Living in Sri Lanka and learning its history also inspired
the backdrop for his novel The Fountains of Paradise in
which he described a space elevator. This, he believed,
would make rocket based access to space obsolete and,
more than geostationary satellites, would ultimately be his
scientic legacy.[91]
14.6 Views
14.7. THEMES, STYLE, AND INFLUENCES
14.6.1
On religion
Themes of religion and spirituality appear in much of

Clarkes writing. He said: Any path to knowledge is
a path to Godor Reality, whichever word one prefers
to use.[92] He described himself as fascinated by the
concept of God. J. B. S. Haldane, near the end of his
life, suggested in a personal letter to Clarke that Clarke
should receive a prize in theology for being one of the
few people to write anything new on the subject, and went
on to say that if Clarkes writings did not contain multiple contradictory theological views, he might have been a
menace.[93] When he entered the Royal Air Force, Clarke
insisted that his dog tags be marked "pantheist" rather
than the default, Church of England,[29] and in a 1991 essay entitled Credo, described himself as a logical positivist from the age of ten.[93] In 2000, Clarke told the
Sri Lankan newspaper, The Island, I don't believe in
God or an afterlife,[94] and he identied himself as an
atheist.[95] He was honoured as a Humanist Laureate in
the International Academy of Humanism.[96] He has also
described himself as a crypto-Buddhist, insisting that
Buddhism is not a religion.[97] He displayed little interest
about religion early in his life, for example, only discovering a few months after marrying that his wife had strong
Presbyterian beliefs.
A famous quotation of Clarkes is often cited: One of
the great tragedies of mankind is that morality has been
hijacked by religion.[97] He was quoted in Popular Science in 2004 as saying of religion: Most malevolent and
persistent of all mind viruses. We should get rid of it as
quick as we can.[98] In a three-day dialogue on man and
his world with Alan Watts, Clarke stated that he was biased against religion and said that he could not forgive religions for what he perceived as their inability to prevent
atrocities and wars over time.[99] In a reection of the dialogue where he more broadly stated mankind, his introduction to the penultimate episode of Mysterious World
entitled Strange Skies, Clarke said: I sometimes think
that the universe is a machine designed for the perpetual astonishment of astronomers. Near the very end of
that same episode, the last segment of which covered the
Star of Bethlehem, he stated that his favourite theory[100]
was that it might be a pulsar. Given that pulsars were
discovered in the interval between his writing the short
story, "The Star" (1955), and making Mysterious World
(1980), and given the more recent discovery of pulsar
PSR B1913+16, he said: How romantic, if even now,
we can hear the dying voice of a star, which heralded the
Christian era.[100]
45
14.6.2 Paranormal phenomena

Early in his career, Clarke had a fascination with the
paranormal and stated that it was part of the inspiration for his novel Childhoods End. Citing the numerous promising paranormal claims that were shown to be
fraudulent, Clarke described his earlier openness to the
paranormal having turned to being an almost total sceptic by the time of his 1992 biography.[29] During interviews, both in 1993 and 20042005, he stated that he
did not believe in reincarnation, citing that there was no
mechanism to make it possible, though he stated I'm always paraphrasing J. B. S. Haldane: 'The universe is not
only stranger than we imagine, its stranger than we can
imagine.'"[102][103] He described the idea of reincarnation
as fascinating, but favoured a nite existence.[104]
Clarke was well known for his television series investigating paranormal phenomena Arthur C. Clarkes Mysterious World (1980), Arthur C. Clarkes Mysterious Universe
(1985) and Arthur C. Clarkes World of Strange Powers
(1994), enough to be parodied in an episode of The Goodies in which his show is cancelled after it is claimed he
does not exist.
14.7 Themes, style, and inuences

Clarkes work is marked by an optimistic view of science empowering mankinds exploration of the Solar System, and the worlds oceans. His images of the future
often feature a Utopian setting with highly developed
technology, ecology, and society, based on the authors
ideals.[105] His early published stories would usually feature the extrapolation of a technological innovation or scientic breakthrough into the underlying decadence of his
own society.
A recurring theme in Clarkes works is the notion that
the evolution of an intelligent species would eventually
make them something close to gods. This was explored in
his 1953 novel Childhoods End and briey touched upon
in his novel Imperial Earth. This idea of transcendence
through evolution seems to have been inuenced by Olaf
Stapledon, who wrote a number of books dealing with
this theme. Clarke has said of Stapledons 1930 book Last
and First Men that No other book had a greater inuence
on my life ... [It] and its successor Star Maker (1937) are
the twin summits of [Stapledons] literary career.[106]
14.8 Awards, honours and other

recognition
Clarke won more than a dozen annual literary awards for

[38]
Clarke left written instructions for a funeral that stated: particular works of science ction.
Absolutely no religious rites of any kind, relating to any
In 1956, Clarke won a Hugo award for his short
religious faith, should be associated with my funeral.[101]
46

story, "The Star".[107]
Clarke won the UNESCOKalinga Prize for the

Popularization of Science in 1961.[108]
He won the Stuart Ballantine Medal in 1963.[109]
Following the 1968 release of 2001, Clarke became much in demand as a commentator on science
and technology, especially at the time of the Apollo
space program. The fame of 2001 was enough to get
the Command Module of the Apollo 13 craft named
Odyssey.[110]
On 14 November 2005 Sri Lanka awarded Clarke its

highest civilian award, the Sri Lankabhimanya (The
Pride of Sri Lanka), for his contributions to science
and technology and his commitment to his adopted
country.[17]
Clarke was the Honorary Board Chair of the
Institute for Cooperation in Space, founded by Carol
Rosin, and served on the Board of Governors of the
National Space Society, a space advocacy organisation originally founded by Wernher von Braun.
14.8.1 Named for Clarke
Shared a 1969 Academy Award nomination with

Stanley Kubrick in the category Best Writing, Story Awards
and Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen for
2001: A Space Odyssey.[111]
Arthur C. Clarke Awards for science ction writing,
awarded annually at the United Kingdom.
In 1985 the Science Fiction Writers of America
[112]
named him its 7th SFWA Grand Master.
In 1986, Clarke provided a grant to fund the prize money
In 1988, he was awarded an Honorary Degree (Doc- (initially 1,000) for the Arthur C. Clarke Award for the
tor of Letters) by the University of Bath.[113]
best science ction novel published in the United Kingdom in the previous year. In 2001 the prize was increased
Readers of the British monthly Interzone voted him to 2001, and its value now matches the year (e.g., 2005
the all-time second best science ction author in in 2005).
19881989.[38]
Sir Arthur Clarke Award, for achievements in space,
He received a CBE in 1989,[42] and was knighted in
awarded annually in the United Kingdom.
2000.[15][45][46] Clarkes health did not allow him to
travel to London to receive the latter honour personally from the Queen, so the United Kingdoms High In 2005 he lent his name to the inaugural Sir Arthur
Commissioner to Sri Lanka invested him as a Knight Clarke Awardsdubbed the Space Oscars. His brother
Bachelor at a ceremony in Colombo.[16]
attended the awards ceremony, and presented an award
specially chosen by Arthur (and not by the panel of judges
In 1994, Clarke was nominated for a Nobel Peace who chose the other awards) to the British Interplanetary
Prize by law professor Glenn Reynolds.[114]
Society.
The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted Clarke in 1997, its second class of two deceased and two living persons. Among the living,
Clarke and Andre Norton followed A. E. van Vogt
and Jack Williamson.[115]
In 2000, he was named a Distinguished Supporter
of the British Humanist Association.[116]
The 2001 Mars Odyssey orbiter is named in honour
of Clarkes works.
Arthur C. Clarke Foundation awards: Arthur C.

Clarke Innovators Award and Arthur C. Clarke
Lifetime Achievement Award[118]
The Sir Arthur C. Clarke Memorial Trophy Inter School Astronomy Quiz Competition, held in
Sri Lanka every year and organised by the Astronomical Association of Ananda College, Colombo.
The competition rst started in 2001 as The Sir
Arthur C. Clarke Trophy Inter School Astronomy
Quiz Competition and was later renamed after his
death.[119][120]
In 2003, Clarke was awarded the Telluride Tech Festival Award of Technology, where he appeared on
stage via a 3-D hologram with a group of old friends
that included Jill Tarter, Neil Armstrong, Lewis Other
Branscomb, Charles Townes, Freeman Dyson,
An asteroid was named in Clarkes honour, 4923
Bruce Murray, and Scott Brown.
Clarke (the number was assigned prior to, and in In 2004, Clarke won the Heinlein Award for outdependently of, the name 2001, however approstanding achievement in hard or science-oriented
priate, was unavailable, having previously been asscience ction.[117]
signed to Albert Einstein).
14.9. SELECTED WORKS
47
A species of ceratopsian dinosaur, discovered in

Inverloch in Australia, was named after Clarke,
Serendipaceratops arthurcclarkei.
The Fountains of Paradise (1979) (Hugo Award

winner, 1979;[125] and Nebula Award winner,
1980[126] )
The Learning Resource Centre at Richard Huish

College, Taunton, which Clarke attended when it
was Huish Grammar School, is named after him.
2010: Odyssey Two (1982)
Clarke was a distinguished vice-president of the H.

G. Wells Society, being strongly inuenced by Wells
as a science-ction writer.
2061: Odyssey Three (1987)
Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies,

one of the major research institutes in Sri Lanka is
named after him.
The Songs of Distant Earth (1986)
The Hammer of God (1993)

3001: The Final Odyssey (1997)
A Time Odyssey (2003, 2005, 2007) a series of three
novels
The main protagonist of the Dead Space series of

video games, Isaac Clarke, takes his surname from 14.9.2 Short story collections
Arthur C. Clarke, and his given name from Clarkes
friendly rival and associate, Isaac Asimov.
Main article: Short ction by Arthur C. Clarke
A proposed outer-circular orbital beltway in
Colombo, Sri Lanka is to be named 'Arthur C.
Clarke Expressway' in honour of Clarke.[121][122]
'The Clarke Event' is a proposed name for GRB
080319B, a gamma-ray burst detected just hours before Clarkes death that set a new record for the most
intrinsically bright object ever observed by humans
in the universe. The name would honor Clarke and
his award-winning short story The Star.
The Nine Billion Names of God (1953)

Expedition to Earth (1953)
Reach for Tomorrow (1956)
Tales from the White Hart (1957)
The Other Side of the Sky (1958)
Tales of Ten Worlds (1962)
14.9 Selected works

Main article: Arthur C. Clarke bibliography
The Wind from the Sun (1972)

The Best Of Arthur C. Clarke 1937-1955 (1982)
The Sentinel (1983)
The Collected Stories of Arthur C. Clarke (2001)
14.9.1
Novels
Against the Fall of Night (1948, 1953) original version of The City and the Stars
The Sands of Mars (1951)
Childhoods End (1953)
The City and the Stars (1956)
14.9.3 Non-ction
Interplanetary Flight: an introduction to astronautics.
London: Temple Press, ISBN 0-425-06448-4, 1950
The Exploration of Space, New York: Harper &
Brothers, 1951
The Deep Range (1957)
The Exploration of the Moon, with R. A. Smith, New

York: Harper Brothers, 1954
A Fall of Moondust (1961)
The Coast of Coral (1955)
Glide Path (1963)
Voice Across the Sea. New York: Harper, 1958
2001: A Space Odyssey (lm with Stanley Kubrick)

(1968)
Proles of the Future: An Inquiry Into the Limits of

the Possible (1962)
Rendezvous with Rama (1972) (Nebula Award winner, 1973;[123] Hugo Award winner, 1974[124] )
Voices from the Sky: Previews of the Coming Space

Age. New York: Harper & Row, 1965
Imperial Earth (1976)
The Promise of Space (1968)
48
The View From Serendip, Random House, ISBN 0394-41796-8, 1977
[9] Arthur C. Clarke. The Franklin Institute. Retrieved 25

October 2014.
Astounding Days: A Science Fictional Autobiography. London: Gollancz, 1989
[10] Arthur C Clarke nominated for Nobel. Moon Miners

Manifesto (Artemis Society International) (#92). February 1996.
How the World Was One: Beyond the Global Village,

Bantam. ISBN 0-553-07440-7. 1992
Greetings, Carbon-Based Bipeds! : Collected Works
19341998. New York: St. Martins Press, 1999
[11] Benford, G. (2008). Obituary: Arthur C. Clarke

(19172008)".
Nature 452 (7187):
546546.
Bibcode:2008Natur.452..546B. doi:10.1038/452546a.
PMID 18385726.
[12] Reddy, John (April 1969). Arthur Clarke: Prophet of
the Space Age. Readers Digest 9 (564).
14.10 See also

14.11 Notes
[1] ISFDB catalogues one Letter to Amazing Stories published in 1935, ten more nonction items (Essays) published 1938 to 1945, and ve Shortction published
1937 to 1942.[2]
[13] Remembering Arthur C. Clarke. Retrieved 27 March

2008.
[14] Mintowt-Czyz, Lech and Bird, Steve (18 March 2008)
Science ction author Arthur C. Clarke dies aged 90 at the
Wayback Machine (archived May 14, 2009) The Times
Online.
[15] The new knight of science ction. BBC News (BBC). 1
January 1998. Retrieved 26 August 2009.
[2] Full text: Providing for Long Distance Communications

and Safety. Archived from the original on 14 January
2009. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
[16] Arthur C Clarke knighted. BBC News (BBC). 26 May

2000. Retrieved 26 August 2009.
[3] Full text: Observing and Researching the Earths Surface. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009.
Retrieved 23 December 2008.
[17] Government NoticationNational Honours at the

Wayback Machine (archived July 24, 2010), November
2005. Retrieved 20 October 2008
14.12 References
[1] Arthur C. Clarke. Books and Writers (Pegasos (kirjasto.sci., Finland)). 2003. Archived from the original
on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2008.
[2] Arthur C. Clarke Summary Bibliography. (ISFDB).
Retrieved 2 April 2013. Select a title to see its linked
publication history and general information. Select a particular edition (title) for more data at that level, such as a
front cover image or linked contents.
[3] Man on the moon
[4] Arthur C. Clarke. NNDB. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
[5] Ranked #15 by the American Film Institute. AFIs 100
Years...100 Movies 10th Anniversary Edition. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
[6] Ranked #6 by the British Film Institute. Christie, Ian,
ed. (1 August 2012). The Top 50 Greatest Films of All
Time. Sight & Sound (September 2012). Retrieved 20
September 2014.
[7] The Big Three and the ClarkeAsimov Treaty. wireclub.com. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
[8] Clarke, Arthur C. (October 1945). Extra-Terrestrial Relays. Wireless World (Ilie and sons, Ltd.) 51 (10): 305308.
[18] The London Gazette: no. 34321. p. 5798. 8 September

1936. Retrieved 19 March 2008.
[19] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 36089. pp. 3162
3163. 9 July 1943. Retrieved 19 March 2008.
[20] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 36271. p. 5289.
30 November c1943. Retrieved 19 March 2008.
[21] Sir Arthur C Clarke 19172008. News archive 2008.
Kings College London. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
[22] Journal of the British Interplanetary Society Vol 6 (1946)
[23] Parkinson, B. (2008) (Ed.)'Interplanetary A History of
the British Interplanetary Society', p.93
[24] Arthur C. Clarke Extra Terrestrial Relays. Archived
from the original on 5 February 2007. Retrieved 8 February 2007.
[25] Peacetime Uses for V2 (JPG). Wireless World. February 1945. Archived from the original on 15 March 2007.
Retrieved 8 February 2007.
[26] Extra-Terrestrial Relays Can Rocket Stations Give
World-wide Radio Coverage?". Wireless World. October
1945. Archived from the original on 7 November 2006.
Retrieved 8 February 2007.
[27] Clarke Foundation Biography. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2008.
[28] Arthur C Clarke a quick summary
14.12. REFERENCES
[29] McAleer, Neil. Arthur C. Clarke: The Authorized Biography, Contemporary Books, Chicago, 1992. ISBN
0-8092-3720-2
[30] Full dedication reads: To the still unfading memory of
LESLIE EKANAYAKE (13 JuIy 1947 4 July 1977)
only perfect friend of a lifetime, in whom were uniquely
combined Loyalty, Intelligence and Compassion. When
your radiant and loving spirit vanished from this world,
the light went out of many lives.
[31] Baxter, John (1997). Stanley Kubrick: A Biography. New
York: Carroll & Gra. p. 203. ISBN 0-7867-0485-3.
But Clarke and Kubrick made a match. ... Both had a
streak of homoeroticism ...
[32] Jonas, Gerald (18 March 2008). Arthur C. Clarke, Premier Science Fiction Writer, Dies at 90.. New York
Times. Archived from the original on 20 March 2008. Retrieved 19 March 2008. Arthur C. Clarke, a writer whose
seamless blend of scientic expertise and poetic imagination helped usher in the space age, died early Wednesday
in Colombo, Sri Lanka, where he had lived since 1956. He
was 90. He had battled debilitating post-polio syndrome
for years.
[33] Michael Moorcock (22 March 2008). Brave New
Worlds. The Guardian (London). Retrieved 25 August
2008.
49
[46] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 54993. p. 2. 30

December 1997. Retrieved 19 March 2008.
[47] It doesn't do any harm ... most of the damage comes from
fuss made. Sunday Mirror, 1 February 1998 Retrieved 24
March 2008
[48] Smirk of a pervert and a liar., Sunday Mirror, 8 February
1998 Retrieved 24 March 2008
[49] Sci- novelist cleared of sex charges. BBC News. 6
April 1998. Retrieved 11 February 2008.
[50] Child sex le could close on sci- writer. Irish Examiner. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2007.
[51] Sir Arthur C Clarke. The Daily Telegraph (London).
20 March 2008. Archived from the original on 26 March
[52] Timesonline.co.uk
[53] Sir Arthur C. Clarke (February 2005). Letter from Sri
Lanka. Wired. 13.02 (San Francisco: Cond Nast).
ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 17 August 2009.
[54] Video greeting to NASA JPL by Arthur C. Clarke. Retrieved 24 September 2007
[34] NNDB page on Clarke
[55] Sir Arthur C Clarke 90th Birthday reections. 10 December 2007. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
[35] Clarkes interview in Playboy magazine at the Wayback

Machine (archived June 6, 2011)
[56] Writer Arthur C Clarke dies at 90, BBC News, 18 March

2008
[36] In honor of Sir Arthur C. Clarke. Retrieved 18 March

2008.
[57] Sci- guru Arthur C. Clarke dies at 90, MSNBC, 18

March 2008
[37] Sir Arthur Clarke dies at age 90. Arthur Clark Foundation. 19 March 2012. Archived from the original on
2008-05-09. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
[58] Arthur C. Clarke: The Wired Words. Wired Blog Network. 18 March 2008. Archived from the original on 20
March 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2008.
[38] Clarke, Arthur C. The Locus Index to SF Awards: Index

of Literary Nominees. Locus Publications. Retrieved 24
March 2013.
[59] Gardner, Simon (19 March 2008). Sci- guru Arthur C.

Clarke dies at 90. Reuters India. Retrieved 6 February
2010.
[39] Arthur C. Clarke Predicts the Internet & PC on YouTube
[60] NASA Satellite Detects Naked-Eye Explosion Halfway

Across Universe. NASA. March 21, 2008. Retrieved
2008-03-21.
[40] SFWA Grand Masters at the Wayback Machine (archived

June 5, 2011)
[41] British Polio Fellowship Home
[42] The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 51772. p. 16. 16
June 1989. Retrieved 19 March 2008.
[43] Gorilla Organization mourns loss of patron Sir Arthur C
Clarke a true champion for gorillas. London: Gorilla
Organization. 27 March 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
[44] Campaign for gorilla-friendly mobiles - News - This is
London at the Wayback Machine (archived June 5, 2011)
[45] Letters Patent were issued by Elizabeth II of the United
Kingdom on 16 March 2000 to authorise this. (see The
London Gazette: no. 55796. p. 3167. 21 March 2000.
Retrieved 19 March 2008.)
[61] Pohl, Frederik (5 January 2009). Sir Arthur and I. The

Way the Future Blogs. Archived from the original on 23
January 2009. Retrieved 22 January 2009.
[62] Last odyssey for sciguru Arthur C. Clarke. Agence
France-Presse. 18 March 2008. Retrieved 6 February
2010. Just a few days before he died, Clarke reviewed the
nal manuscript of his latest novel, The Last Theorem
co-written with American author Frederik Pohl, which is
to be published later this year.
[63] Sci- writer Clarke laid to rest. BBC. 22 March 2008.
Archived from the original on 25 March 2008. Retrieved
22 March 2008.
[64] C.S. Lewis and Arthur C. Clarke. Shawn Small Stories.
Retrieved 1 September 2013.
50
[65] The Hard SF Renaissance David G. Hartwell and Kathryn

Cramer 2002 novel text/html ISBN 0-312-71129-8 PDF
en None None Copyright 2002 by David G. Hartwell and
Kathryn Cramer
[66] Edward Seiler and John H. Jenkins (19942009). Isaac
Asimov FAQ. Isaac Asimov Home Page. Retrieved 26
January 2010.
[67] McLellan, Dennis (19 March 2008). Arthur C. Clarke,
90; scientic visionary, acclaimed writer of '2001: A
Space Odyssey'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the
original on 4 June 2011.
[68] Randi shares some stories regarding his friend Arthur
C. Clarke and compares Stanley Kubrick to Steve Jobs.
Archived from the original on 30 April 2008. Retrieved
24 April 2008.
[69] Arthur C. Clarke and Peter Hyams. The Odyssey File.
Ballantine Books, 1984.
[70] Excerpt from The Odyssey File.
[71] March 14, 2012.00.lm Freeman Still Pushes Rama".
Sci Fi Wire The News Service of the Sci Fi Channel.
14 March 2003. Archived from the original on 11 April
2008. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
[72] Rendezvous with Rama. Revelations Entertainment Web
site. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
[73] David Fincher and Quint talk about everything from
A(lien3) to Z(odiac)!!!". AICN. Archived from the original on 19 March 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
[74] Alex Billington (13 October 2008). David Finchers
Rendezvous with Rama Ocially Dead. rstshowing.net. Archived from the original on 1 March 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
[75] Weintraub, Steve 'Frosty' (30 December 2010). David
Fincher Exclusive Interview! Talks SOCIAL NETWORK, DRAGON TATTOO, 20,000 LEAGUES, Editing, How He Makes Movies, More. Retrieved 5 January
2011.
[76] Handbook of Space Engineering, Archaeology, and Heritage edited by Ann Darrin, Beth L. O'Leary. CRC Press,
Jun 26, 2009. Page 604.
[77] Proles of the Future (1962, rev. eds. 1973, 1983, and
1999, Millennium edition with a new preface)
[78] Chart of the Future. Archived from the original on 24
February 2007. Retrieved 8 February 2007.
[79] 'Clarke, A. C. (1945) V2 for Ionosphere Research? Wireless World, (February), p. 45
[80] Extra-Terrestrial Relays Can Rocket Stations Give
Worldwide Radio Coverage?". Arthur C. Clarke. October 1945. Archived from the original on 18 March 2009.
[81] Basics of Space Flight Section 1 Part 5, Geostationary
Orbits. NASA. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
[82] Earl, Michael A. (9 January 2006). A sea of satellite

dishes. The Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
[83] Pierce, John R. (December 1990). ECHO Americas
First Communications Satellite. Reprinted from SMEC
Vintage Electrics Volume 2 No. 1. Southwest Museum
of Engineering, Communications and Computation. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
[84] Final Thoughts from Sir Arthur C. Clarke. March 2008.
[85] Kelso, Dr. T. S. (1 May 1998). Basics of the Geostationary Orbit. Satellite Times. Archived from the original on
3 February 2007. Retrieved 8 February 2007.
[86] Clarke, Arthur C. (1984). Proles of the Future: An Inquiry Into the Limits of the Possible. New York: Holt,
Rinehart & Wilson. pp. 205n. ISBN 0-03-0697832. INTELSAT, the International Telecommunications
Satellite Organisation which operates the global system,
has started calling it the Clarke orbit. Flattered though I
am, honesty compels me to point out that the concept of
such an orbit predates my 1945 paper 'Extra Terrestrial
Relays by at least twenty years. I didn't invent it, but only
annexed it.
[87] E Greig, Doreen (1987). The reluctant colonists:
Netherlanders abroad in the 17th and 18th centuries.
USA: Assen, The Netherlands ; Wolfeboro, NH, USA.
p. 227. OCLC 14069213.
[88] Expedition in the waters of Ceylon. Science Digest
(Chicago) 57: 142. 1965. ISSN 0036-8296. OCLC
1624458. One of the major achievements in Ceylon was
the discovery of the ruins of the sunken Konesar Temple,
which as located with the wrecked treasure ship ...
[89] Clarke, Arthur C. (1957). The Reefs of Taprobane; Underwater Adventures around Ceylon. New York: Harper.
ISBN 0-7434-4502-3.
[90] Throckmorton, Peter (1964). The Great Basses Wreck
(PDF). Expedition 6 (3, Spring): 2131. ISSN 00144738. Retrieved 3 February 2010.
[91] Personal e-mail from Sir Arthur Clarke to Jerry Stone,
Director of the Sir Arthur Clarke Awards, 1 November
2006
[92] Mintowt-Czyz, Lech (19 March 2008). Sir Arthur C.
Clarke: The Times obituary. The Times (London). Retrieved 6 August 2008.
[93] Clarke, Arthur C. (1999) [1991]. Credo. Greetings,
Carbon-Based Bipeds!. First appearing in Living Philosophies, Clifton Fadiman, ed. (Doubleday). New York: St.
Martins Grin. pp. 358363. ISBN 978-0-312-267452. Retrieved 8 January 2010.
[94] Midwee01
[95] "... Stanley [Kubrick] is a Jew and I'm an atheist. Clarke
quoted in Jeromy Agel (Ed.) (1970). The Making of
Kubricks 2001: p.306
51
[96] The International Academy Of Humanism at the web site [114] Burns, John F. Colombo Journal; A Nonction Journey
of the Council for Secular Humanism. Retrieved 18 Octo a More Peaceful World New York Times, 28 Novemtober 2007.
ber 1994
[97] Cherry, Matt (1999). God, Science, and Delusion: [115] Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame. Mid AmerA Chat With Arthur C. Clarke. Free Inquiry 19 (2)
ican Science Fiction and Fantasy Conventions, Inc. Re(Amherst, New York: Council for Secular Humanism).
trieved 24 March 2013. This was the ocial website of
ISSN 0272-0701. Archived from the original on 3 April
the hall of fame to 2004.
2008. Retrieved 16 April 2008.
[116] Iain Thomson (19 March 2008). Sir Arthur C Clarke
[98] Matthew, Teague (1 August 2004). Childhoods End:
dies. Information World Reviews. Oxford: VNU BusiA too-brief encounter with Arthur C. Clarke, the grand
ness Publications. OCLC 61313783. Retrieved 18 Auold man of science-ction visionaries. Popular Science.
gust 2009.
ISSN 0161-7370. Archived from the original on 1 August
[117] Sir Arthur Clarke Named Recipient of 2004 Heinlein
2004. Retrieved 29 December 2010
Award (Press release). 22 May 2004. Archived from
[99] Clarke, Arthur C.; Watts, Alan (January 1972). At the
the original on 22 June 2009. Retrieved 20 June 2009.
Interface: Technology and Mysticism. Playboy 19 (1)
(Chicago, Ill.: HMH Publishing). p. 94. ISSN 0032- [118] Awards | The Arthur C. Clarke Foundation. Clarke1478. OCLC 3534353.
foundation.org. 2014-08-12. Retrieved 2014-08-18.
[100] Mysterious world strange skies 3 of 3. YouTube. Re- [119] Arthur C. Clarke Memorial Trophy Intertrieved 6 August 2008.
school Astronomy Quiz Competition Article
copied from:
http://www.skylk.com/index.php?
[101] TIME Quotes of the Day. Time. 19 March 2008.
option=com_eventlist&view=details&id=12:
Archived from the original on 24 March 2008. Retrieved
arthur-c-clarke-memorial-trophy-interschool-astronomy-quiz-competition#
20 March 2008.
ixzz1PdKwOVlj Under Creative Commons License:
Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives This
[102] Je Greenwald (JulyAugust 1993). Arthur C. Clarke
and more astronomy related articles on SkyLk.com.
on Life. Wired 1.03 (San Francisco: Cond Nast). ISSN
SKYLk. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
1059-1028. Retrieved 17 August 2009.
[103] Jos Cordeiro (JulyAugust 2008). The Futurist Inter- [120] Sir Arthur C Clarke Quiz Competition 2011, link retrieved 21 June 2011.
views Sir. Arthur C. Clarke 42 (4). Bethesda, Maryland:
World Future Society. ISSN 0016-3317. Archived from
[121] A Speedy and safe journey to Galle
the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2009.
[104] Andrew Robinson (10 October 1997). The cosmic god- [122] First phase opens in August
father. Times Higher Education (London: TSL Educa- [123] 1973 Award Winners & Nominees. Worlds Without
tion Ltd.). ISSN 0049-3929. Retrieved 17 August 2009.
End. Retrieved 30 June 2009.
[105] Guy Riddihough, Review of The City and the Stars in Sci[124] 1974 Award Winners & Nominees. Worlds Without
ence , (4 July 2008) Vol. 321. no. 5885, pp. 42 43
doi:10.1126/science.1161705: What marks the book out
are Clarkes sweeping vistas, grand ideas, and ultimately [125] 1979 Award Winners & Nominees. Worlds Without
optimistic view of humankinds future in the cosmos.
[106] Arthur C. Clarke Quotes. Archived from the original [126] 1980 Award Winners & Nominees. Worlds Without
on 23 January 2007. Retrieved 8 February 2007.
[107] 1956 Hugo Awards
[108] Summary List of UNESCO Prizes: List of Prizewinners,
p. 12
[109] Franklin Laureate Database. Archived from the original
on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
[110] Peebles, Curtis. Names of US manned spacecraft.
Spaceight, Vol. 20, 2, Fev. 1978. Spaceight. Retrieved
6 August 2008.
[111] Arthur C. Clarke Awards
[112] Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master. Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA). Retrieved
24 March 2013.
[113] Honorary Graduates 1966 to 1988, University of Bath
14.13 External links

The Arthur C. Clarke Foundation
Biography and criticism
Sir Arthur C. Clarke biography at the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame
Arthur C. Clarke (19172008) International Astronautical Federation
Bibliography and works
52
Arthur C. Clarke at the Internet Speculative Fiction
Database
Arthur C. Clarke at Goodreads
Arthur C. Clarke at the Internet Book List
Arthur C. Clarke at the Internet Movie Database
Sir Arthur C Clarke: 90th Birthday Reections on
YouTube
Arthur C. Clarke 31 word short story on Letters of
Note
Works by Arthur C. Clarke at Open Library
Other
Sir Arthur C. Clarke. Find a Grave. Retrieved 10
August 2010.
Arthur C. Clarke and Gentry Lee. Ocial transcript, Sci Fi Channel chat. 1 November 1996.
Archived from the original on 31 October 2002.
The Arthur C. Clarke Foundation at the Wayback
Machine (archived July 25, 2011)
Chapter 15
Harlan Cleveland
University in 1938. He was a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford
University in the late 1930s. He was an early advocate
and practitioner of online education, teaching courses for
the Western Behavioral Sciences Institute (WBSI) and
Connected Education in the 1980s and early 1990s.
He authored twelve books, among his best-known are The
Knowledge Executive (1985) and Nobody in Charge: Essays on the Future of Leadership (2002). He also published hundreds of journal and magazine articles.
He was awarded 22 honorary degrees, the U.S.
Presidential Medal of Freedom, Princeton Universitys
Woodrow Wilson Award, the Peace Corps Leader for
Peace Award, and the American Whig-Cliosophic Society's James Madison Award for Distinguished Public Service. He was the co-winner (with Bertrand de Jouvenel)
of the 1981 Prix de Talloires, an international award for
accomplished generalists.
15.1 See also

DIKW
International Leadership Forum
Harlan Cleveland in DC, 2006.
15.2 References
Harlan Cleveland (January 19, 1918 May 30, 2008)

was an American diplomat, educator, and author. He
served as Lyndon Johnson's U.S. Ambassador to NATO,
19651969, and earlier as U.S. Assistant Secretary of
State for International Organization Aairs, 19611965.
He was President of the University of Hawaii 1969
1974, and the World Academy of Art and Science in the
1990s and founding dean of the University of Minnesota's
Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Aairs. Cleveland also served as Dean of the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Aairs from 1956 to 1961.
Obituary in The Washington Post

Obituary in The Star Tribune
University of Hawaii press release
In Memory of Harlan Cleveland by Patrick Mendis
in The Minnesota Post
15.3 External links
He was born in New York City to Stanley Cleveland and

Marian Van Buren. His siblings were Harold van Buren Cleveland, an economist, Anne Cleveland White, an
artist, and Stanley Cleveland, a diplomat. He attended
Phillips Andover Academy and graduated from Princeton
53
Harlan Cleveland Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd

Manuscript Library, Princeton University
Club of Rome
54
Cleveland on Leadership, an article from THE FUTURIST magazine
International Leadership Forum
CHAPTER 15. HARLAN CLEVELAND
Chapter 16
Stephen Euin Cobb

Stephen Euin Cobb (born February 3, 1955) is a U.S.
author, magazine writer, interviewer and podcast show
host that was born in Orangeburg, South Carolina.[1]
Cobb has contributed to several magazines such as Space
and Time Magazine and Robot Magazine as a writer and
editor, which usually focus on technology and science.
He is also the host of the weekly podcast series The Future
and You, which won a Parsec Award in 2006 for Best
Speculative Fiction News Podcast.[2] Cobb is also active
in the game Second Life, where he helps organize and
promote events dealing with science fact, ction and the
future.
Cobb has also invented the game Death Stacks, as well as
the Ignorance Index, an empirical rating system for talk
shows on radio and television.
16.1 Bibliography
16.1.1
Novels
Plague at Redhook (1999)

Bones Burnt Black (2004)
Skinbrain (Cerebrodermus Fantastica) (2011)
16.1.2
Short Stories
The Errand Boy
16.2 References
[1] Washington Science Fiction Associations book review
of Bones Burnt Black.
[2] List of winners and nominees for 2006 Parsec Award.
16.3 External links

Stephen Euin Cobb at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
55
Stephen Euin Cobb ocial website

Interview with H+ Magazine
Chapter 17
Steve Cokely
Steve Cokely (June 17, 1952 - April 11, 2012) was an
American political researcher and lecturer who lectured
nationally on political and economic issues relating especially to the African American community.
17.1 Overview
Steve Cokely was also a futurologist who commented
extensively on water conservation, organic farming, and
communal living. Cokely gave over 5,000 lectures on
the topic of global warming and corporate conspiracies, the Trilateral Commission, The Bilderberg Group,
Rothchilds, Rockefellers, Boule, etc.
Cokelys research delved into the history of Marcus Garvey, the Black Panthers and other areas of AfricanAmerican history.
17.3 Our Roots Run Deep appearance

Cokely gained the national spotlight again in 1996 after
he was scheduled to speak at Our Roots Run Deep, a
Black History Month lecture series in New York City
hosted by the Warner Music Group. Also scheduled
were Al Sharpton, Conrad Muhammad, Jimmy Castor,
Hannibal Lokumbe and Dick Gregory. The Jewish Defense Organization objected, organizing a call-in campaign to Warner Brothers and threatening a boycott. The
Anti-Defamation League and the New York Post also
objected to Cokely (as well as Sharpton and Muhammad) speaking at the event. Warner removed Cokely and
Muhammad without issuing a press release.[5][6]
17.4 References
Cokely lectured at many college campuses nationally and

was also known for his conspiracy theories involving the
Black Male elite organization known as the Sigma Pi
Phi[1] and the Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr by
the hands of Rev.Jesse Jackson and the C.I.A.[2]
[1] Kimbrough, Walter M. (2003). Black Greek 101: the

culture, customs, and challenges of Black fraternities and
sororities. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 28.
ISBN 978-0-8386-3977-1.
[2] Theorists believe city responsible for death of Dr. King.
Tri-State Defender. August 13, 2003.
17.2 Chicago
Cokely was assistant to the special committee on rules
under Mayor Harold Washington. He gained notoriety
when he served as special assistant to the former mayor
of Chicago, Eugene Sawyer.
Cokely was criticized for teaching that Jewish doctors
were using the AIDS virus in an attempted genocide
against Africans. His comments created a nationally publicized controversy in 1988 and he was dismissed from his
position as aide to Sawyer.[3]
When in 1990 Illinois Governor James Thompson signed
an agreement to open an Israeli Aircraft Industries plant
in Rockford, Cokely was an outspoken opponent. He argued that Black leaders in Illinois should oppose Israeli
war industries because of their military support for the
Apartheid system in South Africa.[4]
56
[3] Dirk Johnson, Racial Politics: Chicagos Raw Nerve,

New York Times, 19 February 1989; accessed via ProQuest, 28 May 2013.
[4] Billy Montgomery, Activist links Illinois-Israeli plane
project to South Africa, Michigan Citizen, 17 March
1990; accessed via ProQuest, 28 May 2013. An agreement signed by Illinois Governor James Thompson to
bring an Israeli aircraft plant to Rockford, is an insult
to Blacks and the South African movement, according
to a Chicago activist. 'The problem with this deal is
that the Israeli Aircraft Industry has an alliance with the
South African military,' declarles Steve Cokely, who has
mounted a campaign to alert the Black community to the
potential dangers of the move.
[5] Wilbert A. Tatum, JDO, ADL, N.Y. Post force Time
Warner to alter Black History Month program, New York
Amsterdam News, 10 February 1996; accessed via ProQuest, 28 May 2013.
[6] Matthew Fleischer, Snipped 'Roots", The Village Voice,

13 February 1996; accessed via ProQuest, 28 May 2013.
17.5 External links

Cokelys ocial site
An Anti-Defamation League press release regarding
Cokely
57
Chapter 18
Dandridge MacFarlan Cole

Dandridge MacFarlan Cole was an American sile and Space Division at Valley Forge, PA.[5]
aerospace engineer, futurist, lecturer, and author.
Cole died on October 29, 1965[6][7] at King of Prussia,
Pennsylvania.
18.1 Biography
18.1.1
18.2 Concepts
Parents, education, and military

service
During the Second World War, he made some specic
suggestions for a practical underwater breathing apparaCole was born February 19, 1921[1] in Sandusky, Ohio to tus. This made the Oce of Strategic Services nervous,
Robert MacFarlan Cole III and Wertha Pendleton Cole, as just such an invention was already a classied project.
the daughter of bishop William Frederic Pendleton.
After some interviews, OSS concluded that he had not reinformation, but
He attended the Academy of the New Church Secondary ceived unauthorized access to classied
[8]
told
him
to
keep
quiet
about
the
idea.
Schools from 1935 to 1939 and graduated from Princeton
University with a B.S. in chemistry in 1943. Upon graduation from Princeton, he entered the Columbia University
College of Physicians and Surgeons. But in 1944 he left
Columbia to enlist as a private in the army, joining the
139th Airborne Engineer Battalion of the 17th Airborne
Division.[2] He saw action in the Ardennes Counteroensive in the "Battle of the Bulge" and was discharged from
the army on April 30, 1945. During this time, Cole wrote
his Songs and Poems of the Paratroops.
As early as 1953, before the U.S. even had a space program, he predicted a manned moon landing by 1970.[9]
Cole believed that government, industry, and education
were neglecting systematic thought about the future and
that it should become an academic discipline which would
study the future in something of the same way that history uses its methods to study the past. With the pace
of change accelerating, he argued, students should be
trained in techniques for thinking about the future.[10]
He resumed his education at the University of PennsylvaHe was concerned about the trends that were becoming
nia from which he received a Masters Degree in Physics
evident in the 1950s and 1960s, especially the rapid inin 1949.
crease in population (which he called bio-detonation)
and the proliferation of nuclear weapons. He saw the human race as being at a turning point, corresponding to the
18.1.2 Career
adolescence of an individual, in which humanity would
to a collective state of matuFrom 1949 to 1953, he taught physics and astronomy at either destroy itself or come
[11]
[3] rity and relative stability.
Phillips Exeter Academy, in Exeter, New Hampshire.
He contended that his astronomy course was probably the He was known especially for promoting the idea of colrst astronautics course in any high school, as he used onizing the asteroids, or planetoids as he argued they
should more properly be called. The planetoids could be
Willy Ley's Conquest of Space as a textbook.[4]
In 1953, he took a job in the aerospace industry with the hollowed out, or actually inated to create a bubbleworld
Martin Company in Baltimore, at that point settling for with habitable space on the inside. The resulting space
aircraft design. But in 1956, he moved to the Martin fa- arks could orbit within the solar system, or be sent out on
cility in Denver and began to work in earnest for the space interstellar expeditions.
program, helping to design the Titan II, which launched
the Gemini space capsules. 1960 brought a change in
both company and position, as he became a consulting
engineer in advance planning at the General Electric Mis-
Especially in connection with the idea of planetoid

colonies, he coined the term "Macrolife, as early as a
talk for the annual meeting of The Institute of Navigation, 23 June 1960. In the published version of the paper,
58
18.4. BIBLIOGRAPHY
59
he notes the similarity of his idea to the multi organismic Monographs

life form of Isaac Asimov just then published in the July
1960 issue of Analog-Science Fact and Fiction.[12] He ex Minimum Time Interplanetary Orbits, The American
plains the concept as follows: Macrolife can be dened
Astronautical Society: December 1957.
as 'life squared per cell' or more particularly as ' multicel Around the Moon in 80 Hours, (with Donald E.
lular life squared per cell'. Taking man as representative
Muir) The American Astronautical Society: August
of multicellular life we can say that man is the mean pro19, 1958.
portional between Macro life and the cell, or Macro life
is to man as man is to cell. [13]
Lunar Colonization, American Rocket Society:
Cole conceived Macrolife as a possible next step in evoMarch 19, 1959.
lution, potentially as momentous as the transition from
single-celled to multicelled life. Units of Macrolife,
Feasibility of Propelling Vehicles by Contained Nuself-contained human societies in planetoid colonies or
clear Explosions, American Astronautical Society:
elsewhere, would have the capacity for growth, moJanuary 1821, 1960.
tion, reproduction, self-repair, and response to external
Space Vehicle Evolution, The Martin Company:
stimuli.[14] He developed further details in his 1961 The
February 1960.
Ultimate Human Society and in subsequent books.
18.3 Cultural references
Social and Political Implications of the Ultimate Human Society, The American Astronautical Society:
January 18, 1961.
Books
Macrolife, a 1979 novel by George Zebrowski, explicitly takes it title and credits its inspiration from
Coles theory.
Sunspacer, a 1984 novel by George Zebrowski,
opens with the protagonist beginning college at
Dandridge Cole University, in a space colony at
Lagrangian point 5.
The Romulan Prize, a 1993 Star Trek: The Next Generation novel, devotes a page to having the character Data outline Coles conception of a planetoid
colony.[15]
Hollow Moon, a 2012 novel by Steph Bennion, set in
the colony ship (hollow asteroid) Dandridge Cole
18.4 Bibliography
18.4.1
Extraterrestrial Colonies, The Martin Company:

June 1960.
By Cole
Books
Songs and Poems of the Paratroops, Blaetz Brothers,
Philadelphia: 1944
Exploring the Secrets of Space, (1963 with I. M.
Levitt)
The Space Booster Gap and the Panama Theory of

Space Flight, General Electric Missile and Space
Department: February 22, 1961.
Report on the Panama Theory, The American Astronautical Society: August 13, 1961.
Today is Tomorrow: Long Range Planning for the
Space Age, Temple University: August 25, 1961.
A Scientic Survey of the Cis Martian Asteroid
Group, (with George M. Kohler) General Electric
Missile and Space Department: October 27, 1961.
A Possible Military Application of a Cis-Martian Asteroid, The American Astronautical Society: January 1618, 1962.
Strategic Areas in Space,: The Panama Theory, Institute of the Aerospace Sciences: March 15, 1962.
Exploration of the Close-Approach Asteroids, General Electric Missile and Space Department: April
16, 1962.
Some Scientic and Economic Aspects of Asteroid
Capture, Institute of the Aerospace Sciences: July
19, 1962.
Islands in Space: The Challenge of the Planetoids,

(1964 with Donald W. Cox)
The Next Fifty Years in Space: Man and Maturity,

General Electric Missile and Space Department:
1963.
Beyond Tomorrow, (1965 illustrated with space art

originated by Roy G. Scarfo)
Astronautics Applications of the Asteroids, The

American Astronautical Society: January 17, 1963.
60
CHAPTER 18. DANDRIDGE MACFARLAN COLE
Extraterrestrial Resources Development and Propellant Production, (with Rodney W. Johnson and Duane L. Barney,) General Electric Missile and Space
Department: November 13, 1963.
Military Use of Space 1965 - 1975, prepared for
University of Pennsylvania Foreign Policy Research
Institute: June 1, 1964.
The Next Forty Years of Exploration, The Explorers
Club: September 23, 1964
Some Uses for Planetoid Resources, General Electric Missile and Space Department: November 19,
1964.
"$50,000,000,000,000 from the Asteroids, Space

World, Vol. 4, No. 2, February, March 1963, pp.
18.
The Asteroids, Discovery: The Magazine of Scientic Progress, Vol. XXIV, No. 11, November 1963,
pp. 2428.
Rocket Propellants from the Moon"(with R. Segal,)
Astronautics and Aeronautics, October 1964.
Manned Interplanetary Flights in the Seventies with
Saturn-Apollo Technology, Annals of the New York
Academy of Sciences Vol. 140 December 16, 1966,
pp. 451466.
Beyond Apollo: Manned Interplanetary Flight in the

Seventies, American Institute of Aeronautics and
18.4.2
Astronautics: February 11, 1965.
Applications of Planetary Resources, (prepared as a
presentation for the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers 1965 International Space Symposium, November 24, 1965, but not delivered)
Outward Bound, Time, January 27, 1961.

Living in Space, The Philadelphia Inquirer, April
30, 1961.
Alexander, Tom. The Wild Birds Find a Corporate
Roost, Fortune, August 1964, p. 130
Articles
Interpretation of Malina-Summereld Criterion for
Optimization of Multistage Rockets"(with L. Ivan
Epstein,) Jet Propulsion, March, 1956, p. 188.
The Earth-Mars Constant thrust Brachistochrone,
Jet Propulsion, February 1957, p. 176.
Times Required for Continuous Thrust EarthMoon Trips, Jet Propulsion, April 1957, p. 416.
Optimization of Rockets for Maximum Payload
Energy"(with Michael A. Marrese,) ARS Journal,
January 1959, p. 71.
Commercially Feasible Spaceight, Astronautics,
September 1959, pp. 8889.
Around the Moon in 80 Hours"(with Robert
Granville,) Space World, Vol. 1, No. 2, July 1960,
pp. 2831, 54.
Extraterrestrial Colonies, Navigation, No.
Summer-Autumn 1960, pp. 8398.
About Cole
7,
Macro-Life, Space World, Vol. 1. Nos. 10 & 11,

September & October 1961, 44-46.
Reds May Be Using Saturn-Class Boosters, Missiles and Rockets, October 9, 1961.
Asteroids Stir Growing Interest, Missiles and
Rockets, February 25, 1963.
Capturing the Asteroid, Astronautics and
Aerospace Engineering, March 1963, pp. 8893.
Benford, Gregory and Zebroski, George. Skylife:

Space Habitats in Story and Science, Harcourt: 2000.
Cox, Donald W. and Chestek, James H. Doomsday
Asteroid, Prometheus Book: 1996.
David, Leonard. Asteroid Bombs, Omni, March
1980, p. 46.
David, Leonard. 100 Stars of Space, Ad Astra,
Vol. 3, No. 6, JulyAugust 1991, p. 60.
Frisch, Bruce H. Dandridge Cole: G. E.'s Way-Out
Man, Science Digest, Vol. 58, No. 1, July 1965, pp.
915.
Raithel, W. A Tribute to Dandridge McFarland
Cole 1921-1965, in Annals of the New York
Academy of Sciences Vol. 140 December 16, 1966,
pp. 69.
Rosenberg, George J. Space City Preview: The
Moon is Blueprinted!" New York Mirror Magazine,
December 31, 1961, pp. 89.
Wolper, David. The Way Out Men, ABC documentary, aired February 13, 1965.
18.5 See also

Spome
18.6 References
[1] New Church Life 1921, p. 383
[2] Record of Burial Place of Veteran, Montgomery Co., PA,
No. 178920
[3] Catalogue Issue of the Phillips Exeter Bulletin, Vol. XLIX,
No. 2, January 1954, p. 11
[4] Science Digest Vol. 58, No. 1, July 1965, p. 13f.
[5] W. Raithel A Tribute to Dandridge McFarland Cole
1921-1965. in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Vol. 140 December 16, 1966, p. 7
[6] New Church Life 1966, p. 46
[7] Raithel, p. 7
[8] Science Digest Vol. 58, No. 1, July 1965, p. 13.
[9] Fortune 1964, p. 130
[10] Science Digest Vol. 58, No. 1, July 1965, p. 13.
[11] Extraterrestrial Colonies, Navigation, No. 7, SummerAutumn 1960, p. 85.
[13] The Ultimate Human Society, p. 8.
[15] Simon Hawke The Romulan Prize 1993, p. 127
18.7 External links

Islands in Space:The Challenge of the Planetoids:
The Pioneering work of Dandridge M. Cole, from
a Blog by Alex Michael Bonnici.
Dandridge Cole: In the Words of his Best Friend
Roy Scarfo, a follow-up by Bonnici.
Dandridge M. Cole, by Roy Scarfo.
Dandridge M. Cole, My Grand-hero-pa
Scans of Beyond Tomorrow at the Wayback Machine (archived September 29, 2007)
61
Chapter 19
Michael Crichton
John Michael Crichton /dnmaklkratn/, MD
(October 23, 1942 November 4, 2008) was an American best-selling author, physician, producer, director,
and screenwriter, best known for his work in the science
ction, medical ction, and thriller genres. His books
have sold over 200 million copies worldwide, and many
have been adapted into lms. In 1994 Crichton became
the only creative artist ever to have works simultaneously
charting at No. 1 in US television, lm, and book sales
(with ER, Jurassic Park, and Disclosure, respectively).[1]
His literary works are usually based on the action genre
and heavily feature technology. His novels epitomize
the techno-thriller genre of literature, often exploring
technology and failures of human interaction with it,
especially resulting in catastrophes with biotechnology.
Many of his future history novels have medical or
scientic underpinnings, reecting his medical training
and science background. He was the author of, among
others, The Andromeda Strain, Jurassic Park, Congo,
Travels, Sphere, Rising Sun, Disclosure, The Lost World,
Airframe, Timeline, Prey, State of Fear, Next (the nal book published before his death), Pirate Latitudes
(published November 24, 2009), and a nal unnished
techno-thriller, Micro, which was published in November
2011.[2]
professor with a mark of B".[10] His issues with the English department led Crichton to switch his concentration
to biological anthropology as an undergraduate, obtaining his bachelors degree summa cum laude in 1964.[11]
He was also initiated into the Phi Beta Kappa Society.[11] He received a Henry Russell Shaw Traveling Fellowship from 1964 to 1965 and was a Visiting Lecturer
in Anthropology at the University of Cambridge in the
United Kingdom in 1965.[11]
Crichton later enrolled at Harvard Medical School, when
he began publishing work.[12] By this time he had become exceptionally tall; by his own account he was approximately 6 feet 9 inches (2.06 m) tall in 1997.[13][14]
In reference to his height, while in medical school, he began writing novels under the pen names John Lange[15]
and Jerey Hudson[16] (Lange is a surname in Germany, meaning long, and Sir Jerey Hudson was a famous 17th-century dwarf in the court of Queen Consort
Henrietta Maria of England).
He later described his Lange books as my competition is
inight movies. One can read the books in and hour and
a half and be more satisfactorily amused than watching
Doris Day. I write them fast and the reader reads them
fast and I get things o my back.[17]
In Travels, he recalls overhearing doctors who were unaware that he was the author, discussing the aws in his
book The Andromeda Strain. A Case of Need, writ19.1 Early life and education
ten under the Hudson pseudonym, won him his rst
Edgar Award for Best Novel in 1969.[18] He also coJohn Michael Crichton (rhymes with frighten"[3] ) was authored Dealing with his younger brother Douglas under
born on October 23, 1942 in Chicago, Illinois,[4][5][6][7] the shared pen name Michael Douglas. The back cover
to John Henderson Crichton, a journalist, and Zula Miller of that book carried a picture, taken by their mother, of
Crichton. He was raised on Long Island, in Roslyn, New Michael and Douglas when very young.
York.[3] Crichton showed a keen interest in writing from During his clinical rotations at the Boston City Hospital,
a young age and at the age of 14 had a column related Crichton grew disenchanted with the culture there, which
to travel published in The New York Times.[1] Crichton appeared to emphasize the interests and reputations of
had always planned on becoming a writer and began his doctors over the interests of patients.[12] Crichton gradstudies at Harvard College in 1960.[1] During his under- uated from Harvard, obtaining an M.D. in 1969,[19] and
graduate study in literature, he conducted an experiment undertook a post-doctoral fellowship study at the Salk Into expose a professor whom he believed to be giving him stitute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California, from
abnormally low marks and criticizing his literary style.[8] 1969 to 1970. He never obtained a license to practice
Informing another professor of his suspicions,[9] Crich- medicine, devoting himself to his writing career instead.
ton plagiarized a work by George Orwell and submitted
Reecting on his career in medicine years later, Crichit as his own. The paper was returned by his unwitting
62
19.2. WRITING CAREER

ton concluded that patients too often shunned responsibility for their own health, relying on doctors as miracle workers rather than advisors. He experimented with
astral projection, aura viewing, and clairvoyance, coming
to believe that these included real phenomena that scientists had too eagerly dismissed as paranormal.[12]
63
handler to his advantage by importing snakes to be used
by drug companies and universities for medical research.
The snakes are simply a ruse to hide the presence of rare
Mexican artifacts. In 1969, Crichton also wrote a review
for The New Republic (as J. Michael Crichton), critiquing
Slaughterhouse Five by Kurt Vonnegut.
In 1988, Crichton was a visiting writer at the In 1970, Crichton again published three novels: Drug
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[20]
of Choice, Grave Descend and Dealing: or the Berkeleyto-Boston Forty-Brick Lost-Bag Blues with his younger
brother Douglas Crichton. Dealing, was written under
the pen name 'Michael Douglas, using their rst names.
19.2 Writing career
This novel was adapted to the big screen and set a wave
for his brother Douglas as well as himself. Grave De19.2.1 Fiction
scend earned him an Edgar Award nomination the following year.[21]
Odds On was Michael Crichtons rst published novel.
In 1972, Crichton published two novels. The rst, Binary,
It was published in 1966, under the pseudonym of John
relates the story of a villainous middle-class businessman,
Lange. It is a 215-page paperback novel which describes
who attempts to assassinate the President of the United
an attempted robbery in an isolated hotel on Costa Brava.
States by stealing an army shipment of the two precursor
The robbery is planned scientically with the help of a
chemicals that form a deadly nerve agent. The second,
critical path analysis computer program, but unforeseen
The Terminal Man, is about a psychomotor epileptic sufevents get in the way.
ferer, Harry Benson, who in regularly suering seizures
The following year, he published Scratch One. The novel followed by blackouts, conducts himself inappropriately
relates the story of Roger Carr, a handsome, charming during seizures, waking up hours later with no knowland privileged man who practices law, more as a means edge of what he has done. Believed to be psychotic,
to support his playboy lifestyle than a career. Carr is sent he is investigated; electrodes are implanted in his brain,
to Nice, France, where he has notable political connec- continuing the preoccupation in Crichtons novels with
tions, but is mistaken for an assassin and nds his life in machine-human interaction and technology. The novel
jeopardy, implicated in the world of terrorism.
was adapted into a lm directed by Mike Hodges and starring
George Segal, Joan Hackett, Richard A. Dysart and
In 1968, he published two novels, Easy Go and A Case
Donald
Moat, released in June 1974. However, neither
of Need, the second of which was re-published in 1993,
the
novel
nor the lm was well received by critics.
under his real name. Easy Go relates the story of Harold
Barnaby, a brilliant Egyptologist, who discovers a concealed message while translating hieroglyphics, informing him of an unnamed Pharaoh whose tomb is yet to be
discovered. A Case of Need, on the other hand, was a
medical thriller in which a Boston pathologist, Dr. John
Berry, investigates an apparent illegal abortion conducted
by an obstetrician friend, which caused the early demise
of a young woman. The novel would prove a turning point
in Crichtons future novels, in which technology is important in the subject matter, although this novel was as much
about medical practice. The novel earned him an Edgar
Award in 1969.
In 1975, Crichton ventured into the nineteenth century

with his historical novel The Great Train Robbery, which
would become a bestseller. The novel is a recreation of
the Great Gold Robbery of 1855, a massive gold heist,
which takes place on a train traveling through Victorian
era England. A considerable portion of the book was set
in London. The novel was later made into a 1979 lm
directed by Crichton himself, starring Sean Connery and
Donald Sutherland. The lm would go on to be nominated for Best Cinematography Award by the British Society of Cinematographers, also garnering an Edgar Allan
Poe Award for Best Motion Picture by the Mystery WritIn 1969, Crichton published three novels. The rst, Zero ers Association of America.
Cool, dealt with an American radiologist on vacation in In 1976, Crichton published Eaters of the Dead, a novel
Spain who is caught in a murderous crossre between ri- about a tenth-century Muslim who travels with a group
val gangs seeking a precious artifact. The second, The of Vikings to their settlement. Eaters of the Dead is narAndromeda Strain, would prove to be the most impor- rated as a scientic commentary on an old manuscript
tant novel of his career and establish him as a best- and was inspired by two sources. The rst three chapselling author. The novel documented the eorts of a ters retell Ahmad ibn Fadlan's personal account of his
team of scientists investigating a deadly extraterrestrial journey north and his experiences in encountering the
microorganism that fatally clots human blood, causing Rus, the early Russian peoples, whilst the remainder is
death within two minutes. The novel became an instant based upon the story of Beowulf, culminating in battles
success, and it was turned into a 1971 lm. Crichtons with the 'mist-monsters, or 'wendol', a relict group of
third novel of 1969, The Venom Business relates the story Neanderthals. The novel was adapted into lm as The
of a smuggler who uses his exceptional skill as a snake
64
CHAPTER 19. MICHAEL CRICHTON
13th Warrior, initially directed by John McTiernan, who Paleontologist Alan Grant and his paleobotanist graduate
was later red with Crichton himself taking over direc- student, Ellie Sattler, are brought in by billionaire John
tion.
Hammond to investigate. The park is revealed to conIn 1980, Crichton published the novel Congo, which tain genetically recreated dinosaur species, including
centers on an expedition searching for diamonds in the Dilophosaurus, Velociraptor, Triceratops, Stegosaurus,
tropical rain forest of Congo. The novel was loosely and Tyrannosaurus rex, among others. They have
adapted into a 1995 lm, starring Laura Linney, Tim been recreated using damaged dinosaur DNA, found
in mosquitoes that sucked saurian blood and were then
Curry, and Ernie Hudson.
trapped and preserved in amber.
Seven years later, Crichton published Sphere, a novel
which relates the story of psychologist Norman Johnson, Crichton had originally conceived a screenplay about a
who is required by the U.S. Navy to join a team of sci- graduate student who recreates a dinosaur, but decided
and cloning unentists assembled by the U.S. Government to examine an to explore his fascination with dinosaurs
[22]
til
he
began
writing
the
novel.
Spielberg
learned of
enormous alien spacecraft discovered on the bed of the
the
novel
in
October
1989,
while
he
and
Crichton
were
Pacic Ocean, and believed to have been there for over
discussing
a
screenplay
that
would
become
the
television
300 years. The novel begins as a science ction story, but
rapidly changes into a psychological thriller, ultimately series ER. Before the book was published, Crichton deexploring the nature of the human imagination. The novel manded a non-negotiable fee of $1.5 million as well as
was adapted into the lm Sphere in 1998, directed by a substantial percentage of the gross. Warner Bros. and
Barry Levinson, with a cast including Dustin Homan as Tim Burton, Sony Pictures Entertainment and Richard
and 20th Century Fox and Joe Dante bid for the
Norman Johnson, (renamed Norman Goodman), Samuel Donner,
[23]
rights,
but Universal eventually acquired them in May
L. Jackson, Liev Schreiber and Sharon Stone.
1990, for Spielberg.[24] Universal paid Crichton a further
$500,000 to adapt his own novel,[25] which he had completed by the time Spielberg was lming Hook. Crichton
noted that because the book was fairly long, his script
only had about 1020 percent of the novels content.[26]
The lm, directed by Spielberg, was eventually released
in 1993, starring Sam Neill as Dr. Alan Grant, Laura
Dern as Dr. Ellie Sattler, Je Goldblum as Dr. Ian Malcolm (the chaos theorist), and Richard Attenborough, as
John Hammond, the billionaire CEO, of InGen. The lm
would go on to become extremely successful.
A mosquito preserved in amber. A specimen of this sort was the

source of dinosaur DNA in Jurassic Park.
Crichtons novel Jurassic Park and its sequels made into lms
would become a part of popular culture, with related parks established in places as far aeld as Kletno, Poland.
In 1992, Crichton published the novel Rising Sun, an international best-selling crime thriller about a murder in
the Los Angeles headquarters of Nakamoto, a ctional
In 1990, Crichton published the novel Jurassic Park. Japanese corporation. The book was instantly adapted
Crichton utilized the presentation of "ction as fact", into a lm, released the same year of the movie adapused in his previous novels, Eaters of the Dead and tion of Jurassic Park in 1993, and starring Sean Connery,
The Andromeda Strain. In addition, chaos theory and Wesley Snipes, Tia Carrere and Harvey Keitel.
its philosophical implications are used to explain the His next novel, Disclosure, published in 1994, addresses
collapse of an amusement park in a biological pre- the theme of sexual harassment previously explored in his
serve on Isla Nublar, an island west of Costa Rica. 1972 Binary. Unlike that novel however, Crichton centers
19.2. WRITING CAREER
65
on sexual politics in the workplace, emphasizing an array

of paradoxes in traditional gender functions, by featuring
a male protagonist who is being sexually harassed by a
female executive. As a result, the book has been harshly
criticized by feminist commentators and accused of antifeminism. Crichton, anticipating this response, oered a
rebuttal at the close of the novel which states that a rolereversal story uncovers aspects of the subject that would
not be as easily seen with a female protagonist. The novel
was made into a lm the same year by Barry Levinson,
and starring Michael Douglas, Demi Moore and Donald
Sutherland.
In 2002, Crichton published Prey, a cautionary tale about

developments in science and technology; specically
nanotechnology. The novel explores relatively recent phenomena engendered by the work of the scientic community, such as articial life, emergence (and by extension,
complexity), genetic algorithms, and agent-based computing. Reiterating components in many of his other novels, Crichton once again devises ctional companies, this
time Xymos, a nanorobotics company which is claimed to
be on the verge of perfecting a revolutionary new medical
imaging technology based on nanotechnology and a rival
company, MediaTronics.
Crichton then published The Lost World in 1995, as the

sequel to Jurassic Park. It was made into a lm sequel
two years later in 1997, again directed by Spielberg and
starring Je Goldblum, Julianne Moore, Vince Vaughn
and Pete Postlethwaite.
In 2004, Crichton published State of Fear, a novel concerning eco-terrorists who attempt mass murder to support their views. Global warming serves as a central
theme to the novel, although a review in Nature found it
likely to mislead the unwary.[28] The novel had an initial print run of 1.5 million copies and reached the No.
1 bestseller position at Amazon.com and No. 2 on The
New York Times Best Seller list for one week in January
2005.[29][30]
Then, in 1996, Crichton published Airframe, an aerotechno-thriller which relates the story of a quality assurance vice-president at the ctional aerospace manufacturer Norton Aircraft, as she investigates an in-ight accident aboard a Norton-manufactured airliner that leaves
three passengers dead and fty-six injured. Again, Crichton uses the false document literary device, presenting
numerous technical documents to create a sense of authenticity. In the novel, Crichton draws from real life
accidents to increase its sensation of realism, including
American Airlines Flight 191 and Aeroot Flight 593;
the latter ew from Moscows Sheremetyevo International
Airport and crashed on its way to Hong Kongs Kai Tak
Airport in 1994. Crichton challenges the public perception of air safety and the consequences of exaggerated
media reports to sell the story. The book also continues Crichtons overall theme of the failure of humans in
human-machine interaction, given that the plane itself
worked perfectly and the accident would not have occurred had the pilot reacted properly.
The last novel published while he was still living was Next,
printed in 2006. The novel follows many characters, including transgenic animals, in the quest to survive in a
world dominated by genetic research, corporate greed,
and legal interventions, wherein government and private
investors spend billions of dollars every year on genetic
research.
Pirate Latitudes was found as a manuscript on one of his
computers after his death. Additionally, an unnished
novel, titled Micro,[31] was published on November 22,
2011. The novel has been co-written by Richard Preston.[2]
19.2.2 Non-ction
In 1999, Crichton published Timeline, a science ction

novel which tells the story of a team of historians and
archaeologists studying a site in the Dordogne region of
France, where the medieval towns of Castelgard and La
Roque stood. They time travel back to 1357 to uncover
some startling truths. The novel, which continues Crichtons long history of combining technical details and action in his books, addresses quantum physics and time
travel directly and received a warm welcome from medieval scholars, who praised his depiction of the challenges in studying the Middle Ages.[27]
The novel quickly spawned Timeline Computer Entertainment, a computer game developer that created the
Timeline PC game published by Eidos Interactive in
2000. A lm based on the book was released in 2003,
by Paramount Pictures, with a screen adaptation by Je
Maguire and George Nol, under the direction of Richard
Donner. The lm stars Paul Walker, Gerard Butler and
Frances O'Connor.
Crichtons rst published book of non-ction, Five Patients,

recounts his experiences of practices in the late 1960s at
Massachusetts General Hospital and the issues of costs and politics within American health care.
Aside from ction, Crichton wrote several other books

based on medical or scientic themes, often based
upon his own observations in his eld of expertise. In
66
1970, he published Five Patients, a book which recounts his experiences of hospital practices in the late
1960s at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston,
Massachusetts. The book follows each of ve patients
through their hospital experience and the context of their
treatment, revealing inadequacies in the hospital institution at the time. The book relates the experiences of
Ralph Orlando, a construction worker seriously injured
in a scaold collapse; John O'Connor, a middle-aged dispatcher suering from fever that has reduced him to a
delirious wreck; Peter Luchesi, a young man who severs his hand in an accident; Sylvia Thompson, an airline
passenger who suers chest pains; and Edith Murphy, a
mother of three who is diagnosed with a life-threatening
disease. In Five Patients, Crichton examines a brief history of medicine up to 1969, to help place hospital culture
and practice into context, and addresses the costs and politics of American health care.
As a personal friend of the artist Jasper Johns, Crichton compiled many of his works in a coee table book,
published as Jasper Johns. It was originally published in
1970, by Harry N. Abrams, Inc. in association with the
Whitney Museum of American Art, and again in January
1977, with a second revised edition published in 1994.
In 1983, Crichton authored Electronic Life, a book that introduces BASIC programming to its readers. The book,
written like a glossary, with entries such as Afraid of
Computers (everybody is)", Buying a Computer, and
Computer Crime, was intended to introduce the idea
of personal computers to a reader who might be faced
with the hardship of using them at work or at home for
the rst time. It dened basic computer jargon and assured readers that they could master the machine when it
inevitably arrived. In his words, being able to program a
computer is liberation; In my experience, you assert control over a computershow it whos the bossby making
it do something unique. That means programming it....If
you devote a couple of hours to programming a new machine, you'll feel better about it ever afterwards.[32] In the
book, Crichton predicts a number of events in the history of computer development, that computer networks
would increase in importance as a matter of convenience,
including the sharing of information and pictures that we
see online today which the telephone never could. He also
makes predictions for computer games, dismissing them
as the hula hoops of the '80s, and saying already there
are indications that the mania for twitch games may be
fading. In a section of the book called Microprocessors,
or how I unked biostatistics at Harvard, Crichton again
seeks his revenge on the medical school teacher who had
given him abnormally low grades in college. Within the
book, Crichton included many self-written demonstrative
Applesoft (for Apple II) and BASICA (for IBM PC compatibles) programs.
19.2.3 Literary techniques

Crichtons novels, including Jurassic Park, have been described by The Guardian as harking back to the fantasy
adventure ction of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Jules Verne,
Edgar Rice Burroughs, and Edgar Wallace, but with a
contemporary spin, assisted by cutting-edge technology
references made accessible for the general reader.[33]
According to The Guardian, Michael Crichton wasn't really interested in characters, but his innate talent for storytelling enabled him to breathe new life into the science ction thriller.[33] Like The Guardian, The New York Times
has also noted the boys adventure quality to his novels interfused with modern technology and science. According
to The New York Times,
All the Crichton books depend to a certain extent on a little frisson of fear and suspense: thats what kept you turning the pages.
But a deeper source of their appeal was the
authors extravagant care in working out the
clockwork mechanics of his experiments
the DNA replication in Jurassic Park, the time
travel in Timeline, the submarine technology in
Sphere. The novels have embedded in them
little lectures or mini-seminars on, say, the
Bernoulli principle, voice-recognition software
or medieval jousting etiquette ...
The best of the Crichton novels have about
them a boys adventure quality. They owe
something to the Saturday-afternoon movie serials that Mr. Crichton watched as a boy and to
the adventure novels of Arthur Conan Doyle
(from whom Mr. Crichton borrowed the title The Lost World and whose example showed
that a novel could never have too many dinosaurs). These books thrive on yarn spinning,
but they also take immense delight in the inner workings of things (as opposed to people,
women especially), and they make the world
or the made-up world, anyway seem boundlessly interesting. Readers come away entertained and also with the belief, not entirely illusory, that they have actually learned something
The New York Times on the works of
Michael Crichton[34]
Crichtons works were frequently cautionary; his plots often portrayed scientic advancements going awry, commonly resulting in worst-case scenarios. A notable recurring theme in Crichtons plots is the pathological failure of
complex systems and their safeguards, whether biological
(Jurassic Park), military/organizational (The Andromeda
Then, in 1988, he published Travels, which also contains Strain), technical (Airframe) or cybernetic (Westworld).
autobiographical episodes covered in a similar fashion to This theme of the inevitable breakdown of perfect syshis 1970 book Five Patients.
tems and the failure of "fail-safe measures can be seen
19.4. COMPUTER GAMES
67
strongly in the poster for Westworld (slogan: "Where on his novel Binary.
nothing can possibly go worng ..." (sic) ) and in the dis- Westworld was the rst feature lm that used 2D
cussion of chaos theory in Jurassic Park.
computer-generated imagery (CGI).
The use of author surrogate was a feature of Crichtons Crichton directed the lm Coma, adapted from a Robin
writings from the beginning of his career. In A Case of
Cook novel. There are other similarities in terms of genre
Need, one of his pseudonymous whodunit stories, Crich- and the fact that both Cook and Crichton had medical deton used rst-person narrative to portray the hero, a
grees, were of similar age, and wrote about similar subBostonian pathologist, who is running against the clock jects.
to clear a friends name from medical malpractice in a
Other major releases directed by Crichton include The
girls death from a hack-job abortion.
Great Train Robbery (1979), Looker (1981), Runaway
Some of Crichtons ction used a literary technique called (1984), and Physical Evidence (1989). The middle two
false document. For example, Eaters of the Dead is a lms were science ction, set in the very near future at
fabricated recreation of the Old English epic Beowulf the time, and included particularly ashy styles of lmin the form of a scholarly translation of Ahmad ibn making, for their time.
Fadlan's 10th century manuscript. Other novels, such
as The Andromeda Strain and Jurassic Park, incorpo- He wrote the screenplay for the lms Extreme Closerated ctionalized scientic documents in the form of Up (1973) and Twister (1996), the latter co-written with
diagrams, computer output, DNA sequences, footnotes Anne-Marie Martin, his wife at the time. While Jurassic
and bibliography. Some of his novels included authentic Park and The Lost World were both based on Crichtons
published scientic works to illustrate his point, such as novels, Jurassic Park III was not (though scenes from the
Jurassic Park novel were incorporated into the third lm,
in The Terminal Man and State of Fear.
such as the aviary).
Crichton sometimes used a premise in which a diverse
group of experts or specialists are assembled to tackle Crichton was also the creator and executive producer of
a unique problem requiring their individual talents and the television drama ER. He had written what became
knowledge. This was done in Andromeda Strain as the pilot script in 1974. Twenty years later Steven Spielwell as Sphere, Jurassic Park, and to a far lesser ex- berg helped develop the show, serving as a producer on
tent Timeline. Sometimes the individual characters in season one and oering advice (he insisted on Julianna
this dynamic work in the private sector and are suddenly Margulies becoming a regular, for example). It was
called upon by the government to form an immediate also through Spielbergs Amblin Entertainment that John
response team once some incident or discovery triggers Wells was contacted to be the shows executive producer.
their mobilization. This premise or plot device has been In 1994, Crichton achieved the unique distinction of havimitated and used by other authors and screenwriters in ing a No. 1 movie, Jurassic Park, a No. 1 TV show, ER,
and a No. 1 book, Disclosure.[62][63]
several books, movies and television shows since.
At the prose level, one of Crichtons trademarks was the Crichton wrote only the pilot episode of ER, "24 Hours".
single word paragraph: a dramatic question answered by
a single word on its own as a paragraph.
19.2.4
Works
Novels
19.4 Computer games
Non-ction
Short stories
19.3 As a lm director and screenwriter

Crichton wrote or directed several motion pictures and
episodes of TV series. In the 1970s in particular he was
intent on being a successful lmmaker. Crichton wrote
several episodes for the television series Insight in the
early 1970s. His rst lm, Pursuit (1972), was a TV
movie both written and directed by Crichton that is based
Amazon is a graphical adventure game created by Crichton and produced by John Wells. Trillium released it in
the United States in 1984, and the game runs on Apple II,
Atari 8-bit, Atari ST, Commodore 64, and DOS. Amazon
sold more than 100,000 copies, making it a signicant
commercial success at the time. It featured plot elements
similar to those previously used in Congo.[64]
In 1999, Crichton founded Timeline Computer Entertainment with David Smith. Despite signing a multi-title
publishing deal with Eidos Interactive, only one game
was ever published, Timeline. Released on December 8,
2000, for the PC, the game received negative reviews and
sold poorly.
68
19.5 Speeches
The AAAS invited Crichton to address scientists concerns about how they are portrayed in the media, delivCrichton delivered a number of notable speeches in his ered to the American Association for the Advancement
of Science in Anaheim, California on January 25, 1999
lifetime.
19.5.1
Environmentalism as Religion
Intelligence
Squared
Global
Warming is Not a Crisis debate
This was not the rst discussion of environmentalism as a
On March 14, 2007, Intelligence Squared held a debate

in New York City titled Global Warming is Not a Crisis, moderated by Brian Lehrer. Crichton was on the for
the motion side along with Richard Lindzen and Philip
Stott against Gavin Schmidt, Richard Somerville, and
Brenda Ekwurzel. Before the debate, the audience were
largely on the Against the motion side at 57% vs 30% in
favor of the for side, with a 12% undecided.[65] At the
end of the debate, there was a notable shift in the audience vote at 46% vs 42% in favor of the for the motion
side leaving the debate with the conclusion that Crichtons group won.[65] Schmidt later described the debate
in a RealClimate blog posting, Crichton went with the
crowd-pleasing condemnation of private jet-ying liberals very popular, even among the private jet-ying Eastsiders present) and the apparent hypocrisy of people who
think that global warming is a problem using any energy
at all. While those against the motion had presented the
agreed scientic consensus of IPCC reports, the audience was apparently more convinced by the entertaining narratives from Crichton and Stott (not so sure about
Lindzen) than they were by our drier fare. Entertainmentwise its hard to blame them. Crichton is extremely polished and Stott has a touch of the revivalist preacher about
him. Comparatively, we were pretty dull. Even though
Crichton inspired a lot of blog responses and it was considered one of his best rhetorical performances, reception
to his message was mixed.[65][66]
In the debate, although he admitted that man must have at
some point contributed to global warming but not necessarily caused it, Crichton argued that most of the media
and attention of the general public are being dedicated
to the uncertain anthropogenic global warming scares instead of the more urgent issues like poverty. He also suggested that private jets be banned as they add more carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere for the benet of the few who
could aord them.
19.5.2
Other speeches
Mediasaurus The Decline of Conventional Media
religion, but it caught on and was widely quoted. Crichton

explains his view that religious approaches to the environment are inappropriate and cause damage to the natural
world they intend to protect.[68] The speech was delivered
to the Commonwealth Club in San Francisco, California
on September 15, 2003.
Science Policy in the 21st century
Crichton outlined several issues before a joint meeting of
liberal and conservative think tanks. The speech was delivered at AEI-Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C.
on January 25, 2005
The Case for Skepticism on Global Warming
On January 25, 2005 at the National Press Club Washington, D.C., Crichton delivered a detailed explanation
of why he criticized the consensus view on global warming. Using published UN data, he argued that claims for
catastrophic warming arouse doubt; that reducing CO2
is vastly more dicult than is commonly presumed; and
why societies are morally unjustied in spending vast
sums on a speculative issue when people around the world
are dying of starvation and disease.[68]
Caltech Michelin Lecture
Aliens Cause Global Warming January 17, 2003. In
the spirit of his science ction writing Crichton details
research on nuclear winter and SETI Drake equations relative to global warming science.[69]
Testimony before the United States Senate
Together with climate scientists, Crichton was invited to
testify before the Senate in September 2005, as an expert
witness on global warming.[70] The speech was delivered
to the Committee on Environment and Public Works in
Washington, D.C.
A 1993 speech which predicted the decline of main- Complexity theory and environmental management
stream media delivered at the National Press Club in
Washington, D.C. on April 7, 1993.[67]
In previous speeches, Crichton criticized environmental
Ritual Abuse, Hot Air, and Missed Opportunities Sci- groups for failing to incorporate complexity theory. Here
ence Views Media
he explains in detail why complexity theory is essential to
19.6. RECEPTION
environmental management, using the history of Yellowstone Park as an example of what not to do. The speech
was delivered to the Washington Center for Complexity
and Public Policy in Washington, D.C. on November 6,
2005.[71][72]
Genetic research and legislative needs
While writing Next, Crichton concluded that laws covering genetic research desperately needed to be revised,
and spoke to Congressional sta members about problems ahead. The speech was delivered to a group of legislative staers in Washington, D.C. on September 14,
2006.[73]
19.6 Reception
19.6.1
Criticism of Crichtons environmental views
Many of Crichtons publicly expressed views, particularly on subjects like the global warming controversy,
have been contested by a number of scientists and
commentators.[74] An example is meteorologist Jerey
Masters' review of State of Fear:
Flawed or misleading presentations of
global warming science exist in the book, including those on Arctic sea ice thinning, correction of land-based temperature measurements for the urban heat island eect, and
satellite vs. ground-based measurements of
Earths warming. I will spare the reader additional details. On the positive side, Crichton
does emphasize the little-appreciated fact that
while most of the world has been warming the
past few decades, most of Antarctica has seen a
cooling trend. The Antarctic ice sheet is actually expected to increase in mass over the next
100 years due to increased precipitation, according to the IPCC.[75]
69
19.6.2 Michael Crowley

In 2006, Crichton clashed with journalist Michael Crowley, a senior editor of the liberal magazine The New Republic. In March 2006, Crowley wrote a strongly critical
review of State of Fear, focusing on Crichtons stance on
global warming.[80] In the same year, Crichton published
the novel Next, which contains a minor character named
Mick Crowley, who is a Yale graduate and a Washington, D.C.-based political columnist. The character was
portrayed as a child molester with a small penis.[81] The
character does not appear elsewhere in the book.[81] The
real Crowley, also a Yale graduate, alleged that by including a similarly named character Crichton had libeled
him.[82]
19.6.3 Awards
Mystery Writers of America's Edgar Allan Poe
Award, Best Novel, 1969 A Case of Need[83]
Association of American Medical Writers Award,
1970
Mystery Writers of America's Edgar Allan Poe
Award, Best Motion Picture, 1980 The Great
Train Robbery[83]
Named to the list of the Fifty Most Beautiful People by People magazine, 1992[84]
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
Technical Achievement Award, 1994[85]
Writers Guild of America Award, Best Long Form
Television Script of 1995 (The Writer Guild list the
award for 1996)[86]
George Foster Peabody Award, 1994 ER
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama
Series, 1996 ER
Ankylosaur named Crichtonsaurus bohlini, 2002
American Association of Petroleum Geologists
Journalism Award, 2006
Peter Doran, author of the paper in the January 2002,

issue of Nature which reported the nding referred to
above that some areas of Antarctica had cooled between
19.6.4 Associations
1986 and 2000, wrote an opinion piece in the July 27,
2006, The New York Times in which he stated Our results
Phi Beta Kappa
have been misused as 'evidence' against global warming
by Michael Crichton in his novel State of Fear.[29] Al
Authors Guild
Gore said on March 21, 2007, before a U.S. House com Writers Guild of America
mittee: The planet has a fever. If your baby has a fever,
you go to the doctor [...] if your doctor tells you you need
P.E.N. America Center
to intervene here, you don't say 'Well, I read a science
ction novel that tells me its not a problem'. This has
Directors Guild of America
been recognized by several commentators as a reference
Academy of Television Arts and Sciences
to State of Fear.[76][77][78][79]
70
Member of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and an expert in intellectual property law. He had been inSciences
volved in several lawsuits with others claiming credit for
his work.[88] In 1985, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals
Board of Directors, International Design Confer- heard Berkic v. Crichton, 761 F.2d 1289 (1985). Plainence at Aspen, 198591
ti Ted Berkic wrote a screenplay called Reincarnation
Board of Trustees, Western Behavioral Sciences In- Inc., which he claims Crichton plagiarized for the movie
Coma. The court ruled in Crichtons favor, stating the
stitute, La Jolla, 198691
works were not substantially similar.[89] In the 1996 case,
Williams v. Crichton, 84 F.3d 581 (2d Cir. 1996), Ge Board of Overseers, Harvard University, 199096
orey Williams claimed that Jurassic Park violated his
Board of Directors, Drug Strategies, 19942008
copyright covering his dinosaur-themed childrens stories
published in the late 1980s. The court granted summary
Authors Guild Council, 19952008
judgment in favor of Crichton.[90] In 1998, A United
Board of Directors, Gorilla Foundation, 20022008 States District Court in Missouri heard the case of Kessler
v. Crichton that actually went all the way to a jury trial,
Board of Trustees, Los Angeles County Museum of unlike the other cases. Plainti Stephen Kessler claimed
Art, 20062008
the movie Twister was based on his work Catch the Wind.
It took the jury about 45 minutes to reach a verdict in
favor of Crichton. After the verdict, Crichton refused to
shake Kesslers hand.[91] At the National Press Club in
19.7 Personal life
2006, Crichton summarized his intellectual property legal problems by stating, I always win.[88]
As an adolescent Crichton felt isolated because of his
height (6'9). As an adult he was acutely aware of his
intellect, which often left him feeling alienated from
19.7.3 Illness and death
the people around him. During the 1970s and 1980s
he consulted psychics and enlightenment gurus to make
In accordance with the private way in which Crichton
him feel more socially acceptable and to improve his
lived his life, his cancer was not made public until his
karma. As a result of these experiences, Crichton pracdeath. According to Crichtons brother Douglas, Crichticed meditation throughout much of his life. He was a
ton was diagnosed with lymphoma in early 2008.[92] He
deist.[87]
was undergoing chemotherapy treatment at the time of
Crichton was a workaholic. When drafting a novel, which his death, and Crichtons physicians and family members
would typically take him six or seven weeks, Crichton had been expecting him to make a recovery. He died on
withdrew completely to follow what he called a struc- November 4, 2008, at the age of 66.[93][94][95]
tured approach of ritualistic self-denial. As he neared
writing the end of each book, he would rise increasingly
Michaels talent outscaled even his own
early each day, meaning that he would sleep for less than
dinosaurs
of Jurassic Park. He was the
four hours by going to bed at 10 pm and waking at 2 am.[1]
greatest at blending science with big theatrical
In 1992, Crichton was ranked among People magazines
concepts, which is what gave credibility to
50 most beautiful people.[84]
dinosaurs again walking the earth. In the early
19.7.1
Marriages and children
He married ve times; four of the marriages ended in

divorce. He was married to Joan Radam (19651970),
Kathleen St. Johns (19781980), Suzanna Childs (19811983), and actress Anne-Marie Martin (19872003), the
mother of his daughter Taylor Anne (born 1989). At the
time of his death, Crichton was married to Sherri Alexander (2005-2008), who was six months pregnant with their
son. John Michael Todd Crichton was born on February
12, 2009.
19.7.2
Intellectual property cases
In November 2006, at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C., Crichton joked that he considered himself
days, Michael had just sold The Andromeda

Strain to Robert Wise at Universal and I had
recently signed on as a contract TV director
there. My rst assignment was to show
Michael Crichton around the Universal lot.
We became friends and professionally Jurassic
Park, ER, and Twister followed. Michael was
a gentle soul who reserved his amboyant side
for his novels. There is no one in the wings
that will ever take his place.[96]
Steven Spielberg on Michael Crichtons
death.
As a pop novelist, he was divine. A

Crichton book was a headlong experience
driven by a man who was both a natural
storyteller and endishly clever when it came
19.10. REFERENCES
to verisimilitude; he made you believe that
cloning dinosaurs wasnt just over the horizon
but possible tomorrow. Maybe today.[97]
Stephen King on Crichton, January 22,
2009.
71
[5] Michael Crichton

[6] Featured Filmmaker: Michael Crichton. IGN. May 19,
2003.
[7] Michael Crichton at the Internet Movie Database
[8] Travels, p. 4
Crichton had an extensive collection of 20th-century

American art, which was auctioned by Christies in May
2010.[98]
19.7.4
Unnished novels
[9] Michael Crichtons Convictions, Boston Globe, Wednesday, May 11, 1988
[10] King of the techno-thriller, The Observer, December 3,
2006
[11] About Michael Crichton
On April 6, 2009, Crichtons publisher, HarperCollins,

announced the posthumous publication of two of his nov- [12] Crichton, Michael. Travels, 1989, page 73
els. The rst was Pirate Latitudes, found completed on his [13] Michael Crichton. The Oprah Winfrey Show. Archived
computer by his assistant after he died. This was the secfrom the original on 2005-03-25. Retrieved 2008-11-05.
ond of a two-novel deal that started with Next.
[14] Mean Body Weight, Height, and Body Mass Index 1960
The other novel, titled Micro, is a techno-thriller that

2002
was released in November 2011. The novel explores
the outer edges of new science and technology.[99] The [15] http://www.amazon.com/
novel is based on Michael Crichtons notes and les, and
Binary-Michael-Crichton-John-Lange/dp/0394479874
Binary Authors John Lange, Michael Crichton Publisher
was roughly a third of the way nished when he died.
Knopf, 1972 Original from the University of California
HarperCollins publisher Jonathan Burnham, and CrichDigitized Jun 11, 2008 Length 213 pages
tons agent Lynn Nesbit, looked for a co-writer to nish
[2]
the novel. Ultimately, Richard Preston was chosen to
[16] Michael Crichton. Famous Authors. Retrieved 24
complete the book.[31]
March 2014.
19.8 Film and television

19.8.1
Novels adapted into lms
19.8.2
As a screenwriter or director
19.8.3
Television series
19.9 See also

Scientic opinion on climate change
19.10 References
[1] Michael Crichton:Novelist and screenwriter responsible
for 'Jurassic Park', 'Westworld' and the TV series 'ER'".
The Daily Telegraph (London). November 10, 2008. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
[2] Rich, Motoko (2009-04-05). Posthumous Crichton Novels on the Way. The New York Times. Retrieved 200907-18.
[3] Q & A with Michael Crichton, michaelcrichton.com,
2005. Retrieved December 11, 2005.
[4] Michael Crichtons Mark on the Science Fiction World
[17] Michael Crichton (rhymes with frighten): Michael Crichton By ISRAEL SHENKER. New York Times (1923Current le) [New York, N.Y] 08 June 1969: BR5
[18] [url=http://www.theedgars.com/edgarsDB/index.php
Edgar Awards throughout time"]. TheEdgars.com.
Archived from the original on 2013-11-19. Retrieved
2013-11-19.
[19] Michael Crichton, novelist and lmmaker, Harvard College (Anthropology, 1964) and Harvard Medical School
(1969) graduate. Harvard University Department of
Global Health & Social Medicine
[20] Michael Crichton Biography, ocial Crichton website
[21] Edgar Award: Best Paperback Original.
CozyMystery.Com. Archived from the original on 2008-12-16.
[22] Michael Crichton (2001). Michael Crichton on the Jurassic Park Phenomenon (DVD). Universal.
[23] Joseph McBride (1997). Steven Spielberg. Faber and
Faber, 4169. ISBN 0-571-19177-0
[24] DVD Production Notes
[25] Appelo, Tim (1990-12-07). Leaping Lizards. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
[26] Biodrowski, Steve. Jurassic Park: Michael Crichton.
Cinefantastique 24 (2): 12.
72
[27] Linda Bingham, Crossing the Timeline: Michael Crichtons Bestseller as Social Criticism and History, in:
Falling into Medievalism, ed. Anne Lair and Richard Utz.
Special Issue of UNIversitas: The University of Northern
Iowa Journal of Research, Scholarship, and Creative Activity, 2.1 (2006).
[28] Allen, Myles (January 2005).
A novel view of
global warming Book Reviewed: State of Fear.
Nature 433 (7023): 198. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..198A.
doi:10.1038/433198a.
[52] Michael Crichton. Rising Sun. ISBN 978-0-345-38037-1.

[53] Michael Crichton. Disclosure. ISBN 978-0-679-41945-7.
[54] Michael Crichton. The Lost World. ISBN 978-0-67941946-4.
[55] Michael Crichton. Airframe. ISBN 978-0-679-44648-4.
[56] Michael Crichton. Timeline. ISBN 0-679-44481-5.
[57] Michael Crichton. Prey. ISBN 978-0-679-44481-7.
[29] Doran, Peter (July 27, 2006). Cold, Hard Facts. The
New York Times.
[58] Michael Crichton.

621413-9.
[30] Michael Crichtons Scientic Method"". James Hansen.
[59] Michael Crichton. Next. ISBN 978-0-06-087298-4.
[31] Zorianna Kit (May 23, 2011). Michael Crichton posthumous novel to be published. Reuters. Retrieved May 27,
2011.
[60] Michael Crichton. Pirate Latitudes. ISBN 978-0-06192937-3.
[32] Crichton, Michael. Electronic Life, Knopf, 1983, p. 44.

ISBN 0-394-53406-9
[33] Wootton, Adrian (November 6, 2008). How Michael
Crichton struck fear into the bestseller list. The Guardian
(London). Retrieved December 18, 2008.
[34] McGrath, Charles (November 5, 2008). Builder of
Windup Realms That Thrillingly Run Amok. The New
York Times. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
[35] John Lange. Odds On.
State of Fear.
ISBN 978-0-06-
[61] New Crichton novel coming in the fall. USA Today.

May 22, 2011.
[62] The New York Times Best Seller list January 23, 1994
[63] Publishers Weekly list of bestselling novels in the United
States in the 1990s#1994
[64] Amazon at Home of the Underdogs
[65] Global Warming is Not a Crisis. Intelligence Squared.
March 14, 2007. Retrieved August 8, 2014.
[36] John Lange. Scratch One.
[66] Gavin Schmidt (15 March 2007). RealClimate: Adventures on the East Side. RealClimate. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
[37] John Lange. Easy Go.
[67] Michael Crichton (April 1993). Mediasaurus. Wired.
[38] Jeery Hudson. A Case of Need. ISBN 978-0-52593802-6.
[68] Crichton, Michael (Dec 2009). Three Speeches by

Michael Crichton. Washington, D.C.: Science & Public Policy Institute
[39] John Lange. Zero Cool. ISBN 978-0-8439-5959-8.

[40] Michael Crichton. The Andromeda Strain. ISBN 978-0394-41525-3.
[41] John Lange. The Venom Business.
[42] John Lange. Drug of Choice. ISBN 978-0-451-04116-6.
[43] Michael Douglas. Dealing. ISBN 978-0-394-42168-1.
[44] John Lange. Grave Descend. ISBN 978-0-8439-5597-2.
[45] John Lange. Binary. ISBN 978-0-394-47987-3.
[46] Michael Crichton. The Terminal Man. ISBN 978-0-39444768-1.
[47] Michael Crichton. The Great Train Robbery. ISBN 9780-394-49401-2.
[48] Michael Crichton. Eaters of the Dead. ISBN 978-0-39449400-5.
[49] Michael Crichton. Congo. ISBN 978-0-394-51392-8.
[69] Michael Crichton. Aliens Cause Global Warming.

Caltech. Retrieved 2003-01-17.
[70] p.8 Johansen, Bruce Elliott Silenced!: Academic Freedom,
Scientic Inquiry, and the First Amendment Under Siege in
America Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007
[71] An Afternoon with Michael Crichton: In collaboration
with The Smithsonian Associates, Washington Center for
Complexity and Public Policy, Washington, D.C., November 6, 2005
[72] Michael Crichton Fear and Complexity and Environmental Management in the 21st Century, video from talk,
The Smithsonian Associates and the Washington Center for
Complexity and Public Policy, Washington, D.C., November 6, 2005
[73] A Talk to Legislative Staers http://web.archive.org/
web/20080513233120/www.michaelcrichton.com/
speech-legislativestaffers.html
[50] Michael Crichton. Sphere. ISBN 978-0-394-56110-3.
[74] Crichtons Thriller State of Fear: Separating Fact from

Fiction Union of Concerned Scientists.
[51] Michael Crichton.

58816-2.
[75] Masters, Jeery M. Review of Michael Crichtons State

of Fear". Weather Underground. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
Jurassic Park.
ISBN 978-0-394-
19.11. BIBLIOGRAPHY
73
[76] Knights of the Limits Ansible 237, April 2007

[77] Glenn, Joshua (April 1, 2007). Climate of fear. The
Boston Globe.
[78] More from 'Inconvenient Gore'". Alaska Report. March
22, 2007.
[79] That Inconvenient Gore
[80] Crowley, Michael. Cock and Bull. The New Republic.
December 25, 2006.
[81] Lee, Felicia (December 14, 2006). Columnist Accuses Crichton of 'Literary Hit-and-Run'". The New York
Times. Alex Burnet was in the middle of the most difcult trial of her career, a rape case involving the sexual
assault of a two-year-old boy in Malibu. The defendant,
thirty-year-old Mick Crowley, was a Washington-based
political columnist who was visiting his sister-in-law when
he experienced an overwhelming urge to have anal sex
with her young son, still in diapers
[82] Columnist Accuses Crichton of Literary Hit-and-Run.
Felicia R. Lee. New York Times, December 14, 2006
[83] Edgar Award Winners and Nominees Database
[84] Michael Crichton. People magazine 37 (17). May 4,
1992. p. 132.
[85] Michael Crichton Academy of Motion Picture Arts and
Sciences
[86] Previous Nominees & Winners.
Awards.
The Writers Guild
[87] http://www.adherents.com/people/pc/Michael_
Crichton.html The Religious Aliation of Michael
Crichton popular science ction author.
Retrieved
December 8, 2013
[88] Michael Crichton FORA.tv.
[89] Berkic v. Crichton, 761 F. 2d 1289 Court of Appeals,
9th Circuit 1985
[90] Williams v. Crichton, 84 F. 3d 581 Court of Appeals,
2nd Circuit 1996
[97] http://www.musingsonmichaelcrichton.com/2009/01/
stephen-king-tribute-to-michael.html
[98] Christies to sell the collection of Michael Crichton
(Press release). Christies. March 2, 2010.
[99] Crichton, Michael. HarperCollins to Publish Two
Posthumous Novels by Michael Crichton, michaelcrichton.com, 2006. Retrieved August 19, 2009.
19.11 Bibliography
Golla, Robert Conversations with Michael Crichton, University Press of Mississippi, 2011, ISBN 161703-013-9
Hayhurst, Robert Readings on Michael Crichton,
Greenhaven Press, 2004, ISBN 0-7377-1662-2
Trembley, Elizabeth A. Michael Crichton: A Critical
Companion, Greenwood Press, 1996, ISBN 0-31329414-3

Ocial website
Musings on Michael Crichton News and Analysis
on his Life and Works
Works by or about Michael Crichton in libraries

(WorldCat catalog)
Works by Michael Crichton at Open Library
Michael Crichton at the Internet Movie Database
Michael Crichton at IGN
Michael Crichton Obituary.
Chicago Sun-Times
Associated Press.
[91] Spielberg, Crichton Win 'twister' Copyright Case | Business solutions from AllBusiness.com
McGrath, Charles (November 5, 2008). Builder of

Windup Realms That Thrillingly Run Amok. The
New York Times.
[92] David K. Li (November 6, 2008). Crichtons death ends

thrilling ride. New York Post.
John J. Miller (November 11, 2008). He Brought

Science to Life. The Wall Street Journal.
[93] Best-Selling Author Michael Crichton Dies. CBS News.

2008-11-05.
Michael Crichton bibliography on the Internet Book

List
[94] Sci-Fi Author Crichton Passes. The Harvard Crimson.

November 5, 2008.
Complete bibliography and cover gallery of the rst

editions
[95] "'Jurassic Park' author, 'ER' creator Crichton dies. CNN.

November 5, 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-05.
Comprehensive listing and info on Michael Crichtons complete works
[96] Itzko, Dave (November 5, 2008). Michael Crichton

Dies. The New York Times. Retrieved December 18,
2008.
Michael Crichton. Find a Grave. Retrieved June

10, 2013.
Chapter 20
Tytus Czyewski
Tytus Czyewski (18801945) was a Polish painter, art
theoretician, Futurist poet, playwright, member of the
Polish Formists, and Colorist.
In 1902 he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in
Krakow in the painting studios of Jzef Mehoer and
Leon Wyczkowski. Czyewski travelled to Paris and
learned from the artistic trends there. He began exhibiting in 1906. Czyewski painting style was highly inuenced by Czanne and El Greco, whose work he admired
until his death.
In 1917, with the brothers Zbigniew Pronaszko and Andrzej Pronaszko, he organized in Krakw an exhibition
of Polish Expressionist works. The group later became
known as the Polish Formists. Until the break-up of the
Formists in 1922, he was the primary artist and theoretician behind the movement as well as the joint editor of
the periodical Formici. He was also co-founder of the
Polish Futurist clubs, and published Futurist-inspired visual poetry. Czyewski brief irted with Surrealism and
spent the rest of his life as a Colorist.
20.1 References
Czyewski Biography
Prole of Tytus Czyewski at Culture.pl
20.2 External links

Paintings
74
Chapter 21
Jim Dator
James Allen (Jim) Dator is Professor, and Director of
the Hawaii Research Center for Futures Studies, Department of Political Science, University of Hawaii at Manoa.
He received his BA from Stetson University where he
graduated magna cum laude. Seven years after that he
received his PhD from American University.
21.1 References
[1] That time when Doctor Who educated Ontario by Ed
Conroy, BlogTO (September 3, 2012)
21.2 External links
His major areas of specialization include:

Political futures studies (especially the forecasting
and design of new political institutions, and the futures of law, education, and technology)
Space and society, especially the design of
governance systems for space settlements
The political-economic futures of North America,
the Pacic Island region, and East Asia, especially
Japan and South Korea
Media production and the politics of media-- video,
radio, and multimedia production and the eects of
these media on political and other human relations
and consciousness
He is also:
Co-Director, Space & Society Department
International Space University, Strasbourg, France.
Fellow and member of the Executive Council of the
World Academy of Art & Science,
Secretary General/President of the World Futures
Studies Federation, 1983-93.
In the 1970s, while teaching at the University of Toronto,
Dator was hired by Canadian educational television network TVOntario, to work on educational programming
related to futurism. As part of his duties he lmed educational introductions and conclusions for Jon Pertwee-era
episodes of Doctor Who aired by the channel.[1]
75
Homepage at the University of Hawaii

Why Futures Studies: An Interview with Jim Dator
TVOntario Dr. Jim Dator 1977, extro to an episode
of the Doctor Who story "Planet of the Spiders"
TVOntario Jim Dator Farewell 1977 Dators nal
Doctor Who extro.
Chapter 22
Said E. Dawlabani
Said Elias Dawlabani (born 1962) is a Lebanese American cultural economist, author, theorist, consultant and
a highly sought after public speaker who specializes in
macromemetic systems and cultural change based on the
value-systems approach. He is the author of the widely
popular book MEMEnomics: The Next-Generation Economic System
22.1 Career
A real estate developer[1] turned social entrepreneur,
Dawlabani has a prominent 25-year career in the
brokerage, development and investment counseling sectors of the real estate industry in the United States. He
is the founder of The Memenomics Group,[2] an advisory organization that reframes economic issues through
the prism of value systems and oers sustainable solutions based on this emerging science. Since 2003 he has
worked closely with global geopolitical advisor Dr. Don
E. Beck, one of the architects behind South Africas transition from apartheid and co-author of Spiral Dynamics,
the most authoritative theory on value systems.
Dawlabani is the COO and member of the Board of
Directors of The Center for Human Emergence Middle
East,[3] a think tank that frames political and economic issues facing the region through the prism of value systems.
He has been invited to share his value-systems framework
on economics at the World Aairs Councils of America,
the American Society for Training and Development and
the Annual Meeting of the World Future Society. He is
a guest speaker on the topic of transformational leadership for several graduate schools, including the Adizes
Graduate School[4] in Santa Barbara, California, and the
University of Virginia.[5]
the works of Peter Lynch, Charlie Munger and Warren

Buet[7] His framework for the future of the US economy has garnered high acclaims from leaders as diverse as
Howard Putnam,[8] former CEO of Southwest Airlines,
renowned economist Hazel Henderson, New York Times
best selling author Deepak Chopra, and leadership pioneer Frances Hesselbein. He has also authored several
white papers on the use of the value systems approach
to economic policy[9] and geopolitical strategy.[10][11] He
is an active contributor to The Hungton Post, has
been a guest writer on social psychology[12] and related
subjects.[13] Dawlabani has also been a guest on radio programs on NPR[14][15] and Voice of America,[16] that focus
on a whole-systems approach to economic strategy. He
has been quoted by many prominent publications including Newsweek,[17] The Christian Science Monitor[18] and
many others [19][20][21] on his views on values systems and
the economy in the US, China, Japan, and in the Middle
East.

Said E. Dawlabani is a descendent of the Bishop of Antioch Philexinos Yohana Dawlabani,[22] a theologian and
poet who published more than 70 works and translations
of Christian scholarship. The Bishop was among the few
early 20th century Christians to translate the Bible from
Aramaic and Greek to Arabic and Turkish. Dawlabani is
married to Elza Maalouf. They reside in La Jolla, California.
22.4 References
[1] EcoVestAdvisors.com, website
[2] MEMEnomics Group website
22.2 Publications
[3] Center for Human Emergence Middle East, website
Dawlabani is the author of the 2013 book MEMEnomics:

The Next-Generation Economic System. The book was a
nalist in the 2014 Eric Hoer Award that honors freethinking writers and independent books of exceptional
merit.[6] A book critic compared Dawlabanis writings to
76
[4] Adizes Graduate School.org, website

[5] University of Virginia, website
[6] The Eric Hoer Award website
[7] SeekingAlpha.com, website

[8] Howard Putuman Homepage
[9] Integral Leadership Review, article, Economic Policy
and Global Value Systems, by Said E. Dawlabani
[10] Integral Leadership Review: Notes from the Field, Natural Design Solutions for Indigenous Cultures: The Next
Frontier in Geo-Political Strategy, by Said E. Dawlabani
[11] Kosmos magazine, The Arab Spring: A Mythological
Journey or a Myth, by Said E. Dawlabani
[12]
Keith E. Rice Integrated SocioPsychology Blog, article, To Understand the Value Systems of Syria, Look to
Lebanon, by Said E. Dawlabani
[13] Integral Options Cafe, What Investment Means to Different Cultural Value Systems, by Said E. Dawlabani
[14] North Carolina Central University, August 7: Mastering
Your Money, Ed Fulbright Program of the Week
[15] Public Radio Exchange, IdeaSphere: A Platform for Todays Voices, Guy Rathbun
[16] Voice of America, produced by Jim Randle
[17] Newsweek Magazine website
[18] Christian Science Monitor website
[19] How China Can Harness Its History & Overcome Its
Great Wall Slowdown, by Connor Adams Sheets, August
9, 2013
[20] Surprise! You Can Now do Tokyo On The Cheap Thanks
To 'Abenomics, by Connor Adams Sheets, July 15, 2013
[21] Surprise! You Can Now do Tokyo On The Cheap Thanks
To 'Abenomics, Edited by Bill Hurley, July 20, 2013
[22]
Mor Philoxenos Yuhanon Dolabani, Malankra Syriac

Christian Resources, biographical webpage
22.5 External links

Center for Human Emergence Middle East website
The MEMEnomics Group
EcoVest Advisors
77
Chapter 23
Walter De Brouwer
Walter De Brouwer ([dbu]; born May 9, 1957) is 365m on the London Stock Exchange.[11] In 2008, De
a Belgian-born Internet and technology entrepreneur and Brouwer set up OLPC Europe, the European branch of
semiotician. He is a co-founder and the CEO of Scanadu One Laptop per Child.[12][13][14]
in Mountain View, Calif. In 2013, De Brouwer was a
nalist for a World Technology Award in the category of
Health & Medicine (Individual).[1]
23.4 Research labs
23.1 Academic
De Brouwer was born in Aalst, Belgium. He earned
a Masters degree in linguistics from the University of
Ghent in 1980 and a PhD in Semiotics from Tilburg University in 2005.[2] He was a lecturer at the University
of Antwerp (UFSIA) and an adjunct professor at the
International University of Monaco from 2001-2004.[3]
He is an Entrepreneur in Residence with the Centre for
Entrepreneurial Learning at Judge Business School at
the University of Cambridge since 2004.[4] He sits on
the editorial advisory board of the Journal for Chinese
Entrepreneurship.[5]
23.2 Publisher
In 1996, De Brouwer set up Starlab.[15][16][17] It specialized in blue skies research,[18] deep future research,[19]
and BANG (Bits, Atoms, Neurons and Genes) research. Starlab produced generic patents in intelligent
clothing,[20] and worked on time travel.[21] One of its
spinos (spitters.com) was collecting spit for personal genomics typing.[22] The laboratory closed during the dotcom bubble in 2001.[23][24]
In 2011 De Brouwer joined the Brain-ComputerInterface company Emotiv, where he became the CEO
of Europe.[25] He is a board member of Tau Zero Foundation, formerly known as NASAs Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Program, which has published the state-ofthe-art work The Frontiers of Propulsion.[26]
De Brouwer set up Riverland Publications in 1990 to

publish personal computer magazines.[6] In 1994, De
Brouwer sold his titles to VNU. He then published the cyberpunk magazine Wave, edited by Michel Bauwens and
designed by Niels Shoe Meulman. Wave was a cult Bel- 23.5 Scanadu
gian avantgarde magazine that joined Boing-Boing and
Mondo 2000 as a bridge between the underground and
De Brouwer is a co-founder and the CEO of Scanadu,
the world of the future.[7]
a company located at the NASA Ames Research Park
in California. Scanadu is developing consumer health
diagnostic devices such as the Scanadu Scout, designed
23.3 Internet
to measure various physiological parameters such as
temperature, heart rate, blood oxygenation, respiratory
In 1996, De Brouwer was one of the founders of rate, ECG, and diastolic/systolic blood pressure.[27][28]
PING, later sold to EUnet.[8] In April 1998, the com- Scanadu is seeking approval of the device by the United
pany was sold to Qwest Communications International, States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) before
which in turn later merged EUnet in with the ill-fated bringing it to market in 2015 to ensure clinical-grade
KPNQwest.[9] In 1999, his electronic employment site accuracy.[29] Scanadu has received a number of accoJobscape[10] merged with eight similar sites to make up lades, such as being named as one of VentureBeats 26
Stepstone. Stepstone went public with a price tag of Amazing Startups You Need to Watch in 2014.[30]
78
23.8. REFERENCES
23.6 Other activities
79
[8] Schroller, Alex; King, Tim (January 4, 2010). Smart ways

to improve innovation. European Voice
De Brouwer is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts [9]

and served as President of RSA Europe from 2006
to 2008.[31] He is a member of TED and curator
of TEDxBrussels and is a sponsor of Quantied Self
Labs.[32] He was a distinguished lecturer at the National
[10]
Science Foundation in 2013.[33]
De Brouwer has two children with his current wife and a
daughter from a previous marriage.
23.7 Bibliography
De Brouwer, Walter; Ayris, Stephen (1985). Computer Buzz words : Teachers guide. Wolters Leuven,
ISBN 90-309-0815-7
De Brouwer, Walter (1985). Cybercrud : computer terminology for advanced students of informatics and industrial engineering. Wolters Leuven,
ISBN 90-309-0819-X
Vanneste, Alex; Geens D, De Brouwer, Walter
(1987). Het Nieuwe Landschap, Wolters Leuven,
ISBN 90-309-0825-4
De Brouwer, Walter (2004). Echelon: Three can
keep a Secret, if Two of them are Dead. Delaware,
ASIN B004J3UHGG
De Brouwer, Walter (2004). The biology of language: the post-modern deconstruction and denarration of modern and pre-modern grand narratives.
Universiteit van Tilburg, ISBN 978-90-810022-1-9
23.8 References
[1] The 2013 World Technology Award Finalists. Website.
The World Technology Network. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
[2] De Brouwer, Walter (2004). The biology of language:
the post-modern deconstruction and denarration of modern and pre-modern grand narratives. Universiteit van
Tilburg, ISBN 978-90-810022-1-9
[3] International University of Monaco Faculty: Walter De
Brouwer (Adjunct)
[4] Entrepreneur in Residence Walter De Brouwer via University of Cambridge Judge Business School
[5] Journal for Chinese Entrepreneurship
[6] BELGIUM Major Manufacturers Directory. Business Information Agency, ISBN 978-1-4187-8348-8
[7] http://collectvalue.com/exhibition/WAVE%20THE%
20BELGIAN%20CYBERPUNK%20MAG/3125?b=
category&mc=BOOKS
http://news.cnet.com/KPN,
-Qwest-team-on-European-network/2100-1033_
3-218186.html
http://www.v3.co.uk/v3-uk/news/
1948688/qwest-snaps-eunet
Schroller, Alex; King, Tim (January 4, 2010). Smart ways
to improve innovation. European Voice
[11] http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/
stepstone-gets-ipo-price-tag-of-pound365m-725272.
html
[12] Fildes, Jonathan (December 23, 2009). OLPC Unveils
slimline tablet PC. BBC News
[13] Hartley, Adam (May 1, 2010). How OLPC plans to give
30 million kids in Africa a laptop by 2015. TechRadar
[14] Curtis, Sophie (January 11, 2010). Poor Families to get
Government Laptops. eWeek Europe
[15] Kalia, Kirin (August 9, 2000). Belgium: Europes
Overlooked Diamond-in-the-Rough (Part II). Silicon Alley Daily
[16] Lane, Frederick S. (2003) The naked employee: how technology is compromising workplace privacy, p. 54. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn, ISBN 978-0-81447149-4
[17] Bilefsky, Dan (April 2, 2001). Where the deep future is
familiar territory The Financial Times
[18] Geary, James (November 22, 2000). The Web site that
wants your spit. CNN
[19] Discovery Channel (September 2000). StarLab segment
via YouTube
[20] Fashion at the Edge: Spectacle, Modernity, and Deathliness, C. Evans, pg. 276
[21] D'Amico, Mary Lisbeth (July 2, 2001). Tornado Insider:
Lights Out at Starlab Tornado Insider
[22] http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/11/22/
etime.tech/
[23] Giles, Jim (2001). Utopian dream in tatters as Starlab falls
to earth. In D. Butler, Ed. Nature Yearbook of Science
and Technology, p. 412 Palgrave Macmillan (2002) ISBN
978-0-333-97147-5
[24] Casonato, Regina; Jones, Nick (2002) How will enterprises achieve a return on investment in knowledge management? Gartner, Inc.
[25] http://twitter.com/#!/emotiv/statuses/
83300043666370560
[26] http://www.tauzero.aero/site/html/about_us_who.html
[27] Gorman, Michael (22 May 2013). Scanadu nalizes
Scout tricorder design, wants user feedback to help it get
FDA approval. Engadget. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
80
[28] Vogelbaum, Lauren. How the Scanadu SCOUT Works.

Blog post. FW:Thinking. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
[29] Higginbotham, Stacey (12 November 2013). Scanadu
scores $10.5M and paves the way for FDA trials. GigaOM. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
[30] Tweney, Dylan (31 December 2013). 26 amazing startups you need to watch in 2014. VentureBeat. Retrieved
3 February 2014.
[31] Chairman of RSA Europe Fellowship
[32] Ramirez, Ernesto. What We Are Reading. Website.
Quantied Self. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
[33] Dr. Walter De Brouwer of Scanadu Visits IIP. YouTube
video. National Science Foundation. Retrieved 9 May
2014.
CHAPTER 23. WALTER DE BROUWER
Chapter 24
Chuck de Caro
Charles John Chuck de Caro (born 1950 in Providence,
Rhode Island) is an American strategist and futurist who
originated the concept of SOFTWAR which is dened as:
The hostile use of global visual media to shape another
societys will by changing its view of reality.
He is the progenitor and advisor of the worlds rst experimental military virtual unit, under a research contract with the Department of Defense. The 1st SOFTWAR Unit (Virtual) was organized at Joint Training Base
Los Alamitos,California, in July 2013. The 1stSU(V),
is composed entirely of California Army and Air Guard
personnel whose civilian occupations and talents have no
analog in any other branch of government. The experimental unit is designed to assist combatant commanders
and government agencies with dicult problems in Information Warfare.
His original SOFTWAR thesis was published in 1991 by
the Providence Journal Bulletin and led to lectures, books
and articles on Information Warfare, which he continues
to produce to the present day; as well as into research
projects for the Pentagons Oce of Net Assessment.
came one of the rst journalists to y both the F-15 Eagle

and F-16 Fighting Falcon ghter jets.
While researching and writing a novel titled Spacewar:
The Enterprise Aair, about military use of the Space
Shuttle, de Caro was given the opportunity to participate in many segments of NASA astronaut training. Besides centrifuge rides and practice in the Space Shuttle
EVA suit, he completed some 600 zero-gravity parabolas aboard NASAs Vomit Comet along with astronauts
Robert. L. Gibson, Sally Ride, and Steve Hawley . The
then-Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Aairs,
Thomas B. Ross, liked de Caros project so much that
he recommended that the US Air Force loan him a T-38
Talon jet trainer and an instructor pilot to simulate Space
Shuttle approaches and landings. The resultant article,
Flying the White Rocket was published by Challenge
Publications Air Combat Magazine - Special Edition
in 1980. He continued his association with NASA, ying
more zero-G ights to report on the new Space Shuttle
airlock, even interviewing Astronaut Jerry L. Ross while
in weightless mode.
In 1981 he began working WPIX-TV and Independent

News Network in New York City. Two years later he
joined Cable News Network as a Special Assignment
24.1 Education
Correspondent. As a lone combat reporter/cameraman
and uent in Spanish, he would spend up to nine weeks
de Caro was educated at the Marion Military Institute, in at a time in the jungles of Nicaragua covering the operaMarion, Alabama, the US Air Force Academy, in Col- tions of ARDE guerillas led by Eden Pastora (aka Comorado Springs, Colorado, and the University of Rhode Is- mandante Cero) and Hugo Spadafora.
land, in Kingston, Rhode Island.
During the Grenada invasion of 1983, he and CNN
founding Vice President Ted Kavanau, who acted as
his cameraman, sailed and paddled into Grenada, to get
24.2 Journalism
around the US Department of Defense imposed news embargo while that island was being invaded. Their conHe later followed various career paths including service frontation with the US Navy would end up as a front page
with the 20th Special Forces Group and then transitioned photograph in the New York Times.
to journalism with the Providence Journal Bulletin, the
Mr. de Caro and his cameraman, Ken Kelsch, another
Colorado Springs Gazette Telegraph, and the (New Orformer member of US Army Special Forces, used their
leans) Vieux Carre Courier.
military training to slip in and out of Suriname in 1984, to
In the mid 1970s, de Caro became a television reporter do exclusive CNN reports on American mercenaries and
with smaller local TV stations, most notably WTSP-TV Surinamese guerillas trying to overthrow the Bouterse
in Tampa, Florida, where he reported live from inside the regime. Mr. de Caro also reported and produced inveseye of Hurricane David from a USAF WC-130H Hurri- tigative documentaries on illegal drug operations, foreign
cane Hunter aircraft. While at WTSP-TV, he also be81
82
espionage and criminal gangs. He also did CNN documentaries on Radio Frequency Weapons, the Rendlesham
Forest UFO Incident and the First Trans-Atlantic Air
Rally. He also parachuted with USAF Combat Control
Teams and US Army Rangers to generate vivid CNN reports on those military units.
In 1985 de Caro piloted a jet with the rst US Navy female aviator assigned to an Aggressor Squadron (VF-43),
Lieutenant Linda Peaches Shaer. With CNN cameraman org/news_and_events/news/2008/05/biello. html
Mark Biello video taping from a chase plane, de Caro
successfully ew through the entire out-of-control ight
syllabus which included spins, inverted spins, and even
an uncorking maneuver using an inverted snap roll at
the top of a loop with forward stick called a "Lomcevak".
Flying with the Royal Navy in 1986, de Caro was the
rst American civilian to graduate from the Royal Navys
Water Survival School at Seaeld Park. He later ew
numerous sorties in Hawker Hunter jet ghters with
Commander Christopher Hunneyball, RN, who had been
awarded the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for his
eorts in the Falklands War.
CHAPTER 24. CHUCK DE CARO

AEROBUREAUs capabilities are described in the article http://ics.leeds.ac.uk/papers/vp01.cfm?outfit=pmt&
folder=66&paper=1924 Sometimes the Dragon Wins
by Charles Dunlap and in the BBC HORIZON Documentary, The I Bomb. His CNN Special Assignments
and AEROBUREAU experience led him to membership in the Radio-Television News Directors Association.
After being briefed on AEROBUREAU, the US Navy
thought so much of AEROBUREAUs technology that
they incorporated the concepts of using Pioneer RPV
transmitters and stabilized electro-optical cameras into
operational systems that are still in use today. Actually
the USNs use of Optical Systems and Data Links predated Mr de Caros AEROBUREAU concept. Mr. de
Caro claimed that the USN had stolen his concept and
a sympathetic Congresswoman requested that the DODs
Inspector General investigate and prosecute any wrongdoing. The DoD IG Report clearly determined that the
USN had independently pursued these systems in advance
of de Caro. Further, the USN used the DoD IG report as
justication and substantiation to award a Medal to one
Ocer for his methods.
In 1993, while working as a futurist and consultant to

the AAI Corporation, de Caro created a theoretical, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle called VITO (Very Intelligent
Tactical Observer) based on the Charles H. Zimmerman
low-aspect ratio wing for presentation at the conference
of the Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) VITOs futuristic characteristics included
While writing a front page story for the indepen- UAV satellite control and active camouage, which were
dent Army Times newspaper he became the rst non- brought to life years later in the Predator UAV and Boeing
government civilian to attend and graduate from the US Bird of Prey.
Army Air Assault School and was awarded the coveted
Air Assault Badge. His colleague and friend, CNN An- As an independent researcher he has worked intermitchor Lynne Russell pinned on his air assault badge upon tently with the Pentagons Oce of Net Assessment for
the past two decades, on an array of projects, including
his graduation from the course.
the creation of the worlds rst military Virtual Unit.
The unit, called AMOEBA, was developed using National Guard volunteers under Colonel (later Major Gen24.3 Television
eral) Bruce Lawlor.
His CNN documentary The Zap Gap and an article
of the same name published in The Atlantic Monthly in
March 1987 caused a stir in the Pentagon because it delineated the vulnerabilities of many US weapons systems
to High Energy Radio Frequency (HERF) and Directed
Energy Weapons (DEW).
Mr. de Caro became a technical advisor and on-air consultant in the 1990s to three TV Series magazines: Hard
Copy, Sightings, and Encounters. He also worked with
Donald P. Bellisaro in two Belisarius Productions TV dramas: Quantum Leap, and JAG. He also did un-credited
technical advising on the series First Monday and NCIS.
Mr. de Caro joined the Screen Actors Guild and played
himself in the JAG TV series, appearing with actors
Catherine Bell, Karri Turner, and Andrea Thompson.
In January 2011, de Caros books, articles, DoD studies and videos on SOFTWAR and Information Warfare
were integrated into the Military Science curriculum at a
ceremony at his alma mater, the United States Air Force
Academy. During that ceremony he was coined by
both the Dean of USAFA, Brigadier General Dana H.
Born and the Military Science Department Head, Colonel
Thomas A. Drohan as token of regard by the institution.
He is the one of co-authors of textbooks on Information Operations and Cybernetic-Warfare, published

by AFCEA International Press and which are used by
war colleges around the world. The titles include:
24.4 Development of SOFTWAR
Cyberwar: Security, Strategy and Conict in the Information Age, Cyberwar 2.0: Myths, Mysteries and ReIn 1987, de Caro founded AEROBUREAU CORPORA- ality, and Cyberwar 3.0: Human Factors in Information
TION where he and his colleagues, designed, built, and Operations and Future Conict.
operated the worlds rst ying news center based on a
Mr. de Caro lectures regularly at the National Defense
Lockheed L-188 Electra0 turboprop transport aircraft.

University, the National Defense Intelligence College,
and the NATO School in Oberammergau, Germany. He
has also lectured at the USAF Air War College, Air Command and Sta College, USAFA, US Army War College,
US Army Command and General Sta College, Naval
Postgraduate School, the Swedish National Defense College, and the Netherlands Defense College.
24.5 Publications
In cooperation with the former Robert R. McCormick
foundation CEO, Brigadier General David L. Grange,
USA (ret) and others, de Caro has been one of the coauthors of the following McCormick publications: From
Gun Violence to Civic Health: A Whole of City Approach to Creating Chicagos Future 2009; Whole of
Nation Global Engagement: Confronting Irregular Challenges in the 21st Century 2008; Whole of Nation Approach to Irregular Conict / Warfare 2008; Russias
Attack on Georgia: What to do with the Awakened Bear
2008; Irregular Warfare Support Operation Establishing Area Inuence Operations in the IW Battlespace:
Using IW Support Base Networks 2007; Confronting
Iran Securing Iraqs Border: An Irregular Warfare Concept 2007; Understanding the Mission of US International Broadcasting 2007 Confronting Iran: US Options 2007; and Forging an Iran Strategy 2006
His current book-in-progress is called KILLING AL
QAEDA and evolved from a presentation of the same
name given at the prestigious DoD-sponsored Command
and Control Research Program .
24.6 Current Projects

Presently, de Caro works as a consultant for governments
and organizations as well as a lecturer in and out of the
United States. This work expands on his SOFTWAR theories and looks at the use of media and marketing in warfare. His involvement with the 1st SU(V) in California
is under the aegis of the US Department of Defense, Ofce of Net Assessment Oce of Net Assessment under
Andrew Marshall
de Caro is also working on a project similar to the original AEROBUREAU concept called S.A.G.E. (Se Air
Ground Evaluations) designed for rapid damage assessment and communications in large scale disasters.
24.7 Honors & Attributes

As a result of his work on SOFTWAR, Mr. de Caro was
made an Honorary Member of the U.S. Armys Psychological Operations Regiment in 2008 by order of the Secretary of the Army. He is a life-member of the Air Force
83
Association, and has been a featured speaker at its annual
Air and Space Conference and Technology Exhibition.
He is also a member of the OSS Society and the National
Rie Association.
A chapter of the book, The Next World War by James
Adams describes de Caros strategic thesis and style of
instruction at the NDU, while the article Winning CNN
Wars by Frank Stech in the US Army War College Journal Parameters delineates more of his ideas.
Mr. de Caros persona, described by James Adams
in the book, The Next World War as no-nonsense,
shoot-from-the-hip-style and rugged, masculine looks
led speaker Gary Sharp of the Mantech International
Aegis Research Corporation to describe him at a conference at Duke Universitys Centre on Law, Ethics and National Security as: ...an entrepreneur, an adventurer that
I'd read about in a novel somewhere"
24.8 External links

Chuck de Caro at the Internet Movie Database
Video Presentation by Chuck de Caro on SOFTWAR on YouTube
Chapter 25
Patrick Dixon
For the Irish cricketer of the same name, see Patrick
Dixon (cricketer).
25.2 Trends analysis, business consulting and writing
Patrick Dixon is an author and business consultant, often

described as a futurist, and chairman of the trends forecasting company Global Change Ltd.[1] He is also founder
of the international AIDS agency ACET and Chairman of
the ACET International Alliance.
Patrick Dixon now advises large corporations in many

dierent industries on trends, strategy, risk management
and opportunities for innovation, giving keynotes to thousands of business leaders at corporate events each year.[6]
In 2005, he was ranked as one of the 20 most inuential

business thinkers alive according to the Thinkers 50 (a
private survey printed in The Times).[2][3] Dixon was also
included in the Independent on Sunday's 2010 "Happy
List", with reference to ACET and his other work tackling the stigma of AIDS.[4]
25.1 Medical career
Since the 1990s Dixon has written 15 books covering a wide range of issues and macro-trends including
social media, multichannel marketing, consumer shifts,
demographics, rise of emerging economies, health care,
biotechnology, social issues, sustainability, politics and
business ethics.
Futurewise, rst published in 1998, uses the word FUTURE as a mnemonic standing for Six Faces of the
Future which will impact every large business: Fast,
Urban, Tribal, Universal, Radical and Ethical.[1] Dixon
is optimistic about the capacity of human innovation to
solve complex challenges:
Patrick Dixon studied Medical Sciences at Kings ColThis millennium will witness the greatest
lege, Cambridge and continued medical training at
[1]
challenges
to human survival that we have ever
Charing Cross Hospital, London. In 1978, while a medseen,
and
many
of them will face us in the early
ical student, he founded the IT startup Medicom, sellyears
of
the
rst
century. It will also provide us
ing medical software solutions in the UK and the Middle
with
science
and
technology beyond our greatEast, based on early personal computers. After qualifyest
imaginings,
and
the greatest shift in values
ing as a physician he cared for people dying of cancer at
for
over
50
years.
Futurewise,
page xi
St Josephs Hospice and then as part of the Community
Care Team based at University College Hospital, London,
Building a Better Business, published in 2005, describes
while also continuing IT consulting part-time.
a
new approach to leadership, management, marketing,
In 1988[1] he launched the AIDS charity ACET, follow- teams, brands, customer relations, innovation, strategy,
ing publication of his rst book The Truth about AIDS, corporate governance and values. The book applies
which warned of an unfolding catastrophe that has since lessons from volunteering and non-prot organisations
hit many nations in sub-Saharan Africa. ACET grew in motivating and inspiring large numbers of people to
rapidly, providing home care services across London and achieve great things. In it, Dixon argues that all successother parts of the UK, as well as a national sex educa- ful leadership derives from an appeal to a common desire
tion programme in schools, reaching more than 450,000 for a better futurefor customers, workers, shareholders
students.
and communities. He attacks the dangerous obsession
Dixon no longer practices as a physician, but remains ac- with shareholder value in many global corporations:
tively involved as Chairman of the ACET International
Our society has come to see that a strategy
Alliance. This is now a network of independent national
to build shareholder value without a clear misAIDS care and prevention programmes, sharing the same
sion based on robust ethical values, is a comname and values, active in 23 countries in Europe, Africa
plete nonsense. In fact it has proved one of the
and Asia.[5]
84
25.5. REFERENCES
fastest ways of destroying an entire global business.
Sustainagility, published in 2010 and co-authored by Johan Gorecki, describes green technology and innovations
across a wide range of industries, which Dixon believes
will help to transform and protect the world.
25.3 Personal life
85
25.4.2 Selected articles

Wake up to stronger tribes and a longer life Financial Times[10]
25.5 References
[1] Ciaran Parker, The Thinkers 50.
2005. ISBN 0-275-99145-8
Praeger Publishers,
[2] Thinkers 50 2005
Dixon is married to Sheila, with four grown up children

including the pop artist Paul Dixon (known as fyfe, previously Davids Lyre), and lives in London where the family
is active in local church and community life.
[3] Des Dearlove; Stuart Crainer (1 December 2005). The

Most Inuential Management Gurus.
The Times.
Archived from the original on 11 June 2011.
[4] The IoS Happy List 2010 the 100, Independent on Sunday, 25 April 2010
25.4 Works
Patrick Dixon publishes video messages on his web TV
site. He claims over 15 million viewers,[7] and YouTube
shows over 5 million video views on his channel there.[8]
25.4.1
Books
The Thinkers 50 noted Dixons relaxed attitude to his own

intellectual capital, in that he makes much of it available
from the Global Change website without charge.[1][9]
[5] www.acet-international.org
[6] Patrick Dixon, speakers prole at Leigh Bureau
[7] Patrick Dixon CV on Global Change website
[8] About Patrick Dixon, Youtube. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
[9] Books by Dixon, GlobalChange.com
[10] Wake up to stronger tribes and a longer life, Financial
Times, 31 October 2005
25.6 External links
The Truth about AIDS Kingsway / ACET International Alliance 1987, 1989, 1994, new edition 2004
Ocial website
AIDS and Young People Kingsway 1989
http://pdixon.blogspot.com blog comment on recent events
AIDS and You Kingsway / ACET Int. All. 1990,

2004
Patrick Dixon Futurists channel on YouTube
The Genetic Revolution Kingsway 1993, 1995

The Rising Price of Love Kingsway 1994
Signs of Revival Kingsway 1994, 1995
Out of the Ghetto Word 1995
The Truth about Westminster Kingsway 1995
The Truth about Drugs Hodder 1996
Cyberchurch Kingsway 1996
Futurewise Harper Collins 1998, 2001, Prole
Books 2003, reprinted 2004, 2005, 4th edition 2007
Island of Bolay Harper Collins 2000 thriller
Building a Better Business Prole Books 2005
Sustainagility Kogan Page 2010
Chapter 26
Richard C. Duncan
Richard Duncan is chief author of the Olduvai theory,
a prediction of rapidly declining world energy production. He has an MS in Electrical Engineering (1969) and
a PhD in Systems Engineering (1973) from the University
of Washington.
The Olduvai theory holds that the ratio of world energy
production per capita, which he denotes by the metric e,
would begin to decline around 2007 as the extraction rates
of fossil fuels fall increasingly behind demand, causing
catastrophic social and economic collapse, starting with
massive electrical blackouts worldwide. He suggests that
humans would eventually revert to a stone-age style of
living after the majority of the worlds population dies o
over the coming century.[1]
He bases his theory on the fact that a steep rise in global
population and petroleum use almost parallel each other
but population increases at a slightly faster rate than does
energy use.
Duncans research data, compiled in partnership with geologist Dr. Walter Youngquist,[2] have become widely
used resources for those studying past and current trends
in oil production and depletion.
26.1 See also

World energy resources and consumption
26.2 References
[1] The Peak Of World Oil Production And The Road To
The Olduvai Gorge by Dr Richard C. Duncan (2000). Retrieved 3 March 2007.
[2] Encircling the Peak of World Oil Production - Richard
C. Duncan and Walter Youngquist, June 1999, www.
mnforsustain.org
86
Chapter 27
George Dvorsky
George P. Dvorsky (born on May 11, 1970) is a Canadian bioethicist, transhumanist, and futurist. He is a contributing editor at io9 and producer of the Sentient Developments blog and podcast. Dvorsky currently serves as
Chair of the Board for the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies (IEET)[1][2] and is the founder and chair
of the IEETs Rights of Non-Human Persons Program,[3]
a group that is working to secure human-equivalent rights
and protections for highly sapient animals.
3. The right to have full and unhindered access to its

own source code
Dvorsky is a secular Buddhist,[4][5][6] progressive

environmentalist,[7] ancestral health advocate,[8] and
animal rights activist.[9] Primarily concerned with the
ethical and sociological impacts of emerging technologies, specically, "human enhancement" technologies;
he seeks to promote open discussion for the purposes
of education and foresight. He writes and speaks on a
wide range of topics, including technoscience, ethics,
existential risks, articial intelligence, the search for
extraterrestrial intelligence, and futurology, from a
democratic transhumanist perspective.[1][2]
7. The right of self-determination[15]
4. The right to not have its own source code manipulated against its will
5. The right to copy (or not copy) itself
6. The right to privacy (namely the right to conceal its
own internal mental states)
Dvorsky, along with Milan M. irkovi and Robert Bradbury, published a critique of SETI in the May 2012
Journal of the British Interplanetary Society (JBIS) arguing that SETI techniques and practices have become
outdated. In its place, Dvorsky, irkovi, and Bradbury
advocated for what they called Dysonian SETI, namely
the search for those signatures and artefacts indicative of
highly advanced extraterrestrial life.[16]
Dvorsky claims to have coined the following

Dvorsky presented an argument for non-human animal neologisms:[17]
biological uplift at the IEET Human Enhancement Technologies and Human Rights conference at Stanford Uni Astrosociobiology, the speculative scientic study of
versity in May 2006;[10][11] and wrote the rst published
extraterrestrial civilizations and their possible social
article in defence of the Ashley Treatment in November
characteristics and developmental tendencies.[13]
[12]
2006,
and subsequently the only bioethicist cited by
Ashley X's parents in their defense.[13] Dvorsky also pre Postgenderism, a social philosophy which seeks
sented an argument warning of the decline of democratic
the voluntary elimination of gender in the human
values and institutions in the face of existential and catasspecies through the application of advanced
trophic risks at the Global Catastrophic Risks: Building a
biotechnology and assisted reproductive technoloResilient Civilization conference in November 2008.[14]
gies.[14]
In 2010, at the H+ Summit at Harvard, Dvorsky made
Techlepathy,
neurotechnologically-assisted
the claim that the pending development of articial contelepathy.[18]
sciousness, as dierentiated from articial intelligence,
needs to be addressed proactively from an ethical and legal perspective, and that protections should be established
beforehand to prevent nascent machine minds from com- 27.1 References
ing into harm or abuse. In the case of advanced and highly
sapient machine consciousness, Dvorsky proposed seven [1] Humphrey, Stephen (2004). No Death, Please, I'm
Bionic: Cyborg-Obsessed Transhumanists Push Bioethspecic rights and protections:
ical Limits While Fending O Foes From All Sides. Retrieved 2007-03-03.
1. The right to not be shut down against its will
[2] Mayer, Andre (2005). The Great Byte Hope. Retrieved

2007-03-03.
2. The right to not be experimented upon

87
88
[3] http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/RNHP
[4] Dvorsky, George. George Dvorsky: About. Google+.
Retrieved August 30, 2011.
[5] Cyborg Buddha Project. Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
[6] Dvorsky, George (September 2008). Better Living
through Transhumanism. Journal of Evolution & Technology. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
[7] Dvorsky, George (2003). Technophiles and Greens of
the World, Unite!". Retrieved 2007-03-19.
[8] Dvorsky, George (2011). Primal Transhumanism. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
[9] Dvorsky, George (2006). The myth of our exalted human place. Retrieved 2007-03-19.
[10] Dvorsky, George (2006). IEET Monograph Series: All
Together Now: Developmental and ethical considerations
for biologically uplifting non human animals. Archived
from the original on 2007-01-08. Retrieved 2007-02-09.
[11] Bailey, Ronald (2006). The Right to Human Enhancement: And also uplifting animals and the rapture of the
nerds. Retrieved 2007-03-03.
[12] Dvorsky, George (2006). Helping families care for the
helpless. Retrieved 2007-02-09.
[13] Dvorsky, George (2007). The Ashley Treatment": Towards a Better Quality of Life for Pillow Angels"". Retrieved 2007-02-09.
[14] Dvorsky, George (2008). Future Risks and the Challenge to Democracy. Retrieved 2000-01-24.
[15] Dvorsky, George P. (2012). When the Turing Test is
not enough: Towards a functionalist determination of consciousness and the advent of an authentic machine ethics.
Sentientdevelopments.com. Retrieved 2012-03-16.
[16] Dvorsky, George (2012). Dysonian Approach To SETI:
A Fruitful Middle Ground?". Retrieved 2012-03-16.
[17] Dvorsky, George (2006). I, neologist nuisance. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
[18] Dvorksy, George (2004). Evolving Towards Telepathy.
27.2 External links

Sentient Developments George Dvorskys blog
Will death die? Dvorsky as a guest on The Hour with
George Stroumboulopoulos
CHAPTER 27. GEORGE DVORSKY
Chapter 28
Freeman Dyson
Freeman John Dyson FRS (born December 15, 1923) is
an English-born American[5][6] theoretical physicist and
mathematician, famous for his work in quantum electrodynamics, solid-state physics, astronomy and nuclear engineering. Dyson is a member of the Board of Sponsors
of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.[7]
28.1 Biography
28.1.1
Early life
Born at Crowthorne in Berkshire, Dyson is the son of the

English composer George Dyson, who was later knighted.
His mother had a law degree, but after Dyson was born
she worked as a social worker.[8] Although not known
to be related to the early 20th-century astronomer Frank
Watson Dyson, as a small boy Dyson was aware of him
and has credited the popularity of an astronomer sharing
his surname as having helped to spark his own interest in
science. At the age of ve he calculated the number of
atoms in the sun.[9] As a child, he showed an interest in
large numbers and in the solar system, and was strongly
inuenced by the book Men of Mathematics by Eric Temple Bell.[2]
From 1936 to 1941, Dyson was a Scholar at Winchester
College, where his father was Director of Music. On
July 25, 1943, he entered the Operational Research
Section (ORS) of the Royal Air Forces Bomber Command,[10] where he developed analytical methods to help
the RAF bomb German targets during World War II.[11]
After the war, Dyson enrolled in the University of Cambridge, where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in
mathematics.[12] From 1946 to 1949 he was a Fellow of
Trinity College, Cambridge, occupying rooms just below
those of the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, who would
resign his professorship in 1947.[13]
1951, he was a teaching fellow at the University of Birmingham (UK).[14]

In 1951 he joined the faculty at Cornell as a physics professor, although still lacking a doctorate, and in 1953
he received a permanent post at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jerseywhere he has
now lived for more than fty years.[15] In 1957 he became
a naturalized citizen of the United States and renounced
his British nationality. One reason he gave decades later
is that his children born in the US had not been recognized as British subjects.[5][6]
Dyson is best known for demonstrating in 1949 the equivalence of two then-current formulations of quantum electrodynamicsRichard Feynman's diagrams and the operator method developed by Julian Schwinger and SinItiro Tomonaga.[16] He was the rst person (besides Feynman) to appreciate the power of Feynman diagrams, and
his paper written in 1948 and published in 1949 was the
rst to make use of them. He said in that paper that Feynman diagrams were not just a computational tool, but a
physical theory, and developed rules for the diagrams that
completely solved the renormalization problem. Dysons
paper and also his lectures presented Feynmans theories
of QED (quantum electrodynamics) in a form that other
physicists could understand, facilitating the physics communitys acceptance of Feynmans work. Robert Oppenheimer, in particular, was persuaded by Dyson that Feynmans new theory was as valid as Schwingers and Tomonagas. Oppenheimer rewarded Dyson with a lifetime appointment at the Institute for Advanced Study, for proving me wrong, in Oppenheimers words.[17]
Also in 1949, in a related work, Dyson invented the
Dyson series.[18] It was this paper that inspired John Ward
to derive his celebrated Ward identity.[19]
Dyson also did work in a variety of topics in mathematics,

such as topology, analysis, number theory and random
matrices.[20] There is an interesting story involving random matrices. In 1973 the number theorist Hugh Montgomery was visiting the Institute for Advanced Study and
28.1.2 Career in the United States
had just made his pair correlation conjecture concerning
the distribution of the zeros of the Riemann zeta function.
In 1947 Dyson moved to the US, as Commonwealth Fel- He showed his formula to the mathematician Atle Selberg
low at Cornell University (19471948) and the Institute who said it looked like something in mathematical physics
for Advanced Study (19481949). Between 1949 and
89
90
and he should show it to Dyson, which he did. Dyson recognized the formula as the pair correlation function of the
Gaussian unitary ensemble, which has been extensively
studied by physicists. This suggested that there might
be an unexpected connection between the distribution of
primes 2,3,5,7,11, ... and the energy levels in the nuclei
of heavy elements such as uranium.[21]
CHAPTER 28. FREEMAN DYSON

damental new result about the Prisoners Dilemma in
PNAS.[27]
28.1.3 Marriages and children
With his rst wife, the mathematician Verena HuberDyson, Dyson has two children, Esther and George. In
From 1957 to 1961 he worked on the Orion Project,
1958 he married Imme Jung, a masters runner, and they
which proposed the possibility of space-ight using
eventually had four more children, Dorothy, Mia, Renuclear pulse propulsion. A prototype was demonstrated
becca, and Emily Dyson.[15]
using conventional explosives, but the 1963 Partial Test
Ban Treaty (which Dyson was involved in and supported) Dysons eldest daughter, Esther, is a digital technology
permitted only underground nuclear testing, so the project consultant and investor; she has been called the most inuential woman in all the computer world. [28] His son
was abandoned.
George is a historian of science,[29] one of whose books
In 1958 he led the design team for the TRIGA, a small,
is Project Orion: The Atomic Spaceship 19571965.
inherently safe nuclear reactor used throughout the world
in hospitals and universities for the production of medical
isotopes.
28.1.4 Character
A seminal work by Dyson came in 1966 when, together
with Andrew Lenard and independently of Elliott H.
Lieb and Walter Thirring, he proved rigorously that the
exclusion principle plays the main role in the stability of
bulk matter.[22][23][24] Hence, it is not the electromagnetic
repulsion between outer-shell orbital electrons which prevents two wood blocks that are left on top of each other
from coalescing into a single piece, but rather it is the
exclusion principle applied to electrons and protons that
generates the classical macroscopic normal force. In
condensed matter physics, Dyson also did studies in the
phase transition of the Ising model in 1 dimension and
spin waves.[20]
Around 1979, Dyson worked with the Institute for Energy
Analysis on climate studies. This group, under the direction of Alvin Weinberg, pioneered multidisciplinary climate studies, including a strong biology group. Also during the 1970s, he worked on climate studies conducted
by the JASON defense advisory group.[15]
Friends and colleagues describe Dyson as shy and selfeacing, with a contrarian streak that his friends nd refreshing but his intellectual opponents nd exasperating.
I have the sense that when consensus is forming like ice
hardening on a lake, Dyson will do his best to chip at the
ice, Steven Weinberg said of him. His friend, the neurologist and author Oliver Sacks, said: A favorite word of
Freemans about doing science and being creative is the
word 'subversive'. He feels its rather important not only
to be not orthodox, but to be subversive, and hes done
that all his life.[15] In The God Delusion (2006), biologist
Richard Dawkins criticized Dyson for accepting the religious Templeton Prize in 2000; It would be taken as an
endorsement of religion by one of the worlds most distinguished physicists.[30] However, Dyson declared in 2000
that he is a (non-denominational) Christian,[31] and he has
disagreed with Dawkins on several occasions, as when he
criticized Dawkins understanding of evolution.[32]
Dyson retired from the Institute for Advanced Study in

1994.[25] In 1998, Dyson joined the board of the Solar
28.2 Honors and awards
Electric Light Fund. As of 2003 he was president of the
Space Studies Institute, the space research organization
[33]
founded by Gerard K. O'Neill; As of 2013 he is on its In 1952 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.
Board of Trustees.[26] Dyson is a long-time member of Dyson was awarded the Lorentz Medal in 1966, Max
the JASON group.
Planck Medal in 1969 and the Harvey Prize in 1977.
Dyson is a regular contributor to The New York Review In the 198485 academic year he gave the Giord lecof Books.
tures at Aberdeen, which resulted in the book Innite In
Dyson has won numerous scientic awards but never a All Directions.
Nobel Prize. Nobel physics laureate Steven Weinberg has In 1989, Dyson taught at Duke University as a Fritz Lonsaid that the Nobel committee has eeced Dyson, but don Memorial Lecturer. In the same year, he was elected
Dyson himself remarked in 2009, I think its almost true as an Honorary Fellow of Trinity College, University of
without exception if you want to win a Nobel Prize, you Cambridge.
should have a long attention span, get hold of some deep
and important problem and stay with it for ten years. That Dyson has published a number of collections of speculations and observations about technology, science, and the
wasn't my style.[15]
future. In 1996 he was awarded the Lewis Thomas Prize
In 2012, he published (with William H. Press) a fun- for Writing about Science.
28.3. CONCEPTS
91
In 1993, Dyson was given the Enrico Fermi Award.

In 1995 he gave the Jerusalem-Harvard Lectures at the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, sponsored jointly by
the Hebrew University and Harvard University Press that
grew into the book Imagined Worlds.[34]
In 2000, Dyson was awarded the Templeton Prize for
Progress in Religion.
In 2003, Dyson was awarded the Telluride Tech Festival
Award of Technology in Telluride, Colorado.
In 2011, Dyson was received as one of twenty distinguished Old Wykehamists at the Ad Portas celebration,
the highest honour that Winchester College bestows.
28.3 Concepts
28.3.1
Artists concept of Dyson rings, forming a stable Dyson swarm,

or Dyson sphere.
maximize the capture of the stars available energy. Even-
Biotechnology and genetic engi- tually, the civilization would completely enclose the star,
intercepting electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths
neering
My book The Sun, the Genome, and the Internet (1999) describes a vision of green technology enriching villages all over the world and
halting the migration from villages to megacities. The three components of the vision are all
essential: the sun to provide energy where it is
needed, the genome to provide plants that can
convert sunlight into chemical fuels cheaply
and eciently, the Internet to end the intellectual and economic isolation of rural populations. With all three components in place, every village in Africa could enjoy its fair share
of the blessings of civilization.[35]
Dyson cheerfully admits his record as a prophet is mixed,
but it is better to be wrong than to be vague.[36]
from visible light downwards and radiating waste heat

outwards as infrared radiation. Therefore, one method
of searching for extraterrestrial civilizations would be to
look for large objects radiating in the infrared range of
the electromagnetic spectrum.
Dyson conceived that such structures would be clouds of
asteroid-sized space habitats, though science ction writers have preferred a solid structure: either way, such an
artifact is often referred to as a Dyson sphere, although
Dyson himself used the term shell. Dyson says that he
used the term articial biosphere in the article meaning a habitat, not a shape.[40] The general concept of such
an energy-transferring shell had been advanced decades
earlier by author Olaf Stapledon in his 1937 novel Star
Maker, a source that Dyson has credited publicly.[41][42]
To answer the worlds material needs, technology has to 28.3.3 Dyson tree
be not only beautiful but also cheap.[37]
Main article: Dyson tree
28.3.2
Dyson sphere
Main article: Dyson sphere
One should expect that, within a few thousand years of its entering the stage of industrial
development, any intelligent species should be
found occupying an articial biosphere which
completely surrounds its parent star.[38]
In 1960 Dyson wrote a short paper for the journal Science,
entitled Search for Articial Stellar Sources of Infrared
Radiation.[39] In it, he theorized that a technologically
advanced extraterrestrial civilization might completely
surround its native star with articial structures in order to
Dyson has also proposed the creation of a Dyson tree,

a genetically-engineered plant capable of growing on a
comet. He suggested that comets could be engineered to
contain hollow spaces lled with a breathable atmosphere,
thus providing self-sustaining habitats for humanity in the
outer solar system.
Plants could grow greenhousesjust as
turtles grow shells and polar bears grow fur
and polyps build coral reefs in tropical seas.
These plants could keep warm by the light from
a distant Sun and conserve the oxygen that
they produce by photosynthesis. The greenhouse would consist of a thick skin providing
thermal insulation, with small transparent windows to admit sunlight. Outside the skin would
92

be an array of simple lenses, focusing sunlight through the windows into the interior
Groups of greenhouses could grow together
to form extended habitats for other species of
plants and animals.[43]
28.3.4
of our Solar System. He proposed that habitats could

be grown from space hardened spores. The colonies
could then be warmed by large reector plant leaves that
could focus the dim, distant sunlight back on the growing
colony. This was illustrated by Pat Rawlings on the cover
of the National Space Societys Ad Astra magazine.
Space colonies
I've done some historical research on the

costs of the Mayowers voyage, and on the
Mormons emigration to Utah, and I think its
possible to go into space on a much smaller
scale. A cost on the order of $40,000 per person [1978 dollars, $143,254 in 2013 dollars]
would be the target to shoot for; in terms of real
wages, that would make it comparable to the
colonization of America. Unless its brought
down to that level its not really interesting to
me, because otherwise it would be a luxury that
only governments could aord.[38]
Dyson has been interested in space travel since he was a
child, reading such science ction classics as Olaf Stapledon's Star Maker. As a young man, he worked for General
Atomics on the nuclear-powered Orion spacecraft. He
hoped Project Orion would put men on Mars by 1965,
Saturn by 1970. Hes been unhappy for a quarter-century
on how the government conducts space travel:
The problem is, of course, that they can't
aord to fail. The rules of the game are that
you don't take a chance, because if you fail,
then probably your whole program gets wiped
out.[38]
28.3.5 Space exploration

A direct search for life in Europas ocean
would today be prohibitively expensive. Impacts on Europa give us an easier way to look
for evidence of life there. Every time a major impact occurs on Europa, a vast quantity
of water is splashed from the ocean into the
space around Jupiter. Some of the water evaporates, and some condenses into snow. Creatures living in the water far enough from the
impact have a chance of being splashed intact
into space and quickly freeze-dried. Therefore,
an easy way to look for evidence of life in Europas ocean is to look for freeze-dried sh in
the ring of space debris orbiting Jupiter.
Freeze-dried sh orbiting Jupiter is a fanciful notion, but nature in the biological realm
has a tendency to be fanciful. Nature is usually
more imaginative than we are. [...] To have
the best chance of success, we should keep our
eyes open for all possibilities.[43]
28.3.6 Dysons transform

Main article: Dysons transform
He still hopes for cheap space travel, but is resigned to Dyson also has some credits in pure mathematics. His
waiting for private entrepreneurs to develop something concept Dysons transform led to one of the most imnewand cheap.
portant lemmas of Olivier Ramar's theorem that every
even integer can be written as a sum of no more than six
No law of physics or biology forbids cheap
primes.
travel and settlement all over the solar system
and beyond. But it is impossible to predict
how long this will take. Predictions of the
28.3.7 Dyson series
dates of future achievements are notoriously
fallible. My guess is that the era of cheap
The Dyson series, the formal solution of an explicitly
unmanned missions will be the next fty years,
time-dependent Schrdinger equation by iteration, and
and the era of cheap manned missions will
the corresponding Dyson time-ordering operator T , an
start sometime late in the twenty-rst century.
entity of basic importance in the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics, are also named after Dyson.
Any aordable program of manned exploration must be centered in biology, and its time
28.3.8 Quantum Physics and the Primes 2,
frame tied to the time frame of biotechnology;
a hundred years, roughly the time it will take us
3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, ...
to learn to grow warm-blooded plants, is probably reasonable.[43]
Dyson and Hugh Montgomery discovered together an
intriguing connection between quantum physics and
Dyson also has proposed the use of bioengineered space Montgomerys pair correlation conjecture about the zeros
colonies to colonize the Kuiper Belt on the outer edge of the Zeta function. The primes 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17,
28.4. VIEWS
93
existence of a third level of mind, a mental component of
the universe. If we believe in this mental component and
call it God, then we can say that we are small pieces of
Gods mental apparatus (p. 297).
28.4.2 Global warming

Dyson agrees that anthropogenic global warming exists,
and has written that "[one] of the main causes of warming is the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
resulting from our burning of fossil fuels such as oil and
coal and natural gas.[45] However, he believes that existing simulation models of climate fail to account for some
important factors, and hence the results will contain too
much error to reliably predict future trends:
Freeman Dyson in 2007 at the Institute for Advanced Study
19, ... are described by the Riemann Zeta function, and

Dyson had previously developed a description of quantum physics based on m by m arrays of totally random
numbers. [44] What Montgomery and Dyson discovered
is that the eigenvalues of these matrices bear an uncanny
resemblance to the spacings between numbers where the
Zeta function has the value zero. After this discovery,
Andrew Odlyzko began verifying it on a computer, using his OdlyzkoSchnhage algorithm to calculate many
zeros and verify this connection. Dyson recognized this
connection because of a number theory question Montgomery asked him. Dyson had worked in number theory
in his youth in England. If Montgomery had not been
visiting the Institute for Advanced Study that week, this
connection might not have been discovered.
28.4 Views
28.4.1
Metaphysics
The models solve the equations of uid dynamics, and they do a very good job of describing the uid motions of the atmosphere and the
oceans. They do a very poor job of describing
the clouds, the dust, the chemistry and the biology of elds and farms and forests. They do
not begin to describe the real world we live in
...[45]
He is among signatories of a letter to the UN criticizing the IPCC[46][47] and has also argued against ostracizing scientists whose views depart from the acknowledged
mainstream of scientic opinion on climate change, stating that heretics have historically been an important
force in driving scientic progress. "[H]eretics who question the dogmas are needed ... I am proud to be a heretic.
The world always needs heretics to challenge the prevailing orthodoxies.[45]
Dyson says his views on global warming have been
strongly criticized. In reply, he notes that "[m]y objections to the global warming propaganda are not so much
over the technical facts, about which I do not know much,
but its rather against the way those people behave and
the kind of intolerance to criticism that a lot of them
have.[48]
More recently, he has endorsed the now common usage of global warming as synonymous with global anthropogenic climate change, referring to measurements
that transformed global warming from a vague theoretical
speculation into a precise observational science.[49]
Dyson has suggested a kind of cosmic metaphysics of He has, however, argued that political eorts to reduce
mind. In his book Innite in All Directions he writes about the causes of climate change distract from other global
three levels of mind: The universe shows evidence of the problems that should take priority:
operations of mind on three levels. The rst level is the
I'm not saying the warming doesn't cause
level of elementary physical processes in quantum meproblems, obviously it does. Obviously we
chanics. Matter in quantum mechanics is [...] constantly
should be trying to understand it. I'm saying
making choices between alternative possibilities accordthat the problems are being grossly exaggering to probabilistic laws. [...] The second level at which
ated. They take away money and attention from
we detect the operations of mind is the level of direct huother problems that are much more urgent and
man experience. [...] [I]t is reasonable to believe in the
94

important. Poverty, infectious diseases, public
education and public health. Not to mention
the preservation of living creatures on land and
in the oceans.[50]
Since originally taking interest in climate studies in the

1970s, Dyson has suggested that carbon dioxide levels
in the atmosphere could be controlled by planting fastgrowing trees. He calculates that it would take a trillion
trees to remove all carbon from the atmosphere.[51][52]
In a 2014 interview, he said that What Im convinced of
is that we dont understand climate ... It will take a lot of
very hard work before that question is settled. [2]
28.4.3
Nuclear winter
From his 1988 book Innite in All Directions, he oered

some criticism of then current models predicting a devastating nuclear winter in the event of a large-scale nuclear
war:
As a scientist I want to rip the theory of nuclear winter apart, but as a human being I want
to believe it. This is one of the rare instances of
a genuine conict between the demands of science and the demands of humanity. As a scientist, I judge the nuclear winter theory to be
a sloppy piece of work, full of gaps and unjustied assumptions. As a human being, I hope
fervently that it is right. Here is a real and uncomfortable dilemma. What does a scientist
do when science and humanity pull in opposite
directions?[53]
28.4.4
In his capacity as a military adviser Dyson wrote an inuential paper on the issue of possible US use of nuclear
weapons in the Vietnam War. When a general said in
a meeting We should throw in a nuke once in a while
to keep the other side guessing, Dyson became alarmed
and obtained permission to write an objective report discussing the pros and cons of using such weapons from
a purely military point of view. His report, declassied
from SECRET in 2002, was suciently objective that
both sides in the debate based their arguments on the report. Dyson says that the report showed that even from a
narrow military point of view the US was better o not
using nuclear weapons. Dyson stated on the Dick Cavett
show that the use of nuclear weaponry was a bad idea for
the US at the time because our targets were large and
theirs were small.
At the British Bomber Command, Dyson and colleagues
proposed ripping out two gun turrets from the RAF
Lancaster bombers, to cut the catastrophic losses due to
German ghters in the Battle of Berlin. A Lancaster without turrets could y 50 mph (80 km/h) faster and be much
more maneuverable.
All our advice to the commander in chief

[went] through the chief of our section, who
was a career civil servant. His guiding principle was to tell the commander in chief things
that the commander in chief liked to hear To
push the idea of ripping out gun turrets, against
the ocial mythology of the gallant gunner
defending his crew mateswas not the kind
of suggestion the commander in chief liked to
hear.[56]
Warfare and weapons
On hearing the news of the bombing of Hiroshima:

I agreed emphatically with Henry Stimson.
Once we had got ourselves into the business of
bombing cities, we might as well do the job
competently and get it over with. I felt better
that morning than I had felt for years Those
fellows who had built the atomic bombs obviously knew their stu Later, much later, I
would remember [the downside].[54]
I am convinced that to avoid nuclear war it
is not sucient to be afraid of it. It is necessary to be afraid, but it is equally necessary to
understand. And the rst step in understanding
is to recognize that the problem of nuclear war
is basically not technical but human and historical. If we are to avoid destruction we must
rst of all understand the human and historical
context out of which destruction arises.[55]
Dyson opposed the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, and the
invasion of Iraq. He supported Barack Obama in the
2008 US presidential election and The New York Times
has described him as a political liberal.[15]
28.4.5 The role of failure

You can't possibly get a good technology
going without an enormous number of failures.
Its a universal rule. If you look at bicycles,
there were thousands of weird models built
and tried before they found the one that really
worked. You could never design a bicycle theoretically. Even now, after we've been building
them for 100 years, its very dicult to understand just why a bicycle works its even dicult to formulate it as a mathematical problem.
But just by trial and error, we found out how to
do it, and the error was essential.[57]
28.5. WORKS
28.4.6
On English academics
My view of the prevalence of doom-andgloom in Cambridge is that it is a result of the

English class system. In England there were
always two sharply opposed middle classes,
the academic middle class and the commercial middle class. In the nineteenth century,
the academic middle class won the battle for
power and status. As a child of the academic
middle class, I learned to look on the commercial middle class with loathing and contempt. Then came the triumph of Margaret
Thatcher, which was also the revenge of the
commercial middle class. The academics lost
their power and prestige and the business people took over. The academics never forgave
Thatcher and have been gloomy ever since.[58]
28.4.7
Science and religion
He is a non-denominational Christian and has attended

various churches from Presbyterian to Roman Catholic.
Regarding doctrinal or Christological issues, he has said,
I am neither a saint nor a theologian. To me, good works
are more important than theology.[59]
Science and religion are two windows that
people look through, trying to understand the
big universe outside, trying to understand why
we are here. The two windows give dierent
views, but they look out at the same universe.
Both views are one-sided, neither is complete.
Both leave out essential features of the real
world. And both are worthy of respect.
Trouble arises when either science or religion claims universal jurisdiction, when either
religious or scientic dogma claims to be infallible. Religious creationists and scientic materialists are equally dogmatic and insensitive.
By their arrogance they bring both science and
religion into disrepute. The media exaggerate their numbers and importance. The media
rarely mention the fact that the great majority
of religious people belong to moderate denominations that treat science with respect, or the
fact that the great majority of scientists treat religion with respect so long as religion does not
claim jurisdiction over scientic questions.[59]
Dyson partially disagrees with the famous remark by his
fellow physicist Steven Weinberg that With or without
religion, good people can behave well and bad people
can do evil; but for good people to do evilthat takes
religion.[60]
Weinbergs statement is true as far as it
goes, but it is not the whole truth. To make
95
it the whole truth, we must add an additional clause: And for bad people to do good
thingsthat [also] takes religion. The main
point of Christianity is that it is a religion for
sinners. Jesus made that very clear. When the
Pharisees asked his disciples, Why eateth your
Master with publicans and sinners?" he said, I
come to call not the righteous but sinners to repentance. Only a small fraction of sinners repent and do good things but only a small fraction of good people are led by their religion to
do bad things.[60]
While Dyson has labeled himself a Christian, he identies himself as agnostic about some of the specics of his
faith.[61][62] For example, here is a passage from Dysons
review of The God of Hope and the End of the World from
John Polkinghorne:
I am myself a Christian, a member of a
community that preserves an ancient heritage
of great literature and great music, provides
help and counsel to young and old when they
are in trouble, educates children in moral responsibility, and worships God in its own fashion. But I nd Polkinghornes theology altogether too narrow for my taste. I have no use
for a theology that claims to know the answers
to deep questions but bases its arguments on
the beliefs of a single tribe. I am a practicing
Christian but not a believing Christian. To me,
to worship God means to recognize that mind
and intelligence are woven into the fabric of
our universe in a way that altogether surpasses
our comprehension.[63]
28.5 Works
Symmetry Groups in Nuclear and Particle Physics,
1966 (Academic-oriented text)
Interstellar Transport, Physics Today 1968
Disturbing the Universe, 1979, ISBN 0-06-0111089. [64] Review
Weapons and Hope, 1984 (Winner of the National
Book Critics Circle Award).[15] [65] Review
Origins of Life, 1986. Second edition, 1999.
Review
[66]
Innite in All Directions, 1988, ISBN 0-14-014482X. Review

From Eros to Gaia, 1992 [67]
Selected Papers of Freeman Dyson, 1996
96
Imagined Worlds, Harvard University Press 1997,

ISBN 978-0-674-53908-2. [68] Review
The Sun, the Genome and the Internet, 1999.
Review
[69]
L'mportanza di essere imprevedibile, Di Renzo Editore, 2003

The Scientist as Rebel, 2006. Review
[7] Board of Sponsors | Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Retrieved January 7,
2013.
[8] The Scientist as Rebel at the Wayback Machine (archived
September 27, 2007). Wild River Review Interview by
Joy E. Stocke
[9] Greatest Mysteries of the Cold War: Americas Interplanetary Spaceship (Project Orion)". BBC Four.
Advanced Quantum Mechanics, World Scientic, [10] Dyson, Freeman (1 November 2006). A Failure of Intelligence. MIT Technology Review Magazine. MIT Tech2007, ISBN 978-981-270-661-4. [70] Freely availnology Review. Retrieved 20 October 2013. Promiable at: arXiv:quant-ph/0608140. (Dysons 1951
nent physicist Freeman Dyson recalls the time he spent
Cornell lecture notes transcribed by David Derbes)
developing analytical methods to help the British Royal
Air Force bomb German targets during World War II.
A Many-Colored Glass: Reections on the Place of

Life in the Universe, University of Virginia Press, [11] "A Failure of Intelligence", Essay in Technology Review
2007. Review
(NovemberDecember 2006)
28.6 See also

A.I. Shlyakhter
Astrochicken
Dyson conjecture
Dysons eternal intelligence
Dyson number
[12] Freeman Dyson. Institute for Advanced Study, School of

Natural Sciences. Princeton University. Retrieved April
15, 2014.
[13] Dyson, F., What Can You Really Know, New York Review of Books (Nov 10, 2011)
[14] Freeman Dyson. The American Institute of Physics.
Retrieved 23 August 2013.
[15] Dawido, Nicholas. The Civil Heretic. The New York
Times. March 25, 2009
The 2005 Global Intellectuals Poll
[16] F. J. Dyson (1949).

The radiation theories of
Tomonaga, Schwinger, and Feynman. Phys. Rev.
75 (3): 486502.
Bibcode:1949PhRv...75..486D.
doi:10.1103/PhysRev.75.486.
The Day After Trinity (1980)
[17] Freeman J. Dyson, Disturbing the Universe, 1979
List of science and religion scholars
ThueSiegel-Dyson-Roth theorem
Rank of a partition
Crank of a partition
28.7 References
[1] Dyson, Freeman. Alma Mater. Web of Stories.
[2] Lin, Thomas (2014-03-31). At 90, Freeman Dyson Ponders His Next Challenge. Wired. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
[3] FREEMAN DYSON | School of Natural Sciences
[4] Dyson, Freeman. Inuences.
[5] Scientist wins $1m religion prize. BBC News. 9 May
2000. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
[6] Freeman Dyson: Disturbing the universe, pg 131, I had
nally become an American ... The decision to abjure my
allegiance to Queen Elizabeth might have been a dicult
one, but the Queens ministers made it easy for me.
[18] F. J. Dyson (1949).

The S matrix in quantum electrodynamics.
Phys.
Rev.
75 (11):
17361755.
Bibcode:1949PhRv...75.1736D.
doi:10.1103/PhysRev.75.1736.
[19] J. C. Ward (1950).
An Identity in Quantum Electrodynamics.
Phys.
Rev.
78
(2):
182.
Bibcode:1950PhRv...78..182W.
doi:10.1103/PhysRev.78.182..
[Note: this Ward
letter opens with It has been recently proven by Dyson
..."]
[20] F. J. Dyson, E. H. Lieb, Selected papers by Freeman
Dyson, AMS (1996).
[21] John Derbyshire,
0309085497.
Prime Obsession,
2004,
ISBN
[22] F. J. Dyson, A. Lenard (1967). Stability of Matter.

I.
J. Math.
Phys.
8 (3): 423434.
Bibcode:1967JMP.....8..423D. doi:10.1063/1.1705209.
[23] F. J. Dyson, A. Lenard (1968). Stability of Matter.
II.
J. Math.
Phys.
9 (5): 698711.
Bibcode:1968JMP.....9..698L. doi:10.1063/1.1664631.
28.7. REFERENCES
[24] E. H. Lieb, W. Thirring (1975).

Bound for
the Kinetic Energy of Fermions Which Proves
the Stability of Matter. Phys. Rev. Lett. 35
(11):
687689.
Bibcode:1975PhRvL..35..687L.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.35.687.
[25] InterViews Freeman Dyson. National Academy of Sciences. 2004-07-23. Retrieved 2011-12-19.
[26] Ocers and Board. Space Studies Institute. Retrieved
6 January 2013.
[27] Iterated Prisoners Dilemma contains strategies that
dominate any evolutionary opponent. William H. Press
and Freeman Dyson. PNAS vol. 109 no. 26 pp 0409
10413
[28] http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26858383
97
[44] A BrownianMotion Model for the Eigenvalues of a Random Matrix, Freeman J. Dyson, J. Math. Phys. 3, 1191
(1962); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1703862
[45] Freeman Dyson (8 August 2007). Heretical Thoughts
about Science and Society. Edge. Retrieved 2007-0905.dl
[46] Don't ght, adapt at the Wayback Machine (archived January 10, 2009). Open Letter to the Secretary-General of
the United Nations. National Post. December 13, 2007
[47] Wiggles, Open Mind, 16 December 2007
[48] Freeman Dyson Takes On The Climate Establishment,
interview published June 2, 2009 by Yale University's Environment 360
[29] See excerpt from Digerati: Encounters with the Cyber

Elite by John Brockman (HardWired Books, 1996)
[49] Dyson in The New York Review of Book, 12 June 2008.

Nybooks.com (2008-06-12). Retrieved on 2011-10-07.
[30] Dawkins, Richard (2006). The God Delusion. Bantam

Press. p. 152. ISBN 0618680004.
[50] University of Michigan 2005 Winter Commencement

Address. University of Michigan. Archived from the
original on August 31, 2006.
[31] Progress In Religion, Edge.org (2000-05-16). Retrieved

on 2014-11-18.
[32] http://www.edge.org/discourse/dawkins_dyson.html
[33] Fellowship. Royal Society. Retrieved 28 November
2010.
[34] Dyson, Freeman (September 1998). Imagined Worlds.
The Jerusalem-Harvard Lectures. HUP. p. 224. ISBN
9780674539099.
[35] Our Bio tech Future. Nybooks.com. Retrieved on 201110-07.
[36] Dyson, 1999, The Sun, the Genome, and the Internet
[37] Dyson, FJ, The Greening of the Galaxy in Disturbing
the Universe, 1979
[38] Interview by Monte Davis, October 1978 at the Wayback
Machine (archived December 7, 1998). Retrieved on
2011-10-07.
[39] Dyson, Freeman J. (3 June 1960). Search for Articial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation. Science
131 (3414): 16671668. Bibcode:1960Sci...131.1667D.
doi:10.1126/science.131.3414.1667. PMID 17780673.
[40] 20 minutes into a video
[41] Dyson, Freeman (2011-06-01). Living Through Four Revolutions (Speech). Perimeter Institute Public Lecture Series. Waterloo, Ontario Canada.
[42] Dyson, Freeman (1979). Disturbing the Universe. Basic
Books. p. 211. ISBN 0-465-01677-4. Some science ction writers have wrongly given me the credit of inventing
the articial biosphere. In fact, I took the idea from Olaf
Stapledon, one of their own colleagues
[43] Dyson, FJ, Warm-blooded plants and freeze-dried sh:
the future of space exploration. Played The Atlantic
Monthly, November 1997 Subscribers only
[51] Freeman J. Dyson, Can we control the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?", Energy, Volume 2, Issue 3,
September 1977, Pages 287291. doi:10.1016/03605442(77)90033-0
[52] Dawido, Nicholas (2009-03-29). The Civil Heretic.
The New York Times.
[53] Freeman J. Dyson (22 July 2004). Innite in All Directions: Giord Lectures Given at Aberdeen, Scotland
AprilNovember 1985. HarperCollins. pp. 259. ISBN
978-0-06-072889-2. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
[54] F.J. Dyson, The Blood of a Poet in Disturbing the Universe, 1979
[55] F.J. Dyson, Weapons and Hope, 1984
[56] F.J. Dyson, The Childrens Crusade in Disturbing the
Universe, 1979
[57] Interview by Stewart Brand, February 1998. Wired.com
(2009-01-04). Retrieved on January 07, 2013.
[58] Benny Peiser (14 March 2007). The Scientist as a Rebel:
An interview with Freeman Dyson. CCNet. Retrieved
2007-07-03.
[59] Templeton Prize Lecture. Edge.org (2000-05-16). Retrieved on 2011-10-07.
[60] NYRB June 22, 2006. Nybooks.com. Retrieved on 201110-07.
[61] Moses Gbenu. Back to Hell. Xulon Press. p. 110. ISBN
9781591608158. Retrieved 15 February 2014. The cash
part of this award is over $1 million. Three facts are signicant about this award. First, the same award was given
to an agnostic Mathematician Freeman Dyson, the Buddhist Dalai Lama, Mother Theresa, and Charles R. Filmore, son of the founder of the mind-science cult, Unity.
98
[62] Karl Giberson, Donald A. Yerxa (2002). Species of Origins: Americas Search for a Creation Story. Rowman &
Littleeld. p. 141. ISBN 9780742507654. Retrieved 15
February 2014. Dyson is not a hard-nosed materialist
and, in fact, criticizes his colleagues who champion that
viewpoint. Ocially, he calls himself an agnostic, but his
writings make it clear that his agnosticism is tinged with
something akin to deism.
[63] Freeman Dyson. Science & Religion: No Ends in Sight.
The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
[64] http://www.amazon.com/
Disturbing-Universe-Sloan-Foundation-Science/dp/
0465016774/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1411300690&
sr=8-1&keywords=disturbing+the+univers
Weapons-Hope-Freeman-Dyson/dp/006039031X/
ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1411300852&sr=8-1&
keywords=weapons+and+hope
[66] http://www.amazon.com/Origins-Life-Freeman-Dyson/
dp/0521626684/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&qid=
1411300441&sr=8-4&keywords=freeman+dyson
[67] http://www.amazon.com/Eros-Gaia-Freeman-Dyson/
1411337282&sr=8-1&keywords=From+Eros+to+
Gaia%2C
Imagined-Worlds-Jerusalem-Harvard-Lectures-Freeman/
1411337550&sr=8-1&keywords=imagined+worlds
Sun-Genome-Internet-Scientific-Revolution/dp/
0195139224/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1411301316&
sr=8-1&keywords=The+Sun%2C+the+Genome+and+
the+Internet%2C
Advanced-Quantum-Mechanics-Second-Freeman/dp/
9814383414/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&qid=1411301154&
sr=8-3&keywords=advanced+quantum+mechanics
28.8 Further reading

28.8.1
Famous articles by Freeman Dyson
Birds and Frogs - American Mathematical Society[1]
28.8.2
28.9 External links

Ocial website
Freeman J Dyson at Library of Congress Authorities, with 20 catalog records
28.9.1 By Dyson
Is A Graviton Detectable?", by Freeman Dyson, invited talk given at the Conference in Honour of the
90th Birthday of Freeman Dyson, Institute of Advanced Studies, Nanyang Technological University,
Singapore, 2629 August 2013
The Question of Global Warming, by Freeman
Dyson, June 12, 2008
Comments on The Question of Global
Warming, with a reply by Dyson, September
25, 2008
Our Biotech Future, essay by Freeman Dyson,
July 19, 2007
Comments on Our Biotech Future, with a reply by Dyson,September 27, 2007
Another comment on Our Biotech Future,
with a reply by Dyson, October 11, 2007
In Praise of Open Thinking, audio from a panel
discussion with his son George Dyson, recorded 0729-2004
Templeton Prize acceptance lecture 2000, by Freeman Dyson
Imagined Worlds by Freeman Dyson, 1996: Chapter
1
Video Interview of Freeman Dyson discussing Bogus Climate Models on YouTube
A radio interview with Freeman Dyson Aired on the
Lewis Burke Frumkes Radio Show in 2009.
Tactical Nuclear Weapons in Southeast Asia, published March 1967 (declassied December 2002)
Suzan Mazur interviewing Dyson, 2012
Pushing the Boundaries - A Conversation with
Freeman Dyson, Ideas Roadshow, 2014
Books about Dyson
Brower, Kenneth, 1978. The Starship and the Canoe, Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Schweber, Sylvan S., 1994. QED and the Men Who
Made It: Dyson, Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga. Princeton University Press: chpt. 9. ISBN
978-0-691-03327-3.
28.9.2 About Dyson

The Civil Heretic ", prole at the New York Times
Magazine by Nicholas Dawido, March 25, 2009
Interview, June 4, 2009, Dyson comments on
the misleading overemphasis of his climatechange views in the NYT prole.

O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F.,
Freeman Dyson, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews., biography,
circa 2000
Dyson biographical outline, circa 2005
Dyson author page and archive, from The New York
Review of Books
The Scientist as Rebel, 2005 interview at Wild
River Review
NPR interview of Freeman Dyson, audio, All Things
Considered, November 2, 2004
Google video: interviewer: Robert Wright, video,
44:55, June 30, 2001
Freeman Dyson wins $1m religion prize, 9 May
2000
Freeman Dysons Brain, interview by Stewart
Brand at Wired, 1998
Oral History interview transcript with Freeman J.
Dyson 17 December 1986, American Institute of
Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives
Disturbing the Universe": BBC interview with
Freeman Dyson, audio, 18 January 1980
To Mars by A-bomb. BBC Airdate 8 February
2006.
Roberts, Russ (March 7, 2011). Dyson on Heresy,
Climate Change, and Science. EconTalk. Library
of Economics and Liberty.
99
Chapter 29
Lidewij Edelkoort
Lidewij Edelkoort, often called Li, (born 1950, of the 25 most inuential fashion experts of our day.[9]
Wageningen) is a Dutch trend forecaster, someone who On February, 22 2008, on behalf of the French Minisanticipates future fashion and design trends.[1]
ter of Culture Didier Grumbach, President of the French
Fdration de la Couture, Edelkoort was invested with
the Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres in recognition of her
artistic and literary creative contribution to France and
29.1 Life
international culture.[3] Edelkoort also received an Honorary Degree of Doctor of Art from the United KingEdelkoort began her career as a fashion coordinator at doms Nottingham Trent University, at the universitys
the Amsterdam department store De Bijenkorf.[2] After awards ceremony on July 15, 2008.[10] And more renishing her degree at ArtEZ, in 1975 she relocated to cently, on November 26, 2012, she received an award
France, where she set up as an independent trend consul- for her oeuvre of work from the Dutch foundation Prins
tancy. She soon created the consultancy 'Trend Union', Bernhard Cultuurfonds.
a trend forecasting service based in Paris.[3][4] Trend She lives in Paris.[1]
Union provides bi-annual trend forecasting books for the
fashion and design community with colour and lifestyle
information.[5] She then founded Studio Edelkoort, a consultancy bureau, and opened two oces in New York City 29.2 References
(Edelkoort Inc) and Tokyo (Edelkoort East).
She has helped to shape products for international brands,
advising on product identity and development strategy,
and er clients have included Coca-Cola, Nissan, Camper,
Siemens, Moooi, and Douwe Egberts.[2] In the beauty industry, Studio Edelkoorts has developed concepts and
beauty products for Este Lauder, Lancme, L'Oral,
Shiseido, Dim, and Gucci.[2]
[1] Euronews August 2008
[2] Brief biography at Fashionmission, June 2006

[3] Lidewij Edelkoort receives French honour Design.nl. Editor Design.nl 22-02-2008
[4] Li Edelkoort: Militant of better living Srie Limite n 47
du 13 Octobre 2006, page 16 (Google translation 2008)
She is the art director and co-publisher of the magazine [5] Li Edelkoort brief biography at Design Indaba Magazine,
2002. Accessed August 2008
View on Colour.[6] This looks at trends in colour taste
with a view to their inuence on fashion, graphics, indus- [6] in one piece Kim DeMarcos blog, 15 May 2007
trial design, packaging, cosmetics and many other areas.
She is also publisher of Interior View magazine.[5] She [7] Suzy Menkes, International Herald Tribune, June 2001
launched the photo-magazine Bloom in 1998, which she [8] Designboom April 2000
describes as horti-cultural, because it charts the chang[9] The Business Worlds Trend Prophet, Symrise. 2008.
ing trends in owers and the way their images are used.[7]
She is involved in the non-prot humanitarian organiza- [10] Arts Review 11 July 2008
tion Heartwear which helps third world producers market
their goods in the west through a mail order catalogue.
Meet trend prophet Li Edelkoort Euronews, AcThe prots return to the producers communities.[8]
cessed August 2008.
In 1999 she was elected Chairwoman of the Design
Interview with Li Edelkoort, trend forecaster at DeAcademy, Eindhoven, Netherlands, where she served unsignboom on 14.04.2000. Accessed August 2008
til 2008.[8] In 2011, Edelkoort launched the website and
social media platform called TrendTablet. The British de My Three Kitchens By Maura Egan, New York
sign magazine i-D listed her among the worlds 40 most
Times, Style Magazine, November 7, 2004. Acimportant designers and Time magazine named her one
cessed August 2008.
100

Lidewij Edelkoort: The Business Worlds Trend
Prophet Symrise. 2008.
Flower! By Suzy Menkes, International Herald Tribune, Published June 19, 2001
The Forecaster in one piece Kim DeMarco's blog,
15 May 2007
Brief biography at Fashionmission.nl 1 June 2006 .
Accessed August 2008.
Li Edelkoort to receive honorary degree from Nottingham Trent University Arts Review 11 July 2008.
29.3 External links

Lidewij Edelkoort website
Edelkoort Inc
TrendTablet website and social media platform
http://www.heartwear.eu/
Design talent curated by Li Edelkoort
Latest interview with C.B.Liddell, Metropolis magazine
101
Chapter 30
Mahdi Elmandjra
Mahdi Elmandjra (Arabic: ; March 13, 1933 motion of Science (JSPS) at the Tokyo Keizai University
June 13, 2014) was a Moroccan futurist, economist and (1999).
sociologist.[1]
30.2.1 UNESCO (1961-1969)
30.1 Education
Chief, Africa Division (19611963);

Director of the Executive Oce of the Director
general (19631966);
Elmandjra started his high-school education at Lyce

Lyautey (Casablanca) in 1944 where he got his
Baccalaureat in 1948 . He then went to Putney School,
Vermont, U.S.A. (19481950) before joining Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York (19501954) where he obtained a B.A. Government degree. Elmandjra then went
to England where he enrolled in the London School of
Economics, and the University of London (19541957)
obtaining a PhD.
Assistant Director General for the Social Sciences,

Human Sciences and Culture (19661969);
Visiting Fellow, Center for International Studies,
London School of Economics, Univ.of London
(1970);
30.2.2 UNESCO (1971-1976)
30.2 Career
Assistant Director General for Programming and

Future Studies (19711976);
Mahdi Elmandjra graduated from Cornell (USA) and obtained his PhD from the London School of Economics.
He has taught international relations at the University of
Rabat since 1958.
Elmandjra has held many occupations throughout his career. After nishing his studies, ElMandjra started his
career as Director General of the Moroccan Broadcasting
Service (RTM) and as a Counselor of the Moroccan Mission to the UN. He occupied various functions in the UN
body from 1961 to 1981 including that of Assistant Director General of UNESCO for Social Sciences, Human
Sciences and Culture as well as Coordinator of the Conference on Technical Cooperation between Developing
countries at the UNDP.
He was President of the World Futures Studies Federation and of Futuribles International as well as the
founding President of the Moroccan Association of Future Studies and the Moroccan Organization of Human
Rights.
He is a member of the African Academy of Sciences and
of the Academy of the Kingdom of Morocco. He has
been a Visiting Professor to Tokyo University (1998) and
a Visiting Scholar of the Japanese Society for the Pro102
Special Adviser to the Director General,(1975

1976);
Professor, Faculte des Sciences Juridiques,
Economiques et Sociales, Universite Mohamed V,
Rabat (19761979);
Assistant Secretary general, United Nations Programme for Development (UNDP): Coordinator,
Conference on Technical Cooperation between
African Countries (Nairobi, 1980);
Special Consultant to the United Nations during the
International Year of Disable Persons,(19801981);
Special Advisor to the Director General of the Intergovernmental Bureau for Informatics IBI)(1981
1987);
Adviser to the Secretary general of the United Nations on the programmes of the UN System against
the Abuse of Drugs (19901991);
Professor, Faculte des Sciences Juridiques,
Economiques et Sociales, Universite Mohamed V,
Rabat (1981);
30.4. MAJOR TELEVISION PROGRAMMES
103
Visiting Professor, Institute of Oriental Culture, First Civilizational War (1999) and The Afghan War :
University of Tokyo (1998);
The Second Civilizational War, The End of an Empire.
Professor Elmandjra received the Prix de la Vie
Economique 1981 (France), the Grand Medal of the
30.2.3 Professional associations
French Academy of Architecture (1984), the distinctions
World Future Studies Federation (WFSF), President of Ocer of the Order of Arts and Letters (France, 1985)
and of the Order of The Rising Sun (Japan, 1986). He
(19771981);
also received the Peace Medal of the Albert Einstein International Academy and the Award of the World Future
Futuribles International, President (19811990);
Studies Federation (WFSF) in 1995. In 2002 he was
Club of Rome (resignation in 1988);
made the rst honorary member of the Moroccan Association of Researchers and Scientists (MARS).
Academy of the Kingdom of Morocco;
World Academy of Art and Science;
World Academy of Social Prospective;
30.4 Major television programmes
African Academy of Sciences (Exec. Comm.);
Maroc 2000 (6 hours), RTM, Rabat (1978);
Pugwash Movement;
Les Dossiers de l'Ecran, La Prochaine Decennie,

TF 1, Paris (1980);
Society for International Development (SID), Council (19821988), Exec. Comm.(19851988);
Dossier, Le Grand Maghreb, RTT, Tunis (1980);
International Union of Architects, Rapporteur XIII

World Congress of Architects, Mexico (1978);
Lendemains pour l'Homme, En nir avec la Faim,

Antenne 2, Paris (1981);
Third World Forum;
Le Tiers Monde et Nous, Antenne 2, Paris (1981);
Founding President of the Moroccan Association of

Future Studies (AMP);
Rencontre Avec ..., RTS, Dakar (1981);
Founding President of the Moroccan Organization

for Human Rights (OMDH);
Morocco-Japan Association, Founding Member and
Vice-President;
L'Avenir du Futur, An 2020 Surpopulation ?", Antenne 2, Paris (1981);

Informatics & Development, U.N. TV, New York
(1982);
Moroccan Association of Economists;
L'Avenir du Futur, La Revolution Vegetale, Antenne 2, Paris (1983);
Moroccan Association of Philosophy;
From 1984 to 2000, WDR 3, Cologne (1985);
Moroccan Association of Historians.
La Clave, Death in Abundance, Madrid (1985);

Morocco and Latin America, RTM, Rabat (1985);
30.3 Publications
He has published several books and over 500 articles in
the elds of the human and social sciences. He is a coauthor of No Limits to Learning (Report to the Club of
Rome, 1979) and the author of several books including
The United Nations System (1973), Maghreb et Francophonie (1988), Premiere Guerre Civilisationnelle
(1991), Retrospective des Futurs (1992), Nord-Sud,
Prelude a l'Ere Postcoloniale (1993), Cultural Diversity Key to Survival (1995), (1996), Decolonisation
Culturelle : De majeur du 21e Siecle (1996), Reglobalization of globalization (2000), Communication Dialogue (2000),Intifadates (2001), Humiliation l're
du mga-imprialisme (2003) et Ihana (2004). Many of
his books have been translated to Japanese such as The
Document, RTM, Rabat (1985);

The Child and the Computer, RTM, Rabat
(1986);
The Future of International Cooperation, with
J.J. Servan-Schreiber & Isomura, NHK 3, Tokyo
(1986);
Architecture Islamique, Prix de l'Aga Khan 1986,
Emission Mosaique, FR3, Paris (1986);
Architectures Dynastiques, Dossier du Mois,
RTM, Rabat (1987);
L'Avenir du Monde Arabe, FR 3, Paris (1988);
Rencontre, Immigration, FR 3, Paris (1989);
104
The Gulf War, WDR, Frankfurt (1991);
Les Nations Unies et la Guerre du Golfe, TV Tunis
(1991).
30.5 Juries
CHAPTER 30. MAHDI ELMANDJRA

L'Organisation Internationale et le Developpement,
Rome (1977);
Political Facets of the North-South Dialogue,Rome
(1978);
Architects and National Development, International
Union of Architects, Mexico (1978);
International Architectural Contest for the Islamic

Cultural Center of Madrid (1980);
Recherche Scientique
Casablanca (1978);
Vice-President of the Jury of the International Architectural Contest for the Tete de la Defense
project, Paris (1983);
Demain l'An 2000, monthly column in the weekly

magazine Jeune Afrique, Paris (19791980);
World Contest of Young Architects, Tokyo (1984);

Venice Film Festival (1984);
Master Jury of the Aga Khan Award for Architecture (1986);
Jules Verne Science Television Prize, Paris (1990
1993);
President of the Jury of Third National Film Festival
of Morocco, Meknes (1992).
FOUNDER of the North-South Cultural Communication Prize given annually since 1992 (nanced
from the royalties of the author).
30.6 Bibliography
The League of Arab States 1945-1955, Ph.D. Thesis, London (1957);
Nehru and the Modern World, New Delhi (1967);
Interaction between Western Culture and Japanese
Culture, Tokyo (1968);
et
Developpement,
Science and Technology and the Future, Munich

(1979);
No Limits to Learning, Report to the Club of Rome,
in collaboration with James Botkin and Mircea Malitza, London (1979) - (translated to French, Spanish, Arabic, German, Italian, Polish, Rumanian,
Japanese, Finnish, and Chinese);
L'Ingenieur et la Societe, Paris (1980);
Feasibility Study on the Establishment of an African
Institute for Future Studies, Addis Ababa (1980);
Critique of the Brandt Commission Report, Paris
(1980);
Ordre Mondial et Styles de Developpement, Paris
(1980);
A Positive Future for the Printed Word, Copenhagen (1980);
International Cooperation as a Learning Process,
Ottawa (1980);
L'Afrique en l'An 2000, Paris (1980);
Le Monde Arabe en l'An 2000, Paris (1980);
Transfert International des Techniques de Gestion,

Rotterdam (1970);
Administration et Education, Paris (1980);
Economie et Culture, Paris (1972);
La Mediterranee a l'Heure de l'Elargissement de la

Communaute Europeenne, Rome, (1980);
The United Nations System: An Analysis, London

and New York (1973);
Information et Developpement, Paris (1975);
Alternatives pour l'Etablissement d'un Nouvel Ordre
Economique International, Paris (1975);
Curriculum Vitae of Mahdi Elmandjra 2 1998
Global Cooperation as an Operational Concept,
(with John E. Fobes) Washington D.C. (1975);
Prospective des Valeurs Socio-Culturelles Mediterraneennes, Madrid (1977);
Science and Technology : New Frontiers, Rome,

(1981);
The New Age of Culture and Communication,
Chapell Hill, North Carolina (1981);
Financial Flows from OPEP Countries to Developing Countries & the New International Economic
Order, Paris (1981), Kuwait (1982);
Whither the South? Futures of South-South Relations, Montreal (1981);
Education and Informatics, Rome (1981);
30.6. BIBLIOGRAPHY
105
La Recherche Scientique en tant que creation: Le

Cas de la Mediterranee, Barcelona (1982);
Apprendimento, Adattamento e Innovazione, Florence (1985);
L'Interpellation du Tiers Monde, Paris (1982);
Merits and Demerits of Nihonjin-Run : A Future

Perspective, The Tokyo Colloquium, Tokyo (1985);
L'Humour: Retrospective et Prospective, Rabat,

Paris (1982);
La Cooperation Euro-Arabe, Louvain (1982);
Impact de l'Informatique sur la Societe Marocaine :
Vision Prospective, Rabat (1982);
The U N Economic Commission for Africa : The
Formative Years 1958-1960, Addis Ababa (1983);
Human Values and Technological Innovation,
Tsukuba (1983);
Whither Information ? Paris, Nyon (1983);
Informatics and the Development of Intelligence,
Rome (1983);
Urbanisme et Avenir des Relations Internationales,

Paris (1985);
Les Arabes en Crise, Paris (1985);
Communication, Information and Development,
Rome (1985);
Learning Needs in a Changing Society, Role of Human Resources in Development, Tokyo (1986);
The Financial Support of Research & Development within Third World Countries, The African
Academy of Sciences, Nairobi (1986);
Media and Communications in Africa: The Weight
of Advanced Technologies, London (1986);
Information and Sovereignty, Rabat, Paris, Tunis,

Cali (1983);
Du Bon Usage de la Prospective, Paris (1986);
Le Sport et la Paix, Casablanca (1983);
UN Organizations: Ways to their Reactivation,

Tokyo (1986);
Information et Developpement, Rabat (1983);

South-South Cooperation : A Peaceful Decolonization of the Future, Nyon (1983);
Les IXemes Jeux Mediterraneens: Une Analyse
Socio-Economique, Casablanca, (1983);
The Conquest of Space : Some Political, Economic
and Socio-Cultural Considerations, Rabat, Tunis,
Paris, Rome, London, Geneva (1983);
Recherche Scientique et Technologique:
l'Innovation a la Vulgarisation, Rabat (1984);
de
Medailles Olympiques et Developpement, Analyse

des Resultats de Los Angeles, Rabat, Dakar, Paris,
Tunis (1984);
Le Maghreb en Crise, Rabat (1984);
Vers un Monde des Grandes Metropoles, Paris
(1984);
Nouvelles Tendances des Recherches en Sciences

Sociales, Rabat (1987);
Information Technology for Economic Development in Developing Countries, Fontainebleau
(1987);
Culture: Arts et Traditions, Vision Prospective, Rabat (1987);
For a Better Life for all in the Metropoles, Mexico
City, London (1987);
Development Aid as an Obstacle to SelfDevelopment, Rome (1987);
Mahgreb et Francophonie, Quebec, Paris (1988);
Technologies Nouvelles et Developpement, Lausanne (1988);
China in the Twenty-First Century, London (1989);
Casablanca 2000, The Aga Khan Award for Architecture, Geneva (1985);
La Revolution Francaise : Message Universel ?

Lyon (1989);
Tomorrows Habitat, Tokyo (1985);
Expanding Horizons, Anticipating Global Change,

Monterrey, California (1989);
Reclaiming the Future : Manual of Future Studies

for African Planners, Introduction, London, Brussels (1985);
Role de la Jeunesse Marocaine dans la Societe

Arabe, Rabat (1989);
Development and Automation: Opportunities and

Risks, Geneva, Paris (1985);
Present & Potential Uses of Informatics and Telematics in Health, Geneva (1989);
Mdecine Predictive: Considerations Ethiques, Sociales et de Sante Publique, Rabat, Paris (1985);
Perspectives Macro-Economiques de la Mediterranee, Marseille (1989);
106
Fusion of Science and Culture : Key to the TwentyFirst Century, Vancouver, Paris (1989);
Premiere Guerre Civilisationnelle,

(1992);
Human Rights and Development, Ottawa (1989);
Nord-Sud, Prelude
Casablanca (1992);
The Francophone Summit : Does it have a future ?

London (1989);
La Francophonie : Un surrealisme, Casablanca
(1989);
l'Ere
Casablanca
Post-Coloniale;
Problematique de la Communication, Casablanca

(1993);
A Propos du Mahgreb, Casablanca (1993);
Aucune Union Maghrebine sans respect des droits

de l'homme, Tunis (1989);
Les Mutations Sociales

Casablanca (1993);
Afrique : Le grand chambardement, Bordeaux

(1990);
The Arab World : Three Scenarios, Tunis (1993);
Je reve d'une afrique africophone, Dakar (1990);

L'Avenir des Relations Nord-Sud, Bordeaux (1991);
Les Elections Algeriennes de juin 1990, Bordeaux,
Alger (1990);
La Crise du Golfe, Prelude a l'Arontement NordSud ? Les debuts du Post-Colonialisme, Paris, Tunis, Rabat (1990);
Yes, There Shall be a Military Confrontation in the
Gulf, Paris (1990);
La Cause Reelle de Notre Tragedie est l'Absence
d'une Veritable Democratie, Tunis (1990);
Quatre Raisons pour Craindre une Guerre du Golfe,
Rabat (1990);
Relations Afro-Arabe, le Dialogue Euro-Arabe et
l'Intifada, Paris, Rabat, Tunis (1990);
et
la
Democratie,
11 Years after the Revolution of July 1952, Tunis,

London (1993);
La Logique de Guerre : Une Logique de Culture, Casablanca (1993);
New Chapters of the Civilizational War, Tangiers
(1993);
The March of Islam, London, Rabat, Algiers
(1993);
The Israelo-Palestinian Agreement : A Scenario
Planned Years before, Tunis, Casablanca, London
(1993);
La Paix ! Quelle Paix ? Casablanca (1993);
What has Happened in Palestine is another episode
of the Civilizational War, Rabat (1993);
Visions, Collective Memory and Value Systems,
Casablanca (1993);
Les Aspects Culturels de la Guerre du Golfe, Rabat,

Alger (1991);
Information and Technology, London (1993);
Les Dimensions Scientiques et Technologiques de

la Guerre du Golfe, Casablanca (1991);
The Agreements concerning Ghaza and Jericho,

Beirut (1993);
La Francophonie : Nouvelle Etape Hegemonique au

Maghreb, Rabat (1991);
The West is Opposed to Change, Algiers, London

(1993);
Vision of the Future, New Delhi (1991);
La Recherche Scientique au Maroc : Ralits et

Perspectives, Rabat (1994);
Cout de la Guerre du Golfe en Chires, Rabat, Alger, Tunis (1991);

Al Harb Al Hadariya Al Oulla, Casablanca, Alger
(1991);
Un Autre Regard, Paris (1991);
Retrospective des Futurs, Casablanca, Paris (1991);
Impact of the Socio-Cultural Environment on the
Development of Information Technology, Zrich,
New Delhi, Rabat (1992);
Consequences de la Guerre du Golfe, Algiers
(1992);
The Suering of Algeria, London (1994);

Le Postcolonialisme, Rabat (1994);
Mandela and the Transformation of History, London (1994);
Population and Migration, Geneva, Rabat, Tunis
(1994);
Biodiversity : Cultural and Ethical Aspects, Paris,
Rabat (1994);
The Next Wars will be Civilizational Wars, London
(1994);
30.7. AWARDS AND DECORATIONS
107
Cultural Diversity : Key to Survival in the Future,

Mexico, Rabat, Casablanca (1994);
Lattaque de lIrak par les Etats Unis est invitable,

Tanger (1998)
From Welfare State to Caring Society, UNESCO

Symposium, Roskilde University, Denmark (1995);
La mondialisation cest tout

lamricanisation, Rabat (1999)
Dialogue as a Culture : The Case of Islam, International Institute of Sociology, Trieste (1995);
Si le pouvoir devait revenir la majorit : la femme

est cette majorit, Tanger (1999)
Cultural Communication: Major Challenge of the

Future, United Nations University, Tokyo (1995);
Cinma et ducation, Ttouan (1999)
The United Nations and the Challenges of the Future, Marrakech (1995);
Dialogue about Communication, Chiraa, Tangiers
(1996);
Al Quds, Symbol and Memory, Walili, Marrakech
(1996);
La Decolonisation Cuturelle : De Majeur du XXIe
Siecle, Walili, Marrakech (1996);
L'Immigration est un Phenomene Culturel et non
pas Securitaire, London, Casablanca (1997);
Mehdi Benaboud : Le Medecin Humaniste, le
Philosophe Militant et le Croyant Eclaire, Tangiers
(1997);
Salah Charqui ou le Qanoun Enchante, Casablanca
(1997);
Ben Yessef : l'Esthete Engage, Tangiers (1997);
Un Plectre sImmobilise et un Luth Cesse sa Lutte,
(deces Mounir Bashir), London, Rabat (1997);
Kemal Zebdi, le Poete Peintre nous a Quitte,
Casablanca, London (1997)
LInternet na aucun sens en labsence dun
environnement scientique appropri, Rabat
(1997)
Etat et perspectives : Dveloppement dans le
Tiers-monde, Tanger (1997)
La rgression des pays du tiers-monde progresse,
Tanger (1997)
simplement
Lavenir du monde arabe, Beirut (1999)

La deuxime guerre civilisationnelle a commenc,
Casablanca (2001)
Intifadates, Knitra (2001)
Les intifadates sont inluctables, Casablanca (2002)
Le temps des prophtes est rvolu : Le Maroc en
solde, Casablanca (2002
La frappe de lIrak est imminente, Abu Dhabi
(2002)
On peut parler dune culture islamique mais pas
dune personne islamique, Londres (2002)
La guerre dIrak durera au moins cinq ans, Rabat
(2003)
LUnesco mrite dtre blme pour non assistance patrimoine culturel de lhumanit en danger,
Casablanca (2003)
Mondialisation du fascisme, Londres (2003)
Japan makes imprudent decision on troops to Iraq,
Rabat (2003)
Humiliation lre
Casablanca (oct. 2003)
du
mga-imprialisme,
Ihana (2004)
Valeur des valeurs (2006)
30.7 Awards and decorations
LInternet apportera au Maroc ce que le Maroc apportera lInternet, Casablanca (1997)
Curzon Prize of French Literature, Cornell University (1953);
La communication entre les religions, Les Emirats

Arabes Unis (1998)
Rockefeller Award for International Relations, London School of Economics (1955);
LIrak Terrain dessai des armes amricaines, Rabat (1998)
Order of Independence of the Kingdom of Jordan

(1959);
Recherche scientique et ds du futur, Rabat

(1998)
Chevalier of the Order of Arts and Letters, France

(1970);
La puissance amricaine rside dans la faiblesse des

pays, Rabat (1998)
Honorary Architect, International Union of Architects (1978);
108
Prix de La Vie Economique (1981), Paris;
Grand Medal of the French Academy of Architecture (1984);
Ocer of the Order of Arts and Letters, France
(1985);
Order of the Rising Sun (III), Japan (1986);
Peace Medal of the Albert Einstein International
Academy (1991).
Award of the World Future Studies Federation
(1995)
30.8 See also

Mohamed Guessous
30.9 References
[1] Hassan, Mohamed El. Moroccos Mehdi El Mendjra
Died. Morocco World News. Retrieved 2014-06-14.

ElMandjra ocial website
Transcend.org
Chapter 31
Douglas Engelbart
Douglas Carl Engelbart (January 30, 1925 July 2,
2013) was an American engineer and inventor, and an
early computer and Internet pioneer. He is best known
for his work on the challenges of humancomputer interaction, particularly while at his Augmentation Research Center Lab in SRI International, resulting in the
invention of the computer mouse, and the development
of hypertext, networked computers, and precursors to
graphical user interfaces. These were demonstrated at
The Mother of All Demos in 1968. Engelbarts Law, the
observation that the intrinsic rate of human performance
is exponential, is named after him.
In the early 1950s, he decided that instead of having
a steady job (such as his position at NASAs Ames
Research Center) he would focus on making the world
a better place, especially through the use of computers. Engelbart was therefore a committed, vocal proponent of the development and use of computers and
computer networks to help cope with the worlds increasingly urgent and complex problems. Engelbart embedded
a set of organizing principles in his lab, which he termed
"bootstrapping strategy". He designed the strategy to accelerate the rate of innovation of his lab.
Under Engelbarts guidance, the Augmentation Research
Center developed, with funding primarily from DARPA,
the NLS to demonstrate numerous technologies, most of
which are in modern widespread use; this included the
computer mouse, bitmapped screens, hypertext; all of
which were displayed at The Mother of All Demos in
1968. The lab was transferred from SRI to Tymshare in
the late 1970s, which was acquired by McDonnell Douglas in 1984, and NLS was renamed Augment. At both
Tymshare and McDonnell Douglas, Engelbart was limited by a lack of interest in his ideas and funding to pursue
them, and retired in 1986.
In 1988, Engelbart and his daughter Christina launched
the Bootstrap Institute (later known as The Doug Engelbart Institute) to promote his vision, especially at Stanford
University; this eort did result in some DARPA funding
to modernize the user interface of Augment. In December 2000, United States President Bill Clinton awarded
Engelbart the National Medal of Technology, the United
States highest technology award. In December 2008, Engelbart was honored by SRI at the 40th Anniversary cel-
ebration of the 1968 Mother of All Demos.
31.1 Early life and education

Engelbart was born in Portland, Oregon on January
30, 1925, to Carl Louis Engelbart and Gladys Charlotte Amelia Munson Engelbart. His ancestors were of
German, Swedish and Norwegian descent.[6]
He was the middle of three children, with a sister Dorianne (3 years older), and a brother David (14 months
younger). The family lived in Portland, Oregon, in his
early years, and moved to the surrounding countryside
along Johnson Creek when he was 8. His father died one
year later. He graduated from Portlands Franklin High
School in 1942.[7]
Midway through his college studies at Oregon State College at Corvallis, near the end of World War II, he was
drafted into the United States Navy, serving two years as a
radar technician in the Philippines. On a small island, in a
tiny hut on stilts, he rst read Vannevar Bush's article "As
We May Think", which greatly inspired him.[7] He returned to Oregon State College and completed his Bachelors degree in electrical engineering in 1948. While at
Oregon State College, he was a member of Sigma Phi Epsilon social fraternity.[8][9] He was hired by the National
Advisory Committee for Aeronautics at the Ames Research Center, where he worked in wind tunnel maintenance. In his o hours he enjoyed hiking, camping, and
folk dancing. It was there he met Ballard Fish (August
18, 1928 June 18, 1997[10] ) who was just completing
her training as an Occupational Therapist. The two married on May 5, 1951 in Portola State Park. Soon after,
Doug left NACA to pursue a PhD at UC Berkeley.[11]
31.2 Career and accomplishments

31.2.1 Guiding philosophy
Engelbarts career was inspired in December 1950 when
he was engaged to be married and realized he had no career goals other than a steady job, getting married and
109
110
CHAPTER 31. DOUGLAS ENGELBART

patents.[17] After completing his PhD, Engelbart stayed
on at Berkeley as an assistant professor to teach for a
year, and left when it was clear he could not pursue his
vision there. Engelbart then formed a startup company,
Digital Techniques, to commercialize some of his doctorate research on storage devices, but after a year decided
instead to pursue the research he had been dreaming of
since 1951.[18]
31.2.2 SRI and the Augmentation Research Center

Engelbart took a position at SRI International (known
then as Stanford Research Institute) in Menlo Park, California in 1957. He initially worked for Hewitt Crane on
magnetic devices and miniaturization of electronics; EnEngelbarts prototype of a computer mouse, as designed by Bill gelbart and Crane became close friends.[19] At SRI, EnEnglish from Engelbarts sketches.[12]
gelbart gradually obtained over a dozen patents (some resulting from his graduate work), and by 1962 produced
living happily ever after.[13] Over several months he rea- a report about his vision and proposed research agenda
titled Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framesoned that:
work.[16]
1. he would focus his career on making the world a bet- This led to funding from ARPA to launch his work.
Engelbart recruited a research team in his new
ter place[14]
Augmentation Research Center (ARC, the lab he
2. any serious eort to make the world better requires founded at SRI). Engelbart embedded a set of organizing
some kind of organized eort
principles in his lab, which he termed "bootstrapping
strategy to accelerate the rate
3. harnessing the collective human intellect of all the strategy". He designed the
[20][21][22][23]
of
innovation
of
his
lab.
people contributing to eective solutions was the key
The ARC became the driving force behind the design
4. if you could dramatically improve how we do that, and development of the oN-Line System (NLS). He and
you'd be boosting every eort on the planet to solve his team developed computer interface elements such as
important problems the sooner the better
bitmapped screens, the mouse, hypertext, collaborative
[24]
5. computers could be the vehicle for dramatically im- tools, and precursors to the graphical user interface.
He conceived and developed many of his user interface
proving this capability.[13]
ideas back in the mid-1960s, long before the personal
In 1945, Engelbart had read with interest Vannevar computer revolution, at a time when most computers
were inaccessible to individuals, who could only use comBush's article As We May Think,[15] a call to action for
making knowledge widely available as a national peace- puters through intermediaries (see batch processing), and
when software tended to be written for vertical applicatime grand challenge. He had also read something about
the recent phenomenon of computers, and from his ex- tions in proprietary systems.
perience as a radar technician, he knew that information
could be analyzed and displayed on a screen. He envisioned intellectual workers sitting at display working stations, ying through information space, harnessing their
collective intellectual capacity to solve important problems together in much more powerful ways. Harnessing
collective intellect, facilitated by interactive computers,
became his lifes mission at a time when computers were
viewed as number crunching tools.[16]
Engelbart applied for a patent in 1967 and received it

in 1970, for the wooden shell with two metal wheels
(computer mouse U.S. Patent 3,541,541), which he
had developed with Bill English, his lead engineer, a few
years earlier.[25] In the patent application it is described
as an X-Y position indicator for a display system. Engelbart later revealed that it was nicknamed the mouse
because the tail came out the end. His group also called
the on-screen cursor a bug, but this term was not widely
[26]
He enrolled in graduate school in electrical engineer- adopted.
ing at University of California, Berkeley, graduating He never received any royalties for his mouse invention.
with a Master of Science degree in 1953, and a Ph.D. During an interview, he said "SRI patented the mouse,
in 1955.[11] As a graduate student at Berkeley he as- but they really had no idea of its value. Some years later
sisted in the construction of the California Digital Com- it was learned that they had licensed it to Apple Computer
puter project CALDIC. His graduate work led to several for something like $40,000.[27] Engelbart showcased the
31.2. CAREER AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS
111
puter called OFFICE-1, as part of a joint project with
ARC.[13]
At Tymshare, Engelbart soon found himself marginalized and relegated to obscurity. Operational concerns at
Tymshare overrode Engelbarts desire to do further research. Various executives, rst at Tymshare and later at
McDonnell Douglas, which acquired Tymshare in 1984,
expressed interest in his ideas, but never committed the
funds or the people to further develop them. His interest
inside of McDonnell Douglas was focused on the enormous knowledge management and IT requirements involved in the life cycle of an aerospace program, which
served to strengthen Engelbarts resolve to motivate the
information technology arena toward global interoperTwo Apple Macintosh Plus mice, 1986
ability and an open hyperdocument system.[30] Engelbart
retired from McDonnell Douglas in 1986, determined to
[4][13]
chorded keyboard and many more of his and ARCs in- pursue his work free from commercial pressure.
ventions in 1968 at The Mother of All Demos.[28]
31.2.3
Tymshare and McDonnell Douglas
Engelbart slipped into relative obscurity after 1976. Several of his researchers became alienated from him and
left his organization for Xerox PARC, in part due to frustration, and in part due to diering views of the future of
computing.[4] Engelbart saw the future in collaborative,
networked, timeshare (client-server) computers, which
younger programmers rejected in favor of the personal
computer. The conict was both technical and social: the
younger programmers came from an era where centralized power was highly suspect, and personal computing
was just barely on the horizon.[4][13]
Engelbart served on the board of directors of Erhard
Seminars Training (EST). Several key ARC personnel
were also involved. Although EST had been recommended by other researchers, the controversial nature of
EST and other social experiments reduced the morale and
social cohesion of the ARC community.[29]
The 1969 Manseld Amendment, which ended military
funding of non-military research, the end of the Vietnam
War, and the end of the Apollo program reduced ARCs
funding from ARPA and NASA. SRIs management,
which disapproved of Engelbarts approach to running the
center, placed the remains of ARC under the control of
articial intelligence researcher Bertram Raphael, who
negotiated the transfer of the laboratory to a company
called Tymshare. Engelbarts house in Atherton, California burned down during this period, causing him and
his family further problems. Tymshare took over NLS
and the lab that Engelbart had founded, hired most of
the labs sta including its creator as a Senior Scientist,
renamed the software Augment, and oered it as a commercial service via its new Oce Automation Division.
Tymshare was already somewhat familiar with NLS; back
when ARC was still operational, it had experimented with
its own local copy of the NLS software on a minicom-
31.2.4 Bootstrap and the Doug Engelbart

Institute
Teaming with his daughter, Christina Engelbart, in 1988
he founded the Bootstrap Institute to coalesce his ideas
into a series of three-day and half-day management seminars oered at Stanford University 19892000.[13] By
the early 1990s there was sucient interest among his
seminar graduates to launch a collaborative implementation of his work, and the Bootstrap Alliance was formed
as a non-prot home base for this eort. Although the
invasion of Iraq and subsequent recession spawned a rash
of belt-tightening reorganizations which drastically redirected the eorts of their alliance partners, they continued with the management seminars, consulting, and
small-scale collaborations. In the mid-1990s they were
awarded some DARPA funding to develop a modern user
interface to Augment, called Visual AugTerm (VAT),[31]
while participating in a larger program addressing the IT
requirements of the Joint Task Force.
Engelbart was Founder Emeritus of the Doug Engelbart
Institute, which he founded in 1988 with his daughter
Christina Engelbart, who is Executive Director. The
Institute promotes Engelbarts philosophy for boosting
Collective IQthe concept of dramatically improving
how we can solve important problems togetherusing
a strategic bootstrapping approach for accelerating our
progress toward that goal.[32] In 2005 Engelbart received
a National Science Foundation grant to fund the open
source HyperScope project.[33] The Hyperscope team
built a browser component using Ajax and Dynamic
HTML designed to replicate Augments multiple viewing and jumping capabilities (linking within and across
various documents).[34]
112
31.2.5
Later years and death
Engelbart attended the Program for the Future 2010 Conference where hundreds of people convened at The Tech
Museum in San Jose and online to engage in dialog about
how to pursue his vision to augment collective intelligence.[35]
strongly inuenced by the principle of linguistic relativity developed by Benjamin Lee Whorf. Where Whorf
reasoned that the sophistication of a language controls
the sophistication of the thoughts that can be expressed
by a speaker of that language, Engelbart reasoned that
the state of our current technology controls our ability to
manipulate information, and that fact in turn will control
our ability to develop new, improved technologies. He
thus set himself to the revolutionary task of developing
computer-based technologies for manipulating information directly, and also to improve individual and group
processes for knowledge-work.[29]
The most complete coverage of Engelbarts bootstrapping

ideas can be found in Boosting Our Collective IQ, by Douglas C. Engelbart, 1995.[36] This includes three of Engelbarts key papers, edited into book form by Yuri Rubinsky and Christina Engelbart to commemorate the presentation of the 1995 SoftQuad Web Award to Doug Engelbart at the World Wide Web conference in Boston in December 1995. Only 2,000 softcover copies were printed,
31.3 Honors
and 100 hardcover, numbered and signed by Engelbart
and Tim Berners-Lee. Engelbarts book is now being reSince the late 1980s, prominent individuals and organizapublished by the Doug Engelbart Institute.
tions have recognized the seminal importance of EngelTwo comprehensive histories of Engelbarts laboratory
barts contributions.[47] In December 1995, at the Fourth
and work are in What the Dormouse Said: How the Sixties
WWW Conference in Boston, he was the rst recipient
Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry by
of what would later become the Yuri Rubinsky Memorial
John Marko and A Heritage of Innovation: SRIs First
Award. In 1997 he was awarded the Lemelson-MIT Prize
[37]
Half Century by Donald Neilson. Other books on Enof $500,000, the worlds largest single prize for invention
gelbart and his laboratory include Bootstrapping: Douglas
and innovation, and the ACM Turing Award.[4] To mark
Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Comthe 30th anniversary of Engelbarts 1968 demo, in 1998
puting by Thierry Bardini and The Engelbart Hypothesis:
the Stanford Silicon Valley Archives and the Institute for
Dialogs with Douglas Engelbart, by Valerie Landau and
the Future hosted Engelbarts Unnished Revolution, a
[38]
Eileen Clegg in conversation with Douglas Engelbart.
symposium at Stanford University's Memorial AuditoAll four of these books are based on interviews with Enrium, to honor Engelbart and his ideas.[48]
gelbart as well as other contributors in his laboratory.
Also in 1998, ACM SIGCHI awarded Engelbart the CHI
Engelbart served on the Advisory Boards of the
Lifetime Achievement Award.[49] ACM SIGCHI later inUniversity of Santa Clara Center for Science, Techducted Engelbart into the CHI Academy in 2002.[49] Ennology, and Society, Foresight Institute,[39] Computer
gelbart was awarded The Franklin Institutes Certicate
Professionals for Social Responsibility, The Technology
of Merit in 1996 and the Benjamin Franklin Medal in
Center of Silicon Valley, and The Liquid Information
1999 in Computer and Cognitive Science. In early 2000
[40]
Company.
Engelbart produced, with volunteers and sponsors, what
Engelbart had four children, Gerda, Diana, Christina and was called The Unnished Revolution II, also known as
Norman with his rst wife Ballard, who died in 1997 after the Engelbart Colloquium at Stanford University, to docu47 years of marriage. He remarried on January 26, 2008 ment and publicize his work and ideas to a larger audience
to writer and producer Karen O'Leary Engelbart.[41][42] (live, and online).[50][51]
An 85th birthday celebration was held at the Tech MuIn December 2000, United States President Bill Clinseum of Innovation.[43] Engelbart died at his home in
ton awarded Engelbart the National Medal of TechnolAtherton, California on July 2, 2013, due to kidney failogy, the United States highest technology award.[39] In
ure.[44][45] According to the Doug Engelbart Institute, his
2001 he was awarded the British Computer Society's
death came after a long battle with Alzheimers disease,
Lovelace Medal.[52] In 2005, he was made a Fellow of
which he was diagnosed with in 2007.[18][46] Engelbart
the Computer History Museum for advancing the study
was 88 and was survived by his second wife, the four chilof human-computer interaction, developing the mouse
dren from his rst marriage, and nine grandchildren.[46]
input device, and for the application of computers to
improving organizational eciency.[5] He was honored
with the Norbert Wiener Award, which is given annually
31.2.6 Anecdotal notes
by Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility.[53]
Historian of science Thierry Bardini argues that En- Robert X. Cringely did an hour long interview with EngelDecember 9, 2005 in his NerdTV video podcast
gelbarts complex personal philosophy (which drove all bart on[54]
series.
his research) foreshadowed the modern application of
the concept of coevolution to the philosophy and use On December 9, 2008, Engelbart was honored at the
of technology.[29] Bardini points out that Engelbart was 40th Anniversary celebration of the 1968 "Mother of All
31.5. REFERENCES
Demos".[55] This event, produced by SRI International,
was held at Memorial Auditorium at Stanford University. Speakers included several members of Engelbarts
original Augmentation Research Center (ARC) team including Don Andrews, Bill Paxton, Bill English, and Je
Rulifson, Engelbarts chief government sponsor Bob Taylor, and other pioneers of interactive computing, including Andy van Dam and Alan Kay. In addition, Christina
Engelbart spoke about her fathers early inuences and the
ongoing work of the Doug Engelbart Institute.
113
[11] Engelbart, Douglas. Curriculum Vitae. The Doug Engelbart Institute. Retrieved 2011-04-14.
[12] Edwards, Benj (2008-12-09). The computer mouse turns
40. Macworld. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
[13] Tia O'Brien (1999-02-09). Douglas Engelbarts lasting
legacy. San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved 2013-07-04.
[14] The Unnished Revolution II: Strategy and Means for
Coping with Complex Problems. Colloquium at Stanford
University. The Doug Engelbart Institute. April 2000.
In June 2009, the New Media Consortium recognized Engelbart as an NMC Fellow for his lifetime of
achievements.[56] In 2011, Engelbart was inducted into [15] The MIT/Brown Vannevar Bush Symposium: Inuence
on Doug Engelbart. The Doug Engelbart Institute. ReIEEE Intelligent Systems' AIs Hall of Fame.[57][58] Entrieved 2012-06-17.
gelbart received an honorary doctorate from Yale University in May 2011, their rst Doctor of Engineering and [16] Engelbart, Douglas C (October 1962). Augmenting HuTechnology.[59][60][61]
man Intellect: A Conceptual Framework. SRI Summary
31.4 See also

Dynamic knowledge repository
Global brain
31.5 References
[1] Engelbart, D. C. (1995). Toward augmenting the human
intellect and boosting our collective IQ. Communications
of the ACM 38 (8): 30. doi:10.1145/208344.208352.
[2] Footnote. About Us. The Doug Engelbart Institute. Retrieved 2012-06-17.
[3] Ph.D. Dissertations - 1955. Electrical Engineering and
Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of
California Berkeley. Retrieved 2013-07-03.
Report AFOSR-3223, Prepared for: Director of Information Sciences, Air Force Oce of Scientic Research. SRI
International, hosted by The Doug Engelbart Institute.
[17] U.S. Patents held by Douglas C. Engelbart. The Doug
Engelbart Institute. Retrieved 2012-06-17.
[18] A Lifetime Pursuit. The Doug Engelbart Institute. Retrieved 2013-08-11.
[19] Marko, John (2005). What the Dormouse Said. Penguin.
p. 70. ISBN 1101201088.
[20] About an Accelerative Bootstrapping Strategy. The
Doug Engelbart Institute. Retrieved 2012-06-17.
[21] Douglas Engelbart from the Scopus bibliographic
database.
[22] List of publications from the DBLP Bibliography Server
[23] List of publications from Microsoft Academic Search
[24] Douglas Engelbart from the ACM Portal
[4] Thierry Bardini. Douglas Engelbart. Turning Award

Winners: 1997. Association for Computing Machinery
(ACM). Retrieved 2013-07-04.
[5] Douglas C. Engelbart. Hall of Fellows. Computer History Museum. Retrieved 2012-06-17.
[6] Lowood, Henry (1986-12-19). Douglas Engelbart Interview 1. Stanford and the Silicon Valley: Oral History Interviews. Stanford University. Retrieved 2012-06-17.
[7] Dalakov, Georgi. Biography of Douglas Engelbart.
History of Computers. Retrieved 2012-07-29.
[8] Citation Recipients. Sigma Phi Epsilon. p. 5. Retrieved
2013-08-14.
[9] Prominent Alumni: Business. Sigma Phi Epsilon. Retrieved 2013-08-14.
[10] https://engelbart85.wordpress.com/2010/01/23/
happy-birthday-memories/
[25] Hermida, Alfred (2001-11-05). Mouse inventor strives

for more. BBC News Online. Retrieved 2012-06-17.
[26] English, William K; Engelbart, Douglas; Berman, Melvyn
L. Display-Selection Techniques for Text Manipulation.
Stanford MouseSite. Stanford University. Retrieved 201207-29.
[27] Maisel, Andrew. Doug Engelbart: Father of the Mouse.
SuperKids. Retrieved 2012-06-17.
[28] Engelbart, Douglas C.; et al (1968-12-09). SRI-ARC.
A technical session presentation at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in San Francisco. NLS demo 68: The
computer mouse debut. Engelbart Collection (Menlo Park,
CA: Stanford University Library).
[29] Bardini, Thierry; Friedewald, Michael (2002). Chronicle
of the Death of a Laboratory: Douglas Engelbart and the
Failure of the Knowledge Workshop (PDF). History of
Technology 23: 192212.
114
[30] About An Open Hyperdocument System (OHS)". The

Doug Engelbart Institute. Retrieved 2012-06-17.
[52] Lovelace lecture. British Computer Society. Retrieved

2013-07-14.
[31] About NLS/Augment. Doug Engelbart Institute. Retrieved 2013-07-04.
[53] Winners of the Norbert Wiener Award for Professional

and Social Responsibility. CPSR. Retrieved 2013-0703.
[32] Augmenting Societys Collective IQ. Dougs Vision

Highlights. Doug Engelbart Institute.
[33] HyperScope Basics. The Doug Engelbart Institute. Retrieved 2013-08-11.
[34] Douglas Engelbarts HyperScope: Taking Web Collaboration to the Next Level Using Ajax and Dojo. O'Reilly
Media. Retrieved 2013-07-03.
[35] Douglas Engelbart. Corporation to Community. 201102-16. Retrieved 2012-07-29.
[36] Engelbart Books. Doug Engelbart institute.
[37] Donald Neilson (2005). A Heritage of Innovation: SRIs
First Half Century. SRI International. ISBN 0974520802.
[38] Landau, Valerie (2009-11-17). The Engelbart Hypothesis:
Dialogs with Douglas Engelbart. ISBN 0615308902..
[39] Douglas Engelbart, Foresight Advisor, Is Awarded National Medal of Technology. Update 43 (Foresight Institute). 2000-12-30. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
[40] Advisory Board. About Us. The Liquid Information Co.
[41] Celebrating Dougs 85th Birthday. The Doug Engelbart
Institute. Retrieved 2011-04-14.
[42] Karen O'Leary, Palo Alto, Writer and Producer. Karen
O'Leary Engelbart. Retrieved 2011-04-14.
[43] Mike Swift (2010-01-30). Honoring a creative force in
high tech: Douglas Engelbart turns 85. The San Jose
Mercury News.
[44] Doug Engelbart American inventor computing legend
passes away. GigaOm. 2013-07-03. Retrieved 201307-03.
[45] Crocker, Dave (2013-07-03). Doug Engelbart. Retrieved 2013-07-03.
[46] Technology visionary Doug Engelbart, inventor of computer mouse, dies at age of 88. The Washington Post.
Associated Press. 2013-07-03. Retrieved 2013-08-14.
[47] Honors Awarded to Doug Engelbart. The Doug Engelbart Institute. Retrieved 2012-06-17.
[48] Engelbarts Unnished Revolution: A Symposium at
Stanford University Libraries.
Stanford University.
Stanford University. 1998-12-09. Retrieved 2012-06-17.
[49] SIGCHI Awards. SIGCHI. Retrieved 2013-07-03.
[50] Colloquium. Doug Engelbart institute.
[51] UnRev-II: Engelbarts Colloquium (video archives).
Stanford University. 2000. Retrieved 2013-08-14.
[54] NerdTV Episode 11. Internet Archive. 2005-12-09.

[55] Engelbart and the Dawn of Interactive Computing. SRI
International. Archived from the original on 2012-01-13.
[56] 2009 NMC Fellows Award: Doug Engelbart, Ph.D..
New Media Consortium. Retrieved 2013-08-14.
[57] AIs Hall of Fame.
IEEE Intelligent Systems
(IEEE Computer Society) 26 (4): 515.
2011.
doi:10.1109/MIS.2011.64.
[58] IEEE Computer Society Magazine Honors Articial Intelligence Leaders. DigitalJournal.com (press release).
PRWeb (Vocus). 2011-08-24. Retrieved 2011-09-18.
[59] Yale Awards Honorary Degrees To Joan Didion, Martin Scorsese. Hartford Courant. 2011-05-24. Retrieved
2013-03-31.
[60] Citations for Recipients of Honorary Degrees at Yale
University 2011. Yale University. 2011-05-23. Retrieved 2013-03-31.
[61] Burt, David; de la Bruyre, Max (2011-05-23).
University confers 2,907 degrees at 310th Commencement. Yale Daily News. Retrieved 2013-03-31.

Bardini, Thierry (2000). Bootstrapping: Douglas
Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal
Computing. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
ISBN 0-8047-3723-1.
Landau, Valerie; Clegg, Eileen (2009). The Engelbart Hypothesis: Dialogs with Douglas Engelbart (2008 edition: Evolving Collective Intelligence).
Berkeley: Next Press. The Doug Engelbart Foundation claims the book was not authorized by Douglas
Engelbart and he was not a co-author.[1]
Rheingold, Howard (1985). Tools for Thought.
New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 335. ISBN 0671-49292-6.
Douglas Engelbart. xkcd.
31.7 External links

Media related to Douglas Engelbart at Wikimedia
Commons

Quotations related to Douglas Engelbart at Wikiquote
Doug Engelbarts ocial Web site and home of the
Doug Engelbart Institute (formerly Bootstrap)
Doug Engelbart (1968-12-09). The Demo. Stanford
University.
Douglas Engelbart at Find a Grave
115
Chapter 32
Jerry Fishenden
Dr Jerry Fishenden has been referred to as one of the
UKs leading authorities in the world of technology,[1][2]
and appears regularly in a variety of mainstream media.[3]
He is also a frequent guest and keynote speaker on the
conference circuit,[4] drawing on his background across
both private and public sectors.
32.1 Overview
In 1984 he graduated with a BSc (Hons) from the City
University, London where he also later obtained an MPhil
in the application of articial intelligence techniques to
composition. City University identify him as one of their
famous alumni.[5] In 2013, he was awarded a PhD in Creative Technologies from De Montfort Universitys Institute of Creative Technologies.[6]
public commentary on the system by a recognised industry gure, opened up constructive debate on an important
topic[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]
He is a Fellow with Chartered status of the British Computer Society (FBCS CITP), a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (FRSA), a Fellow of the Institute for the
Management of Information Systems (FIMIS) and a Fellow of the Institution of Analysts and Programmers. He
is also a long-time member of the Writers Guild of Great
Britain.
32.2 References
He is a Co-Founder and Director of the Centre for Technology Policy Research, a Senior Research Fellow in the
Centre for Creative Computing at Bath Spa University,[7]
a Visiting Senior Fellow at the London School of Economics Department of Management[8] and a key advisor to the Policy Engagement Network. In November
2010 he was appointed as a specialist adviser to the House
of Commons Public Administration Select Committee to
assist the Committee with their inquiry into government
IT.[9] From 20092010, he was appointed as a member of
the Scottish Governments expert panel on identity management and privacy.[10][11]
He has held a variety of the IT industrys most senior positions, including as the UK Governments interim Deputy
Chief Technology Ocer,[12] Microsoft's lead technology policy and strategy advisor; as Head of Business Systems for the UKs chief nancial services regulator in the
City of London; as an Ocer of the House of Commons, where he pioneered the Parliamentary data and
video network[13] at the Houses of Parliament, as well as
putting Parliament on the World Wide Web;[14] and as a
Director of IT in the National Health Service.
His blog tackles issues at the intersection of technology
and policy. Analysts Redmonk have referred to him as
being a trusted advisor.[15] His Scotsman article on the
proposed Identity Card for the UK, which was the rst
116
[1] Hitachi Aspire. Hitachi.fr. Retrieved 4 January 2012.

[2] EuropeComm 2009. Europecomm.org. 13 August
2009. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
[3] See the External Links below for examples
[4] Recent appearances include judging and presenting prizes
at the Grid Computing for a Greener Planet Competition, chairing a workshop at the Future of Creative Technologies conference, presenting at the World Hi-Tech Forum in a session looking Beyond the Internet, presenting and participating in an expert panel discussion at the
NHS Confederation Conference on the topic of 'Spotting
Key Innovations, speaking at the Oxford Internet Institute on 'Convergence and the Internet', speaking at 'Who
do they think we are? Privacy, the State and the Corporation', chaired by the author and journalist Simon Jenkins and with fellow speakers Nick Herbert MP (Shadow
Secretary of State for Justice), Henry Porter (novelist and
columnist), Simon Davies (Director of Privacy International) and Jill Kirby (Director of the Centre for Policy
Studies) and speaking at the launch of 80/20 Thinking
[5] City University Famous Alumni. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
[6] http://www.dmu.ac.uk/research/
research-faculties-and-institutes/technology/mtirc/
people/alumni.aspx
[7] http://applications.bathspa.ac.uk/staff-profiles/profile.
asp?user=academic%5Cfisj2. Missing or empty |title=
(help)
[8] Fishenden LSE contributors. Retrieved 13 September

2012.
[9] House of Commons Select Committee on Public Administration, Minutes of Proceedings, Session 201011
(PDF). Retrieved 4 January 2012.
[10] Scottish Government consults on data privacy to improve
public condence. Publictechnology.net. 23 November
2009. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
117
[25] Department of the Ocial Report (Hansard), House of

Lords, Westminster (31 October 2005). Lords Hansard
31 Oct 2005 Column 23. Publications.parliament.uk.
Retrieved 4 January 2012.
[26] Department of the Ocial Report (Hansard), House
of Lords, Westminster (15 November 2005). Lords
PublicaHansard 15 Nov 2005 Column 1049.
tions.parliament.uk. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
[11] Scottish privacy principles could become UK benchmark. Ukauthority.com. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
[27] Post. The Sunday Times 30 December 2007 Beware

the states ID card sharks"". The Times. UK. Retrieved 4
January 2012.
[12] Dr Jerry Fishenden Deputy Chief Technology Ocer at

GDS. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
[28] Scottish Parliament Ocial Report 19 November 2008

Col 12501
[13] First Report from the Information Committee, Session

199394: The Provision of a Parliamentary Data and
Video Network HMSO HC237
[29] Scottish government rejects ID cards. Computerweekly.com. 24 November 2008. Retrieved 4 January
2012.
[14] LAN about the House, IDPM Journal Vol 5 Issue 4

Commons, Westminster. Commons Hansard 6 July 2009
Column 797. Publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 4
January 2012.
[15] Microsoft UK: Earning a place as a national trusted advisor. Redmonk.com. 31 October 2005. Retrieved 4
January 2012.
[16] Matthew Tempest, political correspondent (18 October
2005). The Guardian 18 October 2005 MPs expected
to approve ID card bill"". The Guardian (UK). Retrieved
4 January 2012.
[17] Lettice, John (18 October 2005). The Register 18 October 2005 UK ID card a recipe for massive ID fraud, says
Microsoft exec"". Theregister.co.uk. Retrieved 4 January
2012.
[18] ZDNet 18 October 2005 Microsoft exec: ID cards pose
security risk"". News.zdnet.com. 18 October 2005. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
[19] Information World Review 18 October 2005 Microsoft
slams UK ID Card database"". Iwr.co.uk. Retrieved 4
January 2012.
[20] Daily Mirror 19 October 2005 ID Cards Rebellion"".
Daily Mirror. UK. 19 October 2005. Retrieved 4 January
2012.
[21] 9:06 am BST 18 October 2005 (18 October 2005). Daily
Telegraph 19 October 2005 MPs expected to back ID
cards in nal vote"". The Daily Telegraph (UK). Retrieved
4 January 2012.

Lords, Westminster (13 July 2009). Lords Hansard 13
July 2009 Column 1010. Publications.parliament.uk.
[32] Speech by Dame Pauline Nevilles-Jones, Is information about me really mine?" June 16, 2009. Conservatives.com. 16 June 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
32.3 External links

CIO, Whitehall CIO role needs thorough reappraisal
The Register, Can the UK have its identity strategy
back, Mr President?"
The Register, So what do we do when ID Cards 1.0
nally dies?
The Financial Times, New models of security and
privacy
Scottish Government Press Release, Improving
public condence in online services

of Commons, Westminster (18 October 2005).
Commons Hansard 18 Oct 2005 Column 771.
Publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
The Daily Telegraph, Who Do They Think We

Are?

of Commons, Westminster (18 October 2005).
Commons Hansard 18 Oct 2005 Column 782.
Publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
Health Service Journal, Technology as a Transformational Enabler of Health Policy
[24] NO2ID News No. 31. No2id.net. Retrieved 4 January

2012.
Computer Weekly, Identity Assurance for the UK
ZDNet, The Big Interview: Jerry Fishenden

The BBC, European Phishing Gangs Targeted
118
ZDNet, Open Source Community Wooed by Microsoft
The Scotsman, ID Cards will lead to massive
fraud
The Financial Times, Fishenden climbs the Microsoft ladder
Jerry Fishendens blog on new technology observations from a UK perspective
Jerry Fishendens research site into the application
of new creative technologies
CHAPTER 32. JERRY FISHENDEN
Chapter 33
Betty Sue Flowers

Betty Sue Flowers is the former director of the Lyndon
Baines Johnson Library and Museum and an Emeritus Professor of English at the University of Texas at
Austin.[1]
Flowers is a native Texan and graduated from the University of Texas and the University of London. She is
the author of a number of texts, particularly relating to
Christina Rossetti. She also edited the book and acted
as a consultant to the 1988 documentary, The Power of
Myth, a series of interviews between Joseph Campbell
and Bill Moyers.[2]
She lives with former New Jersey Senator and NBA star
Bill Bradley.[1]
33.1 References
[1] Buchholz, Brad (31 May 2009). Betty Sue Flowers leaving behind 45 years in Austin to follow her bliss. American Statesman. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
[2] Flowers. University website. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
119
Chapter 34
FM-2030
The son of an Iranian diplomat, he travelled widely as
a child,[2] living in 17 countries by age 11;[3] then, as a
young man, he represented Iran as a basketball player in
the 1948 Olympic Games[2] and served on the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine from 1952 to
1954.[4]
34.2 Name change
FM-2030
In the mid-1970s F.M. Esfandiary legally[5] changed his

name to FM-2030 for two main reasons. Firstly, to reect the hope and belief that he would live to celebrate his
100th birthday in 2030; secondly, and more importantly,
to break free of the widespread practice of naming conventions that he saw as rooted in a collectivist mentality,
and existing only as a relic of humankinds tribalistic past.
He viewed traditional names as almost always stamping a label of collective identityvarying from gender to
nationalityon the individual, thereby existing as prima
facie elements of thought processes in the human cultural
fabric, that tended to degenerate into stereotyping, factionalism, and discrimination. In his own words, Conventional names dene a persons past: ancestry, ethnicity, nationality, religion. I am not who I was ten years ago
and certainly not who I will be in twenty years. [...] The
name 2030 reects my conviction that the years around
2030 will be a magical time. In 2030 we will be ageless
and everyone will have an excellent chance to live forever.
2030 is a dream and a goal.[6]
FM-2030 (October 15, 1930, Brussels July 8, 2000,

New York) was an author, teacher, transhumanist 34.3 Predictions
philosopher, futurist and consultant.[1] FM-2030 was
born Fereidoun M. Esfandiary (Persian: Many of FM-2030s predictions about social trends from
).
the 1970s through the early 21st century proved remarkHe became notable as a transhumanist with the book Are ably prescient.[6] FM-2030 argued that the inherent dyYou a Transhuman?: Monitoring and Stimulating Your namic of the modern globalizing civilization would bring
Personal Rate of Growth in a Rapidly Changing World, such changes about despite the best eorts of conservapublished in 1989. In addition, he wrote a number of tive elites to enforce traditional beliefs.[4] He predicted
works of ction under his original name F.M. Esfandi- in vitro fertilization and correcting genetic aws in 1977,
ary.
and in 1980, he predicted teleconferencing, telemedicine
120
34.7. REFERENCES
and teleshopping.[1]
34.4 Personal life
121
34.7 References
[1] Martin, Douglas (July 11, 2000). Futurist Known as FM2030 Is Dead at 69. The New York Times. Retrieved
2009-08-25.
He was a lifelong vegetarian and said he would not eat

anything that had a mother.[7] FM-2030 once said, I am
a 21st century person who was accidentally launched in
the 20th. I have a deep nostalgia for the future.[8] He
taught at The New School, UCLA, and Florida International University.[1] He worked as a corporate consultant
for Lockheed and J.C. Penney.[1]
[2]
34.5 Death
[6] All Things Considered (2000-07-11). Fm-2030. NPR.

On July 8, 2000, FM-2030 died from pancreatic cancer and was placed in cryonic suspension at the Alcor
Life Extension Foundation in Scottsdale, Arizona, where
his body remains today.[9] He did not yet have remote
standby arrangements, so no Alcor team member was
present at his death, but FM-2030 was the rst person to
be vitried, rather than simply frozen as previous cryonics
patients had been.[7] FM-2030 was survived by his four
sisters and brother. A documentary was produced about
FM-2030 called Are You a Transhuman?
[7] Chamberlain, Fred (Winter 2000). A Tribute to FM2030. Alcor Life Extension Foundation. Retrieved
2009-08-25.
[3] F.M. Esfandiary. Ghandchi.com. 2000-07-11. Retrieved 2011-03-12.

[4]
[5] NY Times, Futurist Known as FM-2030 Is Dead at 69,
Published: July 11, 2000 http://www.nytimes.com/2000/
07/11/us/futurist-known-as-fm-2030-is-dead-at-69.
html retrieved 2012-12-09
[8] Greenwich Village Gazette (A New1.com Publication).

Greenwich Village Gazette: Columns: Gay Today: Jack
Nichols. Nycny.com. Retrieved 2011-03-12.
[9] Shermer, Michael. Nano Nonsense and Cryonics.
34.8 External links

34.6 Published works
Intimacy in a Fluid World, by F.M. Esfandiary

NPR story about FM-2030
Fiction
The Day of Sacrice 1959 available as an eBook
The Beggar 1965
Identity Card 1966 (ISBN 0-460-03843-5) available
as an eBook
Non-ction
UpWingers: A Futurist Manifesto 1973 (ISBN 0381-98243-2) (pbk.) Available as an eBook ISBN
FW00007527, Publisher: e-reads, Pub. Date: Jan
1973, File Size: 153K
Telespheres 1977 (ISBN 0-445-04115-3)
Optimism one; the emerging radicalism 1970 (ISBN
0-393-08611-9)
Are You a Transhuman?: Monitoring and Stimulating Your Personal Rate of Growth in a Rapidly
Changing World 1989 (ISBN 0-446-38806-8).
Up-Wing Priorities (PDF), by F.M. Esfandiary

Ilija Trojanow on F.M. Esfandiary: Searching for
Identity in Irans Labyrinthine Bureaucracy
Are You a Transhuman?: Monitoring and Stimulating Your Personal Rate of Growth in a Rapidly
Changing World (PDF)
Chapter 35
Jacque Fresco
ries in Dayton, Ohio.[9][15][13][16] One design he produced
was a radical variable camber wing with which he attempted to optimize ight control by allowing the pilot to adjust the thickness of the wings during lift and
[17][18]
Fresco did not adjust to military life and was
Fresco writes and lectures his views on sustainable ight.
discharged.[9]
cities, energy eciency, natural-resource management,
cybernetic technology, automation, and the role of science in society. Fresco directs The Venus Project.[3]
Fresco advocates global implementation of a socioeconomic system which he refers to as a resource-based
economy.[4][5]
Jacque Fresco (born March 13, 1916), is an American
futurist and self-described social engineer. Fresco is selftaught and has worked in a variety of positions related to
industrial design.
35.1 Early life

Born March 13, 1916,[6] Jacque Fresco grew up in a
Sephardi Jewish[7] home in Bensonhurst in the Brooklyn
borough of New York City.[8] Fresco grew up during the
Great Depression period.
Fresco spent time with friends discussing Darwin,
Einstein, science, and the future.[9] Fresco attended
the Young Communist League. After a discussion Model of the Trend Home
with the League president during a meeting Fresco
was 'physically ejected' after loudly stating that 'Karl
Marx was wrong!'[10] Fresco later turned his attention to
Technocracy.[9]
35.2 Career
35.2.2 Trend Home
35.2.1
Fresco was commissioned by Earl Muntz, to design housing that was low cost. Fresco along with his associates
Harry Giaretto and Eli Catran conceived, designed and
engineered a project house.[19] This took place in the
summer of 1948.[20] Fresco, 32 years old at the time,
came closest to traditional career success with this project
called the Trend Home. Built mostly of aluminum and
glass, it was on prominent display at Stage 8 of the Warner
Bros. Sunset Lot in Hollywood. The cost to tour the
Trend Home during the three months it was on display
was one dollar.[20] Proceeds went to the Cancer Prevention Society. The Trend Home needed federal funding
but funding for that project was rejected.
Aircraft Industry
Fresco worked at Douglas Aircraft Company in

California during the late 1930s.[10][11] Fresco presented
designs including a ying wing[12] and a disk-shaped
aircraft. Some of his designs were considered impractical at the time and Frescos design ideas were not
adopted.[13] Fresco resigned from Douglas because of
design disagreements.[10][13]
In 1942, Fresco was drafted into the United States
Army.[9][14] He was assigned technical design duties for
the Army Air Force at Wright Field design laborato-
122
35.4. VENUS PROJECT AND LATER CAREER
35.2.3
Scientic Research Laboratories
In the late 1940s, Fresco created and was director of

Scientic Research Laboratories in Los Angeles.[16][21]
Here he also gave lectures, and taught technical design,[10]
meanwhile researching and working on inventions as a
freelance inventor and scientic consultant.[22] During
this period, Fresco struggled to get his research funded[23]
and faced setbacks and nancial diculties. In 1955,
Fresco left California after his lab was removed to build
the Golden State Freeway.[10][11]
123
35.3.2 Sociocyberneering, Inc

Fresco formed Sociocyberneering, a membership organization claiming 250 members according to an interview
of Fresco.[30] Fresco hosted lectures in Miami Beach and
Coral Gables[31][32] Fresco promoted his organization by
lecturing at universities[33] and appearing on radio and
television.[34][35] Frescos sociocyberneering as a membership group was discontinued and land was purchased
at another location in rural Venus, Florida. Fresco established his home and research center there.[36]
35.4 Venus Project and later career

35.3 Midlife
In 1955 Fresco moved to Miami, Florida. He opened
a business as a psychological consultant but had no formal schooling in the subject.[11] Receiving a 'barrage of
criticism' from the American Psychological Association
Fresco stopped that business.[11] In a newspaper article
from that time period Fresco claimed to have a degree
from Sierra University, Los Angeles California, which is
unveried.[24]
Fresco described white supremacist organizations he
joined to test the feasibility of changing people. He
tells of joining the Ku Klux Klan and White Citizens
Council in an attempt to change their views about racial
discrimination.[25]
In Miami Fresco presented designs of a circular city.[26]
Fresco made his living working as an industrial designer
for various companies such as Alcoa and the Major Realty
Corporation.[11]
In 1961, with Pietro Belluschi and C. Frederick Wise,[27]
Fresco collaborated on a project, known as the Sandwich House.[11] Consisting of mostly prefabricated components, partitions, and aluminum, it sold for $2,950, or
$7,500 with foundation and all internal installations.[27]
During this period, Fresco supported his projects by designing prefabricated aluminum devices through Jacque
Fresco Enterprises Inc.[28]
From 1955 to 1969 Fresco named his social ideas
Project Americana.
35.3.1
Construction in Venus
In 1994, Fresco incorporated The Venus Project.[3]
Looking Forward
Looking Forward was published in 1969. Author Ken

Keyes Jr., and Jacques Fresco coauthored the book.
Looking Forward, is a speculative look at the future.
The authors picture an ideal 'cybernetic society in which
want has been banished and work and personal possessions no longer exist; individual gratication is the total
Fresco with Roxanne Meadows in Venus
concern'.[29]
124
CHAPTER 35. JACQUE FRESCO
Fresco, with Meadows, supported the project in the 1990s 35.6 Critical appraisals
through freelance inventing,[37] industrial engineering,
conventional architectural modeling,[38] and invention
Its a 'lack of professional engagement', William Gazecki
consultations.[38]
who in 2006 completed Future by Design, a feature-length
In 2002, Fresco published his main work The Best That prole of Jacque Fresco says, that has hurt Fresco the
Money Can't Buy. In 2006, William Gazecki directed most. The real missing link in Jacques world is havthe semi-biographical lm about Fresco, "Future by De- ing put Jacque to work, Gazecki says, [Its] exemplisign"[39] In 2008, Peter Joseph featured Fresco in the lm ed when people say: Well, show me some buildings
Zeitgeist Addendum where his ideas of the future were hes built. And I dont mean the domes out in Venus.
given as possible alternatives. Peter Joseph, founder of I mean, lets see an oce building, lets see a manufacThe Zeitgeist Movement began advocating Frescos ap- turing plant, lets see a circular city. And thats where
proach. In April 2012, the two groups disassociated due he should have been 30 years ago. He should have been
to disagreements regarding goals and objectives.[38]
applying his work, in the real world [but] hes not a
In 2010, Fresco attempted to trademark the phrase collaborator, and I think thats why hes never had great
[55]
resource-based economy[40] The phrase was reviewed public achievements.
and found to be too generic, and the trademark was de- Fresco on Fresco: When asked by a FOX reporter why
nied.
he has such diculty actualizing his many ideas, Fresco
[56]
Throughout 2010, Fresco traveled with Meadows, world- responded, Because I can't get to anybody.
wide to promote interest in The Venus Project.[41][42] On
January 15, 2011, Zeitgeist: Moving Forward was released in theaters, featuring Fresco.[43]
In November 2011, Fresco spoke to protesters at the

occupy Miami site at Government Center in Miami.[44]
In April 2012, Roxanne Meadows released a lm, Paradise or Oblivion, summarizing the goals and proposals of
the Venus Project.[45] In June 2012, Maja Borg screened
her lm, Future My Love, at the Edinburgh International
Film Festival featuring the work of Fresco and Roxanne
Meadows.[46][47]
35.6.1 Historic connections

Frescos critical view of modern economics has been
compared to Thorstein Veblen's concept of the predatory phase in human development, according to an article in the journal of Society and Business Review.[57][58]
Grnborg has labeled other facets of Frescos ideology a
"tabula rasa approach.[59]
Currently, Fresco holds lectures and tours at The Venus

Synergetics theorist, Arthur Coulter, calls Frescos
Project location.[48]
city designs 'organic' and 'evolutionary' (rather than
revolutionary).[60] Coulter posits such cities as the answer
to Walter B. Cannon's idea of achieving homeostasis for
society.[60]
35.5 Personal life and family
Fresco was born to immigrants from the Middle East,

Isaac and Lena Fresco.[6] His father was born in 1880[49]
and around 1905 immigrated from Istanbul to New
York where he worked as a horticulturalist.[6] He died
in 1963.[49] Frescos mother was born in 1887[50] in
Jerusalem and also migrated to New York around 1904.[6]
She died in 1988.[50] Fresco was brother to two siblings,[6]
a sister, Freda, and a brother, David. Fresco had two marriages when he lived in Los Angeles and carried his second marriage through his rst couple years in Miami.[16]
He divorced his second wife in 1957 and remained unmarried thereafter.[51] His second wife, Patricia, gave
birth to a son, Richard, in 1953 and a daughter, Bambi,
in 1956. Richard was an army private[52] and died in
1976.[53] Bambi died of cancer in 2010.[54]
35.6.2 Hypothetical form of government

Fresco describes his form of governance in this way:
The aims of The Venus Project have no parallel in history, not with communism, socialism, fascism or any
other political ideology. This is true because cybernation is of recent origin. With this system, the system of
nancial inuence and control will no longer exist.[59]
Ludwig von Mises Institute scholar Robert P. Murphy

has raised the calculation problem against a resourcebased economy.[61] In a resource-based economy, Murphy claims there is no ability to calculate the availability and desirability of resources because the price mechRoxanne Meadows has assisted Fresco since 1976. As anism is not utilized. Addressing this aspect, another artiFrescos domestic partner and administrative colleague, cle in the Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics, states
she oversees much of the management of the Venus criticism of 'central plannings computation problem apProject.[38]
plies to the ideas of Fresco.[62]
35.8. REFERENCES
35.6.3
Question of utopianism
In regard to 'utopianism', Nikolina Olsen-Rule, writing

for the Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies, remarks, For most people, the promise of the project
sounds like an unattainable utopia, but if you examine
it more closely, there are surprisingly many scientically
founded arguments that open up an entire new world of
possibilities.[63] Morten Grnborg, also of Copenhagen
Institute for Futures Studies, points out,
Perhaps the modern interpretation of the
word utopia is to blame when the Renaissance
man and futurist Jacque Fresco says ... he
doesn't want to call his life work, The Venus
Project, a utopia. However, this visionary idea
of a future society has many characteristics in
common with the utopia. ... the word utopia
carries a double meaning, since in Greek it can
mean both the good place (eutopia) and the
nonexisting place (outopia). A good place is
precisely what Fresco has devoted his life to describing and ghting for.[64]
35.6.4
Comments on Fresco
Hans-Ulrich Obrist notes, Frescos future may, of

course, seem outmoded and his writings have been subject to critique for their fascistic undertones of order and
similitude, but his contributions are etched in the popular psyche and his eco-friendly concepts continue to inuence our present generation of progressive architects,
city planners and designers.[65]
Frescos work gained the attention of science ction enthusiast and critic, Forrest J Ackerman,[9] Fresco would
later attract Star Trek animator, Doug Drexler, who
worked with Fresco to produce several computer renderings of his designs.[66]
Commenting on Fresco, physicist, Paul G. Hewitt, wrote
that Fresco inspired him toward a career in physical
science.[31][67]
35.7 Works
35.7.1
Books
125
9648806-0-1. OCLC 33896367. Retrieved 201012-30.
The Best that Money Can't Buy: Beyond Politics,
Poverty & War. Venus, Fla.: Global Cyber-Visions.
2002. ISBN 0-9648806-7-9. OCLC 49931422.
Designing the Future. Venus, Fla.: The Venus
Project, Inc. 2007. OCLC 568770383. Retrieved
2011-01-09.
35.7.2 Films
Welcome to the Future on YouTube (1998)
Cities in the Sea on YouTube (2002)
Self-erecting Structures on YouTube (2002)
Designing the Future on YouTube (2006)
35.8 References
[1] http://www.thevenusproject.com/downloads/ebooks/
looking_forward/Looking-Forward-v2.pdf
[2] http://zgm.se/files/Books/
The-Best-That-Money-Cant-Buy.pdf
[3] The Venus Project Inc., Florida Department of State Division of Corporations, retrieved 2013-05-28
[4] TEDxOjai - Jacque Fresco - Resource Based Economy.
YouTube. Retrieved 2014-06-25.
[5] BBC News - Tomorrows cities: How the Venus Project
is redesigning the future. Bbc.co.uk. 2013-08-26. Retrieved 2014-06-25.
[6] 1930 Census (Original Document), Brooklyn, New York:
U.S. Department of Commerce, April 3, 1930
[7] Brave New World. Tablet Magazine. Retrieved 201310-13.
[8] Gore, Je (2011-10-13). The view from Venus - News
& Features. Orlando Weekly. Retrieved 2014-06-25.
[9] Rolfe, Lionel (1998), Unpopular Science, Fat Man on
the Left, Los Angeles: California Classics Books, pp.
166170, ISBN 978-1-879395-01-5
with Keyes, Ken. Looking Forward. South

Brunswick, New Jersey: A.S. Barnes. (1969).
ISBN 0-498-06752-1. OCLC 21606. Retrieved
2009-03-26.
[10] Rolfe, Lionel (1998), Unpopular Science, Fat Man on

the Left, Los Angeles: California Classics Books, pp.
158161, ISBN 978-1-879395-01-5
Introduction to Sociocyberneering. Lidiraven Books.

1977. OCLC 6036204. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
[11] Smith, Mac. (December 31, 1961). A Look Ahead

Through Frescos Window. Florida Living Magazine
(Miami). pp. 23.
The Venus Project: The Redesign of Culture. Venus,

Fla.: Global Cyber-Visions. 1995. ISBN 0-
[12] I. Flying Wing, Great Lakes Technocrat., Vol. 11, No. 11,
JulyAug. 1944: 34
126
CHAPTER 35. JACQUE FRESCO
[13] Andreeva, Tamara. (March 6, 1950). Advanced Plane

Ideas Rejected. Abilene Reporter-News (Abilene, TX).
p. 9.
[31] Hewitt, Paul G. (2010), Rotational Motion, Conceptual

physics, Boston: Pearson/Addison-Wesley, p. 122, ISBN
978-0-13-137583-3
[14] NARA - AAD - Display Full Records - Electronic Army

Serial Number Merged File, ca. 1938 - 1946 (Enlistment
Records)". Aad.archives.gov. Retrieved 2014-06-25.
[32] Jenrette, David. (February 11, 1971), Jacques Fresco,

Gold Coast Free Press., Vol. 1, No. 1: 10
[15] Scully, Frank (1950), The Aerodynamic Correction,

Behind the Flying Saucers, New York: Henry Holt & Co.,
pp. 122123
[33] I. The Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science Annual Report (Original Document). Miami: The
University of Miami. 1970.
[16] A Trip to the Moon. The Miami Herald Sunday Magazine (Miami). April 8, 1956. pp. Section G.
II. Bassett, Melanie. (March 6, 1970). Man Need

Not Fear Machine. The Carolinian (Raleigh, NC).
p. 4.
[17] Wing Changes Its Camber, Popular Science., Vol. 150, No.
5, May 1947: 115
III. Series to Explore Suicide or Survival. St. Petersburg Times (St. Petersburg, FL). April 23, 1970.
pp. 3B.
[18] Hydraulic Jack to Alter Airplane Wings Camber, Science

News Letter., Vol. 50, No. 20, (November 16, 1946).:
310, JSTOR 3923108 Check date values in: |date= (help)
IV. Steigleman, Walt. (October 20, 1971). "'Jules

Vernesque' City Shows Plans at USF. The Oracle
(Tampa, FL). p. 9.
[19] "[003] - 1948.06.XX - Ocial Trend Home Brochure.

Scribd.com. Retrieved 2014-06-25.
[34] The Larry King Show (August 19, 1974). Larry King Interview (Television). Miami: WTVJ 4.

[35] Renick, Ralph; Abrell, Joe; Fresco, Jacque (January

26, 1974). Montage Interview (Television). Montage
(WTVJ).
[21] Business Search - Business Entities - Business Programs. Kepler.sos.ca.gov. Retrieved 2014-06-25.
[22] Plastics with a Charge Have Magical Eects, Popular Mechanics., 'Vol. 104, No. 6, Dec 1955: 149
[23] Andreeva, Tamara. (March 3, 1950). Frustrated Genius. Olean Times Herald (New York). p. 13.
[24] http://www.thevenusproject.com/images/stories/
archived-media/Newspapers/1956%20-%
20MiamiHerald/Binder1.pdf
[25] Fresco, Jacque (January 28, 2012). The Immaculate Pig
Experiment. TVP Magazine. Retrieved March 18, 2012.
[26] Floating Cities and Resource-Based Economies.
News.co.cr. 2012-02-27. Retrieved 2014-06-25.
[27] "$2,950 House Shell Made of Aluminum. The New York
Times (New York). May 28, 1961. pp. 1R, 8R.
[28] I. We've Changed The Rules, Popular Science., Vol. 190,
No. 3, March 1967: 215
II. Rack 'Em Up, American Artist., Vol. 31, No. 3,
March 1967: 8
III. Pamper Your Pipes, Esquire., March 1967: 163
IV. Jacque Fresco Enterprises Inc., Florida Department of State Division of Corporations, retrieved
2013-05-28
[29] Cross, Michael S. (1970), Review: 'Looking Forward',
Library Journal., Vol. 94: 612
[30] Hagan, Alisa. (June 13, 1979). Environmentalists Put
City of Future on Display. Hollywood Sun Tattler (Hollywood, FL). p. 1.
[36] Tice, Neysa. (October 29, 1981). Venus Is Headquarters

For Sociocyberneering Research Center. Lake Placid
Journal (Lake Placid, FL). pp. 1B.
[37] Eyman, Scott. The Great Idea Chase. Sun-Sentinel (Fort
Lauderdale, FL). p. 7 date = July 14, 1985.
[38] Gore, Je. (October 13, 2011). The View from Venus.
Orlando Weekly (Orlando, FL).
[39] Gazecki, W. (2006). Future by Design. on YouTube
Docix.
[40] Resource Based Economy Trademark, United States
Patent & Trademark Oce
[41] Face of the Future (Digital Video). TV New Zealand.
2010. Retrieved March 23, 2011.
[42] World Tour Lecture Dates
[43] Joseph P. (2011).
YouTube
Zeitgeist: Moving Forward on
[44] Tracy, Liz (November 19, 2011). The Venus Projects

Jacque Fresco Lectures Occupy Miami on His Visions of
a Utopian Future. Miami New Times (Miami, FL).
[45] Free Documentary Solves Global Debt Crisis in 48 Minutes. PRWeb. April 15, 2012. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
[46] Adams, Mark (June 22, 2012). Future My Love (Review)". Screen Daily.
[47] EDI Film Fest, edilmfest.org
[48] Newman, Alex (March 10, 2011). Zeitgeist and the
Venus Project. The New American. Retrieved March
23, 2011.
[49] Social Security Death Index Master File: Isaac Fresco, Social Security Administration
[50] Social Security Death Index Master File: Lena Fresco, Social Security Administration
[51] Florida Divorce Index, Miami, FL: Florida Department of
Health, July 1957
[52] I. 2 Sikh Converts Charged By Army. Los Angeles
Times (Los Angeles). September 20, 1973. p. 2.
II. News in Brief: A special U.S. Army. Los Angeles Times (Los Angeles). October 28, 1973. p.
2.
[53] Social Security Death Index Master File: Richard Fresco,
Social Security Administration
[54] Bambi Fresco Obituary - Venus, Florida. Tributes.com.
[56] 7 News Features: The Venus Project (Digital Video).
WSVN 7 News. 2009.
[57] Humphries, Maria; St Jane, Michelle (2011),
Transformative Learning in Troubling Times: Investing in Hope, Society and Business Review., Vol 6, No.
1: 31
[58] For the term predatory phase, see also the quote from
Thorstein Veblens book The Theory of the Leisure Class,
Chapter One: Introductory (Gutenberg Project): The
predatory phase of culture is attained only when the predatory attitude has become the habitual and accredited spiritual attitude for the members of the group; when the ght
has become the dominant note in the current theory of life;
when the common-sense appreciation of men and things
has come to be an appreciation with a view to combat.
[59] Grnborg, Morten (2010), The World According to Fresco,
Future Orientation., Issue 1: 1519
[60] Coulter, Arthur. (Oct 1996), The Venus Project: A Review, Journal of the Synergetic Society, No. 247: 10
[61] Murphy, Robert P. (August 30, 2010). Venus Needs
Some Austrians. Ludwig von Mises Institute. Retrieved
December 30, 2011.
[62] Central Plannings Computation Problem Review,
Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics 16 (2), Summer
2013: 229
[63] Olsen-Rule, Nikolina (2010), Utopian Spaces, Future Orientation, Issue 1: 41
[64] Grnborg, Morten (2010), Editorial: Utopia, Future Orientation. 1: 5
[65] Obrist, Hans-Ulrich (Dec 2007), Futures, Cities, Journal
of Visual Culture 6 (3): 360
[66] Doug Drexler (2006). Doug Drexler Interview (Digital
Video). Docix. Retrieved March 23, 2011.
[67] Author Interviews: Paul G. Hewitt. Pearson. 2003. Retrieved March 23, 2011.
127
35.9 External links

Ocial website The Venus Project
Chapter 36
Benjamin M. Friedman
Benjamin Morton Friedman (born 1944) is a leading
American political economist. Friedman is the William
Joseph Maier Professor of Political Economy at Harvard
University. He is a member of the Council on Foreign
Relations, the Brookings Institute's Panel on Economic
Activity, and the editorial board of the Encyclopdia Britannica.
36.3 External links
Friedman received his A.B., A.M., and Ph.D. degrees,

all in economics, from Harvard University. He also received an M.Sc. in economics and politics from Kings
College, Cambridge where he was a Marshall Scholar.
He has been on the Harvard faculty since 1972. Currently
Friedman is a member of the Committee on Capital Markets Regulation.
36.1 Partial bibliography

Economic Stabilization Policy: Methods in Optimization, American Elsevier (1975)
Monetary Policy in the United States: Design and Implementation, Association of Reserve City Bankers
(1981)
Day of Reckoning: The Consequences of American
Economic Policy under Reagan and After, Random
House (1988)
Implications of Increasing Corporate Indebtedness
for Monetary Policy, Group of Thirty (New York,
NY) (1990)
Does Debt Management Matter?, with Jonas Agell
and Mats Persson, Oxford University Press (New
York, NY) (1992)
The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth,
Knopf (2005)
36.2 References
Encyclopdia Britannica - about the editorial board
Benjamin M. Friedman in Contemporary Authors
Online, Thomson Gale, entry updated 9/17/2002.
128
Benjamin Friedman, homepage at Harvard

Other works Amazon.com
Brad DeLongs Semi-Daily Journal book review (27Dec-2005)
Growth is Good: An economists take on the moral
consequences of material progress; by J. Bradford
DeLong
Chapter 37
George Friedman
well as the Oce of Net Assessments, SHAPE Technical Center, the U.S. Army War College, National Defense
University and the RAND Corporation, on security and
national defense matters.[3]
George Friedman.
Friedman pursued political philosophy with his early

work focusing on Marxism, as well as international conict, including examination of the U.S.-Soviet relationship from a military perspective. After the collapse
of the Soviet Union, Friedman studied potential for a
U.S.-Japan conict and co-authored The Coming War
with Japan in 1991. He is also the author or co-author
of books examining topics as diverse as the Frankfurt
School and warfare, including The Future of War, The
Next Hundred Years, The Intelligence Edge, and Americas
Secret War.
In 1996, he founded STRATFOR, a private intelligence

George Friedman (born 1949 in Budapest, Hungary)
and forecasting company, and has served as the comis an American political scientist and author. He is
panys CEO and Chief Intelligence Ocer. Stratfors
the founder, chief intelligence ocer, nancial overhead oce is in Austin, Texas.
seer, and CEO of the private intelligence corporation
[1]
STRATFOR. He has authored several books, including The Next 100 Years, The Next Decade, Americas Secret War, The Intelligence Edge, The Coming War With 37.2 Personal life
Japan and The Future of War.[2]
Friedman is married to Meredith Friedman (ne
LeBard), has four children, and lives in Austin, Texas.
37.1 Biography
She has been Vicepresident of Stratfor for international
relations and communication.[4] She also coauthored sev[5]
Friedmans childhood was shaped directly by interna- eral publications, e.g. The Coming War with Japan.
tional conict. He was born in Hungary to Holocaust
survivors. His family ed Hungary when he was a child
to escape the Communist regime, settling rst in a camp 37.3 Books
for displaced persons in Austria and then immigrating to
the United States, where he attended public schools in
The Political Philosophy of the Frankfurt School
New York City, and was an early designer of computer(1981). Cornell University Press, ISBN 0-8014ized war games. Friedman describes his familys story
1279-X.
as a very classic story of refugees making a new life in
America. He received a B.A. at the City College of New
The Coming War With Japan, with Meredith LeBard
York, where he majored in political science, and a Ph.D.
(1991). St Martins Press. Reprint edition, 1992,
in government at Cornell University.[2]
ISBN 0-312-07677-0.
Prior to joining the private sector, Friedman spent almost twenty years in academia, teaching political science
The Future of War: Power, Technology and Ameriat Dickinson College. During this time, he also regucan World Dominance in the Twenty-First Century,
larly briefed senior commanders in the armed services as
with Meredith Friedman (1996). Crown Publish129
130
CHAPTER 37. GEORGE FRIEDMAN

ers, 1st edition, ISBN 0-517-70403-X. St. Martins
Grin, 1998, ISBN 0-312-18100-0.
The Intelligence Edge: How to Prot in the Information Age with Meredith Friedman, Colin Chapman
and John Baker (1997). Crown, 1st edition, ISBN
0-609-60075-3.
Americas Secret War: Inside the Hidden Worldwide Struggle Between the United States and Its Enemies (2004). Doubleday, 1st edition, ISBN 0-38551245-7. Broadway, reprint edition (2005). ISBN
0-7679-1785-5.
The Next 100 Years: A Forecast for the 21st Century
(2009). Doubleday, ISBN 0-385-51705-X.
The Next Decade: What the World Will Look Like
(2010). ISBN 0-385-53294-6.
Flashpoints: The Emerging Crisis in Europe (expected 2015). Doubleday, ISBN 0-385-53633-X.
37.4 See also

Igor Panarin
37.5 References
[1] George Friedman Biography. Literary Festivals. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
[2] The U.S. Stays on Top, Smithsonian, July 2010
[3] George Friedman Biography. Literary Festivals. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
[4] Details about Meredith Friedman und Stratfor, based on
former informations about executives on Stratfors homepage which meanwhile has been deleted.
[5] Booknotes interview with Friedman and Meredith LeBard
on The Coming War With Japan, June 9, 1991..
37.6 External links

Bio of Friedman at STRATFORs website.
Bio of Friedman at Americas Secret War's website.
Bio of Friedman at New Global Initiatives website.
Booknotes interview with Friedman and Meredith
LeBard on The Coming War With Japan, June 9,
1991.
Chapter 38
Buckminster Fuller
For the EP by Nerina Pallot, see Buckminster Fuller EP. earned a machinists certication, and knew how to use
the press brake, stretch press, and other tools and equipment used in the sheet metal trade.[3]
Richard Buckminster Bucky Fuller (/flr/; July
12, 1895 July 1, 1983)[1] was an American neofuturistic architect, systems theorist, author, designer, and
38.1.1 Education
inventor.
Fuller published more than 30 books, coining or popularizing terms such as "Spaceship Earth", ephemeralization,
and synergetic. He also developed numerous inventions,
mainly architectural designs, and popularized the widely
known geodesic dome. Carbon molecules known as
fullerenes were later named by scientists for their resemblance to geodesic spheres.
Fuller attended Milton Academy in Massachusetts, and

after that began studying at Harvard University, where
he was aliated with Adams House. He was expelled
from Harvard twice: rst for spending all his money partying with a vaudeville troupe, and then, after having been
readmitted, for his irresponsibility and lack of interest.
By his own appraisal, he was a non-conforming mist in
[3]
Buckminster Fuller was the second president of Mensa the fraternity environment.
from 1974 to 1983.[2]
38.1.2 Wartime experience
38.1 Biography
Fuller was born on July 12, 1895, in Milton, Massachusetts, the son of Richard Buckminster Fuller and
Caroline Wolcott Andrews, and also the grandnephew of
the American Transcendentalist Margaret Fuller. He attended Froebelian Kindergarten. Spending much of his
youth on Bear Island, in Penobscot Bay o the coast of
Maine, he had trouble with geometry, being unable to understand the abstraction necessary to imagine that a chalk
dot on the blackboard represented a mathematical point,
or that an imperfectly drawn line with an arrow on the end
was meant to stretch o to innity. He often made items
from materials he brought home from the woods, and
sometimes made his own tools. He experimented with
designing a new apparatus for human propulsion of small
boats. By the age of 12 he had invented a 'push pull'
system for propelling a row boat through the use of an inverted umbrella connected to the transom with a simple
oar lock which allowed the user to face forward to point
the boat toward its destination. Later in life Fuller took
exception to the term invention.
Years later, he decided that this sort of experience had
provided him with not only an interest in design, but also
a habit of being familiar with and knowledgeable about
the materials that his later projects would require. Fuller
Between his sessions at Harvard, Fuller worked in Canada

as a mechanic in a textile mill, and later as a laborer in the
meat-packing industry. He also served in the U.S. Navy
in World War I, as a shipboard radio operator, as an editor
of a publication, and as a crash rescue boat commander.
After discharge, he worked again in the meat packing industry, acquiring management experience. In 1917, he
married Anne Hewlett. During the early 1920s, he and
his father-in-law developed the Stockade Building System for producing light-weight, weatherproof, and reproof housingalthough the company would ultimately
fail[3] in 1927.[4]
38.1.3 Depression and epiphany

Buckminster Fuller recalled 1927 as a pivotal year of his
life. Fuller was still feeling responsible for the death of
his daughter Alexandra, who had died in 1922 from complications from polio and spinal meningitis[5] just prior
to her fourth birthday.[6] Fuller felt a personal responsibility for her death, wondering if her death may have
been caused by the damp and drafty home which the
Fullers had been living in.[6] This provided motivation
for Fullers involvement in Stockade Building Systems,
a business which aimed to provide aordable, ecient
housing.[6]
131
132
CHAPTER 38. BUCKMINSTER FULLER
In 1927 Fuller, then aged 32, lost his job as president of

Stockade. The Fuller family had no savings to fall back
upon, and the birth of their daughter Allegra in 1927
added to the nancial challenges. Fuller was drinking
heavily and reecting upon the solution to his familys
struggles on long walks around Chicago. During the autumn of 1927, Fuller contemplated suicide, so that his
family could benet from a life insurance payment.[7]
Fuller said that he had experienced a profound incident
which would provide direction and purpose for his life.
He felt as though he was suspended several feet above the
ground enclosed in a white sphere of light. A voice spoke
directly to Fuller, and declared:
From now on you need never await temporal attestation to your thought. You think
the truth. You do not have the right to eliminate yourself. You do not belong to you. You
belong to Universe. Your signicance will remain forever obscure to you, but you may assume that you are fullling your role if you apply yourself to converting your experiences to
the highest advantage of others.[8]
Fuller stated that this experience led to a profound reexamination of his life. He ultimately chose to embark on an experiment, to nd what a single individual
[could] contribute to changing the world and beneting
all humanity.[9]
Speaking to audiences later in life, Fuller would regularly
recount the story of his Lake Michigan experience, and
its transformative impact on his life.[6] Historians have
been unable to identify direct evidence for this experience
within the 1927 papers of Fullers Chronole archives,
housed at Stanford University. Stanford historian Barry
Katz suggests that the suicide story may be a myth which
Fuller constructed later in life, to summarize this formative period of his career.[10]
Noguchi and Fuller were soon collaborating on several

projects,[13][15] including the modeling of the Dymaxion
car based on recent work by Aurel Persu.[16] It was the
beginning of their lifelong friendship.
38.1.5 Geodesic domes

Fuller taught at Black Mountain College in North Carolina during the summers of 1948 and 1949,[17] serving
as its Summer Institute director in 1949. There, with the
support of a group of professors and students, he began
reinventing a project that would make him famous: the
geodesic dome. Although the geodesic dome had been
created some 30 years earlier by Dr. Walther Bauersfeld,
Fuller was awarded United States patents. He is credited
for popularizing this type of structure.
One of his early models was rst constructed in 1945 at
Bennington College in Vermont, where he frequently lectured. In 1949, he erected his rst geodesic dome building that could sustain its own weight with no practical
limits. It was 4.3 meters (14 feet) in diameter and constructed of aluminum aircraft tubing and a vinyl-plastic
skin, in the form of an icosahedron. To prove his design, and to awe non-believers, Fuller suspended from the
structures framework several students who had helped
him build it. The U.S. government recognized the importance of his work, and employed his rm Geodesics,
Inc. in Raleigh, North Carolina to make small domes for
the Marines. Within a few years there were thousands of
these domes around the world.
Fuller began working with architect Shoji Sadao in 1954,

and in 1964 they co-founded the architectural rm Fuller
& Sadao Inc., whose rst project was to design the
large geodesic dome for the U.S. Pavilion at Expo 67 in
Montreal.[18] Fullers rst continuous tension discontinuous compression geodesic dome (full sphere in this
case) was constructed at the University of Oregon Architecture School in 1959 with the help of students.[19] These
continuous tension discontinuous compression struc38.1.4 Recovery
tures featured single force compression members (no exure or bending moments) that did not touch each other
In 1927 Fuller resolved to think independently which in- and were 'suspended' by the tensional members.
cluded a commitment to the search for the principles
governing the universe and help advance the evolution of
humanity in accordance with them... nding ways of doing more with less to the end that all people everywhere 38.1.6 Best-known work
can have more and more. By 1928, Fuller was living in
Greenwich Village and spending much of his time at the For the next half-century, Fuller developed many ideas,
popular caf Romany Marie's,[11] where he had spent an designs and inventions, particularly regarding practical,
evening in conversation with Marie and Eugene O'Neill inexpensive shelter and transportation. He documented
several years earlier.[12] Fuller accepted a job decorating his life, philosophy and ideas scrupulously by a daily diary
the interior of the caf in exchange for meals,[11] giving (later called the Dymaxion Chronole), and by twentyinformal lectures several times a week,[12][13] and models eight publications. Fuller nanced some of his experof the Dymaxion house were exhibited at the caf. Isamu iments with inherited funds, sometimes augmented by
Noguchi arrived during 1929Constantin Brncui, an funds invested by his collaborators, one example being
old friend of Maries,[14] had directed him there[11] and the Dymaxion car project.
38.1. BIOGRAPHY
38.1.7
World stage
133
38.1.8 Honors
Fuller was awarded 28 United States patents[21] and
many honorary doctorates. In 1960, he was awarded the
Frank P. Brown Medal from The Franklin Institute. He
was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences in 1968.[22] In 1968 he was elected into the
National Academy of Design as an Associate member,
and became a full Academician in 1970. In 1970 he
received the Gold Medal award from the American
Institute of Architects. He also received numerous other
awards, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom
presented to him on February 23, 1983 by President
Ronald Reagan.
38.1.9 Last lmed appearance

The Montreal Biosphre by Buckminster Fuller, 1967
Fullers last lmed interview took place on April 3, 1983,

in which he presented his analysis of Simon Rodia's
Watts Towers as a unique embodiment of the structural
principles found in nature. Portions of this interview
International recognition began with the success of huge appear in I Build the Tower, a documentary lm on
geodesic domes during the 1950s. Fuller lectured at NC Rodias architectural masterpiece.
State University in Raleigh in 1949, where he met James
Fitzgibbon, who would become a close friend and colleague. Fitzgibbon was director of Geodesics, Inc. and
Synergetics, Inc. the rst licensees to design geodesic
domes. Thomas C. Howard was lead designer, archi- 38.1.10 Death
tect and engineer for both companies. In 1964 Fuller
co-founded the architectural rm Fuller & Sadao Inc.,
with Shoji Sadao.[18] From 1959 to 1970, Fuller taught
at Southern Illinois University Carbondale (SIU). Beginning as an assistant professor, he gained full professorship
in 1968, in the School of Art and Design. Working as a
designer, scientist, developer, and writer, he lectured for
many years around the world. He collaborated at SIU
with the designer John McHale. In 1965, Fuller inaugurated the World Design Science Decade (1965 to 1975)
at the meeting of the International Union of Architects
in Paris, which was, in his own words, devoted to applying the principles of science to solving the problems
of humanity. Later in his SIU tenure, Fuller was also a
visiting professor at SIU Edwardsville, where he designed
the dome for the campus Religious Center.[20]
Fuller believed human societies would soon rely mainly
on renewable sources of energy, such as solar- and windderived electricity. He hoped for an age of omnisuccessful education and sustenance of all humanity.
Fuller referred to himself as the property of universe
and during one radio interview he gave later in life, declared himself and his work the property of all humanity. For his lifetime of work, the American Humanist
Association named him the 1969 Humanist of the Year.
Gravestone (see trim tab)
Fuller died on July 1, 1983, 11 days before his 88th birthday. During the period leading up to his death, his wife
had been lying comatose in a Los Angeles hospital, dying of cancer. It was while visiting her there that he exclaimed, at a certain point: She is squeezing my hand!"
He then stood up, suered a heart attack, and died an
hour later, at age 87. His wife of 66 years died 36 hours
In 1976, Fuller was a key participant at UN Habitat I, the later. They are buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery in
rst UN forum on human settlements.
Cambridge, Massachusetts.
134
38.2 Philosophy and worldview

The grandson of Unitarian minister Arthur Buckminster
Fuller,[23] R. Buckminster Fuller was also Unitarian.[24]
Buckminster Fuller was an early environmental activist.
He was very aware of the nite resources the planet
has to oer, and promoted a principle that he termed
"ephemeralization", which, in essenceaccording to futurist and Fuller disciple Stewart BrandFuller coined
to mean doing more with less.[25] Resources and waste
material from cruder products could be recycled into
making more valuable products, increasing the eciency
of the entire process. Fuller also introduced synergetics,
an encompassing term which he used broadly as a
metaphoric language for communicating experiences using geometric concepts and, more specically, to reference the empirical study of systems in transformation,
with an emphasis on total system behavior unpredicted by
the behavior of any isolated components. Fuller coined
this term long before the term synergy became popular.
Fuller was a pioneer in thinking globally, and he explored
principles of energy and material eciency in the elds
of architecture, engineering and design.[26][27] He cited
Franois de Chardenedes opinion that petroleum, from
the standpoint of its replacement cost out of our current energy budget (essentially, the net incoming solar
ux), had cost nature over a million dollars per U.S.
gallon (US$300,000 per litre) to produce. From this
point of view, its use as a transportation fuel by people
commuting to work represents a huge net loss compared
to their earnings.[28] An encapsulation quotation of his
views might be, There is no energy crisis, only a crisis
of ignorance.[29][30][31]

the 1950s Fuller attended seminars and workshops organized by the Institute of General Semantics, and he delivered the annual Alfred Korzybski Memorial Lecture
in 1955.[34] Korzybski is mentioned in the Introduction
of his book Synergetics. The two gentlemen shared a remarkable amount of similarity in their formulations of
general semantics.[35]
In his 1970 book I Seem To Be a Verb, he wrote: I live on
Earth at present, and I don't know what I am. I know that
I am not a category. I am not a thinga noun. I seem to
be a verb, an evolutionary processan integral function
of the universe.
Fuller wrote that the natural analytic geometry of the universe was based on arrays of tetrahedra. He developed
this in several ways, from the close-packing of spheres
and the number of compressive or tensile members required to stabilize an object in space. One conrming
result was that the strongest possible homogeneous truss
is cyclically tetrahedral.[36]
He had become a guru of the design, architecture, and
'alternative' communities, such as Drop City, the community of experimental artists to whom he awarded the 1966
Dymaxion Award for poetically economic domed living structures.
38.3 Major design projects
Fuller was concerned about sustainability and about human survival under the existing socio-economic system,
yet remained optimistic about humanitys future. Dening wealth in terms of knowledge, as the technological
ability to protect, nurture, support, and accommodate all
growth needs of life, his analysis of the condition of
Spaceship Earth caused him to conclude that at a certain time during the 1970s, humanity had attained an unprecedented state. He was convinced that the accumulation of relevant knowledge, combined with the quantities
of major recyclable resources that had already been extracted from the earth, had attained a critical level, such
that competition for necessities was not necessary anymore. Cooperation had become the optimum survival
strategy. Selshness, he declared, is unnecessary and
hence-forth unrationalizable.... War is obsolete.[32] He A geodesic sphere
criticized previous utopian schemes as too exclusive, and
thought this was a major source of their failure. To work,
he thought that a utopia needed to include everyone.[33]
38.3.1 The geodesic dome
So it is not surprising that he and others of his stature
were attracted by Korzybski's ideas in general semantics. General semantics is a discipline of mind that seeks
to unify persons and nations by changing their worldview reaction and the philosophy of their expression. In
Fuller was most famous for his lattice shell structures

geodesic domes, which have been used as parts of
military radar stations, civic buildings, environmental
protest camps and exhibition attractions. An examina-
38.3. MAJOR DESIGN PROJECTS

tion of the geodesic design by Walther Bauersfeld for the
Zeiss-Planetarium, built some 20 years prior to Fullers
work, reveals that Fullers Geodesic Dome patent (U.S.
2,682,235; awarded in 1954), follows the same design as
Bauersfelds.[37]
135
parked in a tight space. The prototypes were ecient in
fuel consumption for their day, traveling about 30 miles
per gallon.[40] Fuller contributed a great deal of his own
money to the project, in addition to funds from one of
his professional collaborators. An industrial investor was
also very interested in the concept. Fuller anticipated that
the cars could travel on an open highway safely at up to
about 160 km/h (99 mph), but, in practice, they were difcult to control and steer above 80 km/h (50 mph). Investors backed out and research ended after one of the
prototypes was involved in a high-prole collision that resulted in a fatality. In 2007, Time Magazine reported on
the Dymaxion as one of the 50 worst cars of all time.[41]
Their construction is based on extending some basic principles to build simple "tensegrity" structures (tetrahedron,
octahedron, and the closest packing of spheres), making
them lightweight and stable. The geodesic dome was a result of Fullers exploration of natures constructing principles to nd design solutions. The Fuller Dome is referenced in the Hugo Award-winning novel Stand on Zanzibar by John Brunner, in which a geodesic dome is said to
cover the entire island of Manhattan, and it oats on air In 1943, industrialist Henry J. Kaiser asked Fuller to dedue to the hot-air balloon eect of the large air-mass un- velop a prototype for a smaller car, but Fullers ve-seater
der the dome (and perhaps its construction of lightweight design was never developed further.
materials).[38]
38.3.3 Housing
38.3.2
Transportation
In the 1930s, Fuller designed and built prototypes of what

he hoped would be a safer, aerodynamic car, which he
called the Dymaxion. (Dymaxion is said to be a syllabic
abbreviation of dynamic maximum tension, or possibly of
dynamic maximum ion.)[39] Fuller worked with professional colleagues for three years beginning in 1932 on a
design idea Fuller had derived from aircraft technologies.
The three prototype cars were dierent from anything being sold at the time. They had three wheels: two front
drive wheels and one rear, steered wheel. The engine
was in the rear, and the chassis and body were original
designs. The aerodynamic, somewhat tear-shaped body
was large enough to seat eleven people and was about 18
feet (5.5 m) long, resembling a blend of a light aircraft
(without wings) and a Volkswagen van of 1950s vintage.
All three prototypes were essentially a mini-bus, and its
concept long predated the Volkswagen Type 2 mini-bus
conceived in 1947 by Ben Pon.
A Dymaxion house at The Henry Ford
Fullers energy-ecient and inexpensive Dymaxion house

garnered much interest, but has never been produced.
Here the term Dymaxion is used in eect to signify a
radically strong and light tensegrity structure. One of
Fullers Dymaxion Houses is on display as a permanent
exhibit at The Henry Ford in Dearborn, Michigan. Designed and developed during the mid-1940s, this prototype is a round structure (not a dome), shaped something
like the attened bell of certain jellysh. It has several
innovative features, including revolving dresser drawers,
and a ne-mist shower that reduces water consumption.
According to Fuller biographer Steve Crooks, the house
was designed to be delivered in two cylindrical packages,
with interior color panels available at local dealers. A circular structure at the top of the house was designed to rotate around a central mast to use natural winds for cooling
and air circulation.
Conceived nearly two decades before, and developed

in Wichita, Kansas, the house was designed to be
lightweight and adapted to windy climates. It was to be
Despite its length, and due to its three-wheel design, the inexpensive to produce and purchase, and assembled easDymaxion turned on a small radius and could easily be ily. It was to be produced using factories, workers, and
Dymaxion car
136
technologies that had produced World War II aircraft.

It was ultramodern-looking at the time, built of metal,
and sheathed in polished aluminum. The basic model enclosed 90 m2 (970 sq ft) of oor area. Due to publicity,
there were many orders during the early Post-War years,
but the company that Fuller and others had formed to produce the houses failed due to management problems.
38.4 Quirks
The initial construction method used a circular concrete footing in which anchor posts were set. Tubes
cut to length and with ends attened were then bolted
together to form a duodeca-rhombicahedron (22-sided
hemisphere) geodesic structure with spans ranging to 60
feet (18 m). The form was then draped with layers of
-inch wire mesh attached by twist ties. Concrete was
then sprayed onto the structure, building up a solid layer
which, when cured, would support additional concrete to
be added by a variety of traditional means. Fuller referred
to these buildings as monolithic ferroconcrete geodesic
domes. The tubular frame form proved too problematic
when it came to setting windows and doors, and was abandoned. The second method used iron rebar set vertically
in the concrete footing and then bent inward and welded
in place to create the domes wireform structure and performed satisfactorily. Domes up to three stories tall built
with this method proved to be remarkably strong. Other
shapes such as cones, pyramids and arches proved equally
adaptable.
help the United States win World War II.[48]
Fuller was a frequent ier, often crossing time zones. He

famously wore three watches; one for the current zone,
one for the zone he had departed, and one for the zone he
was going to.[46][47] Fuller also noted that a single sheet
of newsprint, inserted over a shirt and under a suit jacket,
In 1969, Fuller began the Otisco Project, named after its provided completely eective heat insulation during long
location in Otisco, New York. The project developed and ights.
demonstrated concrete spray technology used in conjunc- He experimented with polyphasic sleep, which he called
tion with mesh covered wireforms as a viable means of Dymaxion sleep. In 1943, he told Time Magazine that
producing large scale, load bearing spanning structures he had slept only two hours a day for two years. He quit
built on site without the use of pouring molds, other ad- the schedule because it conicted with his business assojacent surfaces or hoisting.
ciates sleep habits, but stated that Dymaxion sleep could
The project was enabled by a grant underwritten by

Syracuse University and sponsored by US Steel (rebar),
the Johnson Wire Corp, (mesh) and Portland Cement
Company (concrete). The ability to build large complex
load bearing concrete spanning structures in free space
would open many possibilities in architecture, and is considered as one of Fullers greatest contributions.
Fuller documented his life copiously from 1915 to 1983,

approximately 270 feet (82 m) of papers in a collection
called the Dymaxion Chronole. He also kept copies of
all incoming and outgoing correspondence. The enormous Fuller Collection is currently housed at Stanford
University.
If somebody kept a very accurate record of
a human being, going through the era from the
Gay 90s, from a very dierent kind of world
through the turn of the centuryas far into the
twentieth century as you might live. I decided
to make myself a good case history of such a
human being and it meant that I could not be
judge of what was valid to put in or not. I must
put everything in, so I started a very rigorous
record.[49][50]
In his youth, Fuller experimented with several ways of
presenting himself: R. B. Fuller, Buckminster Fuller, but
as an adult nally settled on R. Buckminster Fuller, and
signed his letters as such. However, he preferred to be
addressed as simply Bucky.
38.5 Language and neologisms
Buckminster Fuller spoke and wrote in a unique

style and said it was important to describe the
38.3.4 Dymaxion map and World Game
world as accurately as possible.[51] Fuller often created long run-on sentences and used unusual compound
Fuller also designed an alternative projection map, called words (omniwell-informed, intertransformative, omnithe Dymaxion map. This was designed to show Earths interaccommodative, omniself-regenerative) as well as
continents with minimum distortion when projected or terms he himself invented.[52]
printed on a at surface. In the 1960s, Fuller developed
the World Game, a collaborative simulation game played Fuller used the word Universe without the denite or
on a 70-by-35-foot Dymaxion map,[42] in which play- indenite articles (the or a) and always capitalized the
ers attempt to solve world problems.[43][44] The object of word. Fuller wrote that by Universe I mean: the aggreand comthe simulation game is, in Fullers words, to make the gate of all humanitys consciously apprehended
[53]
municated
(to
self
or
others)
Experiences.
world work, for 100% of humanity, in the shortest possible time, through spontaneous cooperation, without eco- The words down and up, according to Fuller, are awkward in that they refer to a planar concept of direction
logical oense or the disadvantage of anyone.[45]
38.7. INFLUENCE AND LEGACY

inconsistent with human experience. The words in and
out should be used instead, he argued, because they better describe an objects relation to a gravitational center,
the Earth. I suggest to audiences that they say, 'I'm going outstairs and instairs."' At rst that sounds strange
to them; They all laugh about it. But if they try saying
in and out for a few days in fun, they nd themselves beginning to realize that they are indeed going inward and
outward in respect to the center of Earth, which is our
Spaceship Earth. And for the rst time they begin to feel
real 'reality.'"[54]
World-around is a term coined by Fuller to replace
worldwide. The general belief in a at Earth died out
in classical antiquity, so using wide is an anachronism
when referring to the surface of the Eartha spheroidal
surface has area and encloses a volume but has no width.
Fuller held that unthinking use of obsolete scientic ideas
detracts from and misleads intuition. Other neologisms
collectively invented by the Fuller family, according to
Allegra Fuller Snyder, are the terms sunsight and sunclipse, replacing sunrise and sunset to overturn the
geocentric bias of most pre-copernican celestial mechanics.
137
38.7 Inuence and legacy
Among the many people who were inuenced by

Buckminster Fuller are: Constance Abernathy,[61]
Ruth Asawa,[62] J. Baldwin,[63][64] Michael Ben-Eli,[65]
Pierre Cabrol,[66] John Cage, Joseph Clinton,[67] Peter
Floyd,[65] Medard Gabel,[68] Michael Hays,[65] David
Johnston,[69] Robert Kiyosaki,[70] Peter Jon Pearce,[65]
Shoji Sadao,[65] Edwin Schlossberg,[65] Kenneth Snelson,[62][71][72] Robert Anton Wilson[73] and Stewart
Brand.[74]
An allotrope of carbon, fullereneand a particular

molecule of that allotrope C60 (buckminsterfullerene or
buckyball) has been named after him. The Buckminsterfullerene molecule, which consists of 60 carbon atoms,
very closely resembles a spherical version of Fullers
geodesic dome. The 1996 Nobel prize in chemistry was
given to Kroto, Curl, and Smalley for their discovery of
the
fullerene.[75]
Fuller also invented the word livingry, as opposed
to weaponry (or killingry), to mean that which is He is quoted in the lyric of The Tower Of Babble in
in support of all human, plant, and Earth life. The the musical "Godspell:" Man is a complex of patterns
architectural professioncivil, naval, aeronautical, and and processes.[76]
astronauticalhas always been the place where the most
On July 12, 2004, the United States Post Oce recompetent thinking is conducted regarding livingry, as
leased a new commemorative stamp honoring R. Buck[55]
opposed to weaponry.
minster Fuller on the 50th anniversary of his patent for
As well as contributing signicantly to the develop- the geodesic dome and by the occasion of his 109th birthment of tensegrity technology, Fuller invented the term day.
"tensegrity" from tensional integrity. Tensegrity deFuller was the subject of two documentary lms: The
scribes a structural-relationship principle in which strucWorld of Buckminster Fuller (1971) and Buckminster
tural shape is guaranteed by the nitely closed, compreFuller: Thinking Out Loud (1996). Additionally, lmhensively continuous, tensional behaviors of the system
maker Sam Green and the band Yo La Tengo collaboand not by the discontinuous and exclusively local comrated on a 2012 live documentary about Fuller, The
pressional member behaviors. Tensegrity provides the
Love Song of R. Buckminster Fuller.[77]
ability to yield increasingly without ultimately breaking
In June 2008, the Whitney Museum of American Art preor coming asunder.[56]
sented Buckminster Fuller: Starting with the Universe,
"Dymaxion" is a portmanteau of dynamic maximum
the most comprehensive retrospective to date of his work
tension. It was invented about 1929 by two admen at
and ideas.[78] The exhibition traveled to the Museum of
Marshall Fields department store in Chicago to describe
Contemporary Art, Chicago in 2009. It presented a comFullers concept house, which was shown as part of a
bination of models, sketches, and other artifacts, rephouse of the future store display. They created the term
resenting six decades of the artists integrated approach
utilizing three words that Fuller used repeatedly to deto housing, transportation, communication, and cartogscribe his design dynamic, maximum, and ion.[57]
raphy. It also featured the extensive connections with
Fuller also helped to popularize the concept of Spaceship Chicago from his years spent living, teaching, and workEarth: The most important fact about Spaceship Earth: ing in the city.[79]
an instruction manual didn't come with it.[58]
In 2012, The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
hosted The Utopian Impulse a show about Buckminster Fullers inuence in the Bay Area. Featured were
concepts, inventions and designs for creating free en38.6 Concepts and buildings
ergy from natural forces, and for sequestering carbon
from the atmosphere. The show ran January through
His concepts and buildings include:
July.[80]
138
38.8 Patents
(from the Table of Contents of Inventions: The Patented
Works of R. Buckminster Fuller (1983) ISBN 0-31243477-4)
1927 U.S. Patent 1,633,702 Stockade: building
structure

1979 U.S. Patent 4,136,994 Floating breakwater
1980 U.S. Patent 4,207,715 Tensegrity truss
1983 U.S. Patent 4,377,114 Hanging storage shelf
unit
38.9 Bibliography
1927 U.S. Patent 1,634,900 Stockade: pneumatic

forming process
4d Timelock (1928)
1928 (Application Abandoned) 4D house
Nine Chains to the Moon (1938)
1937 U.S. Patent 2,101,057 Dymaxion car
Untitled Epic Poem on the History of Industrialization (1962)
1940 U.S. Patent 2,220,482 Dymaxion bathroom

1944 U.S. Patent 2,343,764 Dymaxion deployment
unit (sheet)
1944 U.S. Patent 2,351,419 Dymaxion deployment
unit (frame)
1946 U.S. Patent 2,393,676 Dymaxion map
1946 (No Patent) Dymaxion house (Wichita)
1954 U.S. Patent 2,682,235 Geodesic dome
1959 U.S. Patent 2,881,717 Paperboard dome
1959 U.S. Patent 2,905,113 Plydome
1959 U.S. Patent 2,914,074 Catenary (geodesic
tent)
1961 U.S. Patent 2,986,241 Octet truss
1962 U.S. Patent 3,063,521 Tensegrity
1963 U.S. Patent 3,080,583 Submarisle (undersea
island)
1964 U.S. Patent 3,139,957 Aspension (suspension
building)
1965 U.S. Patent 3,197,927 Monohex (geodesic
structures)
1965 U.S. Patent 3,203,144 Laminar dome
1965 (Filed No Patent) Octa spinner
1967 U.S. Patent 3,354,591 Star tensegrity (octahedral truss)
1970 U.S. Patent 3,524,422 Rowing needles (watercraft)
1974 U.S. Patent 3,810,336 Geodesic hexa-pent
Ideas and Integrities, a Spontaneous Autobiographical Disclosure (1963) ISBN 0-13-449140-8

No More Secondhand God and Other Writings
(1963)
Education Automation: Freeing the Scholar to Return
(1963)
What I Have Learned: A Collection of 20 Autobiograhical Essays, Chapter How Little I Know,
(1968)
Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth (1968) ISBN
0-8093-2461-X
Utopia or Oblivion (1969) ISBN 0-553-02883-9
Approaching the Benign Environment (1970) ISBN
0-8173-6641-5 (with Eric A. Walker and James R.
Killian, Jr.)
I Seem to Be a Verb (1970) coauthors Jerome Agel,
Quentin Fiore, ISBN 1-127-23153-7
Intuition (1970)
Buckminster Fuller to Children of Earth (1972) compiled and photographed by Cam Smith, ISBN 0385-02979-9
The Dymaxion World of Buckminster Fuller (1960,
1973) coauthor Robert Marks, ISBN 0-385-018045
Earth, Inc (1973) ISBN 0-385-01825-8
Synergetics: Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking (1975) in collaboration with E.J. Applewhite
with a preface and contribution by Arthur L. Loeb,
ISBN 0-02-541870-X
1975 U.S. Patent 3,863,455 Floatable breakwater
Tetrascroll: Goldilocks and the Three Bears, A Cosmic Fairy Tale (1975)
1975 U.S. Patent 3,866,366 Non-symmetrical

tensegrity
And It Came to Pass Not to Stay (1976) ISBN 002-541810-6
38.11. REFERENCES
R. Buckminster Fuller on Education (1979) ISBN 087023-276-2
139
Buckminster Fuller Autobiographical Monologue/Scenario (1980) page 54, R. Buckminster

Fuller, documented and edited by Robert Snyder,
St. Martins Press, Inc., ISBN 0-312-10678-5
[4] Lloyd Steven Sieden. Buckminster Fullers Universe: His

Life and Work. New York: Perseus Books Group, 2000.
ISBN 0-7382-0379-3. pp. 8485: However, in 1927
his own nancial diculties forced Mr. Hewlett to sell
his stock in the company. Within weeks Stockade Building Systems became a subsidiary of Celotex Corporation,
whose primary motivation was akin to that of other conventional companies: making a prot. Celotex management took one look at Stockades nancial records and
called for a complete overhaul of the company. The
rst casualty of the transition was Stockades controversial president [Buckminster Fuller, who was red].
Buckminster Fuller Sketchbook (1981)
[5] R. Buckminster Fuller, Your Private Sky, Page 27
Critical Path (1981) ISBN 0-312-17488-8
[6] Sieden, Lloyd Steven (1989). Buckminster Fullers Universe: His Life and Work. Basic Books. ISBN 0-73820379-3.
Synergetics 2: Further Explorations in the Geometry

of Thinking (1979) in collaboration with E.J. Applewhite
Grunch of Giants (1983) ISBN 0-312-35193-3

Inventions: The Patented Works of R. Buckminster
Fuller (1983) ISBN 0-312-43477-4
Humans in Universe (1983) coauthor Anwar Dil,
ISBN 0-89925-001-7
Cosmography: A Posthumous Scenario for the Future
of Humanity (1992) coauthor Kiyoshi Kuromiya,
ISBN 0-02-541850-5
38.10 See also

The Buckminster Fuller Challenge
Cloud Nine (tensegrity sphere)
Design science revolution
Emissions Reduction Currency System
Noosphere
Old Man Rivers City project
Spome
Whole Earth Catalog
38.11 References
[1] Encyclopdia Britannica. (2007). Fuller, R Buckminster. Encyclopdia Britannica Online. Retrieved April
20, 2007.
[2] Serebriako, Victor (1986). Mensa: The Society for the
Highly Intelligent. Stein and Day. pp. 299, 304. ISBN
0-8128-3091-1.
[3] Pawley, Martin (1991). Buckminster Fuller. New York:
Taplinger. ISBN 0-8008-1116-X.

Life and Work. New York: Basic Books, 1989. ISBN 07382-0379-3. p. 87: "...during 1927, Bucky found himself unemployed with a new daughter to support as winter
was approaching. With no steady income the Fuller family
was living beyond its means and falling further and further
into debt. Searching for solace and escape, Bucky continued drinking and carousing. He also tended to wander
aimlessly through the Chicago streets pondering his situation. It was during one such walk that he ventured down
to the shore of Lake Michigan on a particularly cold autumn evening and seriously contemplated swimming out
until he was exhausted and ending his life.
Life and Work. New York: Basic Books, 1989. ISBN
0-7382-0379-3. pp. 8788.
[9] Design A Three-Wheel Dream That Died at Takeo Buckminster Fuller and the Dymaxion Car NYTimes.com
[10] Sterngold., James (June 15, 2008). The Love Song of R.
Buckminster Fuller. The New York Times. Retrieved
July 28, 2013.
[11] Haber, John. Before Buckyballs. Review of Noguchi
Museum Best of Friends exhibit (May 19, 2006 October 15, 2006). "Noguchi, then twenty-ve, had already
had enough inuences for a lifetime from birth in Los
Angeles, to childhood in Japan and the Midwest, to premedical classes at Columbia, to academic sculpture on the
Lower East Side, to Brancusis circle in Paris. Now his
exposure to Modernism and the American century received a decidedly New York inuence.
Only two years before, on the brink of suicide, Fuller had
decided to remake his life and the world. Why not begin
on Minetta Street? In 1929, he was shopping around his
rst major design, plans for an inexpensive, modular home
that others air-lift right where desired. Now, in exchange
for meals, he took on the interior decoration and chairs
for Maries new location. He must have stood out in person, too, ever the talkative, handsome visionary in tie and
starched collar.
See also: The Architect and the Sculptor: A Friendship
of Ideas. Grace Glueck, The New York Times. May 19,
2006. Retrieved April 27, 2010.
140

Life and Work (pp. 74, 119142). New York: Perseus
Books Group, 2000. ISBN 0-7382-0379-3. p. 74: Although O'Neill soon became well known as a major American playwright, it was Romany Marie who would significantly inuence Bucky, becoming his close friend and
condante during the most dicult years of his life.
[32] Fuller, R. Buckminster (1981). Introduction. Critical

Path (First ed.). New York, N.Y.: St.Martins Press. xxv.
ISBN 0-312-17488-8. ""It no longer has to be you or me.
Selshness is unnecessary and hence-forth unrationalizable as mandated by survival. War is obsolete.
[13] Haskell, John. Buckminster Fuller and Isamu Noguchi.

Kraine Gallery Bar Lit, Fall 2007. Retrieved 2014-04-18.
[33] Fuller, R. Buckminster (2008). last=Snyder, Jaime, ed.

Utopia or oblivion: the prospects for humanity. Baden,
Switzerland: Lars Mller Publishers. ISBN 978-3-03778127-2.
[14] Robert Schulman. Romany Marie: The Queen of Greenwich Village (pp. 8586, 109110). Louisville: Butler
Books, 2006. ISBN 1-884532-74-8.
[34] Notable Individuals Inuenced by General Semantics.

The Institute of General Semantics. Retrieved 2014-0418.
[15] Interview with Isamu Noguchi. Conducted November

7, 1973 by Paul Cummings at Noguchis studio in Long
Island City, Queens. Smithsonian Archives of American
Art.
[35] Drake, Harold L. The General Semantics and Science

Fiction of Robert heinlein and A. E. Van Vogt. General
Semantics Bulletin 41. Institute of General Semantics. p.
144. For his dissertation showing some relationships between formulations of Alfred Korzybski and Buckminster
Fuller, plus documenting meetings and associations of the
two gentlemen, he was given the 1973 Irving J. Lee Award
in General Semantics oered by the International Society
for General Semantics.
[16] Gorman, Michael John (March 12, 2002). Passenger

Files: Isamu Noguchi, 19041988. Towards a cultural
history of Buckminster Fullers Dymaxion Car. Stanford
Humanities Lab. Includes several images.
[17] IDEAS + INVENTIONS: Buckminster Fuller and Black
Mountain College. Black Mountain College Museum and
Arts Center Exhibit. July 15 November 26, 2005.
[36] Edmondson, Amy, A Fuller Explanation, Birkhauser,

Boston, 1987, p19 tetrahedra, p110 octet truss
[18] http://www.wrsc.org/people/shoji-sadao
[37] Geodesic Domes and Charts of the Heavens. Telacommunications.com. 1973-06-19. Retrieved 2014-04-18.
[19] The Dymaxion World of Buckminster Fuller. ISBN 0-38501804-5.
[38] The R. Buckminster Fuller FAQ: Geodesic Domes.

Cjfearnley.com. Retrieved 2014-04-18.
[20] The Center for Spirituality & Sustainability. Siue.edu.

Retrieved October 28, 2012.
[39] National Automobile Museum collections. Archived

from the original on February 27, 2008. Retrieved
September 4, 2012.
[21] Partial list of Fuller U.S. patents. Google.com. Retrieved 2014-04-18.

[22] Book of Members, 17802010: Chapter F. American
Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
[23] Arthur Buckminster Fuller
[24] Buckminster Fuller: Designer of a New World
[25] Brand, Stewart (1999). The Clock of the Long Now. New
York: Basic. ISBN 0-465-04512-X.
[26] Fuller, R. Buckminster (1969). Operating Manual for
Spaceship Earth. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 0-8093-2461-X.
[27] Fuller, R. Buckminster; Applewhite, E. J. (1975). Synergetics. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0-02-541870-X.
[28] Fuller, R. Buckminster (1981). Critical Path. New York:
St. Martins Press. xxxivxxxv. ISBN 0-312-17488-8.
[29] Ament, Phil. Inventor R. Buckminster Fuller. Ideafinder.com. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
[30] Buckminster Fuller World Game Synergy Anticapatory.
YouTube. January 27, 2007. Retrieved October 28,
2012.
[31] The Economist http://www.economist.com/debate/days/
view/159 |url= missing title (help).
[40] Stanford Magazine 'I seem to be a verb...' July/August

2012. Retrieved September 4, 2012.
[41] The 50 Worst Cars of All Time. Time.com. 2007-0907. Retrieved 2014-04-18.
[42] Perry, Tony (October 2, 1995). This Game Anything
but Childs Play: Buckminster Fullers creation aims to
ght the real enemies of mankind: starvation, disease and
illiteracy. The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 19 January
2014.
[43] Richards, Allen (MayJune 1971). R. Buckminster
Fuller: Designer of the Geodesic Dome and the World
Game. Mother Earth News. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
[44] Aigner, Hal (NovemberDecember 1970). Sustaining
Planet Earth: Researching World Resources. Mother
Earth News. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
[45] World Game. Buckminster Fuller Institute. Retrieved
19 January 2014.
[46] Kolbert, Elizabeth. Annals of Innovation: Dymaxion
Man: Reporting & Essays. The New Yorker. Retrieved
2014-04-18.
[47] Fuller, Buckminster (1969). Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University
Press. ISBN 0-8093-2461-X.
38.12. FURTHER READING
141
[48] Science: Dymaxion Sleep. Time. October 11, 1943.

Retrieved April 27, 2010.
[49] Buckminster Fuller conversations.
Newsservice.stanford.edu. 2003-01-22. Retrieved 201404-18.
[50] Stanford University Libraries & Academic Information
Resources:". Sul.stanford.edu. June 22, 2005. Retrieved
October 28, 2012.
[51] What is important in this connection is the way in which
humans reex spontaneously for that is the way in which
they usually behave in critical moments, and it is often
common sense to reex in perversely ignorant ways that
produce social disasters by denying knowledge and ignorantly yielding to common sense. Intuition, 1972 Doubleday, New York. p.103
[52] He wrote a single unpunctuated sentence approximately
3000 words long titled What I Am Trying to Do. And It
Came to Pass Not to Stay Macmillan Publishing, New
York, 1976.
[53] How Little I Know from And It Came to Pass Not to
Stay Macmillan, 1976
[54] Intuition (1972).
[70] Kiyosaki, Robert. Rich Dads Conspiracy of the Rich: The

8 New Rules of Money, pp. 34. Business Plus, 2009.
ISBN 978-0-446-55980-5
[71] , Whitney Museum of American Art exhibition, Retrieved
December 29, 2010
[72] concerning Fuller and Snelson Retrieved December 29,
2010
[73] Hi Times May 1981, Robert Anton Wilson interviews
Buckminster Fuller Retrieved December 29, 2010
[74] From Counterculture to Cyberculture: The Legacy of the
Whole Earth Catalog on YouTube (from minute 22:40)
Retrieved August 16, 2012
[75] Chemistry 1996. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2014-0418.
[76] http://www.allmusicals.com/lyrics/godspell/
prologuetowerofbabble.htm.
Retrieved 23 June
2013. Missing or empty |title= (help)
[77] The Love Song of R. Buckminster Fuller Retrieved May
21, 2012
[78] Buckminster Fuller: Starting with the Universe
[79] Chicagos MCA to show Buckminster Fuller ~ Starting
with the Universe". Art Knowledge News. 2009. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
[55] Critical Path, page xxv.

[56] Synergetics, page 372.
[57] R. Buckminster Fuller Autobiographical Monologue/Scenario,St.
Martins Press, Inc.,1980, page
54.
[80] The Utopian Impulse, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art press release, retrieved April 4, 2013
[58] Selected Quotes. 090810 cjfearnley.com

[59] Salsbury, Patrick G. (2000) Comprehensive Anticipatory
Design Science; An Introduction Miqel.com
[60] Eight Strategies for Comprehensive Anticipatory Design
Science Buckminster Fuller Institute
[61] thirteen.org website Helped organize Fullers papers Retrieved December 29, 2010
[62] Thomas T. K. Zung, Buckminster Fuller: Anthology for a
New Millennium Retrieved December 29, 2010
[63] Buckyworks Retrieved December 29, 2010
[64] Buckworks Retrieved December 29, 2010
Applewhite, E. J. Cosmic Fishing: An account of

writing Synergetics with Buckminster Fuller. 1977
(ISBN 0-02-502710-7)
Applewhite, E. J., ed. Synergetics Dictionary, The
Mind Of Buckminster Fuller; in four volumes. Garland Publishing, Inc. New York and London. 1986
(ISBN 0-8240-8729-1)
Chu, Hsiao-Yun. Fullers Laboratory Notebook.
Collections, Volume 4 Issue 4 Fall 2008 (Lanham,
MD: Altamira Press), 295306.
Retrieved 21
Chu, Hsiao-Yun and Roberto Trujillo. New Views

on R. Buckminster Fuller.(Stanford, CA; Stanford
University Press, 2009) ISBN 0-8047-6279-1
[66] Noland, Carol (November 1, 2009) Pierre Cabrol dies at

84; architect was lead designer of Hollywoods Cinerama
Dome Los Angeles Times, archived here at WebCite
Eastham, Scott: American Dreamer. Bucky Fuller

and the Sacred Geometry of Nature; The Lutterworth
Press 2007, Cambridge; ISBN 978-0-7188-3031-1
[67] Buckminster Fuller Prize challenge Retrieved December

29, 2010
Edmondson, Amy: A Fuller Explanation"; EmergentWorld LLC. 2007 (ISBN 978-0-6151-8314-5)
[68] Thomas T. K. Zung, Buckminster Fuller: Anthology for a

New Millennium Retrieved December 29, 2010
Hatch, Alden Buckminster Fuller At Home In The

Universe. 1974 (ISBN 0-440-04408-1) Crown Publishers, New York.
[65] Makovsky, Paul.

November 2013.
The Fuller Eect.
[69] About David Johnston Retrieved December 29, 2010
142
Hoogenboom, Olive (1999). Fuller, R. Buckminster. American National Biography 8. New York:
Oxford University Press. pp. 559562.
Kenner, Hugh. Bucky: a guided tour of Buckminster
Fuller. 1973 (ISBN 0-688-00141-6)
Buckminster Fuller Institute

Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom February 23, 1983
Works by Buckminster Fuller at Open Library
Buckminster Fuller, a portrait by Ansel Adams

Krausse, Joachim and Lichtenstein, Claude. ed.
Your Private Sky, R. Buckminster Fuller: The Art
Of Design Science. Lars Mueller Publishers. 1999 Articles about Fuller
(ISBN 3-907044-88-6)
WIRED article about Buckminster Fuller
McHale, John. R. Buckminster Fuller. George
Dymaxion Man: The Visions of Buckminster Fuller
Brazillier, Inc., New York. hardback. 1962.
by Elizabeth Kolbert, The New Yorker (June 9,
2008)
Pawley, Martin. Buckminster Fuller. Taplinger Publishing Company, New York. 1991. hardcover
The Love Song of R. Buckminster Fuller New York
(ISBN 0-8008-1116-X)
Times article questioning Fullers supposed consideration of suicide, (June 15, 2008)
Potter, R. Robert. Buckminster Fuller (Pioneers in
Change Series). Silver Burdett Publishers. 1990
(ISBN 0-382-09972-9)
Collections
Robertson, Donald. Minds Eye Of Buckminster
Fuller. 1974 (ISBN 0-533-01017-9) Vantage Press,
Inc., New York.
Snyder, Robert. Buckminster Fuller: An Autobiographical Monologue/Scenario. St. Martins Press,
New York. hardback. 1980 (ISBN 0-312-24547-5)
Sterngold, James. The Love Song of R. Buckminster Fuller. The New York Times [Arts Section],
June 15, 2008.
Buckminster Fuller Digital Collection at Stanford

includes 380 hrs. of streamed audio-visual material
from Fullers personal archive
Buckminster Fuller Papers 1,200 feet (370 m)
housed at Stanford University Libraries
Clara Thomas Archives and Special Collections,
York University Archival photographs of Buckminster Fuller from the Toronto Telegram.
Ward, James, ed., The Artifacts Of R. Buckminster Everything I Know

Fuller, A Comprehensive Collection of His Designs
Everything I Know Session, Philadelphia, 1975 at
and Drawings in Four Volumes: Volume One. The
Stanford University Libraries archives
Dymaxion Experiment, 19261943; Volume Two.
Dymaxion Deployment, 19271946; Volume Three.
The Everything I Know 42-hour lecture session
The Geodesic Revolution, Part 1, 19471959; Volvideo, audio, and full transcripts.
ume Four. The Geodesic Revolution, Part 2, 1960
1983: Edited with descriptions by James Ward.
Garland Publishing, New York. 1984 (ISBN 0- Media
8240-5082-7 vol. 1, ISBN 0-8240-5083-5 vol. 2,
R. Buckminster Fuller on PBS
ISBN 0-8240-5084-3 vol. 3, ISBN 0-8240-5085-1
vol. 4)
Buckminster Fuller discussed on The State of
Things
Wong, Yunn Chii, The Geodesic Works of Richard
Buckminster Fuller, 19481968 (The Universe as
a Home of Man), PhD thesis, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Department of Architecture, 1999.
Whr, Paul, Das falsche Buch. (Fuller appears as a
character in this book.)

The Estate of R. Buckminster Fuller
The World of Buckminster Fuller at the Internet

Movie Database, a 1974 documentary
Buckminster Fuller: Thinking Out Loud at the
Internet Movie Database, a 1996 episode of
American Masters
Critical Path: R. Buckminster Fuller at the Internet
Movie Database, a 2004 short animated documentary
The Love Song of R. Buckminster Fuller, a 2012
live documentary by lmmaker Sam Green

Other resources
CJ Fearnleys List of Buckminster Fuller Resources
on the Internet
Buckminster Fuller at Pionniers & Prcurseurs. Includes a bibliography
143
Chapter 39
Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov

Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov (Russian: ; surname also Anglicized as Fedorov) (June 9, 1829 December 28, 1903) was a
Russian Orthodox Christian philosopher, who was part
of the Russian cosmism movement and a precursor of
transhumanism. Fyodorov advocated radical life extension, physical immortality and even resurrection of the
dead, using scientic methods.
is the most obvious indicator of the yet imperfect, contradictory nature of Man and the deep reason for most
evil and nihilism of man and mankind. Fedorov argued
that the struggle against death can become the most natural cause uniting all people of Earth, regardless of their
nationality, race, citizenship or wealth (he called this the
Common Cause).
He studied at the Richelieu Lyceum in Odessa. From

1854 to 1868, he served as a teacher in various small Russian towns. During 1878, he joined the Rumyantsev Museum sta as a librarian. Fyodorov opposed the idea of
property of books and ideas and never published anything
during his lifetime. His selected articles were printed
posthumously with the title Philosophy of the Common
Task (also known as Philosophy of Physical Resurrection).
39.2.2 Two reasons for death
Fedorov thought that death and afterdeath existence

should become the subject of comprehensive scientic inquiry. Achieving immortality and revival is the greatest
39.1 Biography
goal of science. And this knowledge must leave the laboratories and become the common property of all: EvFyodorovs parents were the Rurikid knyaz (noble) Pavel eryone must be learning and everything be the subject of
Ivanovich Gagarin and Elisaveta Ivanova, a woman of knowledge and action.
lower-class nobility.
Human life, emphasized Fedorov, dies for two reasons.

First is internal: due to the material organization of
a human, his functionality is incapable of innite selfrenewal. To overcome this, psychophysiological regulation of human organisms is needed. The second reason
is the spontaneous nature of the external environment, its
destructive character that must be overcome with regulation of nature. Regulation of nature, introducing will
39.2 Philosophy
and reason into nature includes, according to Fedorov,
prevention of natural disasters, control of Earths cliFyodorov was a futurist, who theorized about the eventual mate, ght against viruses and epidemics, mastery of soperfection of the human race and society (i.e., utopia), in- lar power, space exploration and unlimited creative work
cluding radical ideas like immortality, revival of the dead, there.
space and ocean colonization. His writings greatly inuenced mystic Peter Uspensky. He also had direct contact
with early rocket theorist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky who 39.2.3 Immortality for all
visited the library where he worked over a 3-year period.
He was also known to Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoyevsky. Achieving immortality and revival of all people who ever
lived are two inseparable goals, according to Fedorov.
Immortality is impossible, both ethically and physically,
without revival. We cant concede that our ancestors, who
39.2.1 Mankinds Common Cause
gave us life and culture, are left to die, that our relatives
Fedorov argued that evolutionary process was directed to- and friends die. Achieving immortality for living individwards increased intelligence and its role in the develop- uals and future generations is only a partial victory over
ment of life. Man is the culmination of evolution, as well death, only the rst stage. The complete victory will be
as its creator and director. He must direct it where his achieved only when everyone is returned to a transformed
reason and morality dictate. Fedorov noted that mortality immortal life.
144
39.3. FEDOROVS QUOTES
39.2.4
145
Restoring life and making it innite creature, acquire a new mode of energy exchange with the
environment that will not end.
Fedorov tried to plan specic actions for scientic research of the possibility of restoring life and making it
innite. His rst project is connected with collecting and
synthesizing decayed remains of dead based on knowledge and control over all atoms and molecules of the
world. This idea of Fedorov is related to the modern
practice of cloning. The second method described by Fedorov is genetic-hereditary. The revival could be done
successively in the ancestral line: sons and daughters restore their fathers and mothers, they in turn restore their
parents and so on. This means restoring the ancestors using the hereditary information that they passed on to their
children. Using this genetic method it is only possible to
create a genetic twin of the dead person (the problem of
identity in cloning). It is necessary to give back the revived person his old mind, his personality. Fedorov speculates about the idea of radial images that may contain
the personalities of the people and survive after death.
Nevertheless, Fedorov noted that even if a soul is destroyed after death, Man will learn to restore it whole by
mastering the forces of decay and fragmentation.
39.2.5
Fedorov repeatedly said that only general scientic studies of aging, death, after death condition, only the science
that strives to achieve a transformed immortal life, can reveal the means to overcome death.
39.3 Fedorovs quotes

Fedorovs criticism of philosophers: How unnatural it is
to ask, Why does that which exists, exist?' and yet how
completely natural it is to ask, Why do the living die?
39.4 Popular culture

Fedorovs thought is extensively though indirectly referenced in the well-regarded 2010 science ction novel The
Quantum Thief; it is implied that the founders of the posthuman collective of uploaded minds called the Sobornost
were inspired by Fedorov and other thinkers associated
with cosmism.
Transformation of past physical The 2013 novel Strange Bodies by Marcel Theroux imagines Fedorovs ideas of the Common Task being develforms
oped by Soviet and post-Soviet research to implant a mind

The revival of people who lived during the past is not a into another body using an encoded lexicon from the origrecreation of their past physical form it was imper- inal mind and an unspecied, but painful, Procedure.
fect, parasitic, centered on mortal existence. The idea is
to transform it into self-creating, mind-controlled form,
capable of innite renewal, which is immortal. Those 39.5 See also
who havent died will go through the same transformation. The man will have to become a creator and orga Russian philosophy
nizer of his organism (our body will be our business). In
the past the development of civilization happened by in Russian cosmism
creasing human power using external tools and machines
the human body remained imperfect.
Transhumanism
39.2.6
Transhumanism
Immortalism
Cryonics
Main article: Transhumanism
Anthony Atala
Fedorov stated that people needed to reconcile the difference between the power of technology and weakness
of the human physical form. The transition is overdue
from purely technical development, a prosthetic civilization, to organic progress, when not just external tools,
articial implements, but the organisms themselves are
improved, so that, for example, a man can y, see far and
deep, travel through space, live in any environment. Man
must become capable of organodevelopment that so far
only nature was capable of. Fedorov discussed supremacy
of mind, giving, developing organs for itself and anticipated V. Vernadskys idea of autotrophic man. He argues that a man must become an autotrophic, self-feeding
Printable organs
Regenerative medicine
39.6 References
Nikolai Berdyaev, The Religion of Resusciative Resurrection. The Philosophy of the Common Task of
N. F. Fedorov.
Nader Elhefnawy, 'Nikolai Fedorov and the Dawn
of the Posthuman', in The Future Fire 9 (2007).
146
Ludmila Koehler, N.F. Fedorov: the Philosophy of
Action Institute for the Human Sciences, Pittsburgh,
PA, USA, 1979. AlibrisID: 8714504160
History of Russian Philosophy
(1951) by N. O.
Lossky. Publisher: Allen & Unwin, London ASIN:
B000H45QTY International Universities Press Inc
NY, NY ISBN 978-0-8236-8074-0 sponsored by
Saint Vladimirs Orthodox Theological Seminary.
Ed Tandy, N.F. Fedorov, Russian Come-Upist, Venturist Voice, Summer 1986.
G. M. Young, Nikolai F. Fedorov: An Introduction Nordland Publishing Co., Belmont, MA, USA,
1979.
George M. Young, The Russian Cosmists: The Esoteric Futurism of Nikolai Fedorov and hos Followers Oxford University Press, New York, 2012.
Taras Zakydalsky Ph.D. thesis, N. F. Fyodorovs
Philosophy of Physical Resurrection Bryn Mawr,
1976, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
39.7 External links

Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Nikolai Fedorovich Fedorov
Nikolai Fyodorov artistic portrait
Michael Hagemeister (2003). Fedorov, Nikolaj
Fedorovi". In Bautz, Traugott. BiographischBibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German) 21. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 381386.
ISBN 3-88309-110-3.
N.F. Fyodorov. The Philosophy of the Common
Task. The texts on English.
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Nikolai Fedorovich Fedorov
Nikolai Fyodorov artistic portrait
Michael Hagemeister (2003). Fedorov, Nikolaj
Fedorovi". In Bautz, Traugott. BiographischBibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German) 21. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 381386.
ISBN 3-88309-110-3.
N.F. Fyodorov. The Philosophy of the Common
Task. The texts on English.
CHAPTER 39. NIKOLAI FYODOROVICH FYODOROV
Chapter 40
Dennis Gabor
Dennis Gabor CBE, FRS[1] (original Hungarian name:
Gbor Dnes; 5 June 1900 8 February 1979) was
a Hungarian-British[2] electrical engineer and physicist,
most notable for inventing holography, for which he later
received the 1971 Nobel Prize in Physics.[3]
40.1 Biography
He was born as Gnszberg Dnes, into a Jewish family
in Budapest, Hungary. In 1918, his family converted
to Lutheranism.[4] Denis was the rst-born son of Gnszberg Bernt and Jakobovits Adl. Despite having a religious background, religion played a minor role in his
later life and considered himself agnostic.[5] In 1902,
the family received the permission to change their family name from Gnszberg to Gbor. He served with
the Hungarian artillery in northern Italy during World
War I.[6] He studied at the Technical University of Budapest from 1918, later in Germany, at the Charlottenburg Technical University in Berlin, now known as the
Technical University of Berlin.[7] At the start of his career, he analysed the properties of high voltage electric
transmission lines by using cathode-beam oscillographs,
which led to his interest in electron optics.[7] Studying the
fundamental processes of the oscillograph, Gabor was led
to other electron-beam devices such as electron microscopes and TV tubes. He eventually wrote his PhD thesis on Recording of Transients in Electric Circuits with
the Cathode Ray Oscillograph in 1927, and worked on
plasma lamps.[7]
Gabor, a Jew, ed from Nazi Germany in 1933, and
was invited to Britain to work at the development department of the British Thomson-Houston company in
Rugby, Warwickshire. During his time in Rugby, he met
Marjorie Louise Butler, and they married in 1936. He
became a British citizen in 1946,[8] and it was while working at British Thomson-Houston that he invented holography, in 1947.[9] He experimented with a heavily ltered
mercury arc light source.[7] However, the earliest hologram was only realised in 1964 following the 1960 invention of the laser, the rst coherent light source. After
this, holography became commercially available.
puts, which led him to the invention of re-holography.[7]

The basic idea was that for perfect optical imaging, the
total of all the information has to be used; not only
the amplitude, as in usual optical imaging, but also
the phase. In this manner a complete holo-spatial picture can be obtained.[7] Gabor published his theories of
re-holography in a series of papers between 1946 and
1951.[7]
Gabor also researched how human beings communicate
and hear; the result of his investigations was the theory of
granular synthesis, although Greek composer Iannis Xenakis claimed that he was actually the rst inventor of
this synthesis technique.[10] Gabors work in this and related areas was foundational in the development of time
frequency analysis.
In 1948 Gabor moved from Rugby to Imperial College London, and in 1958 became professor of Applied
Physics until his retirement in 1967. While spending
much of his retirement in Italy at Lavinio Rome, he remained connected with Imperial College as a Senior Research Fellow and also became Sta Scientist of CBS
Laboratories, in Stamford, Connecticut; there, he collaborated with his lifelong friend, CBS Labs president Dr.
Peter C. Goldmark in many new schemes of communication and display. One of Imperial Colleges new halls
of residence in Princes Gardens, Knightsbridge is named
Gabor Hall in honour of Gabors contribution to Imperial College. He developed an interest in social analysis
and published The Mature Society: a view of the future in
1972.[11]
Following the rapid development of lasers and a wide variety of holographic applications (e.g., art, information
storage, and the recognition of patterns), Gabor achieved
acknowledged success and worldwide attention during his
lifetime.[7] He received numerous awards besides the Nobel Prize.
Gabor died in a nursing home in South Kensington, London, on 8 February 1979. In 2006 a blue plaque was put
up on No. 79 Queens Gate in Kensington, where he lived
from 1949 until the early 1960s.[12]
Gabors research focused on electron inputs and out147
148
CHAPTER 40. DENNIS GABOR
40.2 Awards
40.4 In popular culture
1956 Fellow of the Royal Society[1]

1964 Honorary Member of the Hungarian
Academy of Sciences
1964 D.Sc., University of London
1967 Young Medal and Prize, for distinguished
research in the eld of optics
1967 Colombus Award of the International Institute for Communications, Genoa
1968 The rst Albert A. Michelson Medal from
The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia[13]
1968 Rumford Medal of the Royal Society
1970 Honorary Doctorate,
Southampton
University of
1970 Medal of Honor of the Institute of Electrical

and Electronics Engineers
1970 Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)
1971 Nobel Prize in Physics, for his invention and
development of the holographic method
1971 Honorary Doctorate, Delft University of
Technology
1972 Holweck Prize of the Socit Franaise de
Physique
Dennis-Gabor-Strae in Potsdam is named in his
honour and is the location of the Potsdamer Centrum fr Technologie.
2009 Imperial College London opens Gabor Hall,
a hall of residence named in his honour
40.3 Awards named after Dennis

Gabor
The International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE)
presents its Dennis Gabor Award annually, in recognition of outstanding accomplishments in diractive wavefront technologies, especially those which further the development of holography and metrology applications.[14]
The NOVOFER Foundation of the Hungarian Academy
of Sciences annually presents its International Dennis Gabor Award, for outstanding young scientists researching
in the elds of physics and applied technology.
The Gabor Medal is awarded by the Royal Society
of London for acknowledged distinction of interdisciplinary work between the life sciences with other
disciplines.[15]
On 5 June 2010, the logo for the Google website was

drawn to resemble a hologram in honour of Dennis
Gabors 110th birthday.[16]
In David Foster Wallace's Innite Jest, Hal suggests
that Dennis Gabor may very well have been the
Antichrist.[17]
40.5 See also

Gabor lter
Gabor transform
Gabor atom or Gabor function
List of Jewish Nobel laureates
40.6 Bibliography
Social analysis
Inventing the Future (Secker & Warburg, 1963)
The future cannot be predicted, but futures
can be invented. It was mans ability to invent
which has made human society what it is. (Pelican Books, 1964, p. 161)
Innovations: Scientic, Technological, and Social
(1970)
The Mature Society. A View of the Future (1972)
Beyond the Age of Waste: A Report to the Club of
Rome (Pergamon international library of science,
technology, engineering and social studies, paperback, 1978)
40.7 References
[1] Allibone, T. E. (1980). "Dennis Gabor. 5 June 1900-9
February 1979. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the
Royal Society 26: 106. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1980.0004.
[2] Hubbard, Arthur T. (1995). The Handbook of Surface
Imaging and Visualization. CRC Press, Inc. ISBN 08493-8911-9.
[3] Dennis Gabor, 1900-1979. Nature 280 (5721): 431
433. 1979. doi:10.1038/280431a0. PMID 379651.
[4] http://www.bookrags.com/biography/
dennis-gabor-wop/
[5] Brigham Narins (2001). Notable Scientists from 1900

to the Present: D-H. Gale Group. p. 797. ISBN
9780787617530. Although Gabors family became
Lutherans in 1918, religion appeared to play a minor role
in his life. He maintained his church aliation through
his adult years but characterized himself as a benevolent
agnostic."
[6] Johnston, Sean (2006). Wavefront Reconstruction and
beyond. Holographic Visions. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-19857122-3.
[7] Bor, Zsolt (1999). Optics by Hungarians. Fizikai
Szemle 5: 202. Bibcode:1999AcHA....5..202Z. ISSN
0015-3257. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
[8] Wasson, Tyler; Brieger, Gert H. (1987). Nobel Prize Winners: An H. W. Wilson Biographical Dictionary. H. W.
Wilson. p. 359. ISBN 0-8242-0756-4.
[9] GB685286 GB patent GB685286, British ThomsonHouston Company, published 1947
[10] Xenakis, Iannis (2001). Formalized Music: Thought and
Mathematics in Composition 9th (2nd ed.). Pendragon Pr.
pp. preface xiii. ISBN 1-57647-079-2.
[11] IEEE Global History Network (2011). Dennis Gabor.
IEEE History Center. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
[12] Blue Plaque for Dennis Gabor, inventor of Holograms.
Government News. 1 June 2006. Retrieved 23 November
2013.
[13] Franklin Laureate Database Albert A. Michelson
Medal Laureates. Franklin Institute. Retrieved 14 June
2011.
[14] Dennis Gabor Award. SPIE. 2010. Retrieved 4 June
2010.
[15] The Gabor Medal (1989)". Royal Society. 2009. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
[16] Dennis Gabors birth celebrated by Google doodle.
London: The Telegraph. 5 June 2010. Retrieved 5 June
2010.
[17] Wallace, David Foster (1996). Innite Jest (New York:
Little, Brown and Co.): 12.
40.8 External links

Short biography
Gabors Nobel Prize lecture
Nobel Prize presentation speech by Professor Erik
Ingelstam of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Biography at the Wayback Machine (archived 27
July 2008)
149
Chapter 41
Hugo de Garis
and some of its more notable members, such as Kevin
Warwick, Bill Joy, Ken MacLeod, Ray Kurzweil, and
Hans Moravec, have voiced their opinions on whether or
not this future is likely.
De Garis originally studied theoretical physics, but he
abandoned this eld in favour of articial intelligence.
In 1992 he received his PhD from Universit Libre de
Bruxelles, Belgium. He worked as a researcher at ATR
(Advanced Telecommunications Research institute international,
), Japan from 19942000,
a researcher at Starlab, Brussels from 20002001, and
associate professor of computer science at Utah State
University from 20012006. Until his retirement in late
2010[3] he was a professor at Xiamen University, where
he taught theoretical physics and computer science, and
ran the Articial Brain Lab.
41.1 Evolvable hardware
Hugo de Garis (born 1947, Sydney, Australia) was a

researcher in the sub-eld of articial intelligence (AI)
known as evolvable hardware. He became known in
the 1990s for his research on the use of genetic algorithms to evolve neural networks using three-dimensional
cellular automata inside eld programmable gate arrays.
He claimed that this approach would enable the creation
of what he terms articial brains which would quickly
surpass human levels of intelligence.[1]
He has more recently been noted for his belief that a
major war between the supporters and opponents of intelligent machines, resulting in billions of deaths, is almost inevitable before the end of the 21st century.[2]:234
He suggests AIs may simply eliminate the human race,
and humans would be powerless to stop them because of
technological singularity. This prediction has attracted
debate and criticism from the AI research community,
From 1993 to 2000 de Garis participated in a research

project at ATRs Human Information Processing Research Laboratories (ATR-HIP) which aimed to create
a billion-neuron articial brain by the year 2001.[1] The
project was known as cellular automata machine brain,
or CAM-Brain. During this 8 year span he and his fellow researchers published a series of papers in which they
discussed the use of genetic algorithms to evolve neural
structures inside 3D cellular automata. They argued that
existing neural models had failed to produce intelligent
behaviour because they were too small, and that in order
to create articial brains it was necessary to manually
assemble tens of thousands of evolved neural modules together, with the billion neuron CAM-Brain requiring
around 10 million modules;[4] this idea was rejected by
Igor Aleksander, who said The point is that these puzzles are not puzzles because our neural models are not
large enough.[5]
Though it was initially envisaged that these cellular automata would run on special computers, such as MITs
Cellular Automata Machine-8 (CAM-8), by 1996 it
was realised that the model originally proposed, which
required cellular automata with thousands of states, was
150
41.3. EMPLOYMENT HISTORY

too complex to be realised in hardware. The design was
considerably simplied, and in 1997 the collect and distribute 1 bit (CoDi-1Bit) model was published, and
work began on a hardware implementation using Xilinx
XC6264 FPGAs. This was to be known as the CAM
Brain Machine (CBM).[6]
151
In 2008 de Garis received a 3 million Chinese yuan grant
(around $436,000) to build an articial brain for China
(the China-Brain Project), as part of the Brain Builder
Group at Wuhan University.[11]
Hugo de Garis retired in 2010. Before that he was

director of the articial brains lab at Xiamen UniverThe researchers evolved cellular automata for several sity in China. In 2013 he was studying Maths and
tasks (using software simulation, not hardware):[6]
Physics at PhD level and over the next 20 years plans
to publish 500 graduate level free lecture videos. This
is called degarisMPC and some lectures are already
Reproducing the XOR function.
available.[12][13][14]
Generating a bitstream that alternates between 0 and
1 three times (i.e. 000..111..000..).
Generated a bitstream where the output alternates, 41.3 Employment history
but can be changed from a majority of 1s to a majority of 0s by toggling an input.
De Garis original work on CAM-brain machines was
part of an 8 year research project, from 1993 to 2000, at
Discriminating between two square wave inputs
the ATR Human Information Processing Research Labowith a dierent period.
ratories (ATR-HIP) in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. de Garis
Discriminating between horizontal lines (input on a left in 2000, and ATR-HIP was closed on 28 February
2001. de Garis then moved to Starlab in Brussels, where
2D grid) and random noise.
he received a million dollars in funding from the government of Belgium (over a third of the Brussels govUltimately the project failed to produce a functional robot
ernments total budget for scientic research, accordcontrol system, and ATR terminated it along with the cloing to de Garis).[15] Starlab went bankrupt in June 2001.
[7]
sure of ATR-HIP in February 2001.
A few months later de Garis was employed as an assoThe original aim of de Garis work was to establish the ciate professor at the computer science department of
eld of brain building (a term of his invention) and Utah State University. In May 2006 he became a proto create a trillion dollar industry within 20 years. fessor at Wuhan University's international school of softThroughout the 90s his papers claimed that by 2001 the ware, teaching graduate level pure mathematics, theoretATR Robokoneko (translation: kitten robot) project ical physics and computer science.
would develop a billion-neuron cellular automata maSince June 2006 he has been a member of the advisory
chine brain (CAM-brain), with computational power
board of Novamente, a commercial company which aims
equivalent to 10,000 pentiums that could simulate the
to create articial general intelligence.
brain of a real cat. de Garis received a US$0.4 mil[8]
lion fat brain building grant to develop this. The
rst CAM-brain was delivered to ATR in 1999. After receiving a further US$1 million grant at Starlab de 41.4 Cosmists versus Terrans
Garis failed to deliver a working brain before Starlabs
bankruptcy. At USU de Garis announced he was estab- De Garis believes that a major war before the end of
lishing a brain builder group to create a second genera- the 21st century, resulting in billions of deaths, is altion CAM-brain.
most inevitable.[2]:234 Intelligent machines (or 'artilects,
41.2 Current research

De Garis published his last CAM-Brain research paper
in 2002.[9] He still works on evolvable hardware. Using a
Celoxica FPGA board he says he can create up to 50,000
neural network modules for less than $3000.
Since 2002 he has co-authored several papers on evolutionary algorithms.
He believes that topological quantum computing is
about to revolutionize computer science, and hopes that
his teaching will help his students to understand its
principles.[10]
a shortened form of 'articial intellects) will be far more

intelligent than humans and will threaten to attain world
domination, resulting in a conict between 'Cosmists,
who support the artilects, and 'Terrans, who oppose them
(both of these are terms of his invention). He describes
this conict as a 'gigadeath' war, reinforcing the point
that billions of people will be killed.[16] This scenario
has been criticised by other AI researchers, including
Chris Malcolm, who described it as entertaining science ction horror stories which happen to have caught
the attention of the popular media.[17] Kevin Warwick
called it a hellish nightmare, as portrayed in lms such
as the Terminator.[2]:back cover In 2005 de Garis published
a book describing his views on this topic entitled The Artilect War.[2]
152
Cosmism is a moral philosophy that favours building or
growing strong articial intelligence and ultimately leaving Earth to the Terrans, who oppose this path for humanity. The rst half of the book describes technologies
which he believes will make it possible for computers to
be billions or trillions of times more intelligent than humans. He predicts that as articial intelligence improves
and becomes progressively more human-like, diering
views will begin to emerge regarding how far such research should be allowed to proceed. Cosmists will foresee the massive, truly astronomical potential of substrateindependent cognition, and will therefore advocate unlimited growth in the designated elds, in the hopes that
super intelligent machines might one day colonise the
universe. It is this "cosmic" view of history, in which the
fate of one single species, on one single planet, is seen as
insignicant next to the fate of the known universe, that
gives the Cosmists their name.
Terrans on the other hand, will have a more terrestrial
Earth-centred view, in which the fate of the Earth and its
species (like humanity) are seen as being all-important.
To Terrans, a future without humans is to be avoided at
all costs, as it would represent the worst-case scenario.
As such, Terrans will nd themselves unable to ignore the
possibility that super intelligent machines might one day
cause the destruction of the human racebeing very immensely intelligent and so cosmically inclined, these artilect machines may have no more moral or ethical diculty in exterminating humanity than humans do in using
medicines to cure diseases. So, Terrans will see themselves as living during the closing of a window of opportunity, to disable future artilects before they are built, after which humans will no longer have a say in the aairs
of intelligent machines.
CHAPTER 41. HUGO DE GARIS

form anyway, whereas the artilects could very well be the
next link in that chain and therefore would be excellent
candidates to carry the torch of science and exploration
forward into the rest of the universe.
He relates a morally isomorphic scenario in which extraterrestrial intelligences visit the earth three billion
years ago and discover two domains of life living there,
one domain which is older but simpler and contemporarily dominant, but which upon closer study appears to be
incapable of much further evolutionary development; and
one younger domain which is struggling to survive, but
which upon further study displays the potential to evolve
into all the varieties of life existing on the Earth today,
including humanity, and then queries the reader as to
whether they would feel ethically compelled to destroy
the dominant domain of life to ensure the survival of the
younger one, or to destroy the younger one in order to ensure the survival of the older and more populous domain
which was there rst. He states that he believes that,
like himself, most of the public would feel torn or at least
ambivalent about the outcome of artilects at rst, but that
as the technology advanced, the issue would be forced and
most would feel compelled to choose a side, and that as
such the public consciousness of the coming issue should
be raised now so that society can choose, hopefully before the factions becomes irreconcilably polarised, which
outcome it prefers.
de Garis relates that just out of curiosity, I asked Kevin

[Warwick] whether he was a Terran or a Cosmist. He
said he was against the idea of artilects being built (i.e.,
he is Terran). I was surprised, and felt a shiver go up
my spine. That moment reminded me of a biography of
Lenin that I had read in my 20s in which the Bolsheviks
and the Mensheviks rst started debating the future govIt is these two extreme ideologies which de Garis believes ernment of Russia. What began as an intellectual diermay herald a new world war, wherein one group with a ence ended up as a Russian civil war after 1917 between
'grand plan' (the Cosmists) will be rabidly opposed by the white and the red Russians.[18]
another which feels itself to be under deadly threat from Kevin Warwick would be better classied a member of
that plan (the Terrans). The factions, he predicts, may a third group de Garis predicts will emerge between
eventually war to the death because of this, as the Terrans the two. He colloquially refers to this third party as
will come to view the Cosmists as arch-monsters when "Cyborgians", because they will not be opposed to arthey begin seriously discussing acceptable risks, and the tilects as such, but they will desire to personally particprobabilities of large percentages of Earth-based life go- ipate in the artilect colonisation of the universe, rather
ing extinct. In response to this, the Cosmists will come than fall into obsolescence. They will seek to beto view the Terrans as being reactionary extremists, and come artilects by gradually merging themselves with mawill stop treating them and their ideas seriously, further chines, which is the main focus of Professor Warwicks
aggravating the situation, possibly beyond reconciliation. cybernetics research.
Throughout his book, de Garis states that he is ambivalent about which viewpoint he ultimately supports, and
attempts to make convincing cases for both sides. He 41.5 Quotes
elaborates towards the end of the book that the more he
thinks about it, the more he feels like a Cosmist, because
Humans should not stand in the way of a higher
he feels that despite the horrible possibility that humanform of evolution. These machines are godlike. It is
ity might ultimately be destroyed, perhaps inadvertently
human destiny to create them.
or at least indierently, by the artilects, he cannot ignore
the fact that the human species is just another link in the as quoted in New York Times Magazine of 1 August
evolutionary chain, and must go extinct in their current 1999, speaking of the 'artilects of the future.
41.8. REFERENCES
I believe that the ideological disagreements between these two groups on this issue will be so
strong, that a major artilect war, killing billions
of people, will be almost inevitable before the end
of the 21st century.[2]:234
speaking in 2005 of the Cosmist/Terran conict.
Twenty years from now, the author envisages the

brain builder industry as being one of the worlds
top industries, comparable with oil, automobile, and
construction.[1]
prediction made in 1996.
41.6 Writings
de Garis, Hugo (28 February 2005). The Artilect
War: Cosmists vs. Terrans: A Bitter Controversy
Concerning Whether Humanity Should Build Godlike
Massively Intelligent Machines. ETC Publications.
p. 254. ISBN 978-0-88280-153-7.
de Garis, Hugo (18 March 2010). Multis and Monos
: What the Multicultured Can Teach the Monocultured : Towards the Creation of a Global State. ETC
Publications. p. 514. ISBN 978-0-88280-162-9.
de Garis, Hugo (November 2010). Articial Brains
: An Evolved Neural Net Module Approach. World
Scientic. p. 400. ISBN 981-4304-28-X.
153
[2] Hugo de Garis (2005). The Artilect War: Cosmists Vs.

Terrans: A Bitter Controversy Concerning Whether Humanity Should Build Godlike Massively Intelligent Machines. Palm Springs, CA: ETC Publications. ISBN 088280-154-6.
[3] Biography: Hugo de Garis, Xiamen University, China
[4] Michael Korkin, Hugo de Garis, Felix Gers, and Hitoshi
Hemmi (1999). "CBM (CAM-Brain Machine): A hardware tool which evolves a neural net module in a fraction
of a second and runs a million neuron articial brain in
real time. Genetic Programming 1997: Proceedings of
the Second Annual Conference.
[5] BBC News (7 January 1999). Best brain boosts articial
life. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
[6] Hugo de Garis (1999). ATRs Articial Brain (CAMBrain) Project: A Sample of What Individual CoDi1Bit Model Evolved Neural Net Modules Can Do with
Digital and Analog I/O. Proceedings of the Genetic and
Evolutionary Computation Conference: 1317.
[7] HIP World Wide Web Server. The project of ATR
Human Information Processing Research Laboratories
(ATR-HIP) was closed on 28 February 2001
[8] Hugo de Garis (2002). Prof. de Garis creates the Planets
First Brain Building Center (BBC) (at USU)". The BBC
is submitting research grant proposals to the usual sources
hoping to get a fat brain building grant comparable to the
$400K given for this work by the Japanese when I was at
ATR in Kyoto, and the $1M given by the Brussels Government before the bankruptcy of my previous lab Starlab.
[9] Hugo de Garis and Michael Korkin (2002). The CAMBrain Machine (CBM): an FPGA-based hardware tool
that evolves a 1000 neuron-net circuit module in seconds
and updates a 75 million neuron articial brain for realtime robot control. Neurocomputing 42 (14): 3568.
doi:10.1016/S0925-2312(01)00593-8.
[10] Machines Like Us interviews: Hugo de Garis.
September 2007.
41.7 See also

Articial brain
41.8 References
[1] Hugo de Garis (1996). CAM-BRAIN: The Evolutionary Engineering of a Billion Neuron Articial Brain by
2001 Which Grows Evolves at Electronic Speeds Inside
a Cellular Automata Machine (CAM)". Towards Evolvable Hardware; the Evolutionary Engineering Approach:
7698. one could use planetoid size asteroids to build
huge 3D brain like computers containing ten to power 40
components with one bit per atom. Hence late into the
21st century, the author predicts that human beings will
be confronted with the artilect (articial intellect) with
a brain vastly superior to the human brain with its pitiful
trillion neurons.
[11] The China-Brain Project : Building Chinas Articial

Brain using an Evolved Neural Net Module Approach.
Articial General Intelligence Research Institute. Prof.
Hugo de Garis has recently received a 3 million RMB, 4
year grant to build Chinas rst articial brain, starting in
2008
[12] Hugo De Garis (2012). deGarisMPC. wordpress.com.
[13] Hugo De Garis (2012). profhugodegaris. youtube.com.
[14] Nicola Danaylov, Prof Hugo de Garis (June 26, 2012).
Hugo de Garis on Singularity 1 on 1 (Webcast).
youtube.com: Nicola Danaylov. Event occurs at 1:27.
[15] Hugo de Garis (2000). de Garis/STARLAB Gets $Million Brain Building Grant and Meets President of Brussels Government. I heard ocially that this grant was
154
CHAPTER 41. HUGO DE GARIS
accepted, and to the tune of a million dollars (US) equivalent, over a third of the Brussels governments total budget
for scientic research.
[16] Machines Like Us interviews: Hugo de Garis. 3
September 2007. gigadeath the characteristic number
of people that would be killed in any major late 21st century war, if one extrapolates up the graph of the number
of people killed in major wars over the past 2 centuries
[17] Chris Malcolm (2000). Why Robots Won't Rule the
World. Archived from the original on 2010-07-22.
[18] Hugo de Garis (2002). First shot in Artilect war red.
41.9 External links

de Garis is on the editorial board of Engineering
Letters
Notes from de Garis presentation to the articial
general intelligence research institute
Man vs. Machine An article from Utah local newspaper
Building Gods the rough cut of a documentary
which details, amongst other things, the personal beliefs of Hugo de Garis and Kevin Warwick on the
possibilities of articial life
An interview with Hugo de Garis
Human v 2.0: A programme from the BBC Horizon
series featuring discussion between Ray Kurzweil
and Hugo de Garis
Cosmism and brainbuilding an article by de Garis
Interview from 2007 at Machines Like Us
Interview with HPlus Magazine
Chapter 42
Jennifer Gidley
Jennifer M. Gidley is an Australian psychologist, edu- 42.1.2 Journal special issue editing
cator and futures researcher.[1]
Special issue of Futures: The Journal of PolGidley is the elected President of the World Futures
icy, Planning and Futures Studies (Forthcoming,
[2]
Studies Federation (20092013). She is a futures stud2010) on Global Mindset Change (co-edited with
ies researcher best known for her work in educational
Rakesh Kapoor).
[3][4]
and youth futures,
evolution of consciousness (sometimes referred to as spiritual evolution) and global socio Special issue of New Political Science (2009) on
cultural change.[5]
The Changing Face of Political Ideologies in the
Global Age (co-edited with Manfred B. Steger).
Gidley was lead researcher/author of the winning essay
in the IAU/Palgrave International Essay Competition in
Special issue of Futures: The Journal of Policy,
Higher Education Policy Research.[6] The winning entry
Planning and Futures Studies (1998, Vol. 30, No. 7)
was entitled From Access to Success: An Integrated Apon The University Alternative Futures (co-edited
proach to Quality Higher Education informed by Social
with Sohail Inayatullah).
Inclusion Theory and Practice and was published in the
rst 2010 issue of the IAU/Palgrave Journal. She also
serves on the editorial boards of several peer-reviewed
42.1.3 Selected academic journal articles
academic journals.
An
Other
View
of
Integral
Futures:
De/reconstructing the IF Brand Futures: The
journal of policy, planning and futures studies,
2010, Volume 42, Issue 4: 125133.
42.1 Work
Gidley is a research fellow in the Global Cities Research
Institute, RMIT University[7] Melbourne, Australia.
42.1.1
Books and monographs
Futures in Education: Principles, Practices and Potential, (Monograph No 5, The Strategic Foresight
Monograph Series, 2004) (with Debra Bateman,
Deakin University and Caroline Smith, ACU)
La Universidad en Transformacin: Perspectivas Globales sobre los Futuros de la Universidad.
Comp. de S. (Barcelona, Espaa: Pomares, 2003)
(Spanish Translation) (with Sohail Inayatullah)
Youth Futures: Comparative Research and Transformative Visions, (Praeger, Westport, Connecticut,
2002) (with Sohail Inayatullah)
The University in Transformation: Global Perspectives on the Futures of the University, (Bergin
&Garvey, Westport, Connecticut, 2000) (with
Sohail Inayatullah)
155
From Access to Success: An Integrated Approach

to Quality Higher Education informed by Social Inclusion Theory and Practice Higher Education Policy, 2010, 23: 123147.(co-authored with Gary
P. Hampson, Leone Wheeler & Elleni BerededSamuel)
Participatory futures methods: towards adaptability and resilience in climate-vulnerable communities
Environmental Policy and Governance, Vol. 19, Issue 6, pp. 427440. (co-authored with John Fien,
Jodi-Anne Smith, Dana C. Thomsen and Timothy
F. Smith
A transversal dialogue on integral education and
planetary consciousness: Markus Molz speaks with
Jennifer Gidley, Integral Review: A Transdisciplinary and Transcultural Journal for New Thought,
Research and Praxis, 2008, Issue 6, pp. 4770.
(with Markus Molz)
The Evolution of Consciousness as a Planetary Imperative: An Integration of Integral Views, Inte-
156
CHAPTER 42. JENNIFER GIDLEY

gral Review: A Transdisciplinary and Transcultural Journal for New Thought, Research and Praxis,
2007, Issue 5, p. 4-226.
Educational Imperatives of the Evolution of Consciousness: The Integral Visions of Rudolf Steiner
and Ken Wilber, The International Journal of Childrens Spirituality, 2007, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 170
135.
The Evolution of Futures in School Education Futures, 2005, Vol. 37, pp. 255271.(co-authored
with Gary Hampson)
Giving Hope back to our Young People, Journal of
Futures Studies, 2005 (Vol 9, No 3, Feb.), pp. 17
29.
Globalization and its Impact on Youth, Journal of
Futures Studies, 2001 (Vol 6, No 1, August), pp. 89
106.
An Intervention Targeting Hopelessness in Adolescents by Promoting Positive Future Images Australian Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 2001
(Vol 11, No 1, November), 5164.
Trends Transforming the University: Virtualize,
Disappear or Transform On the Horizon, 2000, Vol.
8, No. 2. pp. 16.(co-authored with Sohail Inayatullah)
42.2 References
[1] The Evolution of Consciousness as a Planetary Imperative
[2] WFSF
[3] The University in Transformation: Global Perspectives on
the Futures of the University (Westport, Ct., Bergin and
Garvey, 2000) (with Sohail Inayatullah)
[4] Youth Futures: Empirical Research and Transformative
Visions (Westport, Ct. Praeger, 2002) (with Sohail Inayatullah)
[5] The Evolution of Consciousness as a Planetary Imperative: An Integration of Integral Views, Integral Review:
A Transdisciplinary and Transcultural Journal for New
Thought, Research and Praxis, 2007, Issue 5, p. 4-226
[6] IAU Website
[7] RMIT University Stapages
42.3 External links

Academia.edu
Chapter 43
George Gilder
George F. Gilder (born November 29, 1939) is an
American investor, writer, economist, techno-utopian advocate, Republican Party activist, and co-founder of the
Discovery Institute. His 1981 international bestseller
Wealth and Poverty advanced a practical and moral case
for supply-side economics and capitalism during the early
months of the Reagan Administration and made him
President Reagans most quoted living author.[1] In 2013
he published Knowledge and Power: The Information
Theory of Capitalism and How It is Revolutionizing Our
World, which reformulated economics in terms of the
information theory of Alan Turing and Claude Shannon.
Married to Nini Gilder, he has four children.
43.1.2 United States Marine Corps

Gilder served in the United States Marine Corps.[3]
43.2 Career
43.2.1 Speechwriting
In the 1960s Gilder served as a speechwriter for several prominent ocials and candidates, including Nelson
Rockefeller, George Romney, and Richard Nixon. He
worked as a spokesman for the liberal Republican Senator Charles Mathias as anti-war protesters surrounded the
capital, some eventually scaring Gilder out of his apartment. Gilder moved to Harvard Square the following year
and became a writer, modeling himself after Joan Didion.
In the 1970s Gilder established himself as a critic of

feminism and government welfare policies, arguing that
they eroded the sexual constitution that civilized and
socialized men in the roles of fathers and providers. In the
1990s he became an enthusiastic evangelist of technology
and the Internet through several books and his newslet- With his college roommate Bruce Chapman, he wrote an
ter the Gilder Technology Report. Hes also known as the attack on the anti-intellectual policies of the 1964 Republican presidential candidate Barry Goldwater titled The
chairman of George Gilder Fund Management, LLC.
Party That Lost Its Head (1966). He later recanted this
attack, noting: The far Right the same men I dismissed
as extremists in my youth turned out to know far more
than I did. At least the 'right-wing extremists,' as I con43.1 Early years
dently called them, were right on almost every major
policy issue from welfare to Vietnam to Keynesian ecoGilder was born in New York City and raised in New nomics and defense while I, in my Neo-Conservative
York and Massachusetts. His father Richard Gilder was sophistication, was nearly always wrong.[4]
killed ying in the Army Air Force in World War II when
Gilder was three. He spent most of his childhood with his
mother and his stepfather Gilder Palmer on a dairy farm 43.2.2 Supply-side economics
in Tyringham, Massachusetts. David Rockefeller, a college roommate of his father, was deeply involved with his Supply-side economics was formulated in the mid-1970s
upbringing.[1]
by Jude Wanniski and Robert L. Bartley at the Wall Street
Journal as a counterweight to the reigning demand-side
Keynesian economics. At the center of the concept was
Laer Curve, the idea that high tax rates reduce govthe
43.1.1 Education
ernment revenue. The opponents of supply-side ecoGilder attended Hamilton School in New York City, nomics often refer to it as "trickle-down economics.
Phillips Exeter Academy, and Harvard University, graduating in 1962.[2] He later returned to Harvard as a fellow
at the Kennedy Institute of Politics, and edited the Ripon
Forum, the newspaper of a liberal Republican Ripon Society.
Inspired by Wanniski and by the works of free-market

economists like Milton Friedman and F.A. Hayek and
novelist Ayn Rand,[5] Gilder wrote a book extending the
ideas of his Visible Man (1978) into the realm of economics, to balance his theory of poverty with a theory of
157
158
CHAPTER 43. GEORGE GILDER
wealth.[6] The book, published as the best-selling Wealth

and Poverty in 1981, communicated the ideas of supplyside economics to a wide audience in the United States
and the world.[7]
Gilder also contributed to the development of supply-side
economics when he served as Chairman of the Lehrman
Institutes Economic Roundtable, as Program Director
for the Manhattan Institute, and as a frequent contributor to Arthur Laer's economic reports and the editorial
page of The Wall Street Journal.[8]
43.2.3
Technology
The rst mention of the word "Digerati" on USENET

occurred in 1992, and referred to an article by George
Gilder in Upside magazine. His other books include
Life After Television, a 1990 book that predicted microchip telecomputers connected by beroptic cable
would make broadcast-model television obsolete. The
book was also notable for being published by the Federal
Express company and featuring full-page advertisements
for that company on every fth page.[9]
Gilder wrote the books Microcosm, about Carver Mead
and the CMOS microchip revolution; Telecosm, about the
promise of ber optics; and his latest, The Silicon Eye,
about the Foveon X3 sensor, a digital camera imager chip.
The book cover of the Silicon Eye reads, How a Silicon
Valley Company Aims to Make All Current Computers,
Cameras, and Cell Phones Obsolete - The Foveon sensor
has not achieved this goal and has not yet been used in cell
phones.
Her sexuality determines her long term

goals. As a very physiological consciousness,
she knows she can bear and nurture children.
She has a central role in the very perpetuation
of the species...The Womens Movement tragically reduces female sexuality to the terms of
male sexuality. When this happens, she reduces herself to the male level of recreational
sex. Paradoxically, when that happens the
woman loses all her power over men and the
reverence and respect toward the procreative
potential of woman is lost. And that really destroys the family. But if the power of choice
is given up, the woman actually ascends to a
higher level of sexuality and her body attains
an almost mystical power over men.[10]
In the early 1970s Gilder wrote an article in the Ripon Forum defending President Richard Nixon's veto of a daycare bill sponsored by Senator Walter Mondale (D-MN)
and Senator Jacob Javits (R-NY). He was promptly red
as editor of the Forum.[11]
Gilder enjoyed the controversy, appearing on Firing Line
to defend himself and discovered he'd found a way to
arouse the passionate interest of women ... it was clear I
had reached pay dirt. He decided to make himself into
Americas number-one antifeminist.[12]
Gilder moved to New Orleans and worked in the mornings for Ben C. Toledano, Republican candidate for the
United States Senate in 1972 and the partys nominee for
mayor of New Orleans in 1970. The rest of the time he
wrote Sexual Suicide (1973), revised and reissued as Men
and Marriage (1986). He argued that welfare and feminism broke the sexual constitution that had weaned
men o their predatory instinct for sex, war, and the
43.2.4 On women and feminism
hunt and had subordinated them to women as fathers and
Gilder states that men are superior to women in the work- providers. The book achieved a succs de scandale and
[11]
place and in creative ventures outside the home, due to Time made Gilder Male Chauvinist Pig of the Year.
inborn, biologically determined dierences between men He also stated that divorce does spread poverty, and bitand women.
terness, and feminism, and other problems.[10]
...men are inferior sexually...but they are
superior in the workplace and in the great creative ventures outside the family circle. This
has been true throughout human history and always will be true. The denial of it is perverse
and destructive because men do have an absolutely central role in society that is commensurate with, yet dierent from, the familial role
of women.[10]
43.2.5 Race and welfare

Gilder also wrote Visible Man: A True Story of Post-Racist
America (1978, reissued in 1995), which The New York
Times described in 1981 as the account of a talented
young black spoiled by the too-ready indolence of Americas welfare system.[13]
43.2.6 On corruption and suicide of

Native American and African culGilder also describes women as a very physiological consciousness, and asserts that womendue to inborn, bitures
ologically determined dierences from menmust give
up choice or else the family will be destroyed. Refer- Gilder has asserted that the culture of Native Americans
was corrupt and unsuccessful, and consequently Native
ring to women, Gilder asserted in 1994:
43.2. CAREER
American culture failed. He describes both African
and Native American cultures as destructive cultures,
tragic failures and virtual social suicide, and upholding Native American or African cultures is a terrible perversion.
Indian culture didnt fail because it was virtuous. It failed because it was a corrupt and unsuccessful culture. These tribal cultures they
[multiculturalists] are trying to import from
Africa are tragic failures, too. To uphold these
destructive cultures that have been virtual social suicide for the people who live in them is a
terrible perversion.[10]
43.2.7
On Christianity, Satanism, and secular education
159
Gilder would object to cuts in low-skilled, mostly third
world immigration to the United States as emphasized by
skeptics of recent American immigration policies such
as Pat Buchanan. Former National Review and Forbes
writer and VDARE.com founder, Peter Brimelow wrote
in 2002,
...Gilder is a nice man and in person he
was curiously undogmatic about immigration.
He just hadn't thought about it much. All he
wanted, he told an investment conference I was
moderating in mid-2000, was an assured supply of cheap computer programmers other
than that, he didn't care. And he thought all immigrants ought to be able to speak English. At
this last remark, the entire audience of fat cats,
obviously uneasy about our argument, burst
into loud applause.[15]
Gilder has stated:

Religion is primary. Unless a culture is aspiring toward the good, the true, and the beautiful, and wants the good and the true, really
worships God, it readily worships Satan. If
we turn away from God, our culture becomes
dominated by Real Crime Stories and rap
music and other spew... When the culture becomes corrupt, then the businesses that serve
the culture also become corrupt... Secular culture is in general corrupt, and degraded, and
depraved. Because I dont believe in secular
culture, I think parochial schools are the only
real schools.[10]
43.2.8
Immigration
Gilder has praised mass immigration as an economic

boom for America and Israel. Although Gilders support
for mass immigration is admittedly framed by high tech
hubs such as Silicon Valley's need for computer programmers, he sees recent American immigration policy as being vital to American prosperity overall going so far as to
write in the Wall Street Journal that,
Without immigration over the last 50 years,
I would estimate that U.S. real living standards
would be at least 40% lower.[14]
Steve Sailer, a fan of Gilders books on feminism and
race, in an 2002 column wrote that this guess about
the net aggregate benets of immigration to native-born
Americans was not only oered without any support
evidence whatever, but it actually contradicts a signicant economic literature that nds the benets to be nugatory. Despite Gilders defense of mass immigration
in the Wall Street Journal, it is unclear whether or not
43.2.9 The American Spectator

Gilder bought the conservative political monthly magazine The American Spectator from its founder, R. Emmett
Tyrrell, Jr., in the summer of 2000, switching the magazines focus from politics to technology.[16]
Experiencing his own nancial problems in 2002,[17]
Gilder sold the Spectator back to Tyrrell.[18]
43.2.10 Regular contributor

He makes regular contributions to Forbes as a contributing editor. He also contributes to The Wall Street Journal,
Wired and National Review.
43.2.11 Speaking engagements

For nearly thirty years, George Gilder has lectured internationally on economics, technology, education, and
social theory. He has addressed audiences from Washington DC to the Vatican, and has appeared at numerous conferences, public policy events, and media outlets.
Demonstrating his interest in the future of innovationdriven education models, in 2009 Gilder delivered the
opening keynote address at the annual EduComm Conference, a nationwide gathering of higher education leaders pursuing breakthrough technologies with the potential
to transform the college experience. His annual Telecosm
Conference, which he hosts with Steve Forbes, draws
technology leaders, entrepreneurs, investors, engineers,
and inventors from across the globe. Today his lectures
often concern his 2009 book The Israel Test, which deals
with the relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation, and geo-political stability.
160
43.3 Wealth and poverty
43.4 The Israel Test
Gilders 2009 book The Israel Test is partly described as

After completing Visible Man in the late 1970s Gilder be- follows:
gan writing The Pursuit of Poverty. In early 1981 Basic
Books published the result as Wealth and Poverty. It was
an analysis of the roots of economic growth. Reviewing it
Gilder reveals Israel as a leader of huwithin a month of the inauguration of the Reagan Adminman civilization, technological progress, and
istration the New York Times reviewer called it A Guide
scientic advance. Tiny Israel stands behind
to Capitalism. It oered, he wrote, a creed for capionly the United States in its contributions to
talism worthy of intelligent people.[19] The book was a
the hi-tech economy. Israel has become the
New York Times bestseller[20] and eventually sold over a
worlds paramount example of the blessings of
million copies.[21]
freedom.Amazon book description.
In Wealth and Poverty Gilder extended the sociological
and anthropological analysis of his early books in which
he had advocated for the socialization of men into service Founder of neoconservatism Irving Kristol says about the
to women through work and marriage. He wove these so- book: Everyone talks about 'free enterprise' but no one
ciological themes into the economic policy prescriptions understands the entrepreneurial basis of economic growth
of supply-side economics. The breakup of the nuclear better than George Gilder. While conservative commenfamily and the policies of demand-side economics led to tator Rush Limbaugh says: My friends, it would behoove
poverty. Family and supply-side policies led to wealth.
you to study everything you can get your hands on by
[23]
In reviewing the problems of the immediate pastthe in- George Gilder, a true American genius.
ation, recession, and urban problems of the 1970sand In an interview for National Review, Gilder says the book
proposing his supply-side solutions, Gilder argued not is about the cosmic law between success and envy. He
just the practical but the moral superiority of supply-side further states Israels role as the following:
capitalism over the alternatives. Capitalism begins with
giving, he asserted, while New Deal liberalism created
moral hazard. It was work, family, and faith that created
Western civilization, in part, originated in
wealth out of poverty. It is this supply-side moral vision
Israel. Now Israel is a crucial source of inventhat underlies all the economic arguments of Wealth and
tion, military intelligence, and entrepreneurial
Poverty," he wrote.[22]
creativity that may yet save the West. I beIn 1994 Gilder asserted that America has no poverty
lieve Netanyahu is a Churchillian gure emergproblem, that the real problem is the moral decay of
ing at the perfect time to confront the Jihad.
the so-called poor, and that their real need is Christian
George Gilder, National Review interview July
teaching from the churches. He calls the poor in Amer2009: Choosing the Chosen People Antiica the so-called poor who have been ruined by the
Semitism is essentially hatred of capitalism and
overow of American prosperity, and asserts they have
excellence.[24]
more purchasing power than the middle class in Japan in
the 1990s.
43.5 Intelligent design
What the poor really need is morals...The

ocial poor in America have higher incomes
and purchasing power than the middle class in
the United States in 1955 or the middle class
in Japan today. The so-called poor are ruined by the overow of American prosperity.
What they need is Christian teaching from the
churches...The poverty line in a rich country
like the United States is a meaningless standard. We have no poverty problem strictly
speaking, we have a desperate problem of family breakdown and moral decay.[10]
He helped found the Discovery Institute with Bruce

Chapman. The organization started as a moderate group
which aimed to privatize and modernize Seattles transit systems but it later became the leading think tank
of the intelligent design movement, with Gilder writing
many articles in favor of ID and opposing the theory of
evolution.[25] He, like others at the institute, denies that
the Shannon information measure alone provides a good
measure for biological information, because that measure
ignores the actual function or meaning in the code. Gilder
contends that Shannon information theory actually shows
that evolution cannot be explained by unintelligent physical causes, because it focuses on "the medium, not the
message".[26]
43.7. NOTES
43.6 Bibliography (partial)

(with Bruce Chapman) The Party That Lost Its Head
Alfred A. Knopf; 1st edition (1966)
Sexual Suicide (1973)
161
43.7 Notes
[1] MacFarquhar, Larissa (May 29, 2000), The Gilder Eect
[2] Ibid.
Naked Nomads: Unmarried Men in America (1974)
[3] Gilder anecdotally writes about his time in the Marine

Corps in this Forbes article.
Visible Man: A True Story of Post-Racist America

(1978)
[4] Gilder, George (March 5, 1982), Why I am Not a NeoConservative, National Review 34 (4): 219220
Wealth and Poverty (1981)

Men and Marriage (1986)
Life After Television (1990)
Microcosm: The Quantum Revolution In Economics
And Technology (1989)
[5] Chait, Jonathan (September 14, 2009) Wealthcare, The

New Republic
[6] Gilder, George (1993), Wealth and Poverty, ICS Press,
pp. xi, ISBN 1-55815-240-7
[7] Gilder, ibid., p.xv
Recapturing the Spirit of Enterprise
[8] Discovery institute biography
Telecosm: The World After Bandwidth Abundance

(2000)
[9] David Foster Wallace, E Unibus Pluram: Television and

U.S. Fiction, Review of Contemporary Fiction, 185
The Meaning of the Microcosm

The Silicon Eye: How a Silicon Valley Company Aims
to Make All Current Computers, Cameras, and Cell
Phones Obsolete (2005)
The Silicon Eye: Microchip Swashbucklers and the
Future of High-Tech Innovation (2006)
The Israel Test (2009)
Foreword to The Theology of Welfare
Gilder, George F. (Summer 2009), Silicon Israel
How market capitalism saved the Jewish state, City
Journal
Gilder, George F. (July 1973), The suicide of the
sexes, Harpers
Gilder, George F. (July 1975), Erect in utopia,
Harpers
Gilder, George F. (September 1978), Prometheus
bound, Harpers
Gilder, George F. (November 1979), The makework economy, Harpers
Luttwak, Edward; Phillips, Kevin P.; Marin, Peter;
Chace, James; FitzGerald, Frances; Gilder, George
F.; Kennedy, Paul M. (April 1985), What are the
consequences of Vietnam?, Harpers
Luttwak, Edward; Reich, Robert B.; Blackwell,
Ronald; Dunlap, Albert J. (Albert John); Gilder,
George F. (May 1996), Does America still work?,
Harpers
Gilder, George (2002). Computer Industry. In
David R. Henderson (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of
Economics (1st ed.). Library of Economics and Liberty. OCLC 317650570, 50016270 and 163149563
[10] Gilder, George (MarchApril 1994), Freedom from Welfare Dependency, Religion & Liberty
[11] MacFarquhar, ibid.
[12] Faludi, Susan (1991), Backlash: The Undeclared War
Against American Women, Crown, p. 285, ISBN 0-51757698-8
[13] Roger Starr:
A Guide To Capitalism.
New York Times, February 1, 1981.
//query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=
9D03E7D8123BF932A35751C0A967948260
The
http:
[14] Gilder, George (December 18, 1995), Geniuses from

Abroad, Wall Street Journal
[15] Steve, Sailer (August 22, 2002), Technology, Immigration:
The Gilder Bubble Bursts, VDARE.com
[16] York, Byron (November 2001), The Life and Death of the
American Spectator, The Atlantic Monthly
[17] Prince, Marcello (May 8, 2006), Where Are They Now:
George Gilder, The Wall Street Journal
[18] Kurtz, Howard (June 10, 2002). The News That Didn't
Fit To Print. The Washington Post.
[19] Starr, Roger (February 1, 1981), A Guide to Capitalism,
The New York Times
[20] Adult New York Times Best Seller List for April 12, 1981
[21] Faludi, ibid., p. 289
[22] Gilder, ibid, p.xxii
[23] Amazon.com: The Israel Test.
[24] Choosing the Chosen People Anti-Semitism is essentially hatred of capitalism and excellence. National Review. July 30, 2009.
162
[25] Chris C. Mooney, Inferior Design, The American

Prospect, September 2005, excerpt from The Republican
War on Science (2005)
[26] George Gilder, Evolution and Me National Review, July
17, 2006
43.8 References
Faludi, Susan (1991), Backlash: The Undeclared
War Against American Women, Crown, pp. 283
290, ISBN 0-517-57698-8
43.9 External links

George Gilders Gilder Technology Report
Gilder Publishing, LLC
A lm clip The Open Mind A Theology for Capitalism (1981)" is available for free download at the
Internet Archive [more]
43.9.1
Interviews
Booknotes interview with Gilder on Microcosm: The

Quantum Revolution in Economics and Technology,
September 24, 1989.
Audio interview with Larry Magid at IT Conversations
Chapter 44
William Gilpin (governor)

William Gilpin (October 4, 1813 January 20, 1894)
was a 19th-century US explorer, politician, land speculator, and futurist writer about the American West. He
served as military ocer in the United States Army during several wars, accompanied John C. Frmont on his
second expedition through the West, and was instrumental in the formation of the government of the Oregon Territory. As a politician and writer, he was an inveterate
believer in Manifest Destiny and was a visionary booster
of new settlement to the West, helping lay the groundwork in his writings for a modern theory of the succession of civilizations. He served as the rst governor of the
Colorado Territory, where his administration was consumed largely with the defense of the new territory in the
early days of the American Civil War and was brought
down after only one year by scandalous nancial dealings.
After the demise of his political career, he made a large
fortune as a land speculator in New Mexico, although his
dealings were questionable and possibly illegal.
44.1 Early life
44.2 Pacic Northwest

In 1843 he encountered John C. Frmont along the Santa
Fe Trail and embarked westward with Frmont on his expedition to nd a route over the continental divide. While
passing through the region of present-day Colorado, he
encountered evidence of placer gold in the region, but the
information would go unused for at least another decade.
When the party reached Walla Walla in the Oregon Country, Gilpin continued westward on his own while Frmont continued on to California. At the time, the Oregon Country was under joint administration by the United
States and the United Kingdom, but in practical terms
it was controlled by the Hudsons Bay Company at Fort
Vancouver. Gilpin settled among the growing community
of U.S. settlers in the Willamette Valley and became active in the organization of a provisional government. At
the landmark convention at Champoeg, he helped draft
a petition requesting support for the provisional government from the United States Congress Gilpin himself was
charged with carrying the Willamette petition back east.
On his way back through Missouri, he helped publicize
the Pacic Northwest and stir up Oregon fever. He delivered the petition to Congress in 1845, then wrote memoirs of his travels in the Pacic Northwest to emphasize
its potential for trade and settlement.
Gilpin was born near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania[1] to a

wealthy family of Quakers. He was educated by private 44.3 The Central Gold Region
tutors and studied abroad in England for two years before attending the University of Pennsylvania, from which In 1846, during the Mexican-American War, he was
he graduated in 1833. He attended the West Point from commissioned as Major of the 1st Missouri Mounted In1834 to 1835, but did not graduate.
fantry Regiment and marched to Chihuahua City in the
successful
bloodless campaign to capture New Mexico.
He received a commission as second lieutenant with the
He
was
considered
to have served with distinction in the
2nd Dragoon Regiment in June 1836 and served in the
campaign
and
was
later
given command of a mounted inSeminole Wars. He also served as a recruiter in Missouri.
fantry
battalion
to
protect
the Santa Fe Trail against atWhile in Missouri, he became attracted to opportunities
tacks
by
Native
Americans.
on the frontier and to the idea of westward expansion
of the nation. After resigning in April 1838, he moved
to St. Louis where he became a newspaper editor and
opened a law practice. After three years in St. Louis,
he moved across the state to Independence, where he interacted with emigrants about to embark on the Oregon
Trail.
After the end of the war in 1848, he returned to Missouri

and resumed his law practice. He made an unsuccessful attempt at a political career while in Missouri as well.
In 1859, Gilpins early intuition about gold in Colorado
proved correct, and the region suddenly became the target
for thousands of eager and hopeful prospectors in the en-
163
164
suing Colorado Gold Rush. That year, Gilpin published
a futurist history of the region, called The Central Gold
Region, in which he wrote, the destiny of the American
people is to subdue the continent. In the book he predicted that the Mississippi River valley would become the
center of western civilization with the new settlement of
Denver as its capital, based partly on its location near the
40th parallel north. In the book, Gilpin envisioned that
all the great cities of the world along that latitude would
eventually be linked by railroad lines, and proposed a rail
line over the Bering Strait connecting North America and
Asia. Throughout his career in politics, Gilpin was a
strong believer that the American West would not only
be settled, but that it would eventually hold an enormous
population. He was a particularly strong advocate of the
now-debunked climatological theory of "Rain follows the
plow", which held that settlement in the arid lands of the
West would actually increase rainfall in the region, making it as fertile and green as the Eastern United States.
44.4 Governor of Colorado

In the early 1860s the crisis in Kansas prompted Gilpin to
join the Republican Party, putting him at odds with many
citizens of Missouri. His political alignment with the new
administration of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln was
rewarded in 1861 when Lincoln appointed him governor
of the newly formed Territory of Colorado. His selection
over the local favorite William Larimer came as a surprise
to many, and was motivated in part by the fact that Gilpin
was backed by the Governor of Missouri, a slave state that
Lincoln was eager to keep in the Union.
CHAPTER 44. WILLIAM GILPIN (GOVERNOR)

purposes, he began to solicit volunteers for a military
regiment. Without funds, he took the daring step of issuing $375,000 in drafts on the federal treasury, with the expectation that the federal government would honor them
later. He later claimed that he had received verbal authorization from Lincoln before leaving for Colorado.
At rst, most of the merchants and citizens of the territory were willing to follow Gilpins campaign, but doubt
began to spread through the territory after rumors from
Washington, DC conrmed that the federal government
did not intend to validate the drafts. By the summer of
1861, many of the citizens of the territory were in uproar,
a petitions were circulated calling for Gilpins removal
from oce. The campaign against him was fostered by
the anger of William N. Byers, the powerful editor of the
Rocky Mountain News, whose newspaper had been bypassed in favor of rival in the awarding of the territorial
printing contract. Under attack in his own state, Gilpin
went to Washington to plead his case for the validation
of the drafts. Despite the controversial, the funds already
raised from the drafts allowed the creation of the 1st Colorado Volunteers, which were widely derided as Gilpins
Pet Lambs. The regiment trained in the summer and fall
of 1861 at Camp Weld near Denver.
The mustering and training of the regiment proved to

be highly useful when the Confederates launched an invasion northward through the New Mexico Territory in
the spring of 1862. The invasion (now called the New
Mexico Campaign to reect its abortive nature) had as
its aim the seizure of the mineral-rich Colorado Territory
and eventually California. The volunteer regiment raised
by Gilpins eorts played a critical role in the campaign,
routing the Texans at the Battle of Glorieta Pass, which
The US Governments Ocial Register for 1861 lists became known as the "Gettysburg of the West.
Gilpin as both Governor of Colorado (at a salary of Despite the enormous success of the regiment, the terri$1,500 a year) and as governor and ex ocio superin- tory was mired in nancial problems caused by the fact
tendent of the Indian Oces Colorado Superintendency that Gilpins drafts had tied up most of the circulating
($2,500 a year).[2]
currency without any resolution regarding their validation. Eventually the federal treasury settled the drafts after being presented with itemized statements by the hold44.4.1 American Civil War
ers of the drafts. The resolution came too late for Gilpin,
however, who was removed from the governorship of the
Governor Gilpin left Missouri and arrived in Denver City territory by Lincoln in April 1862 and replaced by John
on May 29, 1861, to cheering crowds.[3] Despite his warm Evans.
reception, his administration and governor was plagued
with diculties from the outset. The territory had been
organized at the start of the Civil War and faced a complex set of possible threats, including Confederate sym- 44.5 The Sangre de Cristo Land
pathizers within the territory, the possibility of a ConfedGrant
erate invasion from outside the territory, and the looming tensions with Native Americans (in particular the In 1863, Gilpin and a syndicate of foreign investors
Arapaho and Cheyenne) in the wake of the withdraw of bought the 1,038,196-acre (4,201.43 km2 ) Charles H.
U.S. Army troops in the region for other duties.
Beaubien land grant (often referred to as the Sangre de
The imminent threats facing the territory prompted
Gilpin to act quickly without receiving authorization from
the federal government. He appointed a territorial military sta and, despite having no funds for military
Cristo Land Grant on the east slopes of the mountains) in

southeast Colorado for about 4 cents an acre ($41,000).
Gilpin and his investors then tried to evict residents on
the property. Litigation over the property continues to
165
this day. He was also one of the early owners of the Luis
Maria Baca Grant No. 4.[4]
University of Virginia:
William Gilpin
He died in 1894 in Denver, Colorado following being run

over by a horse and buggy and was buried in Mount Olivet
Cemetery (Wheat Ridge) in Jeerson County, Colorado.
William Gilpin at Find a Grave
44.6 Legacy
Gilpin County, Colorado is named for him.[5] Gilpin Peak
is also named for the governor.[6]
44.7 See also

History of Colorado
Law and Government of Colorado
List of Governors of Colorado
Territory of Colorado
44.8 References
[1] William Gilpin. Colorado State Archives. Retrieved
2012-12-07.
[2] Register of Ocers and Agents, Civil, Military, and
Naval, in the Service of the United States on the Thirtieth
September, 1861 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Oce, 1862), pp. 14, 87.
[3] J.E. Wharton and D.O. Wilhelm (1866). History of Denver with a Full and Complete Business Directory. Leona
L. Gustafson. Retrieved 2009-08-27.
[4] Spanish Mexican Land Grants: A Brief Introduction
colorado.gov Retrieved March 6, 2008
[5] William Gilpin Colorados peculiar rst governor.
Broomeld Enterprise. Retrieved 2012-12-07.
[6] Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place
Names in the United States. Govt. Print. O. p. 138.

A Colorado History, 8th edition.

The Governors of Colorado @ Colorado.gov
Biography of William Gilpin @ Colorado.gov
William Gilpin @ PBS.org
Untrasacted Density:
Chapter 45
Darla Jane Gilroy

Darla Jane Gilroy was one of the four "Blitz kids" featured in David Mallet's legendary music video for David
Bowie's 1980 number 1 hit Ashes to Ashes.
Darla is currently a tutor in accessories in the School of
Fashion and Textiles, and has her own practice as a consultant designer and trend predictor.
On graduating from Saint Martins School of Art, she set
up her own design label and travelled extensively, manufacturing under license in Hong Kong and living in the
Far East for four years. After returning to the UK, she became Design Director of several companies with overall
responsibility for creative development.
She has had a long involvement with design education,
both undergraduate and post graduate, as a visiting lecturer, external examiner and course advisor, teaching
at Ravensbourne, Central Saint Martins College of Art
and Design, the University of Westminster, Southampton
University, University of East London, and the University
of the Arts.
In 1995 she became the Course Leader of the BA Hons
in Footwear and Accessories Design and Product Development at Cordwainers College and in 1999 she became
Head of Department and Subject Leader in Fashion at
Winchester School of Art. Currently she is external examiner to the footwear design course at DeMontfort University.
She has maintained her professional practice through her
design and trends consultancy, The Future Perfect, working with clients such as McCann Erickson advertising
agency, predominantly on the Unilever accounts.
45.1 External links

Darla Jane Gilroys ocial Linkedin.com prole
Ocial trendspotting, futurist website of Darla Jane
Gilroy
166
Chapter 46
Ben Goertzel
Ben Goertzel (born December 8, 1966, in Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil) is Chief Scientist of nancial prediction
rm Aidyia Holdings; Chairman of AI software company Novamente LLC, which is a privately held software
company, and bioinformatics company Biomind LLC,
which is a company that provides advanced AI for bioinformatic data analysis (especially microarray and SNP
data); Chairman of the Articial General Intelligence Society and the OpenCog Foundation; Vice Chairman of
futurist nonprot Humanity+; Scientic Advisor of biopharma rm Genescient Corp.; Advisor to the Singularity University; Research Professor in the Fujian Key Lab
for Brain-Like Intelligent Systems at Xiamen University,
China; and general Chair of the Articial General Intelligence conference series, an American author and researcher in the eld of articial intelligence. He is an advisor to the Machine Intelligence Research Institute (formerly the Singularity Institute) and formerly its Director
of Research.[1]
Goertzel is the son of Ted Goertzel, a professor of sociology at Rutgers University.[2] He left high school after
the tenth grade to attend Bard College at Simons Rock,
where he graduated with a bachelors degree in Quantitative Studies.[3] Goertzel went on to obtain a Ph.D. in
mathematics from Temple University in 1989. Before
entering the software industry, he served as a university
faculty in several departments of mathematics, computer
science and cognitive science, including the University
of Nevada, City University of New York, the University
of Waikato, and the University of Western Australia.
Presently, he spends most of his time at a residence in
the New Territories of Hong Kong.
His research work encompasses articial general intelligence, natural language processing, cognitive science,
data mining, machine learning, computational nance,
bioinformatics, virtual worlds and gaming and other areas. He has published a dozen scientic books, 100+
technical papers, and numerous journalistic articles.
He actively promotes the OpenCog project that he cofounded, which aims to build an open source articial
general intelligence engine. He is focused on creating benevolent superhuman articial general intelligence;
and applying AI to areas like nancial prediction, bioinformatics, robotics and gaming.
46.1 Life and career

Ben Goertzel has three children, many pets, and in his
spare time enjoys avant-garde ction, music, philosophy,
mathematics, exploring the outdoors, and lots of other
stu. He is panpsychist and agnostic.
In 1966, he was born to Carol and Ted Goertzel, in Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil. His parents are both American, and his
heritage is mainly Eastern European Jew, but due to being
born in Brazil, Goertzel has a dual (US/Brazilian) citizenship. In 1968, he moved to Eugene, Oregon and considered it to be an excellent, hippy-ful place, at that time.
In 1973, he moved to suburban South Jersey. In 1982,
he left high-school after the 10th grade to start university
at age 15 at Simons Rock College, which he considered
an outstanding institution that I highly recommend to all
bright high-school age people. In 1984, at Simons Rock
College, he met his future wife Gwen Yorgey (later Gwen
Goertzel, now Gwendalin Qi Aranya).
In 1985, he graduated from Simons Rock College with a
degree in Quantitative Studies.[3] He then moved to New
York City and attended graduate school in applied mathematics at NYUs Courant Institute. During his spare time,
he began to do serious research in cognitive science and
AI. In 1987, he moved to Philadelphia, attended graduate
school in mathematics at Temple University, and got married. In 1989, he received his PhD in math from Temple
University, moved to Las Vegas to take his rst real job,
as a math professor at UNLV.
Late in 1989, Gwens and his rst son, Zarathustra
Amadeus, was born. In 1993, his second son, Zebulon Ulysses, was born, he toured around extensively,
and moved to New Zealand, where he lectured in the
Computer Science department at Waikato University. In
1995, he moved to Perth, Western Australia, where he
had a research fellowship in Cognitive Science at the University of Western Australia. He stated that Perth was a
Wonderful place! Of all the places Ive lived, Id rate
Perth by far the best. Would be great to move back
there one day. In 1996 Goertzel together with Francis
Heylighen founded the Global Brain Group to study the
global brain emerging from an increasingly intelligent Internet, and in 2011 he joined the scientic board of the
newly founded Global Brain Institute at the Vrije Uni-
167
168
CHAPTER 46. BEN GOERTZEL
versiteit Brussel. In 1997, he left academia, which he

said made his life much more interesting, but a lot more
stressful. In 1997, he started a software company, and relocated to New York City to launch Intelligenesis Corp.
(later known as Webmind Inc.), a company with the mission of creating a truly intelligent AI system and making money along the way by productizing its components.
In early 1997, Gwen and Goertzel had their rst girl,
Scheherazade Okilani Nastasya. He taught at the College
of Staten Island, part of the CUNY system, during 1997
98, while Intelligenesis was getting o the ground. From
1997 until 2001 he headed Webmind Inc. (also known as
Intelligenesis Corp.). This work was reviewed by the Wall
Street Journal[4] and The New York Times,[5] explaining
the approach as machine learning combined with natural
language processing applied to textual information gathered from the internet, in order to predict business risk or
to aid in making buying decisions.
signed up with Alcor to have his body frozen after his

death, and that he expects to live essentially indenitely
barring some catastrophic accident.
In 2001, he moved to New Mexico where he had a research professorship in the Computer Science department of UNM. During this time, he lived in Zuzax, in
the mountains east of Albuquerque, which he considered
to be the second best place he ever lived, after Perth. In
2001, he also founded Novamente LLC, Webminds successor; and also Biomind LLC, a company specically intended to apply Novamente technology to bioinformatics.
In 2002, he relocated to the Washington DC metro area
because he found a small amount of funding for Biomind
from an investor near there, and he wanted the company
based near him. Shortly after moving to the DC area,
Gwen and Goertzel split up.
He also worked for Genescient, a company that applied

bioinformatics and other tools to exploit the genomes
of long-lived ies to create therapeutics to combat ageassociated disease. He also worked for Igenesis, a consulting/R&D rm based in Belo Horizonte, Brazil that is
involved in AI and other advanced software development.
In 2004, Goertzel married Izabela Lyon Freire. In

20052007, while operating Novamente and Biomind as
companies and developing his AI (and other) research
projects, he started putting time into developing AGI as a
research community: organizing the AGI conference series, a few edited volumes, etc. In May 2007, he spoke at
a Google Tech talk about his approach to creating Articial General Intelligence.[6] He denes intelligence as the
ability to detect patterns in the world and in the agent itself. He tries to create a baby-like articial intelligence
rst, and then raise and train this agent in a simulated or
virtual world such as Second Life[7] to produce a more
powerful intelligence.[8] Knowledge is represented in a
network whose nodes and links carry probabilistic truth
values as well as attention values, with the attention
values resembling the weights in a neural network. Several algorithms operate on this network, the central one
being a combination of a probabilistic inference engine
and a custom version of evolutionary programming.[9]
He claimed that this combination is able to avoid the
combinatorial explosions that both these algorithms suffer from when exposed to large problems. In 2008, he
founded OpenCog, which was an open-source AGI software project. In an August 2008 audio interview,[10]
Goertzel stated that he is a founding member of the
transhumanist Order of Cosmic Engineers and that he has
In 2009, he became a Visiting Faculty member in the Articial Brain Lab in Xiamen University in China, and began a project there using OpenCog to control a humanoid
robot. In 2009, Izabela and Goertzel (amicably) split up.
In 2010, he began a collaborative project with Hong Kong
Poly University aimed at applying OpenCog to control intelligent game characters. In 2011, he got an apartment
in Hong Kong, together with Ruiting Lian, and started
spending a lot of time in HK working on various AI &
AGI projects. In 2011, he also co-founded Aidyia Holdings, a startup focused on HK stock prediction. In 2012,
he got married to Ruiting Lian, and split his time between
Hong Kong and Maryland. As of 2013, he is living fulltime in Hong Kong, in a charming little village north of
Tai Po in the New Territories.[11]
In 2009, Ben Goertzel and Hugo DeGaris starred in a 45minute documentary called 'Singularity or Bust'. In 2014,
Goertzel appeared on the American science documentary
television series, Through the Wormhole, in episode 1 of
season 5.
The feature-length documentary lm The Singularity
(lm) by independent lmmaker Doug Wolens (released
at the end of 2012), showcasing Goertzels deep vision
and understanding of making general AI general thinking, has been acclaimed as a large-scale achievement in
its documentation of futurist and counter-futurist ideas
and the best documentary on the Singularity to date.[12]
[13]
46.2 Publications
46.2.1 Books
The Structure of Intelligence: A New Mathematical
Model of Mind (Springer, 1993)
The Evolving Mind (Gordon and Breach, 1993)
Chaotic Logic: Language, Thought and Reality From
the Perspective of Complex Systems Science (Plenum
Press, 1994)
Linus Pauling: A Life in Science and Politics (Basic
Books, 1995). Written with his father Ted Goertzel.
Ted in turn is son of Victor and Mildred Goertzel
and Ted credits his parents also as co-authors of the
Pauling biography.[14]
46.2. PUBLICATIONS
From Complexity to Creativity (Plenum Press, 1997)
Creating Internet Intelligence (Plenum Press, 2001).
Mind in Time (Hampden Press, 2003) co-edited by
Allan Combs and Mark Germine.
Articial General Intelligence: Cognitive Technologies (Springer, 2005), co-edited with Cassio Pennachin, describes the mathematics underpinning the
Novamente AI Engine.
The Hidden Pattern: A Patternist Philosophy of Mind
(Brown Walker Press, 2006)
The Path to Posthumanity (Academica, 2006) coauthored with Stephan Vladimir Bugaj
Advances in Articial General Intelligence (IOS
Press, 2007) co-edited with Pei Wang
46.2.2
Papers
Goertzel, Ben (2012). When Should Two Minds Be

Considered Versions of One Another?, Journal of
Machine Consciousness, July 2012 http://goertzel.
org/Goertzel_IJMC_Special_Issue.pdf
Sam Adams, Itmar Arel, Joscha Bach, Robert
Coop, Rod Furlan, Ben Goertzel, J. Storrs Hall,
Alexei Samsonovich, Matthias Scheutz, Matthew
Schlesinger, Stuart C. Shapiro, John Sowa (2012).
Mapping the Landscape of Human-Level Articial General Intelligence. AI Magazine, Winter 2012. http://aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/
article/view/2322
Loosemore, R.P.W. & Goertzel, B. (2012c). Why
an Intelligence Explosion is Probable. To appear in: Eden, A., Moor, J., Soraker, J., &
Steinhart, E. (Eds.), The Singularity Hypothesis. Springer. http://richardloosemore.com/docs/
2012c_IntelligenceExplosion_rpwl_bg.pdf
169
Cai, Zhenhua, Ben Goertzel, Changle Zhou,
Yongfeng Zhang, Min JIan, Gino Yu (2011). Dynamics of a computational aective model inspired by Drners PSI theory. Cognitive Systems Research.
doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2011.11.
002 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/
pii/S1389041711000647
Nisansa de Silva, Nirmal Fernando, Chamilka Wijeratne, Danaja Maldeniya, Shehan Perera, Ben Goertzel. SeMap Mapping Dependency Relationships into Semantic Frame Relationships. ERU Research Symposium, University of Morutawa (Paper
online at Nisansa de Silvas academic prole)
Goertzel, Ben (2011). Integrating a Compositional
Spatiotemporal Deep Learning Network with Symbolic Representation/Reasoning within an Integrative Cognitive Architecture via an Intermediary Semantic Network. Proceedings of AAAI Symposium
on Cognitive Systems, Arlington VA
Kogut, Paul, June Gordon, David Morgenthaler,
John Hummel, Edward Monroe, Ben Goertzel,
Ethan Trewhitt and Elizabeth Whitaker (2011).
Recognizing Geospatial Patterns with BiologicallyInspired Relational Reasoning. Proceedings of
BICA 2011, Arlington VA
Goertzel, Ben, Joel Pitt, Jared Wigmore, Nil
Geisweiller, Zhenhua Cai, Ruiting Lian, Deheng
Huang, Gino Yu (2011). Cognitive Synergy between Procedural and Declarative Learning in the
Control of Animated and Robotic Agents Using the
OpenCogPrime AGI Architecture. Proceedings of
AAAI-11
Goertzel, Ben (2011). Lifelong Forgetting: A Critical Ingredient of Lifelong Learning, and its Implementation in the OpenCog Integrative AI Framework. Proceedings of AAAI-11 Workshop on Lifelong Learning
Goertzel, Ben (2012). Should Humanity Build a

Global AI Nanny to Delay the Singularity Until
Its Better Understood?, Journal of Consciousness
Goertzel, Ben (2011). Imprecise Probability as a
Studies, 19(12) http://commonsenseatheism.
Linking Mechanism Between Deep Learning, Symcom/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/
bolic Cognition and Local Feature Detection in ViGoertzel-Should-Humanity-Build-a-Global-AI-Nanny-to-Delay-the-Singularity-Until-its-Better-Understood.
sion Processing. Proceedings of AGI-11, Lecture
pdf
Notes in AI, Springer Verlag
Goertzel, Ben and Joel Pitt (2012). Nine Ways
to Bias Open-Source AGI Toward Friendliness.
Journal of Evolution and Technology 221 http://
jetpress.org/v22/goertzel-pitt.htm
Goertzel, Ben, Matt Ikle and Jared Wigmore (2012).
The Architecture of Human-Like General Intelligence. In Theoretical Foundations of Articial
General Intelligence, Ed. Pei Wang & B. Goertzel, Atlantis Press http://goertzel.org/Goertzel_
Foundations_AGI.pdf
Ikle, Matthew and Ben Goertzel (2011). NonlinearDynamical Attention Allocation via Information
Geometry, Proceedings of AGI-11, Lecture Notes
in AI, Springer Verlag
Cai, Zhenhua, Ben Goertzel and Nil Geisweiller
(2011). OpenPsi: Realizing Dorners Psi Cognitive Model in the OpenCog Integrative AGI Architecture, Proceedings of AGI-11, Lecture Notes in
AI, Springer Verlag
170
Goertzel, Ben and Matthew Ikle (2011). Three Hypotheses About the Geometry of Mind, Proceedings
of AGI-11, Lecture Notes in AI, Springer Verlag
Goertzel, Ben (2011). Self-Programming = Learning about Intelligence-Critical System Features,
Proceedings of Self-Programming Workshop at
AGI-11, Mountain View CA
Goertzel, Ben, Joel Pitt, Zhenhua Cai, Jared Wigmore, Deheng Huang, Nil Geisweiller, Ruiting Lian,
Gino Yu (2011). Integrative General Intelligence
in a Minecraft-Type Environment. Proceedings of
BICA-2011, Arlington VA
Goertzel, Ben and Jared Wigmore (2011). Cognitive Synergy Is Tricky. Chinese Journal of Mind and
Computation
Goertzel, Ben (2011). Should Humanity Build a
Global AI Nanny to Delay the Singularity Until Its
Better Understood?, Journal of Consciousness Studies
Ruiting Lian, Ben Goertzel, Rui Liu, Michael Ross,
Murilo Queiroz, and Linas Vepstas. Sentence generation for articial brains: a glocal similarity matching approach. Neurocomputing, Dec 2010
Goertzel, Ben and Allan Combs. Water Worlds,
Naive Physics, Intelligent Life, and Alien Minds.
Journal of Cosmology 5, 897904.
Goertzel, Ben, Lucio Coelho, Mauricio Mudado and
Cassio Pennachin. Classier Ensemble Based Analysis of a Genome-Wide SNP Dataset Concerning
Late-Onset Alzheimer Disease. Journal of Cognitive Informatics, to appear
Ikle, Matthew and Ben Goertzel. Grounding Possible Worlds Semantics in Experiential Semantics.
Proceedings of the Third Conference on Articial
General Intelligence, Atlantis Press
Goertzel, Ben, Cassio Pennachin, Samir Araujo,
Ruiting Lian, Fabricio Silva, Murilo Queiroz, Welter Silva, Mike Ross, Linas Vepstas, Andre Senna.
A General Intelligence Oriented Architecture for
Embodied Natural Language Processing. Proceedings of the Third Conference on Articial General
Intelligence, Atlantis Press
Goertzel, Ben. Toward a Formal Characterization
of Real-World General Intelligence. Proceedings of
the Third Conference on Articial General Intelligence, Atlantis Press
Geisweiller, Nil and Ben Goertzel. Uncertain Spatiotemporal Logic for General Intelligence. Proceedings of the Third Conference on Articial General Intelligence, Atlantis Press

De Garis, Hugo, Xiaoxi Chen and Ben Goertzel.
The China Brain Project: An Evolutionary Engineering Approach to Building Chinas First Articial Brain Consisting of 10,000s of Evolved Neural Net, in Kansei Engineering and Soft Computing: Theory and Practice, Edited by Ying Dai, IGI
Global Press
Goertzel, Ben, Hugo de Garis, Cassio Pennachin,
Nil Geisweiller, Samir Araujo, Joel Pitt, Shuo Chen,
Ruiting Lian, Min Jiang, Ye Yang, Deheng Huang
(2010). OpenCogBot: Achieving Generally Intelligent Virtual Agent Control and Humanoid Robotics
via Cognitive Synergy. Proceeedings of ICAI 2010,
Beijing.
Goertzel, Ben, Hugo de Garis. Shuo Chen, Ruiting
Lian, Min Jiang (2010). Articial Brains: a Review
of the State of the Art and a Roadmap for Future
Development. Proceeedings of ICAI 2010, Beijing.
Goertzel, Ben, and Ruiting Lian (2010). A Probabilistic Characterization of Fuzzy Set Membership,
with Application to Mixed Fuzzy-Probabilistic Inference. Proceeedings of ICAI 2010, Beijing.
Hugo de Garis, Chen Xiaoxi, Yang Ye, Chen Shuo,
Ben Goertzel, and Ruiting Lian (2010). Object/Gesture Recognition Software in the China
Brain Project, Proceedings of ICCI 2010, Beijing
Goertzel, Ben, Ruiting Lian, Itamar Arel, Hugo de
Garis, and Chen Shuo (2010). World Survey of Articial Brains Part 2: Biologically-Inspired Cognitive Architectures. Neurocomputing, Dec 2010
De Garis, Hugo, Chen Shuo, Ben Goertzel and Ruiting Lian. (2010). World Survey of Articial Brains
Part 1: Large-Scale Brain Simulations. Neurocomputing, Dec 2010
Goertzel, Ben, Lucio Coelho, Mauricio Mudado
and Cassio Pennachin (2010). Classier Ensemble Based Analysis of a Genome-Wide SNP Dataset
Concerning Late-Onset Alzheimer Disease. International Journal of System Science and Cognitive
Informatics.
Duong, Deborah, Nicholas Stone, Ben Goertzel, and
Jim Venuto. Indra: Emergent Ontologies from
Text for Feeding Data to Simulations. Spring Simulation Interoperability Workshop, Orlando, April
1216, 2010
Baum, Seth D., Ben Goertzel, and Ted G. Goertzel. How long until human-level AI? Results from an expert assessment. Technological
Forecasting & Social Change, forthcoming, DOI
10.1016/j.techfore.2010.09.006.
46.2. PUBLICATIONS
Goertzel, Ben and Pennachin, Cassio. The Collective Pet Unconscious: Balancing Intelligence and Individuality in Populations of Learning-Enabled Virtual Pets, The Reign of Catz and Dogz Symposium,
ACM-CHI, Boston, 2009
Goertzel, Ben. OpenCogPrime: A Cognitive Synergy Based Architecture for General Intelligence.
International Conference on Cognitive Informatics,
Hong Kong, 2009
Goertzel, Ben. Cognitive Synergy: A Universal
Principle for General Intelligence?, International
Conference on Cognitive Informatics, Hong Kong,
2009
Goertzel, Ben. The Embodied Communication
Prior: A Characterization of General Intelligence in
the Context of Embodied Social Interaction. International Conference on Cognitive Informatics, Hong
Kong, 2009
Goertzel, Ben, Lucio Coelho, Mauricio Mudado and
Cassio Pennachin. Classier Ensemble Based Analysis of a Genome-wide SNP Dataset Concerning
Late-Onset Alzheimer Disease. International Conference on Cognitive Informatics, Hong Kong, 2009
Goertzel, Ben. All Things Are Conscious, But
Some Things Are More Conscious Than Others: A
Panpsychist Approach to Quantifying Intensity of
Consciousness in Natural and Engineered Systems.
Machine Consciousness Workshop, Toward a Science of Consciousness, Hong Kong, 2009
171
Goertzel, Ben, Lucio Coelho and Cassio Pennachin.
Identifying Potential Biomarkers for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome via Classication Model Ensemble
Mining. in Methods of Micorarray Data Analysis
VI, edited by McConnell, P, Lim, S., and A.J. Cuticchia. Scotts Valley, California: CreateSpace Publishing, 2009).
Goertzel, Ben. Mirror Man: a speculative case
study of the synergetic potential of data visualization and virtual worlds. In Working Through Synthetic Worlds, Ed. By Cap Smith, Kenneth Kisiel
and Jerey Morrisson, Ashgate Press
Wang, Yingxu, et al. [incl. Ben Goertzel]. Perspectives on Cognitive Informatics and Cognitive Computing. International Conference on Cognitive Informatics, Hong Kong, 2009 and Journal of Cognitive Informatics 41
Goertzel, Ben, Lucio Souza, Mauricio Mudado and
Cassio Pennachin . Identifying the Genes and Genetic Interrelationships Underlying the Impact of
Calorie Restriction on Maximum Lifespan: An Articial Intelligence Based Approach. Rejuvenation
Research
Goertzel, Ben; Aam, O.; Smith, F.T.; Palmer, K.
Mirror Neurons, Mirrorhouses, and the Algebraic
Structure of the Self. Cybernetics & Human Knowing, Volume 15, Number 1, 2008, pp. 928(20)
Goertzel, Ben and Hugo de Garis. XIA-MAN:
An Integrative, Extensible Architecture for Intelligent Humanoid Robotics. AAAI Symposium
on Biologically-Inspired Cognitive Architectures,
Washington DC, November 2008
Goertzel, Ben and Stephan Vladimir Bugaj. AGI

Preschool: A Framework for Evaluating EarlyStage Human-like AGIs. Proceedings of the Second Conference on Articial General Intelligence,
Atlantis Press.
Goertzel, Ben . A Pragmatic Path Toward Endowing Virtually-Embodied AIs with Human-Level
Linguistic Capability, Special Session on HumanLevel Intelligence, IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence (WCCI) Hong Kong, 2008
Ikle, Matthew, Joel Pitt, Ben Goertzel and George

Sellman. Economic Attention Networks: Associative Memory and Resource Allocation for General
Intelligence. Proceedings of the Second Conference
on Articial General Intelligence, Atlantis Press.
Goertzel, Ben and Pennachin, Cassio . An Inferential Dynamics Approach to Personality and Emotion Driven Behavior Determination for Virtual Animals. The Reign of Catz and Dogz Symposium, AI
and the Simulation of Behavior (AISB), Edinburgh,
2008
Looks, Moshe and Ben Goertzel. Program Representation for General Intelligence. Proceedings of
the Second Conference on Articial General Intelligence, Atlantis Press.
Goertzel, Ben. OpenCog NS: A Deeply-Connected,
Hybrid Neural-Symbolic Architecture, Proceedings
of BICA-2010, Alexandria VA
De Garis, Hugo and Ben Goertzel. The First Conference on Articial General Intelligence. AI Magazine 301, p. 121
Goertzel, Ben, Cassio Pennachin, Nil Geissweiller,

Moshe Looks, Andre Senna, Ari Heljakka, Welter
Silva, Carlos Lopes . An Integrative Methodology
for Teaching Embodied Non-Linguistic Agents, Applied to Virtual Animals in Second Life, in Proceedings of the First AGI Conference, Ed. Wang et al.,
IOS Press
Goertzel, Ben and Stephan Vladimir Bugaj. Stages
of Ethical Development in Articial General Intelligence Systems, in Proceedings of the First AGI
Conference, Ed. Wang et al., IOS Press
172
Ikle, Matthew and Ben Goertzel . Probabilistic
Quantier Logic for General Intelligence: An Indefinite Probabilities Approach, in Proceedings of the
First AGI Conference, Ed. Wang et al., IOS Press
Hart, David and Ben Goertzel. OpenCog: A Software Framework for Integrative Articial General
Intelligence, in Proceedings of the First AGI Conference, Ed. Wang et al., IOS Press
Pennachin, Cassio and Ben Goertzel. How Might
Probabilistic Reasoning Emerge from the Brain?,
in Proceedings of the First AGI Conference, Ed.
Wang et al., IOS Press
Goertzel, Ben. Human-level articial general intelligence and the possibility of a technological singularity. Articial Intelligence 17118
Goertzel, Ben, Cassio Pennachin, Lucio Coelho,
Leonardo Shikida, Murilo Queiroz. Biomind ArrayGenius and GeneGenius: Web Services Oering
Microarray and SNP Data Analysis via Novel Machine Learning Methods. In Proceedings of IAAI
2007, Vancouver CA, July 2007
Goertzel, Ted and Benjamin Goertzel, Soziologische Wirklichkeit und ihre konometrische Verzerrung Sociological Realities and Econometric Distortions. Pages 417-452 in Wolfgang Koschnick,
editor.
Focus-Jahrbuch 2007 Schwerpunkt:
Neurokonomie, Neuromarketing und Neuromarktforschung. Mit weiteren Beitrgen ber Messen
und Befragen, Treiberanalysen, konometrisches
Modeling und Verkehrsmittelwerbung. Munich,
Germany: Focus Magazin Verlag GmbH, 2007.
Looks, Moshe, Ben Goertzel, Lucio de Souza
Coelho, Mauricio Mudado, and Cassio Pennachin,
Clustering Gene Expression Data via Mining Ensembles of Classication Rules Evolved Using
MOSES, Genetic and Evolutionary Computation
COnference (GECCO), 2007.
Looks, Moshe, Ben Goertzel, Lucio de Souza
Coelho, Mauricio Mudado, and Cassio Pennachin,
Understanding Microarray Data through Applying Competent Program Evolution, Genetic and
Evolutionary Computation COnference (GECCO),
2007
Ikle, Matt and Ben Goertzel. Indenite Probabilities for General Intelligence, in Advances in Articial General Intelligence, IOS Press.
Goertzel, Ben. Virtual Easter Egg Hunting: A
Thought-Experiment in Embodied Social Learning,
Cognitive Process Integration, and the Dynamic
Emergence of the Self, in Advances in Articial
General Intelligence, IOS Press.

Heljakka, Ari, Ben Goertzel, Welter Silva, Izabela
Goertzel and Cassio Pennachin. Reinforcement
Learning of Simple Behaviors in a Simulation World
Using Probabilistic Logic, in Advances in Articial
General Intelligence, IOS Press.
Goertzel, Ben and Stephan Bugaj (2006). Stages of
Cognitive Development in Uncertain-Logic-Based
AI Systems.iin Advances in Articial General Intelligence, IOS Press.
Goertzel, Ben, Cassio Pennachin, Lucio Coelho and
Mauricio Mudado. Application of MUTIC to the
Exploration of Gene Expression Data on Prostate
Cancer. Genet. Mol. Res. 6 (4): 890900 (2007)
Goertzel, Ben, Ari Heljakka, CassProbabilistic
Logic Based Reinforcement Learning of Simple
Embodied Behaviors in a 3D Simulation World,
Welter Silva, Cassio Pennachin, Andre Senna, Izabela Goertzel, Teemu Keinonen, Matthew Ikle,
Sanjay Padmane, Proceedings of International Symposium on Intelligence Computation and Applications (ISICA) 2007
Goertzel, Ben, and Matthew Ikle. Assessing the
Weight of Evidence Implicit in an Indenite Probability. Proceedings of International Symposium on
Intelligence Computation and Applications (ISICA)
2007
Goertzel, Ben, Cassio Pennachin, Lucio Coelho,
Brian Gurbaxani, Elizabeth B. Maloney, James F.
Jones (2006). Combinations of single nucleotide
polymorphisms in neuroendocrine eector and receptor genes are predictive of chronic fatigue syndrome, Pharmacogenomics
Pennachin, Cassio, Ben Goertzel Lucio Coelho, Izabela Freire Goertzel, Murilo Queiroz, Francisco
Prosdocimi, Francisco Lobo (2006). Learning
Comprehensible Classication Rules from Gene Expression Data Using Genetic Programming and Biological Ontologies, Proceedings of CIBB 2006,
Genova, Italy
Maloney, Elizabeth M. Maloney, Brian M. Gurbaxani, James F. Jones, Lucio de Souza Coelho, Cassio
Pennachin, Benjamin N. Goertzel (2006). Chronic
Fatigue Syndrome is Associated with High Allostatic Load, Pharmacogenomics
Goertzel, Ben, Cassio Pennachin, Lucio de Souza
Coelho, Elizabeth B. Maloney, James F. Jones,
Brian Gurbaxani (2006). Allostatic Load is Associated with Symptoms in CFS Patients, Pharmacogenomics
Gurbaxani, Brian, James F. Jones, Benjamin N. Goertzel, Elizabeth M. Maloney (2006). Linear Data
Mining the Wichita Clinical Matrix Suggests Sleep
46.2. PUBLICATIONS
and Allostatic Load Involvement in Chronic Fatigue
Syndrome, Pharmacogenomics
Looks, Moshe and Ben Goertzel (2006). Mixing
Cognitive Science Concepts with Computer Science Algorithms and Data Structures: An Integrative Approach to Strong AI, AAAI Spring Symposium, Cognitive Science Principles Meet AI-Hard
Problems, San Francisco 2006
Goertzel, Ben, Moshe Looks, Ari Heljakka, and
Cassio Pennachin (2006). Toward a Pragmatic Understanding of the Cognitive Underpinnings of Symbol Grounding, in Semiotics and Intelligent Systems
Development, Edited by Ricardo Gudwin and Joo
Queiroz, Eds., 2006
Duong, Deborah, Ben Goertzel and Jim Venuto
(2006). Support Vector Machines to Weight Voters in a Voting System of Entity Extractors. Proceedings of International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, IJCNN 2006, Vancouver CA
Goertzel, Ben and Jim Venuto (2006). Accurate
SVM Text Classication for Highly Skewed Data
Using Threshold Tuning and Query-ExpansionBased Feature Selection. Proceedings of International Joint Conference on Neural Networks,
IJCNN 2006, Vancouver CA
Goertzel, Ben (2006). Patterns, Hypergraphs and
General Intelligence. Proceedings of International
Joint Conference on Neural Networks, IJCNN
2006, Vancouver CA
Goertzel, Ben, Lucio Coelho, Cassio Pennachin and
Mauricio Mudada (2006). Identifying Complex Biological Interactions based on Categorical Gene Expression Data. Proceedings of Conference on Evolutionary Computing 2006, Vancouver CA 12. Goertzel, Ben, Hugo Pinto, Ari Heljakka, Michael
Ross, Izabela Goertzel, Cassio Pennachin. Using
Dependency Parsing and Probabilistic Inference to
Extract Gene/Protein Interactions Implicit in the
Combination of Multiple Biomedical Research Abstracts, Proceedings of BioNLP- 2006 Workshop at
ACL-2006, New York
Queiroz, Murilo, Francisco Prosdocimi, Izabela
Freire Goertzel, Francisco Pereira Lobo, Cassio
Pennachin, Ben Goertzel. Inferring Gene Ontology
Category Membership via Gene Expression and Sequence Similarity Data Analysis. Proceedings of
KR-Med 2006: Biological Ontologies in Action
Goertzel, Ben, Cassio Pennachin, Lcio de Souza
Coelho and Maurcio de Alvarenga Mudado(2006).
Identifying Complex Biological Interactions based
on Classication of Gene Expression Data. 14th
ISMB 2006 (http://ismb2006.cbi.cnptia.embrapa.
br/), August 10, 2006, in a simultaneous co-event
173
the 2nd AB3C X-Meeting (Associao Brasileira de
Bioinformtica e Biologia Computacional Brazilian Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Association).
Goertzel, Ted and Ben Goertzel (2006). Capital
Punishment and Homicide Rates: Sociological Realities and Econometric Distortions, Critical Sociology
Goertzel, Ted and Ben Goertzel, Popper, Lakatos
and the Death Penalty (2006), in Esperando a Godot
(Buenos Aires) 17. Goertzel, Ben, Ari Heljakka,
Stephan Vladimir Bugaj, Cassio Pennachin, Moshe
Looks, Exploring Android Developmental Psychology in a Simulation World, Symposium Toward
Social Mechanisms of Android Science, Proceedings of ICCS/CogSci 2006, Vancouver
Smigrodzki, Rafal, Ben Goertzel, Cassio Pennachin,
Lucio Coelho, Francisco Prosdocimi, W. Davis
Parker Jr. (2005). Genetic algorithm for analysis
of mutations in Parkinsons disease. Articial Intelligence in Medicine 35 (3):22741.
Looks, Moshe, Ben Goertzel, and Cassio Pennachin,
Learning Computer Programs with the Bayesian
Optimization Algorithm, Genetic and Evolutionary
Computation Conference (GECCO),
Goertzel, Ben (2005). Levels of mind versus levels
of being, Cortex Vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 727731)
oertzel, Ben (2005). Quantum Cognition: Foreseeing the Emergence of a Fundamentally Novel Form
of Intelligence from Quantum Computing Technology. In Mind Factory, edited by Louis Armand, Litteraria Pragensia 2004
Goertzel, Ben, Moshe Looks and Cassio Pennachin
(2004). Novamente: An Integrative Architecture
for Articial General Intelligence. Proceedings of
AAAI Symposium on Achieving Human-Level Intelligence through Integrated Systems and Research,
Washington DC, August 2004
Goertzel, Ben, Cassio Pennachin, Andre Senna,
Thiago Maia and Guilherme Lamacie (2003). Novamente: An Integrative Architecture for Articial General Intelligence. Proceedings of IJCAI-03
Workshop on Agents and Cognitive Modeling, Acapulco, August 2003
Goertzel, Ben (2003). Chance and Consciousness.
In Mind in Time, Ed. by Combs et al. NY: Hampden Press
Goertzel, Ben (2003). On the Algebraic Structure
of Consciousness. In Mind in Time, Ed. by Combs
et al. NY: Hampden Press
174
Goertzel, Ben (2003). Does Time Move Forward?

In Mind in Time, Ed. by Combs et al. NY: Hampden Press
Goertzel, Ben (1997). Faces of Complexity in Psychology. In Noetic Journal, Special issue on Mind
as a Complex System
Goertzel, Ben (2001). Neural Networks: The

Promise and the Reality, Future (German language
magazine)
Goertzel, Ben and Mike Kalish (1997). Mindspace

Curvature. In Noetic Journal, Special issue on Mind
as a Complex System
Pressing, J., Goertzel, B., Wood, T. & Pazer, L.

(2000). Enhanced market prediction using textual
analysis: Limitations in the ecient market hypothesis. Proceedings of the International Conference
on Advanced Investment Technology 1999, Bond
University.
Goertzel, B. (1997). Subself dynamics in human

and machine intelligence, CC-AI (Communication
and Cognition Articial Intelligence)
Ben Goertzel, Ken Silverman, Cate Hartley,

Stephan Bugaj, Mike Ross (2000). The Baby Webmind Project, Proceedings of AISB 2000, the annual conference of The Society for the Study of Articial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behaviour
Goertzel, Ben and Stephan Bugaj (2000). WebWorld. A conceptual and software framework for
Internet Alife. Proceedings of VII International
conference on Articial Life, Portland OR
Goertzel, Ben, Yuri V. Macklakov, Vladimir C.
Redko (2000). A Model of the Evolution of Web
Agents. Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Goertzel, Ben (1998). Symbolic Dynamics in Complex Psychological Systems, in Models of Action,
Edited by Wynne and Stadden, Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates, Mahwah: N.J.
Goertzel, Ben (1998). Meaning is a Fuzzy Web of
Patterns. In Proceedings of the 1998 Joint Conferences: Intelligent Control, International Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Robotics
and Automation, Intelligent Systems and Semiotics
(ISIC/CIRA/ISAS 98)
Goertzel, Ben (1997). The Complex Mind/Brain
II. A Theory of Cortical Dynamics, Complexity
Goertzel, Ben, Harold Bowman and Malwane
Ananda (1996). Second-Order Evolution. Journal
of Biological Systems
Goertzel, Ben (1997). Chaos and Pattern in Complex Systems. In Chaos in Society, Edited by Albert
et al., IOS Press
Goertzel, Ben and Harold Bowman (1996). Walks

on Random Digraphs, Applied Mathematics Letters, 9-1, pp. 4347
Goertzel, Ben (1996). Mobile Activation Bubbles in
Kohonen Networks, Applied Mathematics Letters.
Goertzel, Ben (1996). Articial Selfhoodthe Path
to True Articial Intelligence, Informatica
Goertzel, Ben (1996). Belief Systems as Attractors,
in A Chaos Psychology Reader, Ed. by Combs and
Robertson. Hilldale NJ: Erlbaum
Goertzel, Ben (1996). A Cognitive Equation, in
A Chaos Psychology Reader, Ed. by Combs and
Robertson. Hilldale NJ: Erlbaum
Goertzel, Ben (1996). Musical Psychology and the
Aesthetics of Computer Music. Journal of ElectroAcoustic Music.
Goertzel, Ben (1995). Rapid Generation of Chaotic
Attractors with the Eugenic Genetic Algorithm,
Computers and Graphics 19-1, p. 151 2. Goertzel,
Ben (1995). The Convergence Rate of the Simple
GA as Population Size Tends to Innity, Proceedings of ICEC 1995
Goertzel, Ben and Harold Bowman (1995). SelfReference, Computation and Mind, J. Soc. and Ev.
Sys, 18-1, p. 95
Goertzel, Ben (1995). Evolutionary and Chaotic
Dynamics in Minds and Immune Systems, in Chaos
and Psychology, Edited by Fred Abraham and
Roger Gilgen, New York: Greenwood Press
Goertzel, Ted and Ben Goertzel (1995). The Dynamics of Belief in the Anita Hill/Clarence Thomas
Trial, in Chaos and Society, Ed. by Pierre Lemiux
Goertzel, Ben (1997). The Complex Mind/Brain

I. The Psynet Model of Mental Structure and Dynamics, Complexity
Goertzel, Ben and Gwen Goertzel (1995). The

Markovian Language Algorithm: Toward a Neural
Network Architecture for Grammar Induction, Proceedings of ANZIIS 1995
Goertzel, Ben (1997). Dream Dynamics: A Process Perspective. In Noetic Journal, Special issue
on Mind as a Complex System
Goertzel, Ben and Gwen Goertzel (1995) Language

as a Biological System. ASSA Journal of System
Science 3
46.3. SEE ALSO
175
Goertzel, Ben (1994). Lagrange Interpolation on a

Processor Tree with Ring Connections, J. of Parallel
and Distributed Computation 22-2, p. 321
307 6. Goertzel, Ben (1992). Global Optimization

by Multilevel Search, J. of Optimization Theory and
Applications 77-2, p. 423
Goertzel, Ben (1994). Simulated Annealing on Uncorrelated Fitness Landscapes, Int. J. Math. and
Math. Sci. 17-4, p. 791
Goertzel, Ben (1991). Expression and Simulation in

the Rock Guitar Solo, Popular Music and Society
Karabekian, Moses and Ben Goertzel (1995). Discriminant Analysis of Hydrocollapse in Las Vegas
Soils, Civil Engineering Systems
Goertzel, Ben, Hiroo Miyamoto and Yoshimasa
Awata (1994). Fractal Image Compression with the
Genetic Algorithm, Complexity International
46.3 See also

Whole brain emulation
46.4 References
Goertzel, Ben (1994). Evolving Fractal Industrial

Music, Proceedings of SYNAESTHETICA94 Conference on Computer Animation and Computer Music, Canberra: Australian Centre for Arts and Technology
[1] The Singularity Institutes Scary Idea (and Why I Don't

Buy It)", The Multiverse According to Ben, 29 October
2010
Goertzel, Ben (1994). The Software Market as a

Self- Organizing System, J. Soc. and Ev. Sys. 17-1,
p. 9
[3] Goertzel, Benjamin (1985). Nonclassical Arithmetics and

Calculi. Simons Rock of Bard College.
Goertzel, Ben (1993). Brain Function as Evolution,

J. Soc. and Ev. Sys. 15-4, p. 399
Goertzel, Ben (1993). Some Thoughts on Akins
Spiteful Computer, Minds and Machines 4-1, p. 75
[2] Paulings Prizes, The New York Times, 5 November 1995
[4] Mathematician Sees The Mind as a Model For Company

Intranets, The Wall Street Journal, 22 May 1998
[5] Can a computer program gure out the market? A former
analyst and a mathematician are betting that theirs can,
The New York Times, 8 February 1999
[6] Google Tech Talk by Ben Goertzel, 30 May 2007
Goertzel, Ben (1993). Psychology and Logic, J. Soc.

and Ev. Sys. 16-4, p. 439 4. Goertzel, Ben (1993).
Phase Transitions in Associative Memory Networks,
Minds and Machines 3-3, p. 313
Goertzel, Ben (1993). Self-Reference and Complexity: Component-Systems and Self-Generating
Systems in Biology and Cognitive Science, Evolution and Cognition 2, p. 257
[7] Online worlds to be AI incubators, BBC News, 13

September 2007
[8] Virtual worlds making articial intelligence apps
'smarter'", Computerworld, 13 September 2007
[9] Patterns, Hypergraphs and Embodied General Intelligence, Ben Goertzel, WCCI Panel Discussion: A
Roadmap to Human-Level Intelligence, July 2006
Goertzel, Ben, Harold Bowman and Richard Baker

(1993). Dynamics of the Radix Expansion Map, J.
Math. and Math. Sci. 17-1, p. 143
[10] The Future and You, 13 August 2008
Goertzel, Ben (1992) Self-organizing Evolution, J.

Social and Evolutionary Systems 15-1, p. 7
[12] The Singularity: A Documentary by Doug Wolens.

Ieet.org. Retrieved 2013-10-22.
[11] http://wp.goertzel.org/?page_id=58
Goertzel, Ben (1992). What is Hierarchical Selection?, Biology and Philosophy 7-1, p. 27
[13] Pondering Our Cyborg Future in a Documentary About

the Singularity - Kasia Cieplak-Mayr von Baldegg. The
Atlantic. 2013-01-08. Retrieved 2013-10-22.
Goertzel, Ben (1992). Measuring Static Complexity, Int. J. Math. and Math. Sci. 15-1, p. 161
[14] Ted George Goertzel: Rutgers vita. Retrieved 2010-1229.
Goertzel, Ben (1992) Quantum Theory and Consciousness, J. of Mind and Behavior 13-1, p. 29
Goertzel, Ben (1992). Structural Complexity of
Sequences, Images and Automata, in Finite Fields,
Coding, and Advances in Communication and Computing, ed. Shiue and Mullen, Marcel Dekker, p.
46.5 External links

Ben Goertzels web site and blog
Ben Goertzels Machines Like Us interview
176
Articial Intelligence and Human Immortality, video of Ben Goertzel presentation at the
Immortality Institute conference, 17 May 2006
Google Tech Talk by Ben Goertzel, 30 May 2007
Interview of Ben Goertzel, by the Singularity Institute for Articial Intelligence
Nine Years to a Positive Singularity If We Really,
Really Try. Speech given by Ben Goertzel at the
Singularity Summit in September 2007
Using Virtual Agents and Physical Robots for AGI
Research. A Talk given by Ben Goertzel at The
Third Conference on Articial General Intelligence
in March 2010 in Lugano Switzerland
A General Intelligence Oriented Architecture for
Embodied Natural Language Processing. A Talk
given by Ben Goertzel at The Third Conference
on Articial General Intelligence in March 2010 in
Lugano Switzerland
Video interview with Ben Goertzel. Ben was interviewed during May 2011 about AGI, open cog and
new book 'Building Better Minds
Chapter 47
M. G. Gordon
M.G. Gordon (August 10, 1915 - February 16, 1969)
was a Chicago businessman, inventor, and social theorist. Gordon also was a futurist and an advocate for privacy rights, a cause that he advocated through his writings
and public speaking during the 1960s. Gordon built several protable businesses during the years of the Great
Depression. He also designed and created a safety lever
device for hydraulic machine presses to improve worker
safety. This was rst put to use in his primary manufacturing facility. Then, during the 1930s and thereafter, mechanical production engineers copied and put
Gordons development to use in factories throughout the
Midwest. As an industrialist during the 1940s and 1950s,
Gordon adopted various public service social policies that
beneted the families of workers.
Kent College of Law, now the law school of the Illinois

Institute of Technology.
47.2 In Business
Gordon graduated from law school at 19, too young to
be permitted to take the bar examination to become a
lawyer. Instead, he and a high school friend, M.J. Levine,
went to work as salespersons for a sugar supply company.
(At 21, the minimum legal age, Gordon successfully took
the bar exam and became a member of the Illinois Bar.)
Gordon and his friend later acquired the protable sugar
company where they had begun their commercial careers.
The sugar company purchased bulk sugar from Caribbean
plantations and sold it to Chicago grocers by the truckload
before and during World War II. Spurred on by the travails of the Depression, Gordon and his partner pledged
to share the proceeds of their annual incomes on a 50-50
basis, as well as any prots from their various business
enterprises. Both men honored this unusual agreement.
During the relatively low-tech era of telephone party

lines, Gordon predicted the advent of such modern
day telecommunication advances as hand held, personal
phones that would bounce their signals o of satellites.
Gordon also was an astute evaluator of commercial value
within the communication industry. He accumulated a
large investment portfolio by the time that he quit the
business world due to a heart attack at 46. Gordon died In the 1930s Gordon went into business for himself, startat 54.
ing up the United Packing & Gasket Company. His
factory, located in Cicero, originally was a government
conscated Al Capone distillery during the Volstead Act
years. Gordons company manufactured gaskets and
47.1 Childhood and Early Years
other components for the automotive industry. During
Gordon was born on a tenant farm in Gary, Indiana, in World War II Gordon retted his operation to produce
replacement parts for U.S. military vehicles and speaker
1915. He lived there as a young boy until his family
moved to Chicago. There, his parents opened a gro- rings for battleeld radios. In the post sputnik period,
cery store on Archer Avenue, located south of Cicero. Gordon manufactured specially designed absorbent parts
In Chicago, besides the grocery store, Gordons father, used for the U.S. Government rocket program.
While Gordon was expanding his gasket company, he
helped grow the Gordon family food processing operation and his other investment interests to purchase a paper
mill in Hannibal, Missouri, the boyhood home of author
Mark Twain and the locale for his two most famous novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures
of Huckleberry Finn. Gordon used the paper products
manufactured at this Missouri plant in the production of
Admitted to the University of Chicago at 16, he began gaskets and related items at his Illinois factory.
honing his entrepreneurial skills during the depression At the same time that Gordon was expanding his gasyears and went on to study law at night at the Chicago- ket and paper manufacturing operations, he also retained
Victor, went into partnership with a W.O. Sommers to
develop and grow a food-processing and distribution business, the W.O. Sommers Company. In Europe, the partners purchased harvests of cherries, olives and other bulk
food items, which they bottled or canned under many labels, including the Monarch brand, and then sold to grocers, including numerous Jewell T Food Stores outlets
throughout the Chicago area.
177
178
ownership rights in the W.O. Sommers food processing
company as well as his future interest in the sugar supply company which his partner maintained. When Victor
Gordon died, his rights to the well-established W.O. Sommers Company passed on to his three children, including
M.G. Gordon.
CHAPTER 47. M. G. GORDON
47.4 Investments
Gordon purchased stock in small to mid-size telephone
companies and exchanges throughout the Midwest during the 1930s, '40s, and '50s. Eventually, these companies were consolidated into AT&T's or Continental Telephones massive operations. This increased the value of
Gordons holdings. During his retirement years, revenues
from Gordons investment portfolio in the burgeoning
telecommunication industry surpassed revenues from his
business interests during his working career. The portfolios value, managed by various trusts for the benet of
his wife Goldye Gordon and their ve children increased
since his death.
Gordons abiding concern for the welfare of his workers

led the industrialist to conceive of a pay benet that he
made available to his employees and their families. Many
of Gordons workers would socialize at a local tavern after work on payday Fridays, and then proceed to a nearby
racetrack after drinks. There, some of the workers would
gamble and occasionally lose their entire paychecks. To
mitigate this problem, Gordon instituted a singular social exchange in which the spouses of his workers could
come to the plant early on Fridays and get 50 percent advances on the weekly salaries of their mates. This policy
ensured that the families of workers who gambled would 47.5 The Telephone
still have money for bills and expenses. As a result of
his progressive worker friendly policies, Gordons work- Beginning when he was a young man and throughout his
ers never unionized or struck his plants during his life- life, Gordon was fascinated with the telephone. He saw
time.
it as more than a mere communication device, believing
that the telephone had the capability to truly level society. For Gordon, an outspoken advocate for social equality, the telephone made all people equal, at least during
the virtual experience when they were in communication
with one another. over the phone lines, according to Gor47.3 Inventions
don, such issues that stratify society as race, social status,
and ethnicity become moot. Instead, he believed that the
telephone,
more than any other technical development,
When Gordon started up his gasket operations, hydraulic
had
the
capability
to bring people together as equals, no
machine presses were extremely dangerous. Workers
matter
who
they
might
be. Gordon envisioned the quickly
sometimes lost hands or arms in this bone-crunching
expanding
telephone
network
as the ideal social network.
equipment. Gordon therefore redesigned the two-storyHis
prescient
1950s-'60s
theorizing
regarding the teletall machine presses at his plant so they would not funcphone
anticipated
such
popular
modern-day
Internet sotion unless a worker pushed a button with one hand while
cial
networks
as
Facebook
and
MySpace.
activating a newly installed lever with another, thus tying
up both hands and arms at the same time. This safety feature prevented workers from inadvertently placing an idle
hand or arm inside the presses when they were in operation. Gordons adaptation of his machine presses eventually became known in the industrial Midwest. Detroitauto
manufacturers sent a team of engineers to Gordons plant
to inspect his retrotted machine presses on a rst-hand
basis. Later, they adapted Gordons design at their own
plants. Operating from a concern for worker safety, Gordon was content to let the potentially lucrative patent
rights to his safety lever design pass into the public domain.
During World War II, the U.S. government rationed many
vital commodities. Gordons plant required large quantities of cork, a controlled item, and a necessary raw material for the gaskets that were manufactured there for the
domestic market. To solve this raw materials shortage
Gordon developed a process to create synthetic cork from
crushed peanut shells. Like his machine press improvement, Gordon allowed his patentable rights for this process to vest in the public domain.
Gordon developed a social/psychological theory that,

thanks to the telephone, people can feel free to exhibit
two personalities - one for everyday life conversation and
another goal directed personality for business and professional exchange. Indeed, because the customary cues that
dierentiate individuals have little or no relevance during telephone conversations, people can feel free to adopt
various enhanced personas over the phone that would
be psychologically impossible for them to assume during
face-to-face conversations. On the phone, you are able
to become the very best person that you can possibly be,
Gordon said. During his retirement, Gordon conducted
pro bono discussion groups of these ideas with students at
the University of Wisconsin, the University of Oklahoma
and Baylor University. Until his death, Gordon followed
up with participating students to assess their progress in
implementing these ideas with annual telephone calls.
Gordons early prognostications regarding assumed personalities in virtual environments have relevance in todays highly wired world. Many people now routinely
adopt enhanced personalities during email, Internet chat
47.7. PROFESSIONAL HONORS
179
sessions, text messaging, and related electronic commu- and political rights. During the 1960s, he tried to help
nication venues that reect their ideal selves.
an oppressed family ee Communist Czechoslovakia. At
During the 1950s, Gordon anticipated the modern era of the time Czechoslovakia was a brutal police state that
cell phones. He believed that people would eventually did not permit normal immigration. Gordons assistance
possess their own wireless, handheld telephonic devices; involved communicating in code with the Czech family
and that such equipment would communicate back and through the pre-arranged placement of dierent-imaged
forth via satellite transmissions. Of course, Gordons pre- postage stamps on airmail letters. Unfortunately, despite
scient views regarding telephony are now a commercial Gordons concerted eorts, the Czech family was unable
to escape from the Iron Curtain country.
reality. Although one idea that he had, which was that
people at birth would be assigned their own individual
phone numbers for life, is no closer to becoming reality
now than when Gordon rst proposed it in the 1950s. Be- 47.7 Professional Honors
fore he died, Gordon was writing a book, to be entitled
Success at Arms Reach.
Gordon was a Fellow in the American Judicature Society
and in the International Academy of Law and Science.
47.6 Privacy Rights
47.8 Personal
After a heart attack at 46, Gordon recuperated at his resve children: Sandy, Judy,
idence in Highland Park, Illinois. Highland Park, with its M.G and Goldye Gordon had
[1]
Barbara,
Robert,
and
Alan.
tree lined streets nestled on Lake Michigan, was an excellent venue for him to contemplate his future. Highland
Park hosts the tranquil Ravinia Park music festival which
is the oldest in North America. The city was and contin- 47.9 See also
ues to be a retreat for public luminaries who value per Telephony
sonal privacy such as Chicago Bears Hall of Fame Quarterback Sid Luckman and Chicago Bulls basketball star
Mobile phone
Michael Jordan.
Virtual reality
The rst telephone call Gordon received during his Highland Park convalescence was from someone attempting to
sell cemetery plots. This energized him to quickly take up
the cause of privacy rights. Gordon began to think about
the issue of privacy in the broader context of civil rights.
For Gordon, unsolicited calls from sales and similar organizations, trying to peddle their products, services and
(sometimes crackpot) causes over the phone, represented
a rank invasion of privacy.
Additionally, Gordon believed that the instantaneous accessibility the phone made possible represented a dangerous potential that a foreign government or any unscrupulous commercial entity, could easily abuse. (of course,
Gordons heightened privacy concerns during the 1960s
parallel the level of umbrage - indeed, even outrage - that
exists today regarding the annoying automated telephone
calls and E-mail spam that people must endure.) Gordon
began to write about this topic. one of his articles, entitled
Invasion of Privacy: The Unsolicited Telephone Call,
was published in the International Journal of Law and
Science. Gordon also became an active public speaker
on the topic of privacy rights. One presentation he made
on this topic was before a meeting of the International
Academy of Law and Science. Gordon worked to disseminate his views on privacy rights in other ways. This
included interviews on American and Canadian radio stations.
In addition to privacy rights, Gordon also advocated civil
Social networking
Inventors
Robert Gordon (psychologist)
Social thought
Bill of Rights
Food industry
47.10 References
[1] NY Times obituary of Goldie Gordon 7/18/2001

History of the telephone
Telephony
Privacy rights
Hydraulic presses
Paper gaskets
Personality theory
Chapter 48
Walter Greiling
Walter Greiling (5 September 1900 1986, Neu- ative ease. Greiling warns of attempts to use nuclear enIsenburg) was a German chemist and futurologist. He ergy. He starts the question how one would handle the
sometimes used the pseudonym Walt Grey.[1]
newly gained wealth, once the pressing diculties would
be overcome so that people would be urged to pause for
inspiration.[4]
48.1 Life
Greiling studied social and natural sciences in Frankfurt
and Marburg (Dr. phil. 1921). He partially earned his
living as a worker in coal and sulde mining.
48.3 Works
Chemie erobert die Welt (Chemistry conquers the
world). Econ-Verlag, Munich 1951[5]
Greiling did research in the eld of agricultural microbiology. He worked at the Technische Hochschule in
Hanover, as an assistant, as well as for the Hamburgisches
Welt-Wirtschafts-Archiv (Hamburg archive of world
economy). He participated in designing the Brussels
Atomium for Expo 58, was an editor of the social and
economic magazine Wirtschaftsdienst, editor-in-chief of
Chemische Industrie (chemical industry), and a collaborator of the London and Cambridge Economic Service. He
led the information service of the main association of the
chemical industry of Germany[2] and wrote several books
on developments in sciences and technique.[3]
Vernichtungs-Strahlen (Rays of destruction). HochVerlag, Dsseldorf 1952[6]

Paul Ehrlich. Econ-Verlag, Munich 1954[7]
Wie werden wir leben? Ein Buch von den Aufgaben
unserer Zeit (How are we going to live? A book of
the tasks of our time). Econ-Verlag, Munich 1954[8]
Chemie, Motor der Zukunft (Chemistry engine of
future). Bertelsmann Lesering, Gtersloh 1961[9]
Mehr Brot fr mehr Menschen (More bread for people). Franckh-Verlag, Stuttgart 1963[10]
Chemie und Elektronik verndern die Welt. Leben
mit dem Fortschritt (Chemistry and electronics
change the world. Living with progress). EconVerlag, Munich 1971[11]
48.2 Greilings predictions till 2100

Greiling, in his work Wie werden wir leben? Ein Buch
von den Aufgaben unserer Zeit (How are we going to
live? A book of the tasks of our time; 1954), foresaw
the rest of the 20th century as a time in which there
would, for the present, further be overexploited natural
resources. He foretold that from 1990 to 1995, there
would begin systematic international eorts to mitigate
climate change and that, shortly after the turn of the millennium, there would for the rst time come about a sudden and crisis-laden shortage of the international supply
of petroleum. World population would balance out at
about nine billion, rather earlier than later in the 21st
century. During the 21st century, mankind would succeed to cooperate internationally in shifting to biological
raw materials. This and big undertakings to humidify the
Sahara, Turkestan and further regions of the Earth would
make it possible to feed ten billion people with compar-
48.4 References
180
[1] Katalog der deutschen Nationalbibliothek. German National Library. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
[2] Greiling, Walter (1954), Wie werden wir leben? (How are
we going to live?), Munich: Econ, p. (blurb)
[3] Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek. German
National Library. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
[4] Greiling, Walter (1954), Wie werden wir leben? (How are
we going to live?), Munich: Econ

48.5 External links

Walter Greiling in the German National Library catalogue
181
Chapter 49
Genco Gulan
Genco Gulan (born 1969 in Turkey) is a contemporary conceptual artist and theorist, who lives and works
in Istanbul. His transmedia contextual work involves
painting, found objects, new media, drawings, sculpture,
photography, performance and video.[1] His work often
carries political, social and/or cultural messages but is
never transformed into propaganda. He rejects being
modern or minimal. He describes his work as 'idea art'.
He has received prizes from EMAF, BP, Lions, and was

nominated for and selected as a nalist for the Sovereign
Art Foundation European Art Prize in 2011. His net-art
pieces have been listed in required reading lists at the City
University, New York, Rice University and U.C. Santa
Barbara. Glan has given conferences at Yale, School of
Visual Arts, Kln University, Incheon University and the
New York Institute of Technology among others. He is in
public art collections such as Proje4L / Elgiz Museum of
Contemporary Art, Istanbul Modern, Museum Ostwall,
Davis Museum and The Thessaloniki State Museum of
Contemporary Art.
49.1 Art
Twin Project, 2011. Performance by twin sisters; Yeliz and

Deniz elebi.
Genco uses text, codes and even his own DNA in his art.
He is a conceptual, contextual new media artist, develGenco Gulan, "Herms Walker, 2009. 50* 50*90cm. Ozil Col- oping theory as well as practice.[4] He specializes in not
lection
knowing what everybody else knows. Genco Gulan believes in the artistic future of bio-technology, articial in[5]
Genco Gulan studied Media at The New School, New telligence, and digital communication. In a video piece
swim team playing
York.[2] His art has appeared at Pera Museum, Museu called Grundig, he lmed a female [6]
rugby
underwater
with
a
TV
monitor.
de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro, ZKM Karlsruhe,
Triennale di Milano, Biennial of Tehran and Pompidou If its not new, its just media, says Gulan in regards to
Center Paris. Gulans made solo shows at Gallery Artist the importance of novelty. His experimental works[7] inin Berlin, Istanbul; State Painting and Sculpture Muse- clude net-art, web art, A.I.gen (generated) images, Robot
ums in Ankara, Izmir; Foto Gallery Lang, Zagreb and Games, SCIgen papers and online videos.[8] Genco uses
Artda Gallery, Seoul among other places.
boron in his sculptures.[9]
182
49.2. WORKS
After years of work and experience, Genco Glans
exxhibition 'Untitled' was considered as a resum of his
adventure in conceptual colors of contemporary art. The
gallery space (EKAV Foundation, Istanbul) was used in a
manner that allowed all artworks to talk with each other
apart from their unique placement, preventing monotony.
Dierent mediums were being used with a variety of
measurements, colors and display styles. Axles, like arteries, feeding the ease of legibility around which the exhibition revolves. Therefore the focal point of Untitled
is the concept of meaning. Each artwork has its meaning however, even though they belong to dierent series
or they were made in dierent mediums, create a bigger
and much intense chunk of information. The exhibition
holding layers of information, ready to be interpreted by
the viewer, divided into all works was brought into light
in January 21, 2014.[10]
49.2 Works
The Android Statue of Genco Glan was exhibited
in Antalya Archeology Museum between the dates 12
20 March 2014. In the exhibition, also the sketches of
his kinetic marble statue series, called Robotic Statues
were presented. Genco Glan gives references to archeology; he even produces new media artworks. His art
try to predict the future of both sculpture as a discipline
and humanity in general. Glan has been working on
robots in the labs of dierent universities since the middle of 1990s. He uses hardware and software of robots
in many art projects. For example The artwork titled
Robots, Football and War (RFW) of Glan that consists
physical robots, was part of a computer game Balkan
Wars that won a prize from European Media Art Festival, Osnabrck in 1995. His play written by articial
intelligence (AI) robots was used in the project YEN!
(New), presented in Pera Museum, for 16th Istanbul Theatre Festival.[11]
183
burn Hall through May and June 2014. After 23 years,
the artist returned to the building where he completed his
undergraduate studies. This time he tied the twin towers
of the historical building together from inside.The project
which changes and transforms depending upon the location was not displayed in a museum but this time in
an academic institution. Glans The Great Conjugation
used approximately 1000 ties for this installation. All of
the connected ties created a route tens of meters long and
the line owed through the all ve oors of the building.
The ties connected the twin towers of the building from
the inside which was built in 1906. During the exhibition
Glan invited the viewers to bring their ties and add them
to the installation to generate a second level of participation. Glans work of art is not descriptive, it does not
involve just one explanation. Both the objects that are
used and the space-time relationship between them give
a range of meaning to the piece. What Glan tries to do is
to constitute new semantic connections and summon new
connotations by using the association of ideas. While he
is doing that he claims the role of playmaker and tries
to be almost out of the picture. Even if the method is referring to Nicolas Bourriauds concept of relational aesthetics, the soft sculpture that came to life is more plastic
and political among its contemporaries.The ties used in
the project hav dierent colors, designs, brands and they
were made in dierent countries. They were gathered
from hundreds of domestic and abroad donators. The ties
some of which are silk, nylon and wool conjugate and become a whole. The same ties were exhibited and greatly
appreciated by viewers in The Thessaloniki State Museum of Contemporary Art and Ankara Contemporary
Art Center in 2013. At the rst display in Istanbul, they
were attached with a crane to a skyscraper and raised 160
meters from the ground. Genco Glan was selected as a
nalist at Sovereign Art Foundation European Art Prize
in 2011. He had opened his rst exhibition at White Saloon inside the Faculty of Economics and Administrative
Sciences building where he had also taken lots of courses
while he was studying at the Department of Political Science and International Relations between 1987 and 1991.
The Great Conjugation project happened with the contributions of Prof Dr. Aye Gl Toker and the Faculty
Secretary Hatra enkon.[12]
A solo show named Swimming Rocks which was on exhibit on June 27, 2014 at the Art Gallery of Krmz Ard
Kuu, Gallery Metazori in eme, Alaat where Glan
spent most of his childhood is not only the name of the
exhibition, but also one of the signicant artworks in the
exhibition, the Swimming Rocks are pumice typed rocks
that can oat on the sea and be found in Aegean Sea, especially in eme and Alaat inspiring the artist in this process. Glan made a sculpture, named Swimming Rocks
Swimming Rocks, eme, Alaat
from these and other stones; therefore this and some other
sculptural pieces oat on the sea and in the gallery. He
Glans site-specic installation, The Great Conjuga- made oating gurative, human-sized sculptures covered
tion, was exhibited at Boazii Universitys Faculty of with stone. The artworks of Genco Glans mother, Tezer
Economics and Administrative Sciences building, Wash- Glan and his grandmother, Saime zmirolu where also
184
CHAPTER 49. GENCO GULAN
Nemesis with 2 Heads, Istanbul Modern Collection

Karate, 2014 25 X 20 X 20 cm.
exhibited in the show. Genco Glan had also a series

called as New Landscape in this exhibition. This series being a conceptual/electronic interpretation of landscapes as barcodes dealing with questions, such as how
the landscape pictures change in time, how dierent our
landscapes became now and how the landscapes in the future will become. Glan juxtaposed classical landscape
paintings, barcodes and produced new pieces. Glan also
exhibited his new series; Digital Ghost in the show. The
artist painted on large canvases; the non-existing images
that appeared in his his formatted laptop.[13]
49.3 Curatorial
As an artist Genco Gulan worked with curators such
as Marcus Graf, Derya Yucel, Peter Weibel, Suzanne
van Hagen, Firat Arapoglu, Margerethe Makovec & Anton Lederer, Necmi Snmez, Glsen Bal, Ege Berensel,
Roger Connover and Eda Cufer. He worked with art
historians/ writers such as Zeynep Yasa Yaman, Nilgun Ozayten, Goknur Gurcan, Baris Acar, Aysegul Sonmez, Burcu Pelvanoglu; As a curator he curated and cocurated shows in New York, Seul, Karlsruhe, Istanbul,
Thessaloniki and on the Web.
49.4 Museum
As an art project in 1997, Genco Gulan established the
rst Istanbul Contemporary Art Museum.[14]
At rst the Istanbul Contemporary Art
Museum developed as an art series in the manner of Duchamp and Broodthaers until the end
of the 1990s. Later it evolved when it was
transferred to the Internet. It turned into a

new age institution that organized exhibitions,
workshops and provided logistic support on cyber space. [15]
For almost a decade, the museum ran an unorthodox residency program called I live in a Museum and hosted
artists from the U.S., Holland, Spain, and China at
its the Galata location.[16] After the Istanbul location
closed, Genco Gulan, in Berlin, manifested himself as a
Museum.[17]
Gulans monograph; Conceptual Colors edited by Dr.
Marcus Graf, is co-published by Revolver Publishing in
Berlin in collaboration with Artist Istanbul. His books
are available at libraries such as the German National
Library, SALT Istanbul, Metropolitan Museum of Art,
Thomas J. Watson Library and the Haas Family Arts Library at Yale University. Gulan founded the Web Biennial[18] at the turn of the century, served on the Board of
Balkan Biennial in Thessaloniki, International Programming Committee of ISEA Singapore in 2008 and was a
guest editor for Second Nature: International Journal of
Creative Media. He was in the jury for Turgut Pura Art
Prize in Izmir and teaches at Mimar Sinan Academy and
Bogazici University.
49.5 Selected Images

Pompidou, From the I love You series, C-print,
Paris, 2007
'Magic Beans 2013. Sculpture with 600 used neckties and a crane, 150m.
Art (Blue), ready-made, 2013.
22.2 QR Code poem, 2010
185
49.6 References
49.7 External links
[1] Foroohar, Rana and Matthews, Owen. (Aug 28, 2005).

Turkish Delight. Newsweek. Retrieved 2012-06-01.
Ocial Web site gencogulan.com
[2] Weshinskey, Anne. (25.08.2011) With Fish or Without.

Lab Kultur. Retrieved 2012-06-01.
Galeri Artist, Istanbul, Berlin.
The Change in Art: Genco Gulan at TEDxModa
Ban Centre, Ban, Canada.

[3] Weshinskey, Anne (May 27th, 2013) IKINCILIK: THE
STATE OF BEING SECONDARY The Naked. Retrieved 2013-13-04.
Rhizome, at the New Museum, NY.

Java Museum, Koeln interview.
[4] .Vito Campanelli e Danilo Capasso (a cura di), Cultura e

nuovi media. Cinque interrogativi di Lev Manovich, Edizioni MAO, Napoli, 2011. [ISBN 978-88-95869-00-1]
Istanbul Contemporary Art Museum
[5] Gulan, Genco. (2004) 'Camerica, Puppy Art'. Artefact

GLOCALOGUE. 2012-06-05.
LABS : Leonardo ABstracts Service
[6] Atakan, Nancy (Spring 2006)FROM NEW MEDIA

FROM THE PERIPHERY. Journal of the New Media
Caucus. Retrieved 2012-07-11.
[7] Reil, Alexandra. (25.08.2011) Art Following the Trend?.
Retrieved 2012-06-05
[8] Landi, Ann (09/01/09 )What they see in Van Goghs ear.
ARTnews. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
[9] Utku, Ahsen (23/04/11)Genco Gulan sends messages to
the future through art. Todays Zaman. Retrieved 201206-01.
Ocial website of the Web Biennial
The King beheading himself. Written by Sabine

Kper on June 21, 2013.
Goethe Institute
Saatchi Online
Review by Nancy Atakan, Phd.
Review by Marcus Graf at Visual Art Beat Magazine.
Employee of the Month
Turkish Culture and Art
Identity as a Myth, article by Dr. Graf
[10] RHIZOME: Untitled, Genco Gulan. Retrieved 2014-0915.

[11] RHIZOME: The Android Statue, Genco Gulan.
trieved 2014-09-15.
Re-
[12] RHIZOME: The Great Conjugation, Genco Gulan. Retrieved 2014-09-15.

[13] ALAATI KIRMIZI ARDI GALER. Retrieved 201409-15.
[14] Gibbons, Fiachra. (2006-06-13) Istanbul set to stamp its
culture credentials - Arts & Leisure. The New York Times
(International Herald Tribune). Retrieved 2012-06-01.
[15] Graf, Marcus. Concepual Colors of Genco Gulan,
Revolver Publishing, 2012. ISBN 978-3868952049
[16] Lubelski, Abraham. (December 22, 2006) Contemporary
Istanbul Art Fairs International. Retrieved 2012-06-01.
[17] Arikonmaz, Piril Gulesci (2012-02-02)'Ben bir mzeyim
Haberturk (In Turkish). Retrieved 2012-06-01
[18] Lev, Julia. (27 January 2011) Platos new exhibition
brings net-art to the fore. Todays Zaman. Retrieved
2012-06-06.
49.8 Bibliography
Marcus Graf. Conceptual Colors of Genco Gulan,
Revolver Publishing, 2012. ISBN 978-3868952049
Marcus Graf. Genco Gulan: Kavramsal Renkler, Galata Perform Publishing, 2008. ISBN
9789944016001
Genco Gulan. Portrait of the Artist as the Young
Man: (After James Joyce) CreateSpace Independent
Publishing Platform, 2013. ISBN 978-1481942423
Genco Gulan. De-constructing the Digital Revolution: Analysis of the Usage of the Term Digital
Revolution in Relation with the New Technology,
LAP Lambert Academic Publishing (November 12,
2009). ISBN 978-3838320472
Chapter 50
Ray Hammond
Ray Hammond is a British author and futurist.
50.1 Selected bibliography

50.1.1
Fiction
The Cloud (2006)

Emergence (2002)
Extinction (2005)
50.1.2
Non-ction
Forward 100 (1984)

Digital Business: Surviving and Thriving In An OnLine World (1996)
The Modern Frankenstein - Fiction Becomes Fact
(1986)
The Musician and the Micro (1983)
50.2 External links

Ray Hammond home page
186
Chapter 51
Arthur Harkins
Arthur M. Harkins, Ph.D. (born March 8, 1936 in
Olean, New York), is an American futurist who is an
associate professor in the Department of Organizational
Leadership, Policy and Development and faculty director of the Graduate Certicate in Innovation Studies program at the University of Minnesota (UMN). Harkins
contributions to the eld of futures studies, include raising anthropologists awareness of the eld and expanding the scope of future studies to include the concept
of "culture", starting with the American Anthropological
Associations Futuristics Sessions which he co-chaired
with Dr. Magorah Maruyama in the early 1970s.[1][2]
Harkins co-authored StoryTech with George Kubik.
51.1 See also

Anticipatory thinking
College of Education and Human Development (CEHD)
Futures studies
Futures techniques
Involution (esoterism)
Socialization
51.2 References
[1] Futures Studies Timeline
[2] Riner, R.D. (1987). Doing futures research - Anthropologically. Futures, June, 1987.
51.3 External links

Building a Leapfrog University
UMN-CHED Leapfrog Web
StoryTech via Education futures
UMN Professional Prole
187
Innovation in Language Education

... Words of wisdom
Chapter 52
Robert A. Heinlein
Robert Anson Heinlein (/hanlan/ HINE-line;[1][2][3]
July 7, 1907 May 8, 1988) was an American science
ction writer. Often called the dean of science ction
writers,[4] he was one of the most inuential and controversial authors of the genre in his time. He set a standard
for scientic and engineering plausibility, and helped to
raise the genres standards of literary quality.
52.1 Life
He was one of the rst science ction writers to break into

mainstream magazines such as The Saturday Evening Post
in the late 1940s. He was one of the best-selling science
ction novelists for many decades, and he, Isaac Asimov,
and Arthur C. Clarke are often considered to be the Big
Three of science ction authors.[5][6]
A notable writer of science ction short stories, Heinlein was one of a group of writers who came to prominence under the editorship of John W. Campbell, Jr. in
his Astounding Science Fiction magazinethough Heinlein denied that Campbell inuenced his writing to any
great degree.
Within the framework of his science ction stories, Heinlein repeatedly addressed certain social themes: the importance of individual liberty and self-reliance, the obligation individuals owe to their societies, the inuence of
organized religion on culture and government, and the
tendency of society to repress nonconformist thought. He
also speculated on the inuence of space travel on human
cultural practices.
Heinlein was named the rst Science Fiction Writers
Grand Master in 1974.[7] He won Hugo Awards for four
of his novels; in addition, fty years after publication,
three of his works were awarded "Retro Hugos"awards
given retrospectively for works that were published before
the Hugo Awards came into existence.[8] In his ction,
Heinlein coined words that have become part of the English language, including "grok" and "waldo", and popularized the terms "TANSTAAFL" and space marine. He
also described a modern version of a waterbed in his novel
The Door Into Summer,[9] though he never patented or
built one. Several of Heinleins works have been adapted
for lm and television.
Midshipman Heinlein, from the 1929 U.S. Naval Academy

yearbook
52.1.1 Birth and childhood

Heinlein was born on July 7, 1907 to Rex Ivar Heinlein (an accountant) and Bam Lyle Heinlein, in Butler,
Missouri. He was a 6th-generation German-American:
a family tradition had it that Heinleins fought in every
American war starting with the War of Independence.[10]
His childhood was spent in Kansas City, Missouri.[11] The
outlook and values of this time and place (in his own
words, The Bible Belt") had a denite inuence on his
ction, especially his later works, as he drew heavily upon
his childhood in establishing the setting and cultural at-
188
52.1. LIFE
189
mosphere in works like Time Enough for Love and To

Sail Beyond the Sunset. He often broke with many of the
Bible Belts values and moresespecially in regard to religion and sexual moralityboth in his writing and in his
personal life.
52.1.2
Navy
Heinleins experience in the U.S. Navy exerted a strong

inuence on his character and writing. Heinlein graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, in 1929 with a B.S degree in naval engineering, and
he served as an ocer in the Navy. He was assigned to
the new aircraft carrier USS Lexington in 1931, where
he worked in radio communications, then in its earlier
phases, with the carriers aircraft. The captain of this carrier was Ernest J. King, who later served as the Chief of
Naval Operations and Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Fleet
during World War II. Heinlein was frequently interviewed
during his later years by military historians who asked
him about Captain King and his service as the commander of the U.S. Navys rst modern aircraft carrier.
Heinlein also served aboard the destroyer USS Roper in
1933 and 1934, reaching the rank of lieutenant. His
brother, Lawrence Heinlein, served in the U.S. Army,
the U.S. Air Force, and the Missouri National Guard,
and he rose to the rank of major general in the National
Guard.[12]
In 1929, Heinlein married Elinor Curry of Kansas City in
Los Angeles,[13] but their marriage lasted for only about a
year.[2] His second marriage in 1932 to Leslyn MacDonald (19041981) lasted for 15 years. MacDonald was
a political radical, and Isaac Asimov later recalled that
Heinlein was, as was she, a aming liberal.[14]
52.1.3
California
In 1934, Heinlein was discharged from the Navy due to

pulmonary tuberculosis. During a lengthy hospitalization,
he developed a design for a waterbed.[15]
After his discharge, Heinlein attended a few weeks
of graduate classes in mathematics and physics at the
University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), but he
soon quit either because of his health or from a desire to
enter politics.[16]
Heinlein supported himself at several occupations, including real estate sales and silver mining, but for some
years found money in short supply. Heinlein was active in Upton Sinclair's socialist End Poverty in California movement in the early 1930s. When Sinclair gained
the Democratic nomination for Governor of California in
1934, Heinlein worked actively in the campaign. Heinlein
himself ran for the California State Assembly in 1938, but
he was unsuccessful.[17]
Robert A. Heinlein, L. Sprague de Camp, and Isaac Asimov,

Philadelphia Navy Yard, 1944.
52.1.4 Author
While not destitute after the campaignhe had a small
disability pension from the NavyHeinlein turned to
writing in order to pay o his mortgage. His rst published story, "Life-Line", was printed in the August 1939
issue of Astounding Science-Fiction.[18] Originally written
for a contest, it was instead sold to Astounding for signicantly more than the contests rst-prize payo. Another
Future History story, Mist, followed in November.[18]
Heinlein was quickly acknowledged as a leader of the new
movement toward social science ction. He was the
guest of honor at Denvention, the 1941 Worldcon, held
in Denver. During World War II, he did aeronautical engineering for the U.S. Navy, also recruiting Isaac Asimov and L. Sprague de Camp to work at the Philadelphia
Naval Shipyard in Pennsylvania. As the war wound down
in 1945, Heinlein began re-evaluating his career. The
atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, along with
the outbreak of the Cold War, galvanized him to write
nonction on political topics. In addition, he wanted to
break into better-paying markets. He published four inuential short stories for The Saturday Evening Post magazine, leading o, in February 1947, with "The Green
Hills of Earth". That made him the rst science ction writer to break out of the pulp ghetto. In 1950,
the movie Destination Moonthe documentary-like lm
for which he had written the story and scenario, cowritten the script, and invented many of the eects
won an Academy Award for special eects. Also, he embarked on a series of juvenile S.F. novels for the Charles
Scribners Sons publishing company that went from 1947
through 1959, at the rate of one book each autumn, in
time for Christmas presents to teenagers. He also wrote
for Boys Life in 1952.
At the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard he had met and befriended a chemical engineer named Virginia Ginny
Gerstenfeld. After the war, her engagement having fallen
through, she moved to UCLA for doctoral studies in
190
CHAPTER 52. ROBERT A. HEINLEIN

The Heinleins formed the small "Patrick Henry League
in 1958, and they worked in the 1964 Barry Goldwater
Presidential campaign.[14]
Robert and Virginia Heinlein in a 1952 Popular Mechanics article, titled A House to Make Life Easy. The Heinleins, both
engineers, designed the house for themselves with many innovative features.
When Robert A. Heinlein opened his

Colorado Springs newspaper on April 5, 1958,
he read a full-page ad demanding that the
Eisenhower Administration stop testing nuclear weapons. The science-ction author was
abbergasted. He called for the formation of
the Patrick Henry League and spent the next
several weeks writing and publishing his own
polemic that lambasted Communist-line goals
concealed in idealistic-sounding nonsense and
urged Americans not to become soft-headed.
chemistry, and made contact again.

As his second wifes alcoholism gradually spun out of
control,[19] Heinlein moved out and the couple led for
divorce. Heinleins friendship with Virginia turned into
a relationship and on October 21, 1948 shortly after
the decree nisi came through they married in the town
of Raton, New Mexico shortly after having set up house
in Colorado. They would remain married until Heinleins
death.
As Heinleins increasing success as a writer resolved their
initial nancial woes, they had a house custom built with
various innovative features, later described in an article in
Popular Mechanics. In 1965, after various chronic health
problems of Virginias were traced back to altitude sickness, they moved to Santa Cruz, California, at sea level,
while they were building a new residence in the adjacent
village of Bonny Doon, California.[20] Their unique circular California housewhich like their Colorado house,
he designed along with Virginia and then built himself
is on Bonny Doon Road 37331.72N 122930.46W /
37.0588111N 122.1584611W.
Ginny undoubtedly served as a model for many of his
intelligent, ercely independent female characters.[21][22]
She was a chemist, rocket test engineer, and held a higher
rank in the Navy than Heinlein himself. She was also
an accomplished college athlete, earning four letters.[23]
In 19531954, the Heinleins voyaged around the world
(mostly via ocean liners and cargo liners, as Ginny detested ying), which Heinlein described in Tramp Royale,
and which also provided background material for science
ction novels set aboard spaceships on long voyages, such
as Podkayne of Mars and Friday. Ginny acted as the
rst reader of his manuscripts. Isaac Asimov believed
that Heinlein made a swing to the right politically at the
same time he married Ginny. Tramp Royale contains
two lengthy apologias for the McCarthy hearings. He
wrote, "...many Americans ... were asserting loudly that
McCarthy had created a 'reign of terror.' Are you terried? I am not, and I have in my background much
political activity well to the left of Senator McCarthys
position.[24]
Robert and Virginia Heinlein in Tahiti, 1980.
Heinlein had used topical materials throughout his

juvenile series beginning in 1947, but in 1959, his novel
Starship Troopers was considered by the editors and owners of Scribners to be too controversial for one of its prestige lines, and it was rejected.[25]
Heinlein found another publisher (Putnam), feeling himself released from the constraints of writing novels for
children, and he began to write my own stu, my own
way, and he wrote a series of challenging books that redrew the boundaries of science ction, including his bestknown work, Stranger in a Strange Land (1961), and The
Moon Is a Harsh Mistress (1966).
52.1.5 Later life and death

Beginning in 1970, Heinlein had a series of health crises,
broken by strenuous periods of activity in his hobby of
stonemasonry. (In a private correspondence, he referred
to that as his usual and favorite occupation between
books.)[26] The decade began with a life-threatening attack of peritonitis, recovery from which required more
than two years. As soon as he was well enough to write
again, he began work on Time Enough for Love (1973),
which introduced many of the themes found in his later
ction.
52.2. WORKS
191
In the mid-1970s, Heinlein wrote two articles for the

Britannica Compton Yearbook.[27] He and Ginny crisscrossed the country helping to reorganize blood donation
in the United States, and he was the guest of honor at the
Worldcon for the third time at MidAmeriCon in Kansas
City, Missouri, in 1976. While vacationing in Tahiti
in early 1978, he suered a transient ischemic attack.
Over the next few months, he became more and more exhausted, and his health again began to decline. The problem was determined to be a blocked carotid artery, and he
had one of the earliest known carotid bypass operations
to correct it. Heinlein and Virginia had been smokers,[28]
and smoking appears often in his ction, as do ctitious
strikable self-lighting cigarettes.
Heinlein published 32 novels, 59 short stories, and 16 collections during his life. Four lms, two television series,
several episodes of a radio series, and a board game have
been derived more or less directly from his work. He
wrote a screenplay for one of the lms. Heinlein edited
an anthology of other writers SF short stories.
In 1980 Robert Heinlein was a member of the Citizens

Advisory Council on National Space Policy, chaired by
Jerry Pournelle, which met at the home of SF writer
Larry Niven to write space policy papers for the incoming Reagan Administration. Members included Buzz
Aldrin, General Daniel Graham, rocket engineer Max
Hunter, North American VP and Space Shuttle manager George Merrick, and other aerospace industry leaders. Policy recommendations from the Council included
ballistic missile defense concepts which were later transformed into what was called the Strategic Defense Initiative by those who favored it, and Star Wars as a term of
derision coined by Senator Ted Kennedy. Heinlein contributed to the Council contribution to the Reagan Star
Wars speech of Spring 1983.
52.2.1 Series
Three nonction books and two poems have been published posthumously. One novel was published posthumously in 2003; another, written by Spider Robinson
based on a sketchy outline by Heinlein, was published in
September 2006. Four collections have been published
posthumously.[18]
Over the course of his career Heinlein wrote four somewhat overlapping series.
Future History series
Lazarus Long series
The Heinlein juveniles
World as Myth series
52.2.2 Early work, 19391958
Heinlein began his career as a writer of stories for Astounding Science Fiction, a highly respected science ction magazine, which was edited by John Campbell. The
science ction writer Frederik Pohl has described Heinlein as that greatest of Campbell-era sf writers.[31] Isaac
Asimov said that, from the time of his rst story, it was
accepted that Heinlein was the best science ction writer
in existence, adding that he would hold this title through
At that time, he had been putting together the early notes
his lifetime.[32]
for another World as Myth novel. Several of his other
Alexei and Cory Panshin noted that Heinleins impact was
works have been published posthumously.[29]
immediately felt. In 1940, the year after selling 'LifeAfter his death, his wife Virginia Heinlein issued a comLine' to Campbell, he wrote three short novels, four novpilation of Heinleins correspondence and notes into a
elettes, and seven short stories. They went on to say that
somewhat autobiographical examination of his career,
No one ever dominated the science ction eld as Bob
published in 1989 under the title Grumbles from the
did in the rst few years of his career.[33] Alexei exGrave. Heinleins archive is housed by the Special Collecpresses awe in Heinleins ability to show readers a world
tions department of McHenry Library at the University
so drastically dierent from the one we live in now, yet
of California at Santa Cruz. The collection includes
have so many similarities. He says that We nd ourmanuscript drafts, correspondence, photographs and arselves not only in a world other than our own, but identitifacts. A substantial portion of the archive has been digfying with a living, breathing individual who is operating
itized and it is available online through the Robert A. and
within its context, and thinking and acting according to
Virginia Heinlein Archives.[30]
its terms.[34]
Asked to appear before a Joint Committee of the U.S.
House and Senate that year, he testied on his belief that
spin-os from space technology were beneting the inrm and the elderly. Heinleins surgical treatment reenergized him, and he wrote ve novels from 1980 until
he died in his sleep from emphysema and heart failure on
May 8, 1988.
52.2 Works
Main article: Robert A. Heinlein bibliography
The rst novel that Heinlein wrote, For Us, The Living: A
Comedy of Customs (1939), did not see print during his
lifetime, but Robert James tracked down the manuscript
and it was published in 2003. Though some regard it as a
failure as a novel,[11] considering it little more than a disguised lecture on Heinleins social theories, some readers
192
took a very dierent view. In a review of it, John Clute
wrote: I'm not about to suggest that if Heinlein had been
able to publish [such works] openly in the pages of Astounding in 1939, SF would have gotten the future right;
I would suggest, however, that if Heinlein, and his colleagues, had been able to publish adult SF in Astounding
and its fellow journals, then SF might not have done such
a grotesquely poor job of preguring something of the
avor of actually living here at the onset of 2004.[35]
For Us, the Living was intriguing as a window into the
development of Heinleins radical ideas about man as a
social animal, including his interest in free love. The root
of many themes found in his later stories can be found
in this book. It also contained much material that could
be considered background for his other novels, including a detailed description of the protagonists treatment
to avoid being banned to Coventry (a lawless land in the
Heinlein mythos where unrepentant law-breakers are exiled).

commonly called the Heinlein juveniles, and they feature a mixture of adolescent and adult themes. Many
of the issues that he takes on in these books have to do
with the kinds of problems that adolescents experience.
His protagonists are usually very intelligent teenagers who
have to make their way in the adult society they see
around them. On the surface, they are simple tales of
adventure, achievement, and dealing with stupid teachers and jealous peers. Heinlein was a vocal proponent of
the notion that juvenile readers were far more sophisticated and able to handle more complex or dicult themes
than most people realized. His juvenile stories often had
a maturity to them that made them readable for adults.
Red Planet, for example, portrays some very subversive
themes, including a revolution in which young students
are involved; his editor demanded substantial changes in
this books discussion of topics such as the use of weapons
by children and the misidentied sex of the Martian character. Heinlein was always aware of the editorial limitations put in place by the editors of his novels and stories,
and while he observed those restrictions on the surface,
was often successful in introducing ideas not often seen
in other authors juvenile SF.
It appears that Heinlein at least attempted to live in a manner consistent with these ideals, even in the 1930s, and
had an open relationship in his marriage to his second
wife, Leslyn. He was also a nudist;[2] nudism and body
taboos are frequently discussed in his work. At the height In 1957, James Blish wrote that one reason for Heinleins
of the Cold War, he built a bomb shelter under his house, success has been the high grade of machinery which
goes, today as always, into his story-telling. Heinlein
like the one featured in Farnhams Freehold.[2]
seems to have known from the beginning, as if instincAfter For Us, The Living, Heinlein began selling (to mag- tively, technical lessons about ction which other writers
azines) rst short stories, then novels, set in a Future His- must learn the hard way (or often enough, never learn).
tory, complete with a time line of signicant political, He does not always operate the machinery to the best adcultural, and technological changes. A chart of the future vantage, but he always seems to be aware of it.[39]
history was published in the May 1941 issue of Astounding. Over time, Heinlein wrote many novels and short stories that deviated freely from the Future History on some 52.2.3 19591960
points, while maintaining consistency in some other areas. The Future History was eventually overtaken by ac- Heinlein decisively ended his juvenile novels with
tual events. These discrepancies were explained, after a Starship Troopers (1959), a controversial work and his
fashion, in his later World as Myth stories.
personal riposte to leftists calling for President Dwight
Heinleins rst novel published as a book, Rocket Ship D. Eisenhower to stop nuclear testing in 1958.
Galileo, was initially rejected because going to the moon
was considered too far out, but he soon found a publisher,
Scribners, that began publishing a Heinlein juvenile once
a year for the Christmas season.[36] Eight of these books
were illustrated by Cliord Geary in a distinctive whiteon-black scratchboard style.[37] Some representative novels of this type are Have Space SuitWill Travel, Farmer
in the Sky, and Starman Jones. Many of these were rst
published in serial form under other titles, e.g., Farmer in
the Sky was published as Satellite Scout in the Boy Scout
magazine Boys Life. There has been speculation that
Heinleins intense obsession with his privacy was due at
least in part to the apparent contradiction between his unconventional private life and his career as an author of
books for children, but For Us, The Living also explicitly discusses the political importance Heinlein attached
to privacy as a matter of principle.[38]
The Patrick Henry ad shocked 'em, he wrote many

years later. "Starship Troopers outraged 'em.[40]
Starship Troopers is a coming-of-age story about duty, citizenship, and the role of the military in society.[41] The
book portrays a society in which surage is earned by
demonstrated willingness to place societys interests before ones own, at least for a short time and often under
onerous circumstances, in government service; in the case
of the protagonist, this was military service.
Later, in Expanded Universe, Heinlein said that it was

his intention in the novel that service could include positions outside strictly military functions such as teachers,
police ocers, and other government positions. This is
presented in the novel as an outgrowth of the failure of
unearned surage government and as a very successful
arrangement. In addition, the franchise was only awarded
after leaving the assigned service, thus those serving their
The novels that Heinlein wrote for a young audience are
termsin the military, or any other servicewere ex-
52.2. WORKS
193
cluded from exercising any franchise. Career military Evil, is according to critic James Giord almost univerwere completely disenfranchised until retirement.
sally regarded as a literary failure[48] and he attributes its
Starship Troopers was made into a 1997 lm written by shortcomings to Heinleins near-death from peritonitis.
Ed Neumeier and directed by Paul Verhoeven. Admirers
of Heinlein were critical of the movie, which they considered a betrayal of Heinleins philosophy, presenting
the society in which the story takes place as fascist.[42]
Christopher Weuve, an admirer of Heinlein, has said that
the society depicted in the lm showed only a supercial resemblance to the society that Heinlein describes
in his book. Weuve summed up his critique of the lm
as follows. First, while the Terran Federation in Starship Troopers is specically stated to be a representative
democracy, Ed Neumeier decided to make the government into a fascist state ... Second, the book was multiracial, but not so the movie: all the non-Anglo characters
from the book have been replaced by characters who look
like they stepped out of the Aryan edition of GQ... Third,
there is real element of sadism present in the movie which
simply isn't present in the book.[43]
52.2.4
Middle period work, 19611973
52.2.5 Later work, 19801987

After a seven-year hiatus brought on by poor health,
Heinlein produced ve new novels in the period from
1980 (The Number of the Beast) to 1987 (To Sail Beyond the Sunset). These books have a thread of common
characters and time and place. They most explicitly communicated Heinleins philosophies and beliefs, and many
long, didactic passages of dialog and exposition deal with
government, sex, and religion. These novels are controversial among his readers and one critic, Dave Langford,
has written about them very negatively.[49] Heinleins four
Hugo awards were all for books written before this period.
Some of these books, such as The Number of the Beast
and The Cat Who Walks Through Walls, start out as tightly
constructed adventure stories, but transform into philosophical fantasias at the end. It is a matter of opinion
whether this demonstrates a lack of attention to craftsmanship or a conscious eort to expand the boundaries
of science ction, either into a kind of magical realism,
continuing the process of literary exploration that he had
begun with Stranger in a Strange Land, or into a kind of
literary metaphor of quantum science (The Number of the
Beast dealing with the Observer problem, and The Cat
Who Walks Through Walls being a direct reference to the
Schrdingers cat thought experiment).
From about 1961 (Stranger in a Strange Land) to

1973 (Time Enough for Love), Heinlein explored some
of his most important themes, such as individualism,
libertarianism, and free expression of physical and emotional love. Three novels from this period, Stranger in a
Strange Land, The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress, and Time
Enough for Love, won the Libertarian Futurist Society's
Prometheus Hall of Fame Award, designed to honor classic libertarian ction.[44] Je Riggenbach described The
Moon is a Harsh Mistress as unquestionably one of the Most of the novels from this period are recognized by
three or four most inuential libertarian novels of the last critics as forming an oshoot from the Future History secentury.[45]
ries, and referred to by the term World as Myth.[50]
Heinlein did not publish Stranger in a Strange Land until
some time after it was written, and the themes of free
love and radical individualism are prominently featured
in his long-unpublished rst novel, For Us, The Living: A
Comedy of Customs.[46]
The tendency toward authorial self-reference begun in

Stranger in a Strange Land and Time Enough for Love becomes even more evident in novels such as The Cat Who
Walks Through Walls, whose rst-person protagonist is a
disabled military veteran who becomes a writer, and nds
The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress tells of a war of indepen- love with a female character who, like many of Heinleins
strong female characters, appears to be based closely on
dence waged by the Lunar penal colonies, with signi[51]
cant comments from a major character, Professor La Paz, his wife Ginny.
regarding the threat posed by government to individual The 1982 novel Friday, a more conventional adventure
story (borrowing a character and backstory from the earfreedom.
Although Heinlein had previously written a few short sto- lier short story Gulf, also containing suggestions of conries in the fantasy genre, during this period he wrote nection to The Puppet Masters) continued a Heinlein
his rst fantasy novel, Glory Road, and in Stranger in a theme of expecting what he saw as the continued disinStrange Land and I Will Fear No Evil, he began to mix tegration of Earths society, to the point where the title
hard science with fantasy, mysticism, and satire of or- character is strongly encouraged to seek a new life oganized religion. Critics William H. Patterson, Jr., and planet. It concludes with a traditional Heinlein note, as in
Andrew Thornton believe that this is simply an expres- The Moon is a Harsh Mistress or Time Enough for Love,
sion of Heinleins longstanding philosophical opposition that freedom is to be found on the frontiers.
to positivism.[47] Heinlein stated that he was inuenced The 1984 novel Job: A Comedy of Justice is a sharp
by James Branch Cabell in taking this new literary direc- satire of organized religion. Heinlein himself was
tion. The penultimate novel of this period, I Will Fear No agnostic.[52][53]
194
52.2.6
Posthumous publications
Several Heinlein works have been published since his

death, including the aforementioned For Us, The Living as well as 1989s Grumbles from the Grave, a collection of letters between Heinlein and his editors and
agent; 1992s Tramp Royale, a travelogue of a southern hemisphere tour the Heinleins took in the 1950s;
Take Back Your Government, a how-to book about participatory democracy written in 1946; and a tribute volume called Requiem: Collected Works and Tributes to the
Grand Master, containing some additional short works
previously unpublished in book form. O the Main Sequence, published in 2005, includes three short stories
never before collected in any Heinlein book (Heinlein
called them stinkeroos).
Spider Robinson, a colleague, friend, and admirer of
Heinlein,[54] wrote Variable Star, based on an outline and
notes for a juvenile novel that Heinlein prepared in 1955.
The novel was published as a collaboration, with Heinleins name above Robinsons on the cover, in 2006.
ment to our plans for cultural survival, might be awed,

even fatally so.[57]
The critic Elizabeth Anne Hull, for her part, has praised
Heinlein for his interest in exploring fundamental life
questions, especially questions about political power
our responsibilities to one another and about personal
freedom, particularly sexual freedom.[58]
52.3.1 Politics
Heinleins political positions evolved throughout his life,
though he was always strongly patriotic and rmly supported the United States military. Heinleins early political leanings were liberal.[59] In 1934 he worked actively for the Democratic campaign of Upton Sinclair
for Governor of California. After Sinclairs loss, Heinlein became an anti-Communist Democratic activist. He
made an unsuccessful bid for a California State Assembly seat in 1938.[59] Heinleins rst novel, For Us, The
Living (written 1939), consists largely of speeches advocating the Social Credit system, and the early story
"Mist" (1939) deals with an organization that seems to
be Franklin D. Roosevelt's Civilian Conservation Corps
translated into outer space.
A complete collection of Heinleins published work, conformed and copy-edited by several Heinlein scholars including biographer William H. Patterson is being published by the Heinlein Trust as the Virginia Edition, afHeinleins juvenile ction of the 1940s and 1950s, howter his wife.
ever, began to espouse conservative views. After 1945,
he came to believe that a strong world government was
the only way to avoid mutual nuclear annihilation. His
52.3 Views
1949 novel Space Cadet describes a future scenario where
a military-controlled global government enforces world
ceased considering himself a Democrat
Heinleins books probe a range of ideas about a range of peace. Heinlein
[59]
in
1954.
topics such as sex, race, politics, and the military. Many
were seen as radical or as ahead of their time in their social criticism. His books have inspired considerable debate about the specics, and the evolution, of Heinleins
own opinions, and have earned him both lavish praise and
a degree of criticism. He has also been accused of contradicting himself on various philosophical questions.[55]
As Ted Gioia notes, Heinlein has been accused of many
thingsof being a libertine or a libertarian, a fascist or
a fetishist, pre-Oedipal or just plain preposterous. Heinleins critics cut across all ends of the political spectrum,
as do his fans. His admirers have ranged from Madalyn
Murray O'Hair, the founder of American Atheists, to
members of the Church of All Worlds, who hail Heinlein
as a prophet. Apparently both true believers and nonbelievers, and perhaps some agnostics, have found sustenance in Heinleins prodigious output.[56]
Brian Doherty cites William Patterson, saying that the
best way to gain an understanding of Heinlein is as a fullservice iconoclast, the unique individual who decides that
things do not have to be, and won't continue, as they are.
He says this vision is at the heart of Heinlein, science
ction, libertarianism, and America. Heinlein imagined
how everything about the human world, from our sexual
mores to our religion to our automobiles to our govern-
Heinlein considered himself a libertarian, but in a letter

to Judith Merril in 1967 (never sent) he also described
himself as a philosophical anarchist or an autarchist [60]
Stranger in a Strange Land was embraced by the hippie
counterculture, and libertarians have found inspiration
in The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress. Both groups found
resonance with his themes of personal freedom in both
thought and action.[45]
52.3.2 Race
Heinlein grew up in the era of racial segregation in the
United States and wrote some of his most inuential ction at the height of the US civil rights movement. His
early juveniles were very much ahead of their time both
in their explicit rejection of racism and in their inclusion
of non-white protagonistsin the context of science ction before the 1960s, the mere existence of non-white
characters was a remarkable novelty, with green occurring more often than brown.[61] For example, his second
juvenile, the 1948 Space Cadet, explicitly uses aliens as a
metaphor for minorities. In his juvenile, Star Beast, the de
facto ruler of Earth is a Mr. Kiku who is from Africa.[62]
52.3. VIEWS
195
Heinlein explicitly states his skin is ebony black, and USA.)

that Kiku is in an arranged marriage that is happy.[62]
In a number of his stories, Heinlein challenges his readers
possible racial preconceptions by introducing a strong,
sympathetic character, only to reveal much later that he
or she is of African or other ancestry; in several cases,
the covers of the books show characters as being lightskinned, when in fact the text states, or at least implies,
that they are dark-skinned or of African ancestry.[63]
Heinlein repeatedly denounced racism in his non-ction
works, including numerous examples in Expanded Universe.
Heinlein reveals near the end of Starship Troopers that the
novels protagonist and narrator, Johnny Rico, the formerly disaected scion of a wealthy family, is Filipino,
actually named Juan Rico and speaks Tagalog in addition to English.
Race was a central theme in some of Heinleins ction. The most prominent and controversial example is
Farnhams Freehold, which casts a white family into a
future in which white people are the slaves of cannibalistic black rulers. In the 1941 novel Sixth Column (also
known as The Day After Tomorrow), a white resistance
movement in the United States defends itself against an
invasion by an Asian fascist state (the Pan-Asians) using a super-science technology that allows ray weapons
to be tuned to specic races. The book is sprinkled with
racist slurs against Asian people, and blacks and Hispanics are not mentioned at all. The idea for the story was
pushed on Heinlein by editor John W. Campbell, and
Heinlein wrote later that he had had to re-slant it to remove racist aspects of the original story line and that
he did not consider it to be an artistic success.[66][67]
(However, the novel prompted a heated debate in the scientic community regarding the plausibility of developing ethnic bioweapons.)[68]
Some of the alien species in Heinleins ction can be
interpreted in terms of an allegorical representation of
human ethnic groups. It has been suggested that the
strongly hierarchical and anti-individualistic Bugs in
Starship Troopers were meant to represent the Chinese or
Japanese, but Heinlein claimed to have written the book
in response to calls for the unilateral ending of nuclear
testing by the United States.[69] Heinlein suggests in the
book that the Bugs are a good example of Communism
being something that humans cannot successfully adhere
to, since humans are strongly dened individuals, whereas
the Bugs, being a collective, can all contribute to the
whole without consideration of individual desire.[70]
Heinleins biographer William Patterson [71] relates a
number of instances in which Heinlein responded to antisemitic remarks by (falsely) claiming to be half-Jewish
himself and breaking o all further contact with the antisemite. (Heinleins actual ancestry is German-American
on his fathers side and Scots-Irish American on his
mothers side, both going back to the Colonial era in the
52.3.3 Individualism
determination
and
self-
In keeping with his belief in individualism, his work for

adultsand sometimes even his work for juveniles
often portrays both the oppressors and the oppressed with
considerable ambiguity. Heinlein believed that individualism was incompatible with ignorance. He believed that
an appropriate level of adult competence was achieved
through a wide-ranging education, whether this occurred
in a classroom or not. In his juvenile novels, more than
once a character looks with disdain at a students choice
of classwork, saying, Why didn't you study something
useful?"[72] In Time Enough for Love, Lazarus Long gives
a long list of capabilities that anyone should have, concluding, Specialization is for insects. Heinlein often
used the term Polymath, and the full quote from Time
Enough on the wide variety of skills indicative of being
human vs. insect also is quoted in the Polymath article. The ability of the individual to create himself is explored in stories such as I Will Fear No Evil, "All You
Zombies", and By His Bootstraps.
52.3.4 Sexual issues

For Heinlein, personal liberation included sexual liberation, and free love was a major subject of his writing starting in 1939, with For Us, The Living. During
his early period, Heinleins writing for younger readers
needed to take account of both editorial perceptions of
sexuality in his novels, and potential perceptions among
the buying public; as critic William H. Patterson has put
it, his dilemma was to sort out what was really objectionable from what was only excessive over-sensitivity to
imaginary librarians.[73] By his middle period, sexual
freedom and the elimination of sexual jealousy were a
major theme of Stranger in a Strange Land (1961), in
which the progressively minded but sexually conservative reporter, Ben Caxton, acts as a dramatic foil for the
less parochial characters, Jubal Harshaw and Valentine
Michael Smith (Mike). Another of the main characters,
Jill, is homophobic.[74]
Gary Westfahl points out that Heinlein is a problematic case for feminists; on the one hand, his works often
feature strong female characters and vigorous statements
that women are equal to or even superior to men; but
these characters and statements often reect hopelessly
stereotypical attitudes about typical female attributes. It
is disconcerting, for example, that in Expanded Universe
Heinlein calls for a society where all lawyers and politicians are women, essentially on the grounds that they possess a mysterious feminine practicality that men cannot
duplicate.[75] Also, in Heinleins Stranger in a Strange
Land, Jill, one of the main characters, says, nine times
196
out of ten, if a girl gets raped its partly her fault.[74]

after a struggle with an editor who insisted on reading Freudian sexual symbolism into his juvenile novels.
Heinlein was fascinated by the social credit movement in
the 1930s. This is shown in Beyond This Horizon and in
his 1938 novel For Us, The Living: A Comedy of Customs, which was nally published in 2003, long after his
death. He was strongly committed to cultural relativism,
and the sociologist Margaret Mader in his novel Citizen
of the Galaxy is clearly a reference to Margaret Mead.
In books written as early as 1956, Heinlein dealt with incest and the sexual nature of children. Many of his books
(including Time for the Stars, Glory Road, Time Enough
for Love, and The Number of the Beast) dealt explicitly
or implicitly with incest, sexual feelings and relations between adults and children, or both.[76] The treatment of
these themes include the romantic relationship and eventual marriage (once the girl becomes an adult via timetravel) of a 30-year-old engineer and an 11-year-old girl
in The Door into Summer or the more overt inter-familial
incest in To Sail Beyond the Sunset and Farnhams Free52.4 Inuence and legacy
hold. Peers such as L. Sprague de Camp and Damon
Knight have commented critically on Heinleins portrayal
of incest and pedophilia in a lighthearted and even ap- Heinlein is usually identied, along with Isaac Asimov
and Arthur C. Clarke, as one of the three masters of sciproving manner.[76]
ence ction to arise in the so-called Golden Age of science ction, associated with John W. Campbell and his
magazine Astounding.[78] In the 1950s he was a leader in
52.3.5 Philosophy
bringing science ction out of the low-paying and less
In To Sail Beyond the Sunset, Heinlein has the main char- prestigious "pulp ghetto. Most of his works, including
acter, Maureen, state that the purpose of metaphysics is short stories, have been continuously in print in many lanto ask questions: Why are we here? Where are we going guages since their initial appearance and are still available
after we die? (and so on), and that you are not allowed to as new paperbacks decades after his death.
answer the questions. Asking the questions is the point of Robert Heinlein was also inuenced by the American
metaphysics, but answering them is not, because once you writer, philosopher and humorist Charles Fort who is
answer this kind of question, you cross the line into reli- credited as a major inuence on most of the leading
gion. Maureen does not state a reason for this; she sim- science-ction writers of the 20th-century. Heinlein was
ply remarks that such questions are beautiful but lack a lifelong member of the International Fortean Organianswers. Maureens son/lover Lazarus Long makes a re- zation also known as INFO, the successor to the original
lated remark in Time Enough for Love. In order for us Fortean Society. Heinleins letters were often displayed
to answer the big questions about the universe, Lazarus on the walls of the INFO oces, and his active participastates at one point, it would be necessary to stand outside tion in the organization is mentioned in the INFO Journal.
the universe.
He was at the top of his form during, and himself helped
During the 1930s and 1940s, Heinlein was deeply inter- to initiate, the trend toward social science ction, which
ested in Alfred Korzybski's General Semantics and at- went along with a general maturing of the genre away
tended a number of seminars on the subject. His views on
from space opera to a more literary approach touching on
epistemology seem to have owed from that interest, and such adult issues as politics and human sexuality. In reachis ctional characters continue to express Korzybskian
tion to this trend, hard science ction began to be distinviews to the very end of his writing career. Many of his guished as a separate subgenre, but paradoxically Heinstories, such as Gulf, If This Goes On, and Stranger in a
lein is also considered a seminal gure in hard science cStrange Land, depend strongly on the premise, related to tion, due to his extensive knowledge of engineering, and
the well-known SapirWhorf hypothesis, that by using a
the careful scientic research demonstrated in his stories.
correctly designed language, one can change or improve Heinlein himself statedwith obvious pridethat in the
oneself mentally, or even realize untapped potential (as days before pocket calculators, he and his wife Virginia
in the case of Joe Green in Gulf).
once worked for several days on a mathematical equation
When Ayn Rand's novel The Fountainhead was pub- describing an Earth-Mars rocket orbit, which was then
lished, Heinlein was very favorably impressed, as quoted subsumed in a single sentence of the novel Space Cadet.
in Grumbles...[77] and mentioned John Galtthe hero Heinlein has had a nearly ubiquitous inuence on other
in Rands Atlas Shruggedas a heroic archetype in The science ction writers. In a 1953 poll of leading sciMoon Is a Harsh Mistress. He was also strongly af- ence ction authors, he was cited more frequently as an
fected by the religious philosopher P. D. Ouspensky.[11] inuence than any other modern writer.[79] Critic James
Freudianism and psychoanalysis were at the height of Giord writes that Although many other writers have
their inuence during the peak of Heinleins career, and exceeded Heinleins output, few can claim to match his
stories such as Time for the Stars indulged in psychologi- broad and seminal inuence. Scores of science ction
cal theorizing.
writers from the prewar Golden Age through the present
However, he was skeptical about Freudianism, especially day loudly and enthusiastically credit Heinlein for blazing
52.4. INFLUENCE AND LEGACY
197
family structures, social libertarianism, water-sharing rituals, an acceptance of all religious paths by a single tradition, and the use of several terms such as grok, Thou
art God, and Never Thirst. Though Heinlein was neither a member nor a promoter of the Church, it was done
with frequent correspondence between Zell and Heinlein,
and he was a paid subscriber to their magazine Green Egg.
This Church still exists as a 501(C)(3) religious organization incorporated in California, with membership worldwide, and it remains an active part of the neopagan community today.[82]
Heinlein crater on Mars.
He was inuential in making space exploration seem to

the public more like a practical possibility. His stories
in publications such as The Saturday Evening Post took
a matter-of-fact approach to their outer-space setting,
rather than the gee whiz tone that had previously been
common. The documentary-like lm Destination Moon
advocated a Space Race with the Soviet Union almost a
decade before such an idea became commonplace, and
was promoted by an unprecedented publicity campaign
in print publications. Many of the astronauts and others
working in the U.S. space program grew up on a diet of
the Heinlein juveniles, best evidenced by the naming of a
crater on Mars after him, and a tribute interspersed by the
Apollo 15 astronauts into their radio conversations while
on the moon.[83]
the trails of their own careers, and shaping their styles and
Heinlein was also a guest commentator for Walter
stories.[80]
Cronkite during Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin's
Outside the science ction community, several words and Apollo 11 moon landing. He remarked to Cronkite durphrases coined or adopted by Heinlein have passed into ing the landing that, This is the greatest event in human
common English usage:
history, up to this time. This istoday is New Years Day
of the Year One.[84] Businessman and entrepreneur Elon
waldo, protagonist in the eponymous short story Musk says that Heinleins books have helped inspire his
"Waldo".
career.[85]
TANSTAAFL, short for There Ain't No Such Thing
as a Free Lunch, an existing term that refers to the
fact that things supposedly given free always have 52.4.1 Heinlein Society
some real cost, popularized in The Moon is a Harsh
Mistress.
The Heinlein Society was founded by Virginia Heinlein
[81]
Moonbat
used in United States politics as a pe- on behalf of her husband, to "pay forward" the legacy of
jorative political epithet referring to progressives or the writer to future generations of Heinleins Children.
The foundation has programs to:
leftists.
Grok, a Martian word for understanding a thing
so fully as to become one with it, from Stranger in a
Strange Land.
Space Marine, an existing term popularized by
Heinlein in short stories, then brought into the popular lexicon in Starship Troopers.
In 1962, Oberon Zell-Ravenheart (then still using his
birth name, Tim Zell) founded the Church of All Worlds,
a Neopagan religious organization modeled in many ways
after the treatment of religion in the novel Stranger in a
Strange Land. This spiritual path included several ideas
from the book, including polyamory, non-mainstream
Promote Heinlein blood drives.

Provide educational materials to educators.
Promote scholarly research and overall discussion
of the works and ideas of Robert Anson Heinlein.
The Heinlein society also established the Robert A. Heinlein Award in 2003 for outstanding published works in
science ction and technical writings to inspire the human
exploration of space.[86][87]
198
52.4.2
In popular culture
Heinlein appears as a major character in Paul Malmont's

historical novel The Astounding, the Amazing, and the
Unknown (2011).
52.5 Honors
The Science Fiction Writers of America named Heinlein
its rst Grand Master in 1974, presented 1975. Ocers and past presidents of the Association select a living
writer for lifetime achievement (now annually and including fantasy literature).[7][8]
[3] Say How? A Pronunciation Guide to Names of Public Figures. Library of Congress, National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped (NLS). 21
September 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-23.
[4] Booker, M. Keith; Thomas, Anne-Marie (2009). The Science Fiction Handbook. Blackwell Guides to Literature
Series. John Wiley and Sons. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-40516205-0.
[5] Parrinder, Patrick (2001). Learning from Other Worlds:
Estrangement, Cognition, and the Politics of Science Fiction
and Utopia. Duke University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-08223-2773-8.
[6] Robert J. Sawyer. The Death of Science Fiction
Main-belt asteroid 6312 Robheinlein (1990 RH4), discovered on September 14, 1990 by H. E. Holt, at Palomar
was named after him.[88]
[7] Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master. Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA). Retrieved
2013-03-23.
The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted

Heinlein in 1998, its third class of two deceased and two
living writers and editors.[89]
[8] Heinlein, Robert A. The Locus Index to SF Awards: Index to Literary Nominees. Locus Publications. Retrieved
2013-04-04.
In 2001 the United States Naval Academy created the

Robert A. Heinlein Chair In Aerospace Engineering.[90]
[9] http://www.tor.com/blogs/2010/08/
robert-a-heinleins-technological-prophecies
There was an active campaign to persuade the Secretary [10] Patterson, William (2010). Robert A. Heinlein: 1907
1948, learning curve. New York: Tom Doherty Assoof the Navy to name the new Zumwalt-class destroyer
ciates. p. Appendix 2. ISBN 978-0-7653-1960-9. Re[91]
DDG-1001 the USS Robert A. Heinlein;
however,
trieved June 29, 2014.
DDG-1001 will be named USS Monsoor, after Michael
Monsoor, a Navy SEAL who was posthumously awarded [11] William H. Patterson, Jr. (1999). Robert HeinleinA
the Medal of Honor in Iraq.
biographical sketch. The Heinlein Journal 1999 (5): 7
36. Also available at Robert A. Heinlein, a BiographiIn December 2013 Heinlein was announced as an incal Sketch at the Wayback Machine (archived March 21,
ductee to the Hall of Famous Missourians. His bronze
2008). Retrieved July 6, 2007.
bust, created by Kansas City sculptor, E. Spencer Schubert, will be one of forty-four on permanent display in the [12] James Gunn, Grand Master Award Remarks; Credit
Missouri State Capitol in Jeerson City.[92]
Col. Earp and Gen. Heinlein with the Reactivation of
Nevadas Camp Clark, The Nevada Daily Mail, June 27,
1966.
52.6 See also
[13] Social Aairs of the Army And Navy, Los Angeles

Times; Sep 1, 1929; p. B8.
Heinlein Centennial Convention
[14] Isaac Asimov, I, Asimov.
List of Robert A. Heinlein characters
[15] Expanded Universe
The Return of William Proxmire
[16] Afterword to For Us, The Living: A Comedy of Customs,

2004 edition, p. 245.
52.7 References
52.7.1
Notes
[1] Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3 ed.). Longman.

[2] Houdek, D. A. (2003). FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions about Robert A. Heinlein, the person. The Heinlein
Society. Retrieved 2007-01-23. See also the biography at
the end of For Us, the Living, 2004 edition, p. 261.
[17] Heinlein was running as a left-wing Democrat in a conservative district, and he never made it past the Democratic
primary because of trickery by his Republican opponent
(afterword to For Us, The Living: A Comedy of Customs,
2004 edition, p. 247, and the story "A Bathroom of Her
Own"). Also, an unfortunate juxtaposition of events had
a Konrad Henlein making headlines in the Sudetenlands.
[18] Robert A. Heinlein at the Internet Speculative Fiction
Database (ISFDB). Retrieved 2013-04-04. Select a title
to see its linked publication history and general information. Select a particular edition (title) for more data at that
level, such as a front cover image or linked contents.
52.7. REFERENCES
[19] Patterson, William (2010). Robert A. Heinlein: 1907

1948, learning curve. New York: Tom Doherty Associates. p. Chapter 27. ISBN 978-0-7653-1960-9. Retrieved April 12, 2011.
[20] Heinlein, Robert A. Grumbles from the Grave, ch. VII.
1989.
[21] "The Rolling Stone". Heinleinsociety.org. 24 May 2003.
[22] Heinleins Women, by G. E. Rule. Heinleinsociety.org.
24 May 2003. Retrieved 2012-05-16.
[23] Virginia Heinlein, 86; Wife, Muse and Literary Guardian
of Celebrated Science Fiction Writer. L.A. Times obituary by Elaine Woo. January 18, 2003. Reproduced in
[www.heinleinsociety.org] retireved 10 Nov 2014.
[24] Tramp Royale, 1992, uncorrected proof, ISBN 0-44182184-7, p. 62.
[25] Causo, Roberto de Sousa. Citizenship at War. Retrieved 2006-03-04.
[26] Virginia Heinlein to Michael A. Banks, 1988
[27] On Paul Dirac and antimatter, and on blood chemistry. A
version of the former, titled Paul Dirac, Antimatter, and
You, was published in the anthology Expanded Universe,
and it demonstrates both Heinleins skill as a popularizer
and his lack of depth in physics. An afterword gives a normalization equation and presents it, incorrectly, as being
the Dirac equation.
199
[37] Alexei Panshin. Heinlein in Dimension, Chapter 3, Part

1. Enter.net. Retrieved 2012-05-16.
[38] The importance Heinlein attached to privacy was made
clear in his ction, e.g., For Us, the Living, but also in several well-known examples from his life. He had a falling
out with Alexei Panshin, who wrote an important book
analyzing Heinleins ction; Heinlein stopped cooperating
with Panshin because he accused Panshin of "[attempting
to] pry into his aairs and to violate his privacy. Heinlein wrote to Panshins publisher threatening to sue, and
stating, You are warned that only the barest facts of my
private life are public knowledge... Enter.net. In his 1961
guest of honor speech at Seacon, the Worldcon in Seattle,
he advocated building bomb shelters and caching away unregistered weapons, Enter.net and his own house in Colorado Springs included a bomb shelter. Heinlein was a
nudist, and built a fence around his house in Santa Cruz to
keep out the counterculture types who had learned of his
ideas through Stranger in a Strange Land. In his later life,
Heinlein studiously avoided revealing his early involvement in left-wing politics, Enter.net, and made strenuous
eorts to block publication of information he had revealed
to prospective biographer Sam Moskowitz.Enter.net
[39] James Blish, The Issues at Hand, page 52.
[40] John J. Miller. In A Strange Land. National Review
Online Books Arts and Manners. Retrieved November
27, 2009.
[41] Centenary a modern sci- giant The Free Lance Star, June
30, 2007.
[28] Photograph, probably from 1967, pg. 127 of Grumbles

from the Grave
[42] Heinlein: Starship TroopersA Disastrous Film Adaptation.
[29] Based on an outline and notes created by Heinlein in

1955, Spider Robinson has written the novel Variable
Star. Heinleins posthumously published nonction includes a selection of letters edited by his wife, Virginia,
Grumbles from the Grave; his book on practical politics
written in 1946 published as Take Back Your Government;
and a travelogue of their rst around-the-world tour in
1954, Tramp Royale. The novels Podkayne of Mars and
Red Planet, which were edited against his wishes in their
original release, have been reissued in restored editions.
Stranger In a Strange Land was originally published in a
shorter form, but both the long and short versions are now
simultaneously available in print.
[43] Kentaurus.
[30] The Heinlein Archives. heinleinarchives.net. Retrieved

2008-10-21.
[31] Working with Robert A. Heinlein.
[32] Heinlein, pulp & greatness.
[33] The Death of Science Fiction: A Dream.
[34] Heinlein and the Golden Age.
[35] Clute Review.
[36] Robert A. Heinlein, Expanded Universe, foreword to
Free Men, p. 207 of Ace paperback edition.
[44] Prometheus Awards, Libertarian Futurist Society.

[45] Riggenbach, Je (June 2, 2010). Was Robert A. Heinlein
a Libertarian?". Mises Daily (Ludwig von Mises Institute).
[46] The story that Stranger in a Strange Land was used as inspiration by Charles Manson appears to be an urban legend; although some of Mansons followers had read the
book, Manson himself later said that he had not. However, at one point the Heinleins took the idea seriously
enough that they took special precautions against possible targeting by the Manson family, as mentioned in a
letter from Virginia Heinlein reprinted in Grumbles from
the Grave.Reason.com It is true that other individuals
formed a religious organization called the Church of All
Worlds, after the religion founded by the primary characters in Stranger, but Heinlein played no part in this except for some private correspondence with Oberon ZellRavenheart and Heinleins insistence on paying for his
subscription to Green Egg Magazine, refusing a complimentary subscription. (See Heinleinsociety.org)
[47] Patterson, William H.; Thornton, Andrew. The Martian
named Smith: Critical Perspectives on Robert A. Heinleins
Stranger in a Strange Land. Nitrosyncretic Press, 2001.
ISBN 0-9679874-2-3
200
[48] Giord, James. Robert A. Heinlein: A Readers Companion, Nitrosyncretic Press, Sacramento, California, 2000,
p. 102.
[49] See, e.g., Review of Vulgarity and Nullity by Dave Langford. Retrieved July 6, 2007.
[50] William H. Patterson, Jr., and Andrew Thornton, The
Martian Named Smith: Critical Perspectives on Robert A.
Heinleins Stranger in a Strange Land, p. 128: His books
written after about 1980 ... belong to a series called by
one of the central characters World as Myth. The term
Multiverse also occurs in the print literature, e.g., Robert
A. Heinlein: A Readers Companion, James Giord, Nitrosyncretic Press, Sacramento, California, 2000. The
term World as Myth occurs for the rst time in Heinleins
novel The Cat Who Walks Through Walls.
[51] Robert A. Heinlein, 19071988. Biography of Robert
A. Heinlein. University of California Santa Cruz. Retrieved November 27, 2009.
[52] J. Neil Schulman (1999). Job: A Comedy of Justice
Reviewed by J. Neil Schulman. Robert Heinlein Interview: And Other Heinleiniana. Pulpless.Com. p. 62.
ISBN 9781584450153. Lewis converted me from atheism to ChristianityRand converted me back to atheism,
with Heinlein standing on the sidelines rooting for agnosticism.
[53] Carole M. Cusack (2010). Invented Religions: Imagination, Fiction and Faith. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p.
57. ISBN 9780754693604. Heinlein, like Robert Anton
Wilson, was a lifelong agnostic, believing that to arm
that there is no God was as silly and unsupported as to
arm that there was a God.
[54] Heinleinsociety.org.
2012-05-16.
Heinleinsociety.org.
Retrieved
[55] Sturgis, Amy (2008). Heinlein, Robert (19071988)".

In Hamowy, Ronald. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism.
Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; Cato Institute. pp. 2234.
ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC
750831024.
[56] Robert Heinlein at One Hundred.
[57] Robert Heinlein at 100. Reason.
[58] Science Fiction as Scripture: Robert A. Heinleins
Stranger in a Strange Land and the Church of All Worlds.
[59] Wooster, Martin Morse. Heinleins Conservatism (a review of William Pattersons Learning Curve: 19071948,
the rst volume of his authorized biography, Robert A.
Heinlein: In Dialogue with His Century) in National Review Online, October 25, 2010.
1988, The Man Who Learned Better. New York: Tom
Doherty Associates. p. 389. ISBN 978-0-7653-1961-6.
[61] Pearson, Wendy. Race relations in, The Greenwood
Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes,
Works, and Wonders, Volume 2 Gary Westfahl, ed.; Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005;
pp. 64850
[62] Heinlein, Robert A. (1954). The Star Beast. Charles

Schribners Sons. p. 31.
[63] The reference in Tunnel in the Sky is subtle and ambiguous, but at least one college instructor who teaches the
book reports that some students always ask, Is he black?"
(see[64] ). Critic and Heinlein scholar James Giord (see
bibliography) states: A very subtle point in the book, one
found only by the most careful reading and conrmed by
Virginia Heinlein, is that Rod Walker is black. The most
telling clues are Rods comments about Caroline Mshiyeni
being similar to his sister, and the 'obvious (to all of the
other characters) pairing of Rod and Caroline.[65]
[64] FAQ: Heinleins Works. Heinleinsociety.org. Retrieved
2012-05-16.
[65] J. Daniel Giord (2000). Robert A. Heinlein: a readers
companion. Nitrosyncretic Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-09679874-1-5.
[66] Robert A. Heinlein, Expanded Universe, foreword to Solution Unsatisfactory, p. 93 of Ace paperback edition.
[67] Citations at Sixth Column.
[68]
Appel, J. M. Is all fair in biological warfare? The

controversy over genetically engineered biological
weapons, Journal of Medical Ethics, Volume 35, pp.
429432 (2009).
[69] Robert A. Heinlein, Expanded Universe, p. 396 of Ace

paperback edition.
[70] Robert A. Heinlein, Starship Troopers, p. 121 of Berkley
Medallion paperback edition.
[71] Patterson, op. cit., passim (especially Volume 2).
[72] For example, recruitment ocer Mr Weiss, in Starship
Troopers (p. 37, New English Library: London, 1977 edition.)
[73] William H Patterson jnrs Introduction to The Rolling
Stones, Baen: New York, 2009 edition., p. 3.
[74] Jordison, Sam (12 January 2009). Robert Heinleins
softer side. The Guardian (London). Books Blog. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
[75] Gary Westfahl, Superladies in Waiting: How the Female
Hero Almost Emerges in Science Fiction, Foundation,
vol. 58, 1993, pp. 4262.
[76] The Heinlein Society. The Heinlein Society. Retrieved
2012-05-16.
[77] Grumbles from the Grave
[78] Freedman, Carl (2000). Critical Theory and Science
Fiction. Doubleday. p. 71.
[79] Panshin, p. 3, describing de Camps Science Fiction
Handbook
[80] Robert A. Heinlein: A Readers Companion, p. xiii.
[81] The New York Times Magazine, On Language, by
William Sare, September 3, 2006
52.7. REFERENCES
[82] Church Of All Worlds

[83] The Hammer and the Feather. Corrected Transcript and
Commentary.
1948, learning curve. New York: Tom Doherty Associates. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-7653-1960-9. Retrieved April
12, 2011.
[85] Science Fiction Books That Inspired Elon Musk, Media
Bistro: Alley Cat, March 19, 2013
[86] BSFSs Robert A. Heinlein Award Page [Version DA3]". Baltimore Science Fiction Society. September 19,
2011. Retrieved September 21, 2011.
[87] The Locus Index to SF Awards: About the Robert A.
Heinlein Award. Locus Online. Retrieved May 19, 2013.
[88] Chamberlin,
Alan.
SSD.jpl.nasa.gov.
SSD.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-05-16.
[89] Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame. Mid American Science Fiction and Fantasy Conventions, Inc. Retrieved 2013-03-23. This was the ocial website of the
hall of fame to 2004.
201
Panshin, Alexei. 1968. Heinlein in Dimension.
Advent. ISBN 0-911682-12-0. ISBN 97-8-091168201-4. OCLC 7535112
Patterson, Jr., William H. and Thornton, Andrew.
2001. The Martian Named Smith: Critical Perspectives on Robert A. Heinleins Stranger in a Strange
Land. Sacramento: Nitrosyncretic Press. ISBN 09679874-2-3.
Powell, Jim. 2000. The Triumph of Liberty. New
York: Free Press. See prole of Heinlein in the
chapter Out of this World.
Tom Shippey. 2000. Starship Troopers, Galactic Heroes, Mercenary Princes: the Military and its
Discontents in Science Fiction, in Alan Sandison
and Robert Dingley, eds., Histories of the Future:
Studies in Fact, Fantasy and Science Fiction. New
York: Palgrave. ISBN 0-312-23604-2.
[90] http://archive.sfwa.org/news/heinchair.htm
George Edgar Slusser Robert A. Heinlein: Stranger

in His Own Land. The Milford Series, Popular
Writers of Today, Vol. 1. San Bernardino, CA: The
Borgo Press
[91] Miller, John J. In a Strange Land on National Review /

Digital. nrd.nationalreview.com. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
James Blish, writing as William Atheling, Jr. 1970.

More Issues at Hand. Chicago: Advent.
[92] Blank, Chris (7 December 2013). 4 new selections

for Hall of Famous Missourians. The St. Louis PostDispatch. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
Bellagamba, Ugo and Picholle, Eric. 2008. Solutions Non Satisfaisantes, une Anatomie de Robert A.
Heinlein. Lyon, France: Les Moutons Electriques.
ISBN 978-2-915793-37-6. (French)
52.7.2
Other sources
Biographical
Critical
H. Bruce Franklin. 1980. Robert A. Heinlein: America as Science Fiction. Oxford: Oxford University
Press. ISBN 0-19-502746-9.
A critique of Heinlein from a Marxist perspective. Somewhat out of
date, since Franklin was not aware
of Heinleins work with the EPIC
Movement. Includes a biographical
chapter, which incorporates some
original research on Heinleins family background.
James Giord. 2000. Robert A. Heinlein: A
Readers Companion. Sacramento: Nitrosyncretic
ISBN 0-9679874-1-5 (hardcover),
Press.
0967987407 (trade paperback).
A comprehensive bibliography,
with roughly one page of commentary on each of Heinleins
works.
Patterson, Jr., William H. 2010. Robert A. Heinlein

in Dialogue With His Century: 19071948 Learning Curve. An Authorized Biography, Volume I. Tom
Doherty Associates. ISBN 0-7653-1960-8
Patterson, Jr., William H. 2014. Robert A. Heinlein in Dialogue With His Century: 19481988 The
Man Who Learned Better. An Authorized Biography,
Volume II. Tom Doherty Associates. ISBN 0-76531961-6
Heinlein, Robert A.. 2004. For Us, the Living. New
York: Scribner. ISBN 0-7432-5998-X.
Includes an introduction by Spider
Robinson, an afterword by Robert
E. James with a long biography, and
a shorter biographical sketch.
Patterson, Jr., William H. (1999). Robert Heinlein A biographical sketch. The Heinlein Journal
1999 (5): 736. Also available at Robert A. Heinlein, a Biographical Sketch. Retrieved June 1, 2005.
202

A lengthy essay that treats Heinleins own autobiographical statements with skepticism.
The Heinlein Society and their FAQ. Retrieved May

30, 2005.
Contains a shorter version of the
Patterson bio.
Heinlein, Robert A.. 1997. Debora Aro is wrong.
New York: Del Rey.
Outlines thoughts on coincidental
thoughts and behavior and the famous argument over the course
of three days with Debora Aro,
renowned futurologist.
Heinlein, Robert A.. 1989. Grumbles From the
Grave. New York: Del Rey.
Incorporates a substantial biographical sketch by Virginia
Heinlein, which hews closely to
his earlier ocial bios, omitting
the same facts (the rst of his
three marriages, his early left-wing
political activities) and repeating
the same ctional anecdotes (the
short story contest).
52.8 External links

The Heinlein Society
site:RAH
Heinlein Archives
Robert & Virginia Heinlein Prize
Centennial Celebration in Kansas City, July 7, 2007.
Heinlein Nexus, the community continuation of the
Centennial eort.
1952 Popular Mechanics tour of Heinleins Colorado
house. accessed June 3, 2005
Heinleinia.com, an interactive exploration of Heinleins life and works
Robert Anson Heinlein at Find a Grave
Biography and criticism
Robert A. Heinlein biography at the Science Fiction
and Fantasy Hall of Fame
Frederik Pohl on Working with Robert A. Heinlein
Review & biographical essay on Heinlein by Lee
Sandlin, Wall Street Journal, June 27, 2014. Heinlein was the best sci- writer of all timeand then
mysteriously he became the worst.
Bibliography and works For bibliography links see also

the Robert A. Heinlein bibliography.
Vicary, Elizabeth Zoe. 2000. American National
Biography Online article, Heinlein, Robert Anson.
Robert A. Heinlein at the Internet Speculative FicRetrieved June 1, 2005 (not available for free).
tion Database
Repeats many incorrect statements
from Heinleins ctionalized professional bio.
Heinlein, Robert A.. 1980. Expanded Universe.
New York: Ace. ISBN 0-441-21888-1.
Autobiographical notes are interspersed between the pieces in the
anthology.
Reprinted by Baen,
hardcover October 2003,
ISBN 0-7434-7159-8.
Reprinted by Baen, paperback July 2005, ISBN
0-7434-9915-8.
Stover, Leon. 1987. Robert Heinlein. Boston:
Twayne.
Robert A. Heinlein at Goodreads

Robert A. Heinlein at the Internet Book List
Works by Robert A. Heinlein at Open Library
Robert A. Heinlein at the Internet Movie Database
Finding aid for the Robert A. and Virginia G. Heinlein Papers
Chapter 53
Hazel Henderson
Hazel Henderson (born March 27, 1933 in Bristol, England) is a futurist and an economic iconoclast. In recent
years she has worked in television, and she is the author of
several books including Building A Win-Win World, Beyond Globalization, Planetary Citizenship (with Daisaku
Ikeda), and Ethical Markets: Growing the Green Economy.
In 2007, Henderson started EthicalMarkets.TV to showcase video of people and organizations around the world
with socially responsible endeavors. Practicing what she
preaches, Henderson sought out highly ecient technology to stream the video, MIPBSCast which uses signicantly less energy than most other video platforms.
53.2 Ontology
53.1 Career
Henderson is now a television producer for the public
television series Ethical Markets. She has been Regents
Lecturer at the University of California (Santa Barbara)
and held the Horace Albright Chair in Conservation at the
University of California (Berkeley). She has also been a
traveling lecturer and panelist. Recently, she has served
on the boards of such publications as Futures Research
Quarterly, The State of the Future Report, and E/The Environmental Magazine (US), Resurgence, Foresight and Futures (UK). She advised the US Oce of Technology Assessment and the National Science Foundation from 1974
to 1980. Listed in Whos Who in the World, Whos Who
in Science and Technology, and in Whos Who in Business
and Finance.
Henderson has been one of the critics to point out that the
denitions of reality devised by natural and social scientists often pertain to the realities they are paid to study
raising questions as to who has funded these investigators
and theoreticians, and why? Who deems certain research
grants to be worthy of funding? Which questions crop up
in the rst place?
Henderson believes that the various threats to peace,
community security, and good environment have led us
into a new era in which we are obliged to look for values,
information, and know-how that we seemed to be able to
do without until recent decades.
One of her famous aphorism compare the occidental economic model to a cake with three level, with glass on the
top: the rst level is the nature, the second level is the subsistence economy, the third level is the public and private
Henderson has been in good part concerned with nd- economy and the last level is the nance.
ing the unexplored areas in standard economics and the
blind spots of conventional economists. Most of her
work relates to the creation of an interdisciplinary eco- 53.3 Books
nomic and political theory with a focus on environmental
and social concerns. For instance, she has delved into the
Ethical Markets: Growing the Green Economy,
area of the value of such unquantiables as clean air and
Chelsea Green Publishing, 2006, ISBN 978-1clean water, needed in tremendous abundance by humans
933392-23-3
and other living organisms. This work led to the development, with Calvert Group, of the Calvert-Henderson
Daisaku Ikeda coauthor, Planetary Citizenship, MidQuality of Life Indicators.
dleway Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0-9723267-2-8, 256
pgs
In 2005, Henderson started Ethical Markets Media, LLC,
to disseminate information on green investing, socially responsible investing, green business, green energy, business ethics news, environmentally friendly technology,
good corporate citizenship and sustainable development
by making available reports, articles, newsletters and
video gathered from around the world.
203
Hazel Henderson et al., Calvert-Henderson Quality

of Life Indicators, Calvert Group, 2000, ISBN 9780-9676891-0-4, 392 pgs
Beyond Globalization. Kumarian Press, 1999, ISBN
978-1-56549-107-6, 88 pgs
204
Building a Win-Win World. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 1995, ISBN 978-1-57675-027-8, 320 pgs
Creating Alternative Futures. Kumarian Press, 1996,
ISBN 978-1-56549-060-4, 430 pgs (original edition, Berkley Books, NY, 1978)
Hazel Henderson et al., The United Nations: Policy and Financing Alternatives. Global Commission
to Fund the United Nations, 1995, ISBN 978-09650589-0-2, 269 pgs
Paradigms in Progress. Berrett-Koehler Publishers,
1995, ISBN 978-1-881052-74-6, 293 pgs (original
edition, Knowledge Systems, 1991)
Redening Wealth and Progress: New Ways to Measure Economic, Social, and Environmental Change
: The Caracas Report on Alternative Development
Indicators. Knowledge Systems Inc., 1990, ISBN
978-0-942850-24-6, 99 pgs
The Politics of the Solar Age. Knowledge Systems Inc., 1988, ISBN 978-0-941705-06-6, 433 pgs
(original edition, Doubleday, NY, 1981
53.4 See also

Noosphere
Solidarity economy
Technology assessment
53.5 External links

HazelHenderson.com
EthicalMarkets.com
Calvert-Henderson.com
EthicalMarkets.tv
2007 Interview with Hazel Henderson talking on
economics on YouTube (video, 10min)
CHAPTER 53. HAZEL HENDERSON
Chapter 54
David H. Holtzman
mation Technology group, Holtzman managed the development of IBMs information product and service oering to encrypt and sell digitized content across the Internet, which was called cryptolopes. He served as a senior
analyst for Booz Allen Hamilton for several years, where
he ran technology-driven restructuring initiatives for Wall
Street rms and large nancial institutions. He also designed and built a networked, heterogeneous database and
text retrieval system called Minerva, which was used by
NATO and several trade associations before being sold to
IBM in 1994.
David H. Holtzman is a former security analyst and military code-breaker, a futurist, activist, security expert,
technologist, technology executive, and writer. Initiatives
he spearheaded have radically changed the way people interact with technology.
54.1 Dot Com Boom

During the Dot Com Boom of the late 1990s, Holtzman
ran one of the most critical networks in the world the domain name system. As Chief Technology Ocer
of Network Solutions and the manager of the Internets
master root server, Holtzman oversaw the growth of the
commercial Internet from ve hundred thousand to over
twenty million domain names.
54.2 Early career

Early in his technology career Holtzman was a cryptographic analyst, Russian linguist, and submariner with
the U.S. Naval Security Group. He worked at the Defense Special Missile and Astronautics Center as an intelligence analyst, focusing chiey on the Soviet Manned
Space program. As chief scientist at IBMs Internet Infor-
Holtzman has designed and built numerous informationbased software systems and is the author of several
patents dealing in areas as diverse as identity management, digital rights management and domain name registration. He has consulted on marketing strategy for several large corporations, including Amazon.com. He has
been a security consultant for several organizations, private and public, including Wesley Clarks 2004 presidential campaign. He was also CTO for All-America PAC,
Senator Evan Bayhs leadership PAC leading up to the
2008 Presidential election. He has been an adviser to over
a dozen high-tech companies throughout North America.
He has taught business courses as an adjunct associate
MBA professor at American University in Washington,
D.C., and entrepreneurship via a cutting edge Lecture
On Demand technique for the University of Pittsburgh
using distance learning software and podcasts.
In addition to being the author of the recently released
Privacy Lost: How Technology is Endangering Your Privacy (Jossey-Bass, 2006) and consulting, Holtzman is
currently the president of GlobalPOV, a rm he founded
to explore signicant technology issues and their eects
on society. He has been interviewed by major news media including the New York Times, CNN, and USA Today. Holtzman wrote a monthly ethics and privacy column called Flashpoint for CSO [Chief Security Ofcer] Magazine, and his essays have been frequently
published in BusinessWeek as well as Wired Magazine,
CNET, and ZDNet. Holtzman publishes occasionally on
topics such as privacy, intellectual property, business, and
pop culture on his blog, www.globalpov.com. His new
book, Surviving Identity Theft, will be published in Fall
2009 from Adams Media.
205
206
Mr. Holtzman was featured in a New York Times article about estate planning, in which he is quoted as saying,
Unlike paper, this is a very amorphous, rapidly changing set of circumstances. It puts a huge burden on the
person doing the estate planning to maintain a cache of
passwords.[1]
David Holtzmans most recent book is How to Survive
Identity Theft: Regain Your Money, Credit, and Reputation (Step By Step Guide).
54.3 Education
Holtzman has a B.S. in Computer Science from the
University of Maryland and a B.A. in Philosophy from
the University of Pittsburgh.
54.4 Personal Life

He is the father of ve children, whom he raised as a single parent.[2] He likes to sail, watch Shakespearean plays,
and cook.
54.5 Some Articles Written by

Holtzman
Full List: http://davidholtzman.com/essays.html
Wired 10.07: View. wired-vig.wired.com. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
Digital privacy: A curmudgeons guide - CNET
News. archive.is. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
Is There Ever an Ethical use for Spam? - CSO Online - Security and Risk. csoonline.com. Retrieved
2014-02-14.
Campaign Creep - CSO Online - Security and
Risk. csoonline.com. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
http://www.csoonline.com/read/010104/
flashpoint.html
54.6 See also

Booz Allen Hamilton
54.7 References
[1] Jacobs, Deborah L. (May 20, 2009). When Others Need
the Keys to Your Online Kingdom.
[2] Gill, Cindy. The Web Master.
CHAPTER 54. DAVID H. HOLTZMAN
54.8 External links

www.DavidHoltzman.com ocial site
GlobalPOV ocial site
Privacy Lost ocial book site
Chapter 55
David Houle (futurist)

David Houle (born 1948) is a futurist, keynote speaker,
and author of The Shift Age. He coined the phrase The
Shift Age and identied this new age as the successor to
the Information Age in 2007.
this capacity he won a George Foster Peabody Award,[1]

a Heartland Award and was nominated for an Academy
Award[2] for the documentary Hank Aaron: Chasing the
Dream.[3]
Later in the 1990s Houle was managing director of University Access, an e-learning company based in Los Angeles. Following the return to his hometown Chicago in
55.1 Early life
2011, he worked both as an advisor to companies and a
David Houle was born on July 3, 1948 in Chicago, Illi- speaker on the future of education and technology.
nois. He grew up in the Hyde Park neighborhood of
Chicago. His parents were Bettie E. Houle (d. 2000)
and Cyril O. Houle (d.1998). His mother earned a PhD 55.3 Futurist
from the University of Chicago in child development, was
active in the community, numerous charities and served Houle has been speaking about The Shift Age as a proa two-year term as President of the Fortnightly Club of fessional speaker since 2007. In 2009, he won a Speaker
Chicago. His father, Cyril O. Houle was a professor at of the Year Award from Vistage International. In April
the University of Chicago in the eld of Adult Educa- 2007, he spoke at the Foundation for the Future Energy
tion, who wrote 12 books and was awarded 14 honorary Conference 3000, and his blog columns on this conferdegrees.
ence with interviews with the attending scientists were
Houle attended the University of Chicago Laboratory published by the Foundation in its report. Houle has
School from nursery school through high school. After spoken at numerous international conferences and corpo[4][5][6]
Durgraduated from high school in 1965, he obtained a B.A. rate retreats to CEOs and business owners.
ing
20102011,
he
delivered
300+
speeches
in
ten
counin Art History from Syracuse University in 1969. Follow[7][8][9]
As a futurist, Houle cited
ing graduation, he worked and travelled North America tries on six continents.
Alvin
Toer
and
Marshall
McLuhan
as his major inuin a van and back packed around the world for two years.
ences. Houle has recently become Futurist in Residence
and Faculty member at the Ringling College of Art and
Design in Sarasota, Florida.[10]
55.2 Career
Houle was interviewed and featured on Forum, issue no.1,

2012, Deutsche Bank's in-house magazine regarding the
Houle spent more than 20 years in media and entertainOccupy Wall Street[11]
ment. In the mid-1970s he worked rst at NBC, then
at CBS in advertising sales. He then joined the executive team that created and launched MTV, Nickelodeon,
VH1 and CNN Headline News serving in senior adver- 55.4 Writings
tising sales capacities.
In the early 1990s, he created programming for televi- Houle started his writing career in 2006 by launching his
sion. He won two Emmy Awards for a nationally syndi- futurist blog www.evolutionshift.com with the tag line A
cated childrens program Energy Express. He represented Future Look at Today. In late 2007, his rst book The
according to WorldCat, it is now
Bill Kurtis and Kurtis Productions helping to launch such Shift Age was published;
[12]
in
71
libraries
series as Investigative Reports and American Justice on the
A&E cable television network. Along with Jack Myers he In February 2010, he became a featured contributor on
created Television Production Partners (TPP), a consor- Oprah.com.[13] He also has articles featured on Shelly
tium of advertisers to fund television programming. In Palmer's website.[14]
207
208
Houle had his second book, co-authored with Je Cobb,
Shift Ed: A Call to Action for Transforming K-12 was published in March 2011 and is in 123 libraries [12] His third
book, co-authored with Jonathan Fleece, The New Health
Age: The Future of Health Care in America was published
in December 2011.
Houles latest book, Entering the Shift Age, was published by Sourcebooks in 2012.
55.5 Bibliography
The Shift Age (2007), Booksurge, ISBN 9781419681783
The New Health Age: The Future of Healthcare in
America (2011) with Jonathan Fleece, Sourcebooks,
ISBN 1-402-27393-2
Shift Ed: A Call to Action for Transforming K-12 Education (2011) with Je Cobb, Corwin Press, ISBN
1-412-99296-6
Entering the Shift Age (2012), Sourcebooks, ISBN
1-4022-7217-2
55.6 References
[1] Houles production won George Foster Peabody Award
[2] Nomination of Hank Aaron: Chasing the Dream
[3] Hank Aaron: Chasing the Dream
[4] Speech at the VASCD 2011 Annual Conference
[5] Speech at the 2011 AFS Foundry Executive Conference
[6] Course and Education conferences in 2010
[7] 21st Century Educational Campus Symposium
[8] SC Education Connect 2012
[9] Digital Book World Conference & Expo 2012
[10] David Houle on Bradenton Herald
[11] Annette Schlosser-Schultheis (February 2012). Radicals
or Romantics?". FORUM (Deutsche Bank AG). p. 24.
[12]
[13] Houle on Oprahs website
[14] Houle on Shelly Palmers site
55.7 External links

Ocial website
David Houle at the Internet Movie Database
CHAPTER 55. DAVID HOULE (FUTURIST)
Chapter 56
James Hughes (sociologist)

For other people named James Hughes, see James
Hughes (disambiguation).
sions but certainly distinct and independent of

them. I call this new axis biopolitics, and the
ends of its spectrum are transhumanists (the
progressives) and, at the other end, the bioLuddites or bio-fundamentalists. Transhumanists welcome the new biotechnologies, and the
choices and challenges they oer, believing the
benets can outweigh the costs. In particular,
they believe that human beings can and should
take control of their own biological destiny, individually and collectively enhancing our abilities and expanding the diversity of intelligent life. Bio-fundamentalists, however, reject
genetic choice technologies and designer babies, unnatural extensions of the life span,
genetically modied animals and food, and
other forms of hubristic violations of the natural order. While transhumanists assert that
all intelligent persons are deserving of rights,
whether they are human or not, the biofundamentalists insist that only humanness, the
possession of human DNA and a beating heart,
is a marker of citizenship and rights.
James Hughes, Democratic Transhumanism 2.0, 2002
James J. Hughes Ph.D. is an American sociologist and

bioethicist. He teaches health policy at Trinity College in
Hartford, Connecticut in the United States.[1][2]
56.1 Biography
Hughes holds a doctorate in sociology from the University
of Chicago, where he served as the assistant director of
research for the MacLean Center for Clinical Medical
Ethics.[2] Before graduate school he was temporarily ordained as a Buddhist monk in 1984 while working as a
volunteer in Sri Lanka for the development organization
Sarvodaya from 1983 to 1985.
Hughes served as the executive director of the World
Transhumanist Association (which has since changed its
name to Humanity+) from 2004 to 2006, and currently
serves as the executive director of the Institute for Ethics
and Emerging Technologies, which he founded with Nick
Bostrom. He also produces the syndicated weekly public
aairs radio talk show program Changesurfer Radio and
contributed to the Cyborg Democracy blog.[3][4] Hughes
book Citizen Cyborg: Why Democratic Societies Must Respond to the Redesigned Human of the Future was published by Westview Press in November 2004.[5]
56.3 Works
Rejecting the two extremes of bioconservatism and

libertarian transhumanism, Hughes argues for a third
way, "democratic transhumanism, a radical form of
techno-progressivism which asserts that the best possible
"posthuman future" is achievable only by ensuring that
human enhancement technologies are safe, made available to everyone, and respect the right of individuals to
control their own bodies.[6]
56.2 Quote
Hughes, James (1996). "Embracing Change with

All Four Arms: A Post-Humanist Defense of Genetic Engineering". Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 6(4), 94-101
Hughes, James (2002). "Politics of Transhumanism". 2001 Annual Meeting of the Society for Social Studies of Science
Hughes, James (2002). "Democratic Transhumanism 2.0". Transhumanity blog
Hughes, James (20022004).
Archived Betterhumans column
The emergence of biotechnological controversies, however, is giving rise to a new axis,

not entirely orthogonal to the previous dimen-
Changesurng
Hughes, James (2004). Citizen Cyborg: Why Democratic Societies Must Respond to the Redesigned Hu209
210
CHAPTER 56. JAMES HUGHES (SOCIOLOGIST)

man of the Future. Westview Press. ISBN 0-81334198-1
56.4 Mentions
James Hughes or one of his works is mentioned/cited in
the following articles:
56.5 References
[1] Ford, Alyssa (MayJune 2005). Humanity: The Remix.
Utne Magazine. Retrieved 2007-03-03.
[2] Sirius, R. U. (2005). "NeoFiles, Vol. 1, No. 9: Transhumanisms Left Hand Man. Retrieved 2006-08-11.
[3] Changesurfer Radio with Dr. J.
[4] Cyborg Democracy.
[5] Hughes, James (2004). Citizen Cyborg: Why Democratic
Societies Must Respond to the Redesigned Human of the
Future. Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-4198-1.
[6] Hughes, James (2002). Democratic Transhumanism
2.0. Retrieved 2006-08-11.
56.6 External links

Changesurfer Consulting, a web portal to James
Hughes projects
Changesurfer Radio, a weekly, syndicated public
aairs radio show transmitting a sexy, high-tech vision of a radically democratic future
Institute of Ethics and Emerging Technologies:
James Hughes
Chapter 57
Deane Hutton
Deane Winston Hutton[1] is an Australian television
presenter and futurist.[2] His work on television has included 18 years as a writer-presenter of the Curiosity
Show,[3] and as science presenter on Hey Hey Its Saturday.[1] Hutton has also presented science reports on the
Sunday editions of Seven News in Adelaide[4] and had
some segments on the ABC show The New Inventors.[5]
Hutton also produced Christian science videos.[6]
57.1 References
[1] Deane Hutton at the Internet Movie Database
[2] Neagle, Matt (13 July 2008). Time to make science a lot
more sexy. The Adelaide Advertiser.
[3] Peddie, Clare (9 August 2012). Curiosity Show hosts
reunite for special National Science Week performances.
The Adelaide Advertiser. Archived from the original on
15 August 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
[4] Asian Television Awards 2007 Winner List. Archived
from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 24
October 2013.
[5] New Inventors: Ask Deane & Rob. Archived from
the original on 8 November 2010. Retrieved 24 October
2013.
[6] OCLC 222160163
211
Chapter 58
Erich Jantsch
Erich Jantsch (8 January 1929, Vienna 12 December 1980, Berkeley, California) was an Austrian
astrophysicist. A leader in the social systems design
movement in Europe in the 1970s.[1]
to be a foremost spawning ground of scientic and philosophical innovations. Jantsch penned his own epitaph:
Erich Jantsch died on __ in Berkeley after a painful illness. He was almost 52 and grateful for a very rich, beauhave been scattered over
In the mid-1960s his increasing concern regarding the fu- tiful and complete life. His ashes [7]
the
sea,
the
cradle
of
evolution.
ture led him to study forecasting techniques. He did not
believe that forecasting or science could be neutral.[2]
Described as quiet and modest, but as an original polymath and genius by Ralph H. Abraham in The Genesis
of Complexity.[3]
58.1 Career
Research Associate at MIT.[8]
Jantschs Design for Evolution is described as a seminal

work on general evolution theory (GET)" by Ralph H.
Abraham in The Genesis of Complexity.[4]
Jantschs Gauthier Lectures in System Science given in
May 1979 at the University of California in Berkeley
became the basis for his book The Self-Organizing Universe: Scientic and Human Implications of the Emerging Paradigm of Evolution, published by Pergamon Press
in 1980 as part of the System Science and World Order Library edited by Ervin Lszl. The book deals with
self-organization as a unifying evolutionary paradigm that
incorporates cosmology, biology, sociology, psychology,
and consciousness. Jantsch is inspired by and draws on
the work of Ilya Prigogine concerning dissipative structures and nonequilibrium states.
1970- Richard Merton Professor at the Technical

University in Hanover, Germany.[9]
Professor of Management Science at UC Berkeley
58.2 Bibliography
1966: Technological Forecasting in Perspective,
Working Document. DAS/SPR/66.12, Organization
for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris,
France.
1967: Technological forecasting in perspective,
OECD, 1967.
Now out of print for many years, The Self-organizing Universe has been inuential among interdisciplinary proponents of biomimicry alternatives to understanding science
like holism, co-evolution, and self-organization. It was
extensively cited in Ken Wilber's integral philosophy
book Sex, Ecology, Spirituality: The Spirit of Evolution.
1967: Forecasting Future. Science Journal, 3(10),

40.
Jantsch died in Berkeley, California, on December 12,

1980, after a short but painful illness[5] and before
his book, The Evolutionary Vision, was published.[6]
Magoroh Maruyama wrote in a eulogy, Jantsch succumbed at the age of 51 to the material and physical hardships that worsened progressively during the last decade
of his prolic and still young life. This makes us realize again the harsh and brutal conditions of life some of
the innovators must endure. ... Let us face squarely the
fact that Jantsch was given no paid academic job during a
decade of his residence in Berkeleya town considered
1968: Technological forecasting in corporate planning. Long Range Planning, 1(1), 40-50.
212
1968: Technological forecasting for planning and

its institutional implications. Ekistics, 26(153),
150-161.
1968: Integrating Forecasting and Planning

through a Function-Oriented Approach. Technological Forecasting for Industry and Government.
Englewood Clis, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
1969: Perspectives of Planning.
1969: Integrative planning of society and technology: the emerging role of the university. Futures,
1(3), 185-190.
58.2. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1969: Integrative Planning for the Joint Systems
of Society and Technology--The Emerging Role of
the University.
1969: New organizational forms for forecasting.
Technological Forecasting, 1(2), 151-161.
1969: The organization of technological forecasting in the Soviet Union:: Notes from a brief visit.
Technological Forecasting, 1(1), 83-86.
1969: Adaptive institutions for shaping the future.
Perspectives on Planning. Jantsch, E., ed. OECD,
Paris.
1969: The chasm ahead. Futures, 1(4), 314-317.
1970: Inter- and Transdisciplinary University: A
Systems Approach to Education and Innovation,
Policy Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 4 (Winter, 1970), pp.
403-42
1970: From forecasting and planning to policy sciences, Policy Sciences, 1(1), 31-47.
1970: Toward a methodology for systemic forecasting. Technological Forecasting, 1(4), 409-419.
1970: Science and Human Purpose.
1970: Technological forecasting at national level
in Japan:: Notes from a brief visit. Technological
Forecasting, 1(3), 325-327.
1971: The Planning of Change, in Policy Sciences.
1971: World Corporation-Total Commitment.
COLUMBIA JOURNAL OF WORLD BUSINESS, 6(3), 5-12.
1971: World dynamics. Futures, 3(2), 162-169.
1972: Education for design. Futures, 4(3), 232255.
1972: The organization of forecasting in Romania:
Notes from a brief visit. Technological Forecasting
and Social Change, 4(1), 19-22.
1972: Technological planning and social futures,
Wiley, 1972. ISBN 0-470-43997-1
1972: Towards interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity in education and innovation. Interdisciplinarity, Problems of Teaching and Research in
Universities. OECD, Paris, 97-121.
213
1973: Enterprise and environment. Industrial
Marketing Management, 2(2), 113-130.
1973: Forecasting and systems approach: a frame
of reference. Management Science, 19(12), 13551367.
1974: Organising the human world: an evolutionary outlook. Futures, 6(1), 4-15.
1975: Design for Evolution: Self-Organization and
Planning in the Life of Human Systems (The International Library of Systems Theory and Philosophy),
George Braziller Inc, 1975. ISBN 0-8076-0758-4
1975: The quest for absolute values. Futures, 7(6),
463-474.
1976: Introduction and summary. Evolution
and Consciousness, Human Systems in Transition,
Addison-Wesley Pubi., Reading, 1-8.
1976: Modes of Learning. Human Systems
In Transition, edited by Frlch Jantsch and Conrad Waddlngton, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing
Company.
1976: Evolution and consciousness: Human systems in transition
1976: Evolution: Self-realization through selftranscendence.
1976: Evolving images of man: Dynamic guidance
for the mankind process. E. Jantsch CH Waddington: Evolution and Consciousness-Human systems
in Transition, Addison-Wesley.
1976: Evaluation and 36 Systems and Models Consciousness. Jantsch, E., & Waddington, C. H.
1976: Self Realisation Through Self Transcendence. Evolution and Consciousness.
1976: Self-transcendence: new light on the evolutionary paradigm.
1980: Ethics and evolution. The North American
Review, 14-18.
1980: The Self-Organizing Universe: Scientic and
Human Implications of the Emerging Paradigm of
Evolution, New York: Pergamon Press, 1980. hardcover ISBN 0-08-024312-6 ; softcover ISBN 0-08024311-8
1972: Forecasting and the systems approach: A

critical survey. Policy Sciences, 3(4), 475-498.
1980: The unifying paradigm behind autopoiesis,

dissipative structures, hyper-and ultracycles. Autopoiesis, dissipative structures, and social orders.
Westview Press, Boulder.
1972: The futurists (Interview with E. Jantsch featured in this book) Toer, A. (Ed.). (1972). New
York: Random House.
1980: Interdisciplinarity: Dreams and Reality.

Prospects: Quarterly Review of Education, 10(3),
304-12.
214
CHAPTER 58. ERICH JANTSCH
1980: The evolutionary vision: Toward a unifying paradigm of physical, biological and sociological evolution.
1981: Autopoiesis: A central aspect of dissipative
self-organization. Zeleny, M. Autopoiesis: a theory of living organization. New York: North Holland, 65-88.
1981: The Evolutionary Vision (Aaas Selected Symposium), Westview Press. ISBN 0-86531-140-4
1981: The Evolutionary Vision: Toward a Unifying
Paradigm of Physical, Biological and Sociocultural
Evolution. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1981.
1981: Unifying principles of evolution. In
The Evolutionary Vision, 83116.
1982: From self-reference to self-transcendence:
The evolution of self-organization dynamics. Selforganization and dissipative structure (University of
Texas Press, Austin), 344353.
58.3 References
[1] Christakis, A.N.; Bausch, K. C. (2006). How people
harness their collective wisdom and power to construct
the future in co-laboratories of democracy. IAP. ISBN
1593114826.
[2] Trivia Library - Future Predictions of Famous Scientist
Dr. Erich Jantsch by David Wallechinsky & Irving Wallace The Peoples Almanac 1975 - 1981
[3] Abraham, Ralph H. The Genesis of Complexity. Visual
Math Institute. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
[5] Capra, F. (1981). Erich Jantsch 19291980. Futures,
13(2), 150-151.
[7] Linstone, H. A., Maruyama, M., & Kaje, R. (1981). Erich
Jantsch 19291980. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 19(1), 1-5.
[8] Jantsch, Erich (February 1, 1970). Inter- and Transdisciplinary University: A systems approach to Education and
Innovation. Higher Education Quarterly 1 (4): 403428.
[9] Jantsch, Erich (February 1, 1947). Inter- and Transdisciplinary University: A systems approach to Education and
Innovation. Higher Education Quarterly 1 (1): 737.
58.4 External links

Book cover at Kheper.net
Excerpts from TSOU at Kheper.net
Description of book contents at Principia Cybernetica
Chapter 59
Mitchell Joachim
Mitchell Joachim (pronounced /jo-ak-um/; born February 3, 1972) is acknowledged as an innovator in
ecological design, architecture, and urban design. He is
also a researcher, and architectural educator. Mitchell
Joachims specic professional interest has been adapting
principles of physical and social ecology to architecture,
city design, transport, and environmental planning.
59.2 Education
He earned a Ph.D.[16] at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in the Dept. of Architecture, Design and Computation program , a Master of Architecture in Urban
Design (MAUD) at Harvard Graduate School of Design
(GSD), a M.Arch at Columbia University GSAPP, and a
He is the founding Co-President at Terreform ONE BPS at the University at Bualo, The State University of
and a Partner at Planetary ONE.[1] Dr. Joachim is an New York with Honors.
Associate Professor at NYU,[2] and the European Graduate School.[3] Previously he was the Frank Gehry Chair at
University of Toronto.[4] Earlier, he was faculty at Pratt, 59.3 Early life
Columbia, Syracuse, Washington, and Parsons. Formerly
he worked as an architect for Gehry Partners,[5] and Pei Mitchell was born into a modest American family. His faCobb Freed.[6]
ther, Henry Joachim (1928-2011) was a wood furniture
manufacturer and a painter from Queens NY. His mother
was born in Brooklyn, NY. They encouraged Mitchell
since the age of ve to pursue ne arts. His early education was in the public school system of New York State.
59.1 Recognition
Mitchell has been awarded a Senior Fellowship at TED
2011,[7] Moshe Safdie and Assoc. Fellowship, and Martin Society for Sustainability Fellowship at MIT. He won
the Zumtobel Group Award,[8] History Channel and Inniti Design Excellence Award for the City of the Future,
and Time Magazine Best Invention of the Year 2007,
MIT Car w/ MIT Smart Cities.[9] His project, Fab Tree
Hab, has been exhibited at MoMA and widely published.
He was selected by Wired magazine for The 2008 Smart
List: 15 People the Next President Should Listen To.[10]
Rolling Stone magazine honored Mitchell as an agent of
change in The 100 People Who Are Changing America. In 2009 he was interviewed on the Colbert Report[11] Popular Science magazine has featured his work
as a visionary for The Future of the Environment in
2010.[12] Mitchell was the Winner of the Victor Papanek
Social Design Award[13] sponsored by the University of
Applied Arts Vienna, the Austrian Cultural Forum New
York, and the Museum of Arts and Design in 2011. Dwell
magazine featured Mitchell as one of The NOW 99
in 2012.[14] He won the American Institute of Architects New York, Urban Design Merit Award for; Terreform ONE, Urbaneer Resilient Waterfront Infrastructure, 2013.[15]
59.4 Design projects

Fab Tree Hab
MIT Car
Rapid Re(f)use[17]
Urbaneering Brooklyn: City of the Future[18]
SOFT Lamb Car[19]
Green Brain: Smart Park for a New City[20]
New York 2106: Self-Sucient City[21]
Jetpack Packing and Blimp Bumper Bus[22]
215
Tandon, Nina and Mitchell Joachim. Super Cells:

Building with Biology. TED Books, 2014.
Lasky, Julie, The Beauty of Bacteria, The New York
Times, pp. D1, D7, Thur. Jan. 17, 2013.
216
CHAPTER 59. MITCHELL JOACHIM
Myers, William (ed.), Bio Design: Nature + Science

+ Creativity, Thames & Hudson, The Museum of
Modern Art, pp. 10, 58-61. 2012.
Tom Vanderbilt, The 2008 Smart List: Mitchell

Joachim, Redesign Cities from Scratch, Wired, pp.
1789, 16.10, Oct, 2008.
Bergman, David, Sustainable Design: A Critical

Guide, Princeton Architectural Press, p 135. 2012.
Michelle Galindo (ed.), 1000X Architecture of the

Americas, Verlagshaus Braun, p. 429, 2008.
Bua,Matt and Maximillian Goldfarb (ed.), Architectural Inventions: Visionary Drawings, Laurence
King Publishing, pp. 20, 72, 144, 318. 2012.
Tim Groen, Relax - Interiors for Human Wellness,

p. 250-3, Birkhuser, 2007.
Amoroso, Nadia, Digital Landscape Architecture

Now, Thames & Hudson. pp. 17, 242-247. 2012.
Budds, Diana, The Now 99, The Future of Housing, Dwell, May, p.102, 120. 2012.
Mitchell Joachim, The Necessity of All Scales:
Planetary Design in the Age of Globality, Ecological Urban Architecture, Thomas Schroepfer (ed.),
Birkhuser, pp. 174-184. 2012.
Linda Stern, Terreform: Building Houses Out of

Living Trees, Newsweek, p. E2, May 28, 2007.
Craig Kellogg, Tree/House, Interior Design, p.
48, Vol. 78, issue #1, Jan. 1, 2007.
Axel Ritter, Smart Materials: Types, Products, Architecture, pp. 1011, 142, 160, Birkhuser, 2006.
Richard Burdett, Cities: Architecture and Society
10, Internazional Di Architettura, International Architectural Exhibition, V.1-2, p. 301, 2006.
Mitchell Joachim, Envisioning Ecological Cities;

Rapid Re(f)use, One Hour Tower, Homeway, Sustainable Urbanism and Beyond: Rethinking Cities
for the Future, Tigran Haas (ed.), Rizzoli, pp. 240245. 2012.
Robin Pogrebin, Visions of Manhattan: For the

City, 100-Year Makeovers, The New York Times,
p. A9, Nov. 4, 2006.
Mitchell Joachim and Maria Aiolova, Design as a

Resource for All Recourses, Futuristic: Visions of
Future Living, Caroline Klein, Prof. Dr. Stefanie
Lieb (ed.), DAAB, pp. 242-249. 2012.
Geeta Dayal, A Sheep at the Wheel, Intersection,

Issue 03, p. 78-79, 2006.
Mitchell Joachim, The Art of Cities, City Vision,

Francesco Lipari, Federico Giacomarra (ed.), issue
#7, autumn/winter, pp. 64-71. 2012.
Mitchell Joachim, Envisioning Ecological Cities,
Ecological Urbanism, Mohsen Mostafavi and
Gareth Doherty (ed.), pp.
22429, Harvard
University GSD, Lars Muller Publishers, 2010.
John Bradley, Future of The Environment: The Urban Remodeler, Popular Science, pp. cover, 7, 4647, July 2010.
Mitchell Joachim, Agora: Dreams and Visions,
lArca, pp. 4 11, N 246, April, 2009.
Mitchell Joachim, Housing for the 21st Century;
Urban Refuse, Housing & Wall-E, eVolo magazine, pp. 6263, issue 01, Fall, 2009.
Maywa Montenegro, The Seed Salon: Thomas
Lovejoy & Mitchell Joachim, Seed, pp. 3944, issue #22, June, 2009.
Matt Pascarella, Philippe Starck & Mitchell
Joachim; Designs for Violence, Ecology, Religion &
Politics, TAR, pp. 198209, Issue 2, Spring, 2009.
The RS 100: Agents of Change, Rolling Stone, p.
63, April 2, 2009.
Gregory Mone, Grow Your Second Home, Popular Science, pp. 389, Nov, 2006.
Mitchell Joachim, Javier Arbona, Lara Greden,

Natures Home, 306090 08: Autonomous Urbanism, Kjersti Monson & Alex Duval, ed., NY: Princeton Architectural Press, 2005.
David J. Brown, The HOME House Project: The
Future of Aordable Housing, MIT Press, 2005.
Phil Patton, At M.I.T., Rethinking the Car for City
Life, The New York Times, p. D9, Sep. 6, 2004.
Catherine Fox, How Harvard would remake Atlanta, Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Jun. 3, 2001.
59.6 See also

Pleaching
59.7 References
[1] Planetary ONE
[2] NYU Faculty
[3] Mitchell Joachim, Biography. The European Graduate
School. Retrieved July 22, 2010.
[4] Faculty Page at University of Toronto
[5] Gehry Partners

[6] Pei Cobb Freed
[7] TED 2011 Senior Fellowship,
[8] Zumtobel Group Award for Sustainability and Humanity
in the Built Environment
[9] MIT Smart Cities
[10] Wired Magazine.
[11] Dr. Mitchell Joachim at Colbert Show. May 7, 2009
[12] Future of the Environment
[13] Victor J. Papanek Social Design Award
[14] Dwell
[15] AIANY 2013
[16] Mitchell Joachim. Ecotransology: Integrated Design for
Urban Mobility, Ph. D. Thesis, 2006. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, Design and
Computation. Retrieved July 22, 2010.
[17] Inhabitat, Rapid Re(f)use
[18] Terreform ONE Urbaneering Brooklyn
[19] Bigthink, Soft Cars
[20] Stylepark, Green Brain and Blimps
[21] New York Times, Terreform Future New York 2106
[22] Popular Science, Future Cities
59.8 External links

Archinode Studio.
Terreform ONE.
Terrefuge.
Mitchell Joachim Faculty Page at European Graduate School
Don't Build your Home - Grow it. TED Talk. 5 min.
Dwell magazine The Future of Housing
Mitchell Joachim - Articles, Interviews and Reviews.
217
Chapter 60
Laurence F. Johnson
Digital Education in the Arts (MIDEA), and served as
its founding director. An outgrowth of the earlier Digital Education Project for Texas Art Museums, MIDEA
built on that four-year systemic eort to increase the capacity of museums across Texas and beyond to use new
media to tell compelling stories about art and their collections. The project provides a hub for Texas museum professionals to learn about and discuss all forms of digital
media, as well as ongoing training and support for digital arts education. (The project continues its unique work
with Texas art museums that has become known as the
Texas Testbed.) The learnings from this project inform
the national and international eorts of many museums
and museum-based organizations all over the world.
Dr. Larry Johnson speaking at the World Innovation Summit on
Education, Nov. 18, 2009
An author of several books, numerous chapters, dozens

of articles, and principal investigator for several important national and international studies, he has been recDr. Larry Johnson (born December 17, 1950 in Corpus ognized for his research by the American Association of
Christi, Texas) is an American futurist, author, and edu- Community Colleges[9] and the American Association of
cator. Since 2001, Dr. Johnson has served as Chief Ex- University Administrators.[10]
ecutive Ocer of the New Media Consortium an international consortium of hundreds of universities, colleges,
museums, research centers, and technology companies.[1]
60.2 Background
60.1 Contributions
The NMCs annual Horizon Report is the most visible component of the Horizon Project, which Johnson
founded and has led since its inception in 2002. The report has since become one of the leading tools used by
senior executives in universities and museums to set priorities for technology planning in more than 75 countries.
In 2006, Johnson marked 25 years of service in higher

education, most recently as CEO of the New Media Consortium, and previously as president and CEO of Fox Valley Technical College, a community college serving more
than 20,000 FTE in Appleton, Wisconsin. His experiential base includes service at both very large and very small
institutions and positions at every level and across all the
major areas of college and university work.
Johnson has organized summits and large-scale

projects around topics such as Visual literacy,[2]
learning objects,[3] educational gaming,[4] the future of
scholarship,[5] and the 3D web.[6] In April 2008, Johnson
presented testimony to the House Subcommittee on
Telecommunications and the Internet on the nature and
state of virtual worlds.[7][8]
Between 1993 and 1996, he served as vice president for

the League for Innovation in the Community College,[11]
working at the national level to take the story of community colleges to governmental, foundation, and corporate
leaders across the country. As director of the Leagues
Information Technology Initiative, he coordinated what
was at the time the worlds largest higher education techinternational Conference of InforIn 2009, Johnson helped the NMC and the Edward and nology conference, the
[12]
mation
Technology.
Betty Marcus Foundation formalize their longstanding
collaboration in support of the visual arts in Texas with He serves on a number of boards, including the
the launch of the Edward and Betty Marcus Institute for Adobe Systems Higher Education Advisory Board, the
218
60.5. SELECTED KEYNOTE ADDRESSES

Advanced Defense Learning Initiative National Advisory Board,[13] the virtual International Spaceight
Museum,[14] and the Academic Commons Board of
Directors.[15]
60.3 Education
Harvard Institute for Educational Management,[16]
1998, Harvard University. Postdoctoral study of
leadership issues in higher education.
Executive Leadership Institute,
1995, The University of Texas at Austin, in collaboration with the
League for Innovation in the Community College.
Postdoctoral study of leadership issues in community colleges.
[17]
Doctor of Philosophy in Educational Administration, 1993, Community College Leadership

Program[18] The University of Texas at Austin[19]
Dissertation: Relationship of Performance in Developmental Mathematics to Academic Success in
College-Level Algebra.[20]
Master of Business Administration in Finance,
1988, Southwest Texas State University[21] Thesis:
The Evolution of Asset Pricing Theory.
Bachelor of Arts in Mathematics, with a minor in
Computer Science, 1975, The University of Texas
at Austin[22]
60.4 Recognitions
Distinguished Graduate,[23] The University of Texas
at Austin, 2000
American Association of Community Colleges
Sloan Research Award, 1997
American Association of University Administrators
Goodman-Malamuth Research Award, 1994
60.5 Selected keynote addresses

The 2011 Horizon Report: Museum Edition.
ATHENA Project Closing Conference, Rome,
April 28, 2011[24]
219
2011 Horizon Report. EDUCAUSE Learning Initiative Conference. Washington, DC. February 14,
2011.[27]
Generations. Education World Forum, Ministerial
Exchange Keynote With Martin Bean, Pro Vice
Chancellor, Open University, London, January 11,
2010[28]
Generations. Educa Online Berlin. Berlin, Germany. December 3, 2010[29]
Through the Lens, Darkly. Museum Computer Network. Austin, Texas. October 28, 2010[30]
Seven Channels of Change. SingTel i.luminate. Singapore. September 21, 2010[31]
The Horizon Report: Iberoamerican Edition. Virtual Educa. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
June 24, 2010[32]
Siete Canales de Cambio. Virtual Educa. Santo
Domingo, Dominican Republic. June 24, 2010[33]
Seven Ways Technology is Unfolding, Everywhere
We Look. 13th Annual Conference on Electronic
Theses and Dissertations. Austin, Texas. June 16,
2010[34]
The Horizon Project Metatrends. Open University
of Japan Faculty Convocation. Tokyo. May 24,
2010[35]
Seven Things Impacting Technology: Horizon
Metatrends 2010. University of Texas Leadership
Forum. UT Austin. May 19, 2010
Education Futures (Keynote Panel). Collab Tech
Summit Case Western University. Cleveland, Ohio.
May 6, 2010[36]
Seven Channels of Change. 11th Annual CiTE conference. Denver, Colorado. April 12, 2010[37]
We Loo. Educational Technology Showcase. Baylor University. April 7, 2010
Into the Rabbit Hole. GameTech. Orlando. March
31, 2010[38]
Seven Channels of Change for Museums. Webwise
- the IMLS Annual conference. Denver Colorado.
March 4, 2010[39]
The Horizon Project Navigator. 2011 HP Catalyst

Worldwide Summit, New Delhi, India, March 10,
2011[25]

We Look. 2010 HP Innovations in Education
Worldwide Summit. San Jose, California. February 23, 2010
Generations.
National Association of College
Stores, Houston, February 25, 2011[26]
Seven Channels of Change. American Council on

Education. Washington, DC. February 4, 2010[40]
220
The 2010 Horizon Report. EDUCAUSE Learning
Initiative Conference. Austin, Texas. January 19,
2010[41]
We Look. Learning and Technology World Forum.
London. January 12, 2010[42]
Seven Ways Technology is Unfolding, Everywhere We Look. Victorian Instructional Technology Teachers Association. Melbourne, Australia.
November 23, 2009[43]
Future Scenarios. World Innovation Summit for
Education (WISE). Doha Qatar. November 18,
2009[44]
El Informe Horizon. Faculty Convocation at the
Universitat Oberta de Catalunya. Barcelona, Spain.
October 16, 2009
Seven Ways Technology is Changing Everything.
National Broadband Network Symposium. Brisbane Australia. September 25, 2009
Seven Things Impacting Technology: Horizon
Metatrends 2009. St Edwards University Leadership Forum. Austin, Texas. Aug 31, 2009
Educational Leaders Forum: Seven Channels of
Change. UNESCO World Congress on Higher Education. Paris, France. July 9, 2009[45]
Seven Channels of Change. University of Texas
Leadership Forum. Austin, Texas. May 19, 2009
Horizon Metatrends 2009. Collab Tech Case Western University. Cleveland, Ohio. May 7, 2009[46]
CHAPTER 60. LAURENCE F. JOHNSON

Thru the Looking Glass: Why virtual worlds matter, where they are heading, and why we are all
here. Federal Virtual Worlds Expo. Washington,
DC, April 2324, 2008.[53][54]
Social Networking, the Third Place, and the Evolution of Communication. 2008 Teaching in Community Colleges Conference; April 15, 2008 .[55][56]
Why Virtual Worlds? Association for Managers of
Innovation Virtual Conference, hosted by the University of the Pacic; April 15, 2008 via Second
Life.[57]
Creativity Matters. Address to the faculty of the
New Orleans Center for the Creative Arts; New Orleans, LA, April 1618, 2008[58]

Laurence F. Johnson, Holly Witchey (2010). The
2010 Horizon Report: Museum Edition, Curator:
The Museum Journal, Volume 54, Issue 1, pages
3740, January 2011[59]
Johnson, Laurence F. (2010). Siete Canales de
Cambio: Cmo el desarrollo de la tecnologa est
cambiando, all donde miremos. Santo Domingo:
Virtual Educa.
Johnson, Laurence F., Smith, Rachel S., Levine,
Alan, and Haywood, K. (2010) The 2010 Horizon Report.
Austin, TX: The New Media
Consortium.[60]
Seven Channels of Change. USC Teaching with

Technology Conference. University of Southern
California. May 5, 2009[47]

Alan, and Haywood, K. (2010) The 2010 Horizon
Report: Australian-New Zealand Edition. Austin,
TX: The New Media Consortium.[61]
The Horizon Metatrends. Keynote address to the

annual ACM Special interest Group on University
and College Computing Services. Portland, Oregon.
October 19, 2008.[48]

Alan, and Haywood, K. The 2010 Horizon Report: K12 Edition. Austin, TX: The New Media
Consortium.[62]
From 30,000 Feet: The Horizon Project at Five

Years. Vision 2020: Digital Ubiquity & University Transformation. Cincinnati OH, August 6,
2008[49][50]
Johnson, Laurence F., Witchey, H., Smith, Rachel

S., Levine, Alan, and Haywood, K. The 2010 Horizon Report: Museum Edition. Austin, TX: The
New Media Consortium.[63]
Down the Rabbit Hole: The NMCs Journey into

Virtual Worlds. Alliance for Information Science
and Technology Innovation (AISTI) Annual MiniConference. Santa Fe, NM, May 1214, 2008[51]
Garca, I. Pea-Lpez, I; Johnson, L., Smith, R.,

Levine, A., & Haywood, K. (2010). Informe Horizon: Edicin Iberoamericana 2010. Austin, Texas:
The New Media Consortium.[64]
Horizon Project Metatrends.

2008 Eduserve
Foundation Symposium; London, UK, May 89,
2008.[52]
Johnson, Laurence F. (2009) Closing Comments:

2010 Symposium for the Future. Austin, TX: The
60.6. SELECTED PUBLICATIONS
221
Johnson, Laurence F.; Smith, Rachel S.; Smythe, J.

Troy; Varon, Rachel K. (2009). Challenge-Based
Learning: An Approach for Our Time. Austin,
Texas: The New Media Consortium.[66]
Johnson, Laurence F. and Levine, Alan H. (2008)

Virtual Worlds: Inherently Immersive, Highly Social Learning Spaces, Theory Into Practice, 47:2,
161 170.[76]
Johnson, Laurence F. (2009) Seven Channels of

Change. Berlin: Educa Online.
Johnson, Laurence F., Smith, Rachel S., and Levine,

Alan. The Horizon Report. Austin, TX: The New
Media Consortium, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008,
2009, 2010, 2011.[77]

Alan. (2009) The 2009 Horizon Report. Austin,
TX: The New Media Consortium.[67]
Johnson, Laurence F., Smith, Rachel S., and
Levine, Alan. (2009) The 2009 Horizon Report:
Australian-New Zealand Edition. Austin, TX: The
Alan. (2009) The 2009 Horizon Report: Economic
Development Edition. Austin, TX: The New Media
Consortium.[69]
Alan. (2009) The 2009 Horizon Report: K12 Edition. Austin, TX: The New Media Consortium.[70]
Alan. (2009) Communique_ from the Open EdTech
Summit 2009A Call to Action. Austin, TX: The
Johnson, Laurence F. (2009) Closing Comments:
2009 Symposium for the Future. Austin, TX: The
Johnson, Laurence F., Smith, Rachel S., and
Levine, Alan. Horizon Report: 2008 Australia-New
Zealand Edition. Austin, TX: The New Media Consortium, 2008.[73]
Alan. (2009) Horizon Project Metatrends: Seven
Long-Term Inuences on Educational Technology.
Chapter in Guofang Wan & Dianne Gut (Eds.).
Bringing Schools into the 21st Century. Dordrecht,
the Netherlands: Springer Publishing.
Johnson, Larry, Samis, P, Smith, R., Varon, R., and
Witchey, H. (2008) Into the Breach: How Creative
Philanthropy Can Reverse the Eroding Landscape
of Arts Education. An NMC White Paper: The
New Media Consortium, Austin, Texas. September,
2008.
Johnson, Larry (2008) Multimedia for Peanuts: The
Pachyderm Project at Five. First Monday, 13:8. August 2008.[74]
Johnson, Laurence F., Online Virtual Worlds:
Applications and Avatars in a User-Generated
Medium. House Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet, Washington, DC, 2008.[75]
Johnson, Larry. Why Creativity Matters. An NMC

Whitepaper. Austin, TX: The New Media Consortium, 2007.
Johnson, Laurence F. Foreword. In Learning Objects for Instruction: Design and Evaluation by
Pamela T. Northrup. Hershey, Pennsylvania: Information Science Publishing, 2007.
Johnson, Laurence F. and Smith, Rachel S. 2007
Horizon Report: A Call to Scholarship. An NMC
Whitepaper. Austin, TX: The New Media Consortium, 2007.[78]
Samis, Peter, Johnson, Laurence F., and Smith,
Rachel S. Pachyderm: From Multimedia to Visual
Stories. Journal of Computing in Higher Education,
Fall 2007 Vol. 19(1), 3-25.
Smith, Rachel S. and Johnson, Laurence F. Social
Networking, The Third Place, and the Evolution
of Communication. An NMC Whitepaper. Austin,
TX: The New Media Consortium, 2007.[79]
Johnson, Larry. The Sea Change Before Us.
EDUCAUSE Review. Boulder: EDUCAUSE,
March/April 2006.
Johnson, Laurence F and Smith, Rachel S. A Global
Imperative: The Report of the 21st Century Literacy
Summit. Austin, TX: The New Media Consortium,
2005.
Johnson, Laurence F. and Samis, Peter S. Taking
Teaching by the Tusks: Introducing Pachyderm 2.0.
Toronto, Ontario: Archives and Museum Informatics, 2005.
Johnson, Laurence F. Elusive Vision: Challenges
Impeding the Learning Object Economy. Austin,
TX: The New Media Consortium, 2003.
Johnson, Laurence F. Into the Breach: A National
Study of Computers and the At-Risk. Chapter in
Milliron, M.D. and Miles, C.L., Editors. Taking
a Big Picture Look @ Technology, Learning, &
the Community College. Mission Viejo, California:
League for Innovation in the Community College,
2000.
Roueche, John E., Johnson, Laurence F., and
Roueche, Suanne D. Embracing the Tiger: The Institutional Eectiveness Debate in the Community
222
CHAPTER 60. LAURENCE F. JOHNSON

College. Washington, D.C.: Community College
Press, 1997.
Johnson, Larry. Computers and At Risk Students:

A National Study of Successful Strategies for Developmental Students. Lead Chapter in Core Issues in
Community Colleges. Washington, D.C.: American Association of Community Colleges, 1997.
Roueche, Suanne D. Writing the Tale of the Institutional Eectiveness Tiger. Southern Association
of Community, Junior, and Technical Colleges Occasional Paper. Vol. 15, No. 1, September 1997.
Roueche, Suanne D. Embracing the Tiger: The
Institutional Eectiveness Challenge. Leadership
Abstracts. Vol. 10, no. 8, August, 1997.
Roueche, Suanne D. Embracing the Institutional
Eectiveness Tiger. Community College Journal.
Vol. 67, No. 5, April/May 1997.
Johnson, Larry, Lever-Duy, Judy, and Lemke,
Randall, Editors. Learning Without Limits: Distance Learning in the Community College. Mission Viejo, California: League for Innovation in the
Community College, 1996.
Johnson, Laurence F., Relationship of Performance in Developmental Mathematics to Academic
Success in College-Level Algebra. Community
College Journal of Research and Practice. Vol. 20,
No. 4, June, 1996.
Johnson, Larry, Editor. Common Ground: Exemplary Community College and Corporate Partnerships. Mission Viejo, California: League for Innovation in the Community College, 1996.
Johnson, Larry and LaBello, Sharon, Editors. The
21st Century Community College: Technology and
the New Learning Paradigm. Tallahassee, Florida:
International Business Machines Corporation, 1996.
Johnson, Larry, Regarding Technology. Leadership Abstracts. Vol. 8, no. 11, November, 1995.
Johnson, Laurence F., Relationship of Performance in Developmental Mathematics to Academic

Success in College-Level Algebra. Doctoral Dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin, 1993.
Dubose, Terry, James Cunyus, and Laurence Johnson, Embryonic Heart Rate and Age, Journal of
Diagnostic Medical Sonography, Vol. 6, May/June
1990.
60.7 References
[1] NMC.org (member list)
[2] NMC.org
[3] NMC.org
[4] NMC.org
[5] NMC.org
[6] sl.NMC.org
[7] Energycommerce.house.gov, written testimony.
[8] Energycommerce.edgeboss.net, video.
[9] AACC.nche.edu
[10] AAUA.org
[11] League for Innovation in the Community College
League.org
[12] League.org
[13] Academiccolab.org
[14] Slipspaceightmuseum.org
[15] Academic Commons Academiccommons.org
[16] GSE.Harvard.edu
[17] League.org
[18] Edadmin.edb.Utexas.edu
[19] Utexa.EDUs
[20] UT Digital Repository
[21] TXstate.edu
Johnson, Larry, Regarding the Perfectly Technological Chair Academic Leadership. Journal of the
National Chair Academy. Vol. 3, no. 1, October,
1995.
[22] Utexas.edu
Johnson, Larry, Does all this Technology make

a Dierence? Innovation Abstracts. September,
1994.
[25]
Roueche, John and Larry Johnson. A New View of

the Mission of Higher Education, Leadership Abstracts, Vol. 7, No. 1, January, 1994.
[23] Edadmin.edb.Utexas.edu
[24]
[26]
[27]
[28]
[29]
60.7. REFERENCES
223
[30]
[68]
[31]
[69]
[32]
[70]
[33]
[71]
[34]
[72]
[35] [ ]
[73]
[36]
[74]
[37]
[75]
[38]
[76]
[39]
[77]
[40]
[78]
[41]
[79]
[42]
[43]
[44]
[45]
[46]
[47]
[48]
[49] DaAp.UC.edu
[50] Vuvox.com
[51] AISTI.org
[52] Eduserv.org.uk
[53] NDU.edu
[54] NDU.edu
[55] TCC.KCC.Hawaii.edu
[56] NMC.org
[57] Theimbucks.com
[58] NMC.org
[59]
[60]
[61]
[62]
[63]
[64]
[65]
[66]
[67]
Chapter 61
Bertrand de Jouvenel
Bertrand de Jouvenel des Ursins, usually known only
as Bertrand de Jouvenel (31 October 1903 1 March
1987), was a French philosopher, political economist, and
futurist.
Man and Pierre Drieu la Rochelle.[3]
He was in favour of Franco-German rapprochement and

created the " Cercle du grand pavois ", which supported
the Comit FranceAllemagne (Franco-German Committee). Here he became friends with Otto Abetz, the future
German ambassador to Paris during the occupation.[4] In
61.1 Life
February 1936 he interviewed Adolf Hitler for the journal Paris-Midi, for which he was criticised for being too
Bertrand was the heir of an old family from the French no- friendly to the dictator.
bility, coming from the Champagne region. He was the That same year he joined Jacques Doriot's Parti popuson of Henri de Jouvenel and Sarah Boas, the daughter laire franais (PPF).[5] He became the editor in chief of
of a Jewish industrialist. Henri divorced Sarah in 1912 its journal L'mancipation nationale (National Emancito become the second husband of French writer Colette. pation), wherein he supported facsism. He broke with the
In 1920, when he was a mere 16, Bertrand began an aair PPF in 1938 when Doriot supported the Munich Agreewith his stepmother, who was then in her late 40s. The ment.
aair ended Colettes marriage and caused a scandal. It
lasted until 1924. Some believe Bertrand to be the role Jouvenels mother passionately supported Czechoslomodel for the title character in Colettes novel Chri, but vakian independence, and so he began his career as a
in fact she had published about half the book, in serial private secretary to Edvard Bene, Czechoslovakia's rst
form, before she and her stepson met for the rst time, in prime minister. In 1947, along with Friedrich Hayek,
the spring of 1920. In the 1930s, he participated in the Jacques Rue, and Milton Friedman, he founded the
Cahiers Bleus, the review of Georges Valois' Republican Mont Pelerin Society. Later in life, de Jouvenel estabSyndicalist Party. From 1930 to 1934, Jouvenel had an lished the Futuribles International in Paris.
aair with the American war correspondent Martha Gell- Jouvenel was among the very few French intellectuals
horn. They would have married had his wife agreed to a to pay respectful attention to the economic theory and
divorce.[1]
welfare economics that emerged during the rst half of
the
20th century in Austria, Italy, the United Kingdom,
In his memoirs, The Invisible Writing, Arthur Koestler reand
the United States. This understanding of economics
called that in 1934, Jouvenel was among a small number
is
shown
by his The Ethics of Redistribution.
of French intellectuals who promised moral and nancial support to the newly established Institut pour l'tude Dennis Hale of Boston College has co-edited two voldu Fascisme, a supposedly self-nancing enterprise of the umes of essays by Jouvenel.[6]
Popular Front. Other personalities to oer support were
Professor Langevin, the Joliot-Curies, Andr Malraux,
etc.[2]
However, that same year, Jouvenel was impressed by the
riot of the antiparliamentary leagues that occurred on 6
February 1934, became disillusioned with traditional political parties and left the Radical Party. He began a paper
with Pierre Andreu called La Lutte des jeunes (The Struggle of the Young) while at the same time contributing to
the right wing paper Gringoire, for which he covered the
1935 Nuremberg Congress in Germany where the infamous Nuremberg Laws were passed. He began frequenting royalist and nationalist circles, where he met Henri de
61.1.1 The Sternhell controversy

Zeev Sternhell published a book, Ni Droite, ni gauche
(Neither Right nor Left), accusing De Jouvenel of having had fascist sympathies in the 1930s and 40s. De Jouvenel sued in 1983, claiming nine counts of libel, two of
which the court upheld. However, Sternhell was required
neither to publish a retraction, nor to strike any passages
from future printings of his book.[7]
224
61.2 Bibliography
On Power: The Natural History of Its Growth
The Ethics of Redistribution
Sovereignty: An Inquiry into the Political Good
The Pure Theory of Politics
The Art of Conjecture
61.3 Notes
[1] For a detailed account of Jouvenels aair with Martha
Gellhorn see Caroline Moorehead: Martha Gellhorn: A
Life, Chatto & Windus, London 2003, ISBN 0-70116951-6 (hardback).
[2] Arthur Koestler, The Invisible Writing, Collins and
Hamish Hamilton, London 1954. Republished in 1969
by Hutchinson (Danube edition) ISBN 0-09-098030-1. p.
297
[3] Le sicle des intellectuels by Michel Winock, ed. Seuil, p.
410.
[4] Bertrand de Jouvenel, Un voyageur dans le sicle (1903
1945), tome 1, ditions Robert Laont, Paris, 1979
[5] Laurent Kestel, " L'engagement de Bertrand de Jouvenel
au PPF de 1936 1939, intellectuel de parti et entrepreneur politique ", French Historical Studies, n.30,
hiver 2007, pp. 105125
[6] http://www.bc.edu/schools/cas/polisci/facstaff/hale.html
[7] Robert Wohl, 1991, French Fascism, Both Right and
Left: Reections on the Sternhell Controversy, The Journal of Modern History 63: 9198.

Anderson, Brian C. (Spring 2001). Bertrand de
Jouvenels melancholy liberalism, Public Interest,
Issue 143.
Mahoney, Daniel J. (2008). Jourvenel, Bertrand
de (19031987)". In Hamowy, Ronald. The
Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks,
CA: SAGE; Cato Institute. pp. 2635. ISBN
978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC
750831024.
Luckey, William R. (October 1998). "The Economics of Bertrand de Jouvenel, The Journal of
Markets and Morality, Volume 1, Number 2.
225
Chapter 62
Bill Joy
For William Joy (. 1329-1348), the English architect DARPA had contracted the company Bolt, Beranek and
of the Decorated Gothic style, see William Joy.
Newman (BBN) to add TCP/IP to Berkeley UNIX. Joy
had been instructed to plug BBNs stack into Berkeley
Unix, but he refused to do so, as he had a low opinion of
William Nelson Joy (born November 8, 1954) is an
American computer scientist. Joy co-founded Sun Mi- BBNs TCP/IP. So, Joy wrote his own high-performance
TCP/IP stack. According to John Gage,
crosystems in 1982 along with Vinod Khosla, Scott McNealy and Andreas von Bechtolsheim, and served as chief
scientist at the company until 2003. He played an inteBBN had a big contract to implement
gral role in the early development of BSD UNIX while a
TCP/IP, but their stu didn't work, and grad
graduate student at Berkeley, and he is the original author
student Joys stu worked. So they had this big
of the vi text editor. He also wrote the 2000 essay "Why
meeting and this grad student in a T-shirt shows
the Future Doesn't Need Us", in which he expressed deep
up, and they said, How did you do this?" And
concerns over the development of modern technologies.
Bill said, Its very simple you read the protocol and write the code.
62.1 Early career
Rob Gurwitz, who was working at BBN at the time, disputes this version of events.[4]
Joy was born in the Detroit suburb of Farmington Hills,

Michigan to William Joy, a school vice-principal and
counselor, and Ruth Joy. Joy received a Bachelor of
Science in electrical engineering from the University of
Michigan and a Master of Science in electrical engineering and computer science from the University of California, Berkeley in 1979.[1] Joys graduate advisor was Bob
Fabry.
62.2 Sun Microsystems
In 1982, after the rm had been going for six months,

Joy was brought in with full co-founder status at Sun Microsystems. At Sun, Joy was an inspiration for the development of NFS, the SPARC microprocessors, the Java
As a UC Berkeley graduate student, Joy worked for programming language, Jini / JavaSpaces and JXTA.
Fabrys Computer Systems Research Group CSRG on In 1986, Joy was awarded a Grace Murray Hopper Award
the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) version of the by the ACM for his work on the Berkeley UNIX OperatUnix operating system. He initially worked on a Pascal ing System.
compiler left at Berkeley by Ken Thompson, who had
been visiting the University when Joy had just started On September 9, 2003 Sun announced that Bill Joy was
his graduate work.[2] He later moved on to improving leaving the company and that he is taking time to conthe Unix kernel, and also handled BSD distributions.[2] sider his next move and has no denite plans.
Some of his most notable contributions were the ex and
vi editors and csh. Joys prowess as a computer programmer is legendary, with an oft-told anecdote that he wrote 62.3 Post-Sun activities
the vi editor in a weekend. Joy denies this assertion.[3]
Other of his accomplishments have also been sometimes In 1999, Joy co-founded a venture capital rm, HighBAR
exaggerated; Eric Schmidt, CEO of Novell at the time, Ventures, with two Sun colleagues, Andreas von Bechtolinaccurately reported during an interview in PBS's docu- sheim and Roy Thiele-Sardia. In January 2005 he was
mentary Nerds 2.0.1 that Joy had personally rewritten the named a partner in venture capital rm Kleiner Perkins
BSD kernel in a weekend.
Caueld & Byers, where he has made investments in
According to a Salon article, during the early 1980s,
green energy industries.[5] He once said, My method is
226
62.6. REFERENCES
227
to look at something that seems like a good idea and as- matter who you are, most of the smartest people work for
sume its true.[6]
someone else.[11] His argument was that companies use
In 2011, he was inducted as a Fellow of the Computer an inecient process by not hiring the best employees,
History Museum for his work on the Berkeley Software only those they are able to hire. His law was a continuDistribution (BSD) Unix system and the co-founding of ation of Friedrich Hayeks "The Use of Knowledge in Society" and warned that the competition outside of a comSun Microsystems.[7]
pany would always have the potential to be greater than
the company itself.[12]
62.4 Technology concerns

In 2000, Joy gained notoriety with the publication of
his article in Wired Magazine, "Why the future doesn't
need us", in which he declared, in what some have described as a "neo-Luddite" position, that he was convinced that growing advances in genetic engineering and
nanotechnology would bring risks to humanity. He argued that intelligent robots would replace humanity, at
the very least in intellectual and social dominance, in
the relatively near future. He advocates a position of
relinquishment of GNR (genetics, nanotechnology, and
robotics) technologies, rather than going into an arms
race between negative uses of the technology and defense against those negative uses (good nano-machines
patrolling and defending against Grey Goo bad nanomachines). This stance of broad relinquishment was criticized by technologists such as technological-singularity
thinker Ray Kurzweil, who instead advocates ne-grained
relinquishment and ethical guidelines.[8][9] Joy was also
criticized by the conservative American Spectator, which
characterized Joys essay as a (possibly unwitting) rationale for statism.[9]
62.6 References
[1] UC Berkeley Online Tour: Famous Alumni. University of California, Berkeley, accessdate = July 1, 2010.
Archived from the original on May 27, 2010.
[2] McKusick, Marshall Kirk (1999). Twenty Years of
Berkeley Unix: From AT&T-Owned to Freely Redistributable. Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source
Revolution. O'Reilly.
[3] Bill Joys greatest gift to man the vi editor, Ashlee
Vance, The Register, September 11, 2003.
[4] BSD Unix: Power to the people, from the code, Andrew
Leonard, Salon, May 16, 2000.
[5] Bill Joy on Suns downfall, Microsofts prospects, green
tech (Q&A)", Ina Fried, CNET News, May 25, 2010
[6] A Group Is Its Own Worst Enemy, Clay Shirky, Networks, Economics, and Culture mailing list, July 1, 2003,
from a speech at ETech, April 2003
[7] 2011 Fellow: Bill Joy, Computer History Museum, retrieved 17 June 2013
A bar-room discussion of these technologies with Ray

Kurzweil started to set Joys thinking along this path. He [8] Are We Becoming an Endangered Species? Technology
and Ethics in the Twenty First Century, Ray Kurzweil,
states in his essay that during the conversation, he beEssays, November 20, 2001, originally presented on
came surprised that other serious scientists were considNovember 19, 2001 at Washington National Cathedral.
ering such possibilities likely, and even more astounded
at what he felt was a lack of considerations of the contin- [9] Valpy, Michael (23 June 2001). Will we invent our own
gencies. After bringing the subject up with a few more
worst enemies?". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 12 June
acquaintances, he states that he was further alarmed by
2014.
what he felt was the fact that although many people considered these futures possible or probable, that very few [10] Bill Joy on Venture Capital, Clean Tech, and Big Boats,
Steven Levy, Wired Magazine, April 16, 2013
of them shared as serious a concern for the dangers as he
seemed to. This concern led to his in-depth examination [11] Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution,
of the issue and the positions of others in the scientic
143.
community on it, and eventually, to his current activities
[12] Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution,
regarding it.
Despite this, he is a venture capitalist, investing in GNR
technology companies.[10] He has also raised a specialty
venture fund to address the dangers of pandemic diseases,
such as the H5N1 avian inuenza and biological weapons.
144.
62.7 External links

Bill Joy at TED
62.5 Joys Law

In his 2013 book Makers, author Chris Anderson credited
Joy with establishing Joys Law based on a quip: No
Appearances on C-SPAN
Bill Joy at the Internet Movie Database
228
Works by or about Bill Joy in libraries (WorldCat
catalog)
An Introduction to Display Editing with Vi
Bill Joy, video clips at Big Picture TV
Excerpts from a 1999 Linux Magazine interview regarding the development of vi
NerdTV interview (video, audio, and transcript
available) - 30 June 2005
The Six Webs, 10 Years On - speech at MIT Emerging Technologies conference, September 29, 2005
Bill Joy at Dropping Knowledge, his answers to the
100 questions at Dropping Knowledges Table of
Free Voices event in Berlin, 2006.
Computer History Museum, Sun Founders Panel,
January 11, 2006
CHAPTER 62. BILL JOY
Chapter 63
Anthony Judge
Now retired from the UIA, he is continuing his research
within the context of an initiative called Union of Imaginable Associations.[3]
63.1 Early life

Anthony John Nesbitt (Tony) Judge, an Australian national, was born in Port Said, Egypt, in 1940. His father
was a pilot and ocer in the Royal Air Force.[4] He was
brought up in what was Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), with
some schooling in the United Kingdom and Australia. He
did chemical engineering at Imperial College (London)
and an MBA at the University of Cape Town. He worked
at the Union of International Associations between 1961
and 1963, and from 1968 till 2007. He is still living in
Belgium, his wife is German, and they have one son.[5]
63.2 Career
Anthony Judge
Anthony Judge, (Port Said, 21 January 1940) is mainly

known for his career at the Union of International Associations (UIA), where he has been Director of Communications and Research, as well as Assistant SecretaryGeneral.[1] He was responsible at the UIA for the development of interlinked databases and for publications
based on those databases, mainly the Encyclopedia of
World Problems and Human Potential, the Yearbook
of International Organizations, and the International
Congress Calendar. Judge has also personally authored a
collection of over 1,600 documents of relevance to governance and strategy-making. All these papers are freely
available on his personal website Laetus in Praesens.[2]
Anthony Judges work at the UIA, from the sixties until

2007, involved the adaptation of a wide range of emerging technologies to data management and knowledge
management, such as in-house computers, computer
typesetting, email, extension of email access to developing countries, metadata structure, collaborative editing,
Machine translation, web technology, VRML, and interinstitutional data integration. A particular focus of his
activities was on the possibilities of visualizing networks
of organizations, world problems and other sets of data.[1]
His work also involved the production of many research
papers relevant to the strategic position of international
organizations and the organized response to world problems. He wrote papers for instance on dialogue facilitation, transformative conferencing, information system
design, relevance of metaphor for governance and communication, transdisciplinarity, and concepts of human
development.[6]
Under Judges direction the UIA developed the most extensive databases on global civil society and its networks.
Those databases contain entries on international nonprot bodies (61,000+), biography proles (24,000+), in-
229
230
ternational meetings (240,000+, past and future), world
problems (56,000+), global strategies (32,000+), concepts of human development (4,800+), human values
(3,300+), and more. Additionally, the amount of links
between dierent entries in the databases reaches over
2,000,000.[7] Publications based on those databases include the Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human
Potential, the Yearbook of International Organizations,
the International Congress Calendar, and many other.[8]
Judge carried out also consulting and related activities
with such institutions as the United Nations Institute for
Training and Research (UNITAR), UNESCO, UN Environment Programme (UNEP), UN University (Tokyo),
and the Commonwealth Science Council. One of his continuing research interests has been innovation in international meeting processes, especially in conferences with
special problems. He thus played advisory and facilitatory roles in several events such as Inter-Sectoral Dialogue (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), World Futures Studies Conference (Turku, 1993), and Parliament of the Worlds Religions (Chicago, 1993).[6]
63.3 Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential

Main article: Encyclopedia of World Problems and
Human Potential
The Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential, of which Anthony Judge has been the main architect, is a monumental work that came into being thanks
to a partnership between the UIA and Mankind 2000.[9]
Initiated in 1972, that collaborative project gave rise to
a succession of editions of the Encyclopedia in 1976,
1986, 1990, and 1995, while in 2000 a new edition was
made available as a collection of online databases through
the UIA website.[7] In 2005, following disagreement over
the partnership contract, and as Executive Secretary of
Mankind 2000, Judge reframed the Encyclopedia as having been a strategic initiative of the Union of Intelligible
Associations.[10]
Richard Slaughter, in a review article, praised in particular the Encyclopedia introductory and commentary
texts (available online),[11] which were mainly written by
Judge himself. Slaughter emphasized that the signicance of this work is not its size or the scope of its tens
of thousands of references, impressive though these are.
It is rather in the nature of what has been attempted.
Those numerous accompanying texts, he said, are good
enough to be published separately because they contain
highly cogent observations on the global problematique,
commentaries on the work of numerous great thinkers
from a wide variety of elds, and an impressive array
of insights about the epistemology, symbolism, metaphysics, metaphors and linguistic representations of the
CHAPTER 63. ANTHONY JUDGE

subject.[12]
63.4 Writings
Over the years Judge has produced more than 1,600 papers on information, knowledge organization, and other
topics of relevance to governance, policy and strategymaking. Most of these papers are freely available on
his personal website Laetus in Praesens (translated from
Latin: Joy in the Present),[2] where they are listed by
themes[13] and dates.[14] Many of them evolve around the
quest to create a wiser and more functional world, especially in the perspective of learning from the relative lack
of success of past initiatives in view of the dimensions and
urgency of challenges. His work has a high level of novelty, for instance innovation in the use of metaphors, art,
poetry, debate, data-visualization and system structures.
The exploratory interdisciplinary methodology of futures
studies, with which Judge has long been associated, also
signicantly gives form to his whole, unique, work.[15]
Now retired from the UIA, Anthony Judge is continuing
to write within the context of an initiative called Union of
Imaginable Associations,[3] and its associated projects.[16]
63.5 References
[1] http://www.icann.org/en/tlds/org/applications/uia/
appendices/appendix_a.pdf
[2] Laetus in Praesens
[3] Union of Imaginable Associations
[4] RAAF Personnel.
[5] http://www.ceptualinstitute.com/genre/judge/
cvcasualAJ.htm
[6] http://www.un-intelligible.org/projects/intercept/
intercept_proposal_1998.pdf
[7] UIA Online Databases.
[8] UIA-related Publication and Meeting Initiatives
[9] http://www.m2000.org/
[10] http://www.un-intelligible.org/
[11] Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential Explanatory Comments
[12] http://www.uia.org/reviews/slaught.php
[13] Research Themes and Papers
[14] Chronological Index: Titles Only (all years)
[15] http://www.ceptualinstitute.com/genre/judge/
homepageAJ.htm
[16] http://www.un-imagine.org/context/index.php
63.6 External links

Laetus In Praesens, Anthony Judges personal website.
Biography: Anthony Judge
231
Chapter 64
Robert Jungk
ans, earth dwellers who no longer feel loyalty to a single
nation, a single continent, or a single political creed, but to
common knowledge that they advance together.[1] There
is an international library in Salzburg called Robert Jungk
Bibliothek fur Zukunftsfragen (Robert Jungk Library for
Questions about the Future).
His book Brighter than a Thousand Suns: A Personal History of the Atomic Scientists was the rst published account of the Manhattan Project and the German atomic
bomb project, and its rst Danish edition included a passage which implied that the project had been purposely
dissuaded from developing a weapon by Werner Heisenberg and his associates (a claim strongly contested by
Niels Bohr), and lead to a series of questions over a 1941
meeting between Bohr and Heisenberg in Copenhagen,
Denmark, which was later the basis for Michael Frayn's
1998 play, Copenhagen.
In 1986, he received the Right Livelihood Award.
In 1992 he made an unsuccessful bid for the Austrian
presidency on behalf of the Green Party.
Jungk died in Salzburg.
Jungk circa 1978
64.1 References
Robert Jungk (German: [jk]; born Robert Baum, also

known as Robert Baum-Jungk; May 11, 1913 July 14,
1994), was an Austrian writer and journalist who wrote
mostly on issues relating to nuclear weapons.
Jungk was born into a Jewish family in Berlin. His father was David Baum (pseudonym: Max Jungk, 1872,
Miskovice 1937, Prague). When Adolf Hitler came to
power, Jungk was arrested, released, moved to Paris, then
back to Nazi Germany to work in a subversive press service. These activities forced him to move through various
cities, such as Prague, Paris, Zurich, during World War
II. He continued journalism after the war.[1]
[1] JANETTE D. SHERMAN, The Legacy of Robert

Jungk -- Tomorrow is Already Here: Is It Too Late?
(2014.05.28), CounterPunch
64.2 Bibliography
He is also well known as the inventor of future workshop

which are a method for social innovation, participation
by the concerned and visionary future planning from below. In chapter six of his book The Big Machine, Jungk
described CERN as the place to nd the rst Planetari232
Jungk, Robert. Tomorrow Is Already Here, New

York: Simon and Schuster, 1954. Reportage on
scientic and technical breakthroughs, a work of
nascent dystopian 'futurism'. Much of it was about
what developed from the Manhattan Project, as well
as things like electronic brains.
---- Brighter than a Thousand Suns: A Personal History of the Atomic Scientists, New York: Harcourt
Brace, 1958

---- Children of the Ashes, 1st English ed. 1961.
About Hiroshima
---- The Nuclear State
---- The Everyman Project
---- Future Workshops
64.3 Decorations and awards

This article incorporates information from the
equivalent article on the German Wikipedia.
1970: Honorary Professor at the Technical University of Berlin
1986: Right Livelihood Award
1989: Honorary Citizen of the City of Salzburg
1992: Alternative Bchner Prize
1993: Honorary Doctor of the University of Osnabrck
1993: Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art
1993: Salzburg Award for Future Research
64.4 External links

Robert Jungk, futurist and social inventor
Works by Robert Jungk at Open Library
Zukunftswerkstatt
Robert Jungk & The New Encyclopedists (1978) revisited a late eulogy at the 14th Anniversary of his
death
233
Chapter 65
Herman Kahn
Herman Kahn (February 15, 1922 July 7, 1983) was
a founder of the Hudson Institute and one of the preeminent futurists of the latter part of the twentieth century.
He originally came to prominence as a military strategist and systems theorist while employed at the RAND
Corporation. He became known for analyzing the likely
consequences of nuclear war and recommending ways to
improve survivability, making him one of three historical
inspirations for the title character of Stanley Kubrick's
classic black comedy lm satire Dr. Strangelove.[1]
nuclear strategy had been one of massive retaliation,

enunciated by Secretary of State John Foster Dulles. According to this theory, dubbed the "New Look", the
Soviet Army was considerably larger than that of the
United States and therefore presented a potential security
threat in too many locations for the Americans to counter
eectively at once. Consequently, the United States had
no choice but to proclaim that its response to any Soviet
aggression anywhere would be a nuclear attack.
Kahn considered this theory untenable because it was

His theories contributed to the development of the crude and potentially destabilizing. He argued that
New-Look theory invited nuclear attack by providing
nuclear strategy of the United States.
the Soviet Union with an incentive to precede any
conventional localized military action somewhere in the
world with a nuclear attack on U.S. bomber bases, thereby
65.1 Background
eliminating the Americans nuclear threat immediately
and forcing the United States into the land war it sought
Kahn was born in Bayonne, New Jersey, the son of Yetta to avoid.
(ne Koslowsky) and Abraham Kahn, a tailor.[2] His parents were Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe. He In 1960, as Cold War tensions were near their peak folwas raised in the Bronx, then in Los Angeles following lowing the Sputnik crisis and amidst talk of a widening
his parents divorce.[3] Raised Jewish, he later became an "missile gap" between the United States and the Soviet
atheist.[4] He attended the University of California, Los Union, Kahn published On Thermonuclear War, the tiAngeles (UCLA), majoring in physics. During World tle of which clearly alluded to On War, the classic 19thWar II, he was stationed by the Army as a telephone lines- century treatise by the German military strategist Carl
man in Burma. After the war, he completed his BS devon Clausewitz.
gree at UCLA and embarked on a doctorate at Caltech. Kahn rested his theory upon two premises, one obvious,
He dropped out for nancial reasons, but did receive an one highly controversial. First, nuclear war was obviously
MSc. Following a brief stint in real estate, he joined the feasible, since the United States and the Soviet Union curRAND Corporation via his friend Samuel Cohen, the in- rently had massive nuclear arsenals aimed at each other.
ventor of the neutron bomb. He became involved with the Second, like any other war, it was winnable.
development of the hydrogen bomb, commuting to the
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory in northern California Whether hundreds of millions died or merely a few mato work closely with Edward Teller, John von Neumann, jor cities were destroyed, Kahn argued, life would go on
as it had, for instance, after the Black Death in EuHans Bethe, and Albert Wohlstetter.
rope during the 14th century, or in Japan after the limited nuclear attack in 1945 contrary to the conventional,
prevailing doomsday scenarios. Various outcomes might
65.2 Cold War theories
be far more horrible than anything hitherto witnessed or
imagined, but some of them nonetheless could be far
Kahns major contributions were the several strategies worse than others. No matter how calamitous the devhe developed during the Cold War to contemplate the astation, Kahn argued that the survivors ultimately would
unthinkable namely, nuclear warfare by using ap- not envy the dead and to believe otherwise would mean
plications of game theory. (Most notably, Kahn is of- that deterrence was unnecessary in the rst place. If
ten cited as the father of scenario planning.) During the Americans were unwilling to accept the consequences, no
mid-1950s, the Eisenhower administration's prevailing
234
65.3. THE HUDSON INSTITUTE AND VIETNAM WAR
235
matter how horrifying, of a nuclear exchange, then they

certainly had no business proclaiming their willingness to
attack. Without an unfettered, unambivalent willingness
to push the button, the entire array of preparations and
military deployments was merely an elaborate blu.
Europe the massive nuclear exchange more likely to occur under the pre-MAD doctrine.
The bases of his work were systems theory and game theory as applied to economics and military strategy. Kahn
argued that for deterrence to succeed, the Soviet Union
had to be convinced that the United States had secondstrike capability in order to leave the Politburo in no doubt
that even a perfectly coordinated massive attack would
guarantee a measure of retaliation that would leave them
devastated as well:
At the minimum, an adequate deterrent for
the United States must provide an objective basis for a Soviet calculation that would persuade
them that, no matter how skillful or ingenious
they were, an attack on the United States would
lead to a very high risk if not certainty of largescale destruction to Soviet civil society and military forces.
A number of pacists, including A.J. Muste and Bertrand

Russell, admired and praised Kahns work because they
felt it presented a strong case for full disarmament by suggesting that nuclear war was all but unavoidable. Others
criticized Kahn vehemently, claiming that his postulating
the notion of a winnable nuclear war made such a war
whether judged subsequently as won, lost, or neither
more likely.
65.3 The Hudson Institute and

Vietnam War
In 1961, Kahn, Max Singer and Oscar Ruebhausen
founded the Hudson Institute,[5] a policy research organization initially located in Croton-on-Hudson, New York,
where Kahn was living at the time. Luminaries such as
sociologist Daniel Bell, political philosopher Raymond
Aron and novelist Ralph Ellison (author of the 1952 classic Invisible Man) were recruited.
Supercially, this reasoning resembles the older doctrine

of Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) due to John von
Neumann, although Kahn was one of its vocal critics.
Strong conventional forces were also a key element in
Kahns strategic thinking, for he argued that the tension
generated by relatively minor ashpoints worldwide could Stung by the vociferousness of his critics, Kahn somebe dissipated without resort to the nuclear option.
what softened his tone and responded to their points in
Thinking About the Unthinkable (1962) and On Escalation
(1965). Between 1966 and 1968, during the peak of
65.2.1 The unthinkable
the Vietnam War, Kahn served as a consultant to the
Due to his willingness to articulate the most brutal pos- Department of Defense and opposed the growing pressure to negotiate directly with North Vietnam, arguing
sibilities, Kahn came to be disliked by some, although
he was known as amiable in private, especially around that the only military solution was sharp escalation. Failchildren. Unlike most strategists, he was entirely willing that, he said, the U.S. government needed an exit
ing to posit the form a post-nuclear world might assume. strategy. He claimed credit for introducing the term
Fallout, for example, would simply be another one of "Vietnamization".
lifes many unpleasantnesses and inconveniences, while
the much-ballyhooed rise in birth defects would not
doom mankind to extinction because a majority of survivors would remain unaected by them. Contaminated
food could be designated for consumption by the elderly,
who would presumably die before the delayed onset of
cancers caused by radioactivity. A degree of even modest preparation namely, the fallout shelters, evacuation
scenarios and civil defense drills now seen as emblematic
of the paranoid 1950s would give the population both
the incentive and the encouragement to rebuild. He even
recommended the government oer homeowners insurance against nuclear-bomb damage. Kahn felt that having
a strong civil-defense program in place would serve as an
additional deterrent, because it would hamper the other
sides potential to inict destruction and thus lessen the
attraction of the nuclear option. A willingness to tolerate
such possibilities, Kahn argued, might be worth sparing
Kahn and the Hudson Institute advised against starting a

counterinsurgency war in Vietnam, but, once it had begun, they gave advice on how to wage it. In an interview, he said that he and the Institute preferred not to
give advice to (for example) the Secretary of Defense, because disagreement at such a high level might be regarded
as treason, whereas disagreement with, say, the Deputy
Undersecretary was regarded as no more than technical.
As regards a plan, British advisers, with experience from
the Commonwealth's successful counterinsurgency war in
Malaya, were consulted. Kahn and the Institute, however,
judged that a crucial dierence between the Vietnemese
and Malayan situations was the British rural constabulary
in Malaya. An Institute study of the major counterinsurgency wars in recent history found a 100% correlation between successful wars and eective police forces. Kahn
said "...the purpose of an army is to protect your police
force. We had an army in Vietnam without a purpose.
236
CHAPTER 65. HERMAN KAHN
65.4 The Year 2000
65.5 Later years
In 1967, Herman Kahn and Anthony J. Wiener published

The Year 2000: A Framework for Speculation on the Next
Thirty-Three Years, which included contributions from
sta members of the Hudson Institute and an introduction by Daniel Bell. Table XVIII in the document[6] contains a list called One Hundred Technical Innovations
Very Likely in the Last Third of the Twentieth Century.
The rst ten predictions were:
1.
2.
3.
4.
With the easing of nuclear tensions during the dtente

years of the 1970s, Kahn continued his work on futurism
and speculations about the potential for Armageddon.
He and the Hudson Institute sought to refute popular
apocalyptic essays such as Paul Ehrlich's "The Population Bomb" (1968), Garrett Hardin's similarly reasoned
"The Tragedy of the Commons" (also 1968) and the Club
of Rome's "Limits to Growth" (1972). In Kahns view,
capitalism and technology held nearly boundless potential for progress, while the colonization of space lay in
Multiple applications of lasers.
the near, not the distant, future.[7] Kahns 1976 book The
Next 200 Years, written with William Brown and Leon
Extreme high-strength structural materials.
Martel, presented an optimistic scenario of economic
conditions in the year 2176. He also wrote a number of
New or improved superperformance fabrics.
books extrapolating the future of the American, Japanese
and Australian economies and several works on systems
New or improved materials for equipment and aptheory, including the well-received work Techniques in
pliances.
System Theory.
5. New airborne vehicles (ground-eect vehicles, giant During the mid-1970s, when South Korea's GDP per
capita was one of the lowest in the world, Kahn predicted
or supersonic jets, VTOL, STOL).
that the country would become one of the top 10 most
powerful countries in the world by the year 2000.[8]
6. Extensive commercial applications of shapedIn his last year, 1983, Kahn wrote approvingly of Ronald
charge explosives.
Reagan's political agenda in The Coming Boom: Eco7. More reliable and longer-range weather forecasting. nomic, Political, and Social and bluntly derided Jonathan
Schell's claims about the long-term eects of nuclear war.
8. Extensive and/or intensive expansion of tropical On July 7 that year, he died of a stroke, aged 61.
agriculture and forestry.
9. New sources of power for xed installations.
10. New sources of power for ground transportation.
The remaining ninety predictions included:
26. Widespread use of nuclear reactors for
power.
38. New techniques for cheap and reliable birth
control.
41. Improved capability to change sex of children and/or adults.
57. Automated universal (real-time) credit, audit and banking systems.
65.6 Cultural inuence

Along with John von Neumann, Edward Teller and
Wernher von Braun, Kahn was, reportedly, an inspiration
for the character Dr. Strangelove in the eponymous lm
by Stanley Kubrick released in 1964.[1] It was also said
that Kubrick immersed himself in Kahns book On Thermonuclear War. Kahn met Kubrick and gave him the idea
for the "Doomsday Machine", a device which would immediately cause the destruction of the entire planet in the
event of a nuclear attack the sort of destabilizing tactic that he sought to avert, since its only purpose was as a
threat or blu rather than as a military application.
81. Personal pagers (perhaps even pocket

phones).
Walter Matthau's maverick character Professor

Groeteschele in the lm Fail-Safe, also released in
1964, is also based on Kahn. (In this lm, the U.S.
President tries to prevent a nuclear holocaust when a
mechanical malfunction sends nuclear weapons toward
Moscow.)
84. Home computers to run households and

communicate with the outside world.
In The Politics of Ecstasy,[9] Timothy Leary suggests that

Kahn had taken LSD.
67. Commercial extraction of oil from shale.

74. Pervasive business use of computers.
237
65.7 Publications
A slightly optimistic world context for 19752000

(Hudson Institute. HI)
Outside physics and statistics, works written by Kahn include:
Social limits to growth: creeping stagnation vs.

natural and inevitable (HPS paper)
1960. On Thermonuclear War. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-313-20060-2
A new kind of class struggle in the United States?

(Corporate Environment Program. Research memorandum)
1962.
Press.
Thinking about the unthinkable. Horizon
1965 On escalation:
Praeger.
Works published by the RAND Corporation involving

metaphors and scenarios. Kahn:
1967. The Year 2000: a framework for speculation

on the next thirty-three years. MacMillan. ISBN 002-560440-6. With Anthony Wiener.
1968 Can we win in Viet Nam?. Praeger. Kahn
with four other authors: Gastil, Raymond D.; Pfa,
William; Stillman, Edmund; Armbruster, Frank E.
The nature and feasibility of war and deterrence,

RAND Corporation paper P-1888-RC, 1960
Some specic suggestions for achieving early nonmilitary defense capabilities and initiating long-range
programs, RAND Corporation research memorandum RM-2206-RC, 1958
1970. The Emerging Japanese Superstate: challenge

and response. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-274670-0
(team led by Herman Kahn) Report on a study of

Non-Military Defense, RAND Corporation report
R-322-RC, 1958
1971. The Japanese challenge: The success and failure of economic success. Morrow; Andre Deutsch.
ISBN 0-688-08710-8
Herman Kahn and Irwin Mann, War Gaming,

RAND Corporation paper P-1167, 1957
1972. Things to come: thinking about the seventies and eighties. MacMillan. ISBN 0-02-560470-8.
With B. Bruce-Briggs.
1973. Herman Kahnsciousness: the megaton ideas
of the one-man think tank. New American Library.
Selected and edited by Jerome Agel.
1974. The future of the corporation. Mason & Lipscomb. ISBN 0-88405-009-2
Herman Kahn and Irwin Mann, Ten common pitfalls, RAND research memorandum RM-1937-PR,
1957
Herman Kahn, Stochastic (Monte Carlo) attenuation
analysis, Santa, Monica, Calif., Rand Corp., 1949
1976. The next 200 Years: a scenario for America

and the world. Morrow. ISBN 0-688-08029-4
Barry Bruce-Briggs, Supergenius: The mega-worlds

of Herman Kahn, North American Policy Press
1979. World economic development: 1979 and beyond. William Morrow; Croom Helm. ISBN 0688-03479-9. With Hollender, Jerey, and Hollender, John A.
Sharon Ghamari-Tabrizi, The Worlds of Herman

Kahn: The Intuitive Science of Thermonuclear War,
Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-01714-5 [reviewed by Christopher Coker in the Times Literary
Supplement], n 5332, 10 June 2005, p. 19.
1981. Will she be right? The future of Australia.

University of Queensland Press. ISBN 0-70221569-4. With Thomas Pepper.
1983. The Coming Boom: economic, political, and
social. Simon & Schuster; Hutchinson. ISBN 0671-49265-9
1984 Thinking about the unthinkable in the 1980s.
New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-67147544-4
The nature and feasibility of war, deterrence, and
arms control (Central nuclear war monograph series), (Hudson Institute)
Fred Kaplan, The Wizards of Armageddon, Stanford

Nuclear Age Series, ISBN 0-8047-1884-9
Kate Lenkowsky, The Herman Kahn Center of the
Hudson Institute, Hudson Institute
Susan Lindee, Science as Comic Metaphysics, Science 309: 3834, 2005.
Herbert I. London, forward by Herman Kahn, Why
Are They Lying to Our Children (Against the doomsayer futurists), ISBN 0-9673514-2-1
Louis Menand, " Fat Man: Herman Kahn and the
Nuclear Age, The New Yorker, June 27, 2005.
238
Claus Pias, Hermann Kahn Szenarien fr den
Kalten Krieg, Zurich: Diaphanes 2009, ISBN 9783-935300-90-2
65.9 See also

Nuclear triad
65.10 Notes
[1] Paul Boyer, 'Dr. Strangelove' in Mark C. Carnes (ed.),
Past Imperfect: History According to the Movies, New
York, 1996.
[2] Google Books
[3] Frankel, Benjamin; Hoops, Townsend (1992). The Cold
War, 19451991: Leaders and Other Important Figures in
the United States and Western Europe. Gale Research. p.
248. ISBN 0-8103-8927-4.
[4] LIFE - 6 Dec 1968. Life: 121123. 1968. Herman
Kahn is an atheist who still likes rabbis, and a liberal who
likes cops.
[5] Hudson Institute > About Hudson > History. Hudson.org. 2004-06-01. Retrieved 2012-02-21.
[6] The Year 2000, Herman Kahn, Anthony J. Wiener,
Macmillan, 1961, pages 5155.
[7] The Next 200 Years, Herman Kahn, Morrow, 1976.
[8] http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2014/03/22/
2014032200657.html?news_Head1
[9] Leary, Timothy (1980). The Politics of Ecstasy. Ronin
Publishing; 4th edition. Berkley, California. ISBN 157951-031-0

Essays about and by Herman Kahn
Kahns escalation ladder at the Wayback Machine
(archived October 23, 2001)
Herman Kahns Doomsday Machine by Andrew
Yale Glikman, in CYB + ORG = (COLD) WAR
MACHINE, FrAme, 26 September 1999.
RAND Corporation unclassied papers by Herman
Kahn, 194859
Hudson Institute unclassied articles and papers by
Herman Kahn, 196284
CHAPTER 65. HERMAN KAHN
Chapter 66
Michio Kaku
Michio Kaku (/mitiokku/; born January 24,
1947) is an American theoretical physicist, the Henry
Semat Professor of Theoretical Physics at the City College of New York, a futurist, and a communicator and
popularizer of science. He has written several books
about physics and related topics, has made frequent appearances on radio, television, and lm, and writes extensive online blogs and articles. He has written three
New York Times Best Sellers: Physics of the Impossible
(2008), Physics of the Future (2011), and The Future of
the Mind (2014).
infantryman.
66.2 Academic career

Kaku was a Visitor and Member (1973 and 1990) at
the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton[5] and New
York University.[6] He currently holds the Henry Semat
Chair and Professorship in theoretical physics at the City
College of New York.[7]
Kaku has had over 70 articles published in physics jourKaku has hosted several TV specials for the BBC, the
nals such as Physical Review, covering topics such as
Discovery Channel, the History Channel, and the Science
superstring theory, supergravity, supersymmetry, and
Channel.
hadronic physics.[8] In 1974, Kaku and Prof. Keiji
Kikkawa of Osaka University co-authored the rst papers
describing string theory in a eld form.[9][10]
Kaku is the author of several textbooks on string theory

and quantum eld theory.
Kaku was born in San Jose, California to Japanese immigrant parents (with Tibetan DNA ancestry).[1] His grandfather was in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.[2] His
Japanese-American father, born in California and educated in both Japan and the United States, was uent in
Japanese and English. Both his parents were put in the
Tule Lake War Relocation Center, where they met and
where his brother was born.
66.3 Popular science

Kaku is most widely known as a popularizer of science.[11] He has written books and appeared on many
television programs as well as lm. He also hosts a weekly
radio program.
While attending Cubberley High School in Palo Alto,

Kaku assembled a particle accelerator in his parents 66.3.1 Books
garage for a science fair project. His admitted goal was
to generate a beam of gamma rays powerful enough Kaku is the author of various popular science books:
to create antimatter.[3] At the National Science Fair in
Albuquerque, New Mexico, he attracted the attention of
Beyond Einstein: The Cosmic Quest for the Theory
physicist Edward Teller, who took Kaku as a protg,
of the Universe (with Jennifer Thompson) (1987)
awarding him the Hertz Engineering Scholarship. Kaku
graduated summa cum laude at Harvard University in
Hyperspace: A Scientic Odyssey through Parallel
1968 and was rst in his physics class. He attended the
Universes, Time Warps, and the Tenth Dimension
Berkeley Radiation Laboratory at the University of Cal(1994)
ifornia, Berkeley and received a Ph.D. in 1972, and that
Visions: How Science Will Revolutionize the 21st
same year held a lectureship at Princeton University.
Century[12] (1998)
During the Vietnam War, Kaku completed his U.S. Army
basic training at Fort Benning, Georgia and advanced in Einsteins Cosmos: How Albert Einsteins Vision
fantry training at Fort Lewis, Washington.[4] However,
Transformed Our Understanding of Space and Time
the Vietnam War ended before he was deployed as an
(2004)
239
240
CHAPTER 66. MICHIO KAKU
Parallel Worlds: A Journey through Creation, Higher

Dimensions, and the Future of the Cosmos (2004)
Physics of the Impossible: A Scientic Exploration
into the World of Phasers, Force Fields, Teleportation, and Time Travel (2008)
Physics of the Future: How Science Will Shape Human Destiny and Our Daily Lives by the Year 2100
(2011)
The Future of the Mind: The Scientic Quest to Understand, Enhance, and Empower the Mind (2014)
Hyperspace was a bestseller and voted one of the best science books of the year by The New York Times[11] and
The Washington Post. Parallel Worlds was a nalist for
the Samuel Johnson Prize for nonction in the UK.[13]
66.3.2
Radio
Kaku is the host of the weekly one-hour radio program Exploration, produced by the Pacica Foundations
WBAI in New York. Exploration is syndicated to community and independent radio stations and makes previous broadcasts available on the programs website. Kaku
denes the show as dealing with the general topics of
science, war, peace and the environment.
In April 2006, Kaku began broadcasting Science Fantastic
on 90 commercial radio stations in the United States. It
is syndicated by Talk Radio Network and now reaches
130 radio stations and Americas Talk on XM and remains the only nationally syndicated science radio program. Featured guests include Nobel laureates and top
researchers in the elds of string theory, time travel, black
holes, gene therapy, aging, space travel, articial intelligence and SETI. When Kaku is busy lming for television, Science Fantastic goes on hiatus, sometimes for
several months. Kaku is also a frequent guest on many
programs, where he is outspoken in all areas and issues
he considers of importance, such as the program Coast to
Coast AM where, on 30 November 2007, he rearmed
his belief that the existence of extraterrestrial life is a
certainty.[14] During the debut of Art Bell's new radio
show Dark Matter on September 16, 2013, Bell referred
to Kaku as the next Carl Sagan", referring to Kakus similar ability to explain complex science so anyone can understand it.
ica, The Screen Savers, Larry King Live, 60 Minutes, Imus

In The Morning, Nightline, 20/20, Naked Science, CNN,
ABC News, CBS News, NBC News, Al Jazeera English, Fox News Channel, The History Channel, Conan,
The Science Channel, The Discovery Channel, TLC,
Countdown with Keith Olbermann, The Colbert Report,
The Art Bell Show and its successor, Coast To Coast AM,
BBC World News America, The Covino & Rich Show,
Head Rush, Late Show with David Letterman, and Real
Time with Bill Maher. He was interviewed for two PBS
documentaries, The Path to Nuclear Fission: The Story of
Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn[15] and Out from the Shadows:
The Story of Irne Joliot-Curie and Frdric Joliot-Curie,
which were produced and directed by his former WBAI
radio colleague Rosemarie Reed.[16]
We Are the Guinea Pigs (1980)
Borders (1989)
Synthetic Pleasures (1995)
Einstein Revealed (1996)
Future Fantastic (1996)
Stephen Hawkings Universe (1997)
Bioperfection: Building a New Human Race (1998)
Exodus Earth (1999)
Me & Isaac Newton (1999)
Space: The Final Junkyard (1999)
Ghosts: Caught on Tape (2000)
Big Questions (2001)
Parallel Universes (2001)
Horizon: Time travel (2003)
Robo sapiens (2003)
Brilliant Minds: Secret Of The Cosmos (2003)
Nova: "The Elegant Universe" (2003)
Hawking (2004)
The Screen Savers (2004)
Unscrewed with Martin Sargent (2004)
Kaku has appeared on many mainstream talk shows, discussing popular ction such as Back to the Future, Lost,
and the theories behind the time travel these and other
ctional entertainment focus on.
Alien Planet (2005)
66.3.3
Last Days on Earth (2005)
Television and lm
Kaku has appeared in many forms of media and on many

programs and networks, including Good Morning Amer-
ABC News "UFOs: Seeing Is Believing" (2005)

HARDtalk Extra (2005)
Obsessed & Scientic (2005)

Horizon: Einsteins Unnished Symphony (2005)
66.3. POPULAR SCIENCE
241
Time (2006)
In February 2006, Kaku appeared as presenter in the

BBC-TV four-part documentary Time which seeks to ex2057 (2007)
plore the mysterious nature of time. Part one of the series
concerns personal time, and how we perceive and meaThe Universe (2007)
sure the passing of time. The second in the series deals
Futurecar (2007)
with cheating time, exploring possibilities of extending
the lifespan of organisms. The geological time covered
Attack of the Show! (2007)
in part three explores the ages of the Earth and the Sun.
Part four covers the topics of cosmological time, the beVisions of the Future (2008)
ginning of time and the events that occurred at the instant
Horizon: The Presidents Guide to Science (2008) of the big bang.
Stephen Hawking: Master of the Universe (2008)
On January 28, 2007, Kaku hosted the Discovery Channel series 2057. This three-hour program discussed how
Horizon: Whos Afraid of a Big Black Hole medicine, the city, and energy could change over the next
(20092010)
50 years.
Sci Fi Science: Physics of the Impossible (2009
2010)
In 2008, Kaku hosted the three-hour BBC-TV documentary Visions of the Future, on the future of computers,
medicine, and quantum physics, and he appeared in sevHorizon: What Happened Before the Big Bang?"
eral episodes of the History Channels Universe series.
(2010)
On December 1, 2009, he began hosting a 12-episode
GameTrailers TV With Geo Keighley: The Sci- weekly TV series for the Science Channel at 10 pm,
ence of Games (2010)
called Sci Fi Science: Physics of the Impossible, based
on his best-selling book. Each 30-minute episode disHow the Universe Works (2010)
cusses the scientic basis behind imaginative schemes,
Seeing Black Holes (2010)
such as time travel, parallel universes, warp drive, star
ships, light sabers, force elds, teleportation, invisibilProphets of Science Fiction (2011)
ity, death stars, and even superpowers and ying saucers.
Each episode includes interviews with the worlds top sciThrough the Wormhole (2011)
entists working on prototypes of these technologies, interHorizon: What Happened Before the Big Bang?" views with science ction fans, clips from science ction
(2011)
movies, and special eects and computer graphics. Although these inventions are impossible today, the series
The Science of Doctor Who (2012)
discusses when these technologies might become feasible
in the future.[17]
Horizon: The Hunt for Higgs (2012)
In 2010, he began to appear in a series on the website

Gametrailers.com called Science of Games, discussing the
scientic aspects of various popular video games such as
In 1999 Kaku was one of the scientists proled in the
Mass Eect 2 and Star Wars: The Force Unleashed.
feature-length lm Me & Isaac Newton, directed by
Michael Apted. It played theatrically in the United States, Kaku is popular in mainstream media because of his
was later broadcast on national TV, and won several lm knowledge and his accessible approach to presenting
complex subjects in science. While his technical writawards.
ings are conned to theoretical physics, his public speakIn 2005 Kaku appeared in the short documentary lm
ing and media appearances cover a broad range of topics,
Obsessed & Scientic about the possibility of time travel
from the Kardashev scale to more esoteric subjects such
and the people who dream about it. It screened at the
as wormholes and time travel. In January 2007, Kaku
Montreal World Film Festival; a feature lm expansion
visited Oman. While there, he talked at length to seis in development talks. Kaku also appeared in the ABC
lect members of that countrys decision makers. In an
documentary UFOs: Seeing Is Believing, in which he suginterview with local media, Dr Kaku elaborated on his vigested that while he believes it is extremely unlikely that
sion of mankinds future. Kaku considers climate change
extraterrestrials have ever actually visited Earth, we must
and terrorism as serious threats in mans evolution from a
keep our minds open to the possible existence of civiType 0 civilization to Type 1.[18]
lizations a million years ahead of us in technology, where
entirely new avenues of physics open up. He also dis- He is featured in Symphony of Science's songs, "The
cussed the future of interstellar exploration and alien life Quantum World", "Our Place in the Cosmos", "The Sein the Discovery Channel special Alien Planet as one of cret of the Stars", and "Monsters of the Cosmos"
the multiple speakers who co-hosted the show, and Einsteins Theory of Relativity on The History Channel.
The Principle: The Principle (2014)
242
On October 11, 2010, Michio Kaku appeared in the BBC
program What Happened Before the Big Bang (along
with Laura Mersini-Houghton, Andrei Linde, Roger Penrose, Lee Smolin, Neil Turok, and other notable cosmologists and physicists), where he propounded his theory of
the universe created out of nothing.[19]
CHAPTER 66. MICHIO KAKU

could be in the middle of an intergalactic conversation...and we wouldn't even know", is used in the third
Symphony of Science installment "Our Place in the Cosmos".
Over 2225 January 2011, Kaku was invited to the fth 66.5 Personal life
annual Global Competitiveness Forum (GCF), hold in
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia next to renowned specialists in- Kaku is married to Shizue Kaku and has two daughters,
cluding the British journalist Nick Pope, the Canadian Alyson and Michelle.[23][24]
ufologist Stanton Friedman and the French astrophysicist
Jacques Valle.[20]
Kaku appears on the DVD and Blu-ray extras of the 2012
version of Total Recall, discussing the technological aspects of the future explored in the lm.
On February 26, 2013, Michio Kaku was a guest on
Stephen Colberts program The Colbert Report, where he
discussed Earths recent close calls with asteroids.
66.6 See also

Anti-nuclear movement in the United States
List of peace activists
66.7 Bibliography
66.4 Policy advocacy and activism
Kaku has publicly stated his concerns over matters including the anthropogenic cause of global warming, nuclear
armament, nuclear power and the general misuse of
science.[21] He was critical of the CassiniHuygens space
probe because of the 72 pounds (33 kg) of plutonium contained in the craft for use by its radioisotope thermoelectric generator. Conscious of the possibility of casualties
if the probes fuel were dispersed into the environment
during a malfunction and crash as the probe was making
a 'sling-shot' maneuver around Earth, Kaku publicly criticized NASAs risk assessment.[22] He has also spoken on
the dangers of space junk and called for more and better monitoring. Kaku is generally a vigorous supporter of
the exploration of space, believing that the ultimate destiny of the human race may lie in extrasolar planets, but
he is critical of some of the cost-ineective missions and
methods of NASA.
Kaku credits his anti-nuclear war position to programs
he heard on the Pacica Radio network during his student years in California. It was during this period that
he made the decision to turn away from a career developing the next generation of nuclear weapons in association with Edward Teller and focused on research, teaching, writing and media. Kaku joined with others such
as Helen Caldicott, Jonathan Schell and Peace Action,
and was instrumental in building a global anti-nuclear
weapons movement that arose in the 1980s during the administration of U.S. President Ronald Reagan.
Kaku was a board member of Peace Action and of radio
station WBAI-FM in New York City, where he originated
his long-running program, Exploration, that focused on
the issues of science, war, peace and the environment.
His remark from an interview in support of SETI, We
Kaku, Michio; Trainer, Jennifer, eds. (1982). Nuclear Power: Both Sides. New York: Norton. ISBN
0-393-01631-5.
Kaku, Michio; Daniel Axelrod (1987). To Win
a Nuclear War: The Pentagons Secret War Plans.
Boston: South End Press. ISBN 0-89608-321-7.
Kaku, Michio (1993). Quantum Field Theory: A
Modern Introduction. New York: Oxford University
Press. ISBN 0-19-507652-4.
Kaku, Michio (1994). Hyperspace: A Scientic
Odyssey Through Parallel Universes, Time Warps,
and the Tenth Dimension. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-286189-1.
Kaku, Michio; Jennifer Trainer Thompson (1995).
Beyond Einstein: Superstrings and the Quest for the
Final Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
ISBN 0-19-286196-4.
Kaku, Michio (1998). Visions: How Science Will
Revolutionize the 21st century and Beyond. New
York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19288018-7.
Kaku, Michio (1999). Introduction to Superstrings
and M-Theory. New York: Springer. ISBN 0-38798589-1.
Kaku, Michio (1999). Strings, Conformal Fields,
and M-Theory. New York: Springer. ISBN 0-38798892-0.
Kaku, Michio (2004). Einsteins Cosmos: How Albert Einsteins Vision Transformed Our Understanding of Space and Time. London: Weidenfeld &
Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-84755-4.

Kaku, Michio (2004). Parallel Worlds: The Science
of Alternative Universes and Our Future in the Cosmos. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 0-7139-9728-1.
243
[13] Kaku, Michio. Samuel Johnson Prize for Non Fiction

2005 Longlist. Parallel Worlds. BBC.
[14] Michio Kaku (30 November 2007). Universe, Energy &
SETI (Audio). Interview with Art Bell. Coast to Coast
AM. Retrieved 27 February 2008.
Kaku, Michio (2008). M-Theory: The Mother

of All Superstrings in Ring on Strings: Creative
Writing Inspired by String Theory. New York: [15] IMDb: The Path to Nuclear Fission: The Story of Lise
Scriblerus. ISBN 978-0-9802114-0-5.
Meitner and Otto Hahn (2006) Retrieved 2012-07-05
Kaku, Michio (2008). Physics of the Impossible.
New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-52069-0.
[16] PBS: Out from the Shadows The Story of Joliot-Curie &
Frdric Joliot-Curie Retrieved 2012-07-05
Kaku, Michio (2011). Physics of the Future: How [17] SCI-FI SCIENCE: Physics of the Impossible.
Science will Shape Human Destiny and our Daily
[18] The Upside Down World of Dr. Michio Kaku. BusiLives by the Year 2100. New York: Doubleday.
nessToday Oman (Apex Press and Publishing). February
LCCN 2010026569.
2007. Retrieved 27 February 2008.
Kaku, Michio (2014). The Future of the Mind: The [19] What Happened Before the Big Bang?".
Scientic Quest to Understand, Enhance, and Empower the Mind. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978- [20] Global Competitiveness Forum 2011. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Learning at outer space
0385530828.
66.8 References
[1] Michio Kaku - Time: 3 - Earthtime, BBC MMIV
[2] Kaku, Michio. Deadly Earthquakes and Tsunamis. Big
Think. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
[3] Kaku, Michio. Physics of the Impossible. p. xi. Doubleday. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
[4] Kaku, Michio (1994). Hyperspace: a scientic odyssey
through parallel universes, time warps, and the tenth dimension. Oxford University Press US. p. 146. ISBN 019-508514-0.
[5] Previous People. Institute for Advanced Study.
[21] Kaku, Michio (Summer 1992). Nuclear Threats and the

New World Order. CovertAction Quarterly 41 (2). Retrieved 27 February 2008.
[22] Kaku, Michio (5 October 1997). A Scientic Critique of
the Accident Risks from the Cassini Space Mission. Animated Software Company. Retrieved 27 February 2008.
[23] Physics of the Future: How Science Will Shape Human
Destiny and Our Daily Lives by the Year 2100. Michio
Kaku. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2011
[24] Reference prole at Radaris.
2014.
Retrieved October 8,
66.9 External links
[6] Hua, Long; Michio Kaku (1994). Non-polynomial

closed string eld theory. Thesis (Ph.D.). New York University: 107 p.
Ocial website
[7] Physics Department. The City College of New York.
Russia Takes Aim at Asteroids, op-ed on asteroid

defense, Wall St. Journal, Jan. 5, 2010
[8] List of research papers in American Physical Society

Journals.
[9] Kaku, Michio; Kikkawa, K. (15 August 1974). Field
theory of relativistic strings. I. Trees. Physical Review
D 10 (4): 11101133. Bibcode:1974PhRvD..10.1110K.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.10.1110.
[10] Kaku, Michio; Kikkawa, K. (1974).
Field
theory of relativistic strings.
II. Loops and
Phys.
Rev.
D. 1110 10 (6):
Pomerons.
18231843.
Bibcode:1974PhRvD..10.1823K.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.10.1823.
[11] Notable books of 1994. The New York Times. December 4, 1994. Retrieved 20 September 2010.
[12] Amazon.com: Visions: How Science Will Revolutionize
the 21st Century (9780385484992): Michio Kaku: Books.
amazon.com. 2011. ISBN 0385484992.
Science Fantastic
The Skeptics Guide To The Universe interview

Michio Kaku at the Internet Movie Database
Michio Kaku on Science Friday
About Michio Kaku
In Depth interview with Kaku, October 3, 2010
Chapter 67
Sergey Kapitsa
Sergei Petrovich Kapitsa (Russian:
; 14 February 1928 14 August 2012) was a
Russian physicist and demographer. He was best known
as host of the popular and long-running Russian scientic TV show, Evident, but Incredible. His father was
the Nobel laureate (Soviet-era) physicist Pyotr Kapitsa,
and his brother was the geographer and Antarctic explorer
Andrey Kapitsa.
In 2012, Kapitsa was awarded the rst gold medal of the

Russian Academy of Sciences for outstanding achievements in the dissemination of scientic knowledge.[8]
Kapitsa was a pioneer of scuba diving in the Soviet Union,
he shot the rst underwater lm about the Sea of Japan,
which was shown at international lm festivals, in particular in Cannes, where it was second only to the lm by
Jacques Cousteau.[9]
Kapitsa was the vice president of the Russian Academy of
Natural Sciences and president of the Eurasian Physical
Society, and was a strong proponent of restoring support
for science in Russia.[10]

Kapitsa was born in Cambridge, England,[1] the son of
Anna Alekseevna (Krylova) and Pyotr Kapitsa. His maternal grandfather was Aleksey Nikolaevich Krylov, naval
engineer, applied mathematician and memoirist, and the
developer of the insubmersibility technique. Kapitsa
graduated from the Moscow Aviation Institute in 1949.
He was Senior Research Fellow at the Lebedev Physical
Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences and Professor at
the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.
On 14 August 2012, Kapitsa died at the age of 84 in

Moscow. He is remembered for his role in the popularisation of science and, after forty years of hosting Evident,
but Incredible, holding the record for being the longest
serving host of a TV programme.[11]
Kapitsas contributions to physics were in the areas of

applied electrodynamics and accelerator physics; he is
known, in particular, for his work on the microtron, a
device for producing electron beams.[2] In later years,
his research focus was on historical demography, where
he developed a number of mathematical models of the
World System population hyperbolic growth and the
global demographic transition.
Father - Pyotr Kapitsa - a leading Soviet physicist

and Nobel Prize in Physics laureate, discovererer of
superuidity.
His activities in science popularization included hosting

the Russian Television program, Evident, but Incredible,
starting in 1973, for which he was awarded UNESCO's
Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science in 1979[3]
and the USSR State Prize in 1980, and editing the Russian
edition of Scientic American from 1982 onwards. He
was also active in issues of science and society through his
participation in the Pugwash conferences and the Club of
Rome. In the 1980s he, along with Carl Sagan, was outspoken about the possibility that international nuclear war
would bring about a nuclear winter, making presentations
in the US Senate in 1983[4][5] and the United Nations in
1985.[6] He was an advocate of planetary exploration and
served on the advisory council of the Planetary Society.[7]
67.2 Family
Mother - Anna Alekseevna Krylova, daughter of

A.N. Krylov
Maternal grandfather - Aleksey Nikolaevich Krylov,
naval engineer, applied mathematician and memoirist, developer of insubmersibility technique
Younger brother - Andrey Kapitsa, geographer,
credited with the discovery and naming of Lake
Vostok, the largest subglacial lake in Antarctica,
which lies 4,000 meters below the continents
icecap.[12]
Married with Tatiana Damir in 1949.[13]
67.3 Notes
244
[1] Russian Archives Online Interview transcript Sergei
Kaptisa. The RussianAmerican Center. Retrieved 17

March 2011.
[2] Kapitza, S. P.; Melekhin, V. N. (1978), The microtron
(translated from the Russian by I. N. Sviatoslavsky; English edition by Ednor M. Rowe), Harwood Academic
Publishers
[3] Kalinga Prize Laureates. United Nations Educational,
Scientic and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 17 March
2011.
[4] U.S., Soviet scientists say nuclear war likely to doom life on
earth, Miami Herald, December 9, 1983
[5] Strout, Richard L. (December 14, 1983), Limited nuclear
war would have profound eects, experts say, Christian
Science Monitor
[6] Hendrix, Kathleen (September 15, 1985), Beyond War:
Movement takes disarming approach to world tensions, Los
Angeles Times
[7] Advisory Council Who we are. The Planetary Society.
[8] Prominent Russian scientist Sergey Kapitsa dies at 84
[10] TEDx Perm. TED Conferences LLC. Retrieved 17
March 2011.
[12] Andrey Kapitsa dies in Moscow. Russian Geographical
Society. 2011-08-03. Retrieved 2011-08-04.
[13] Scientic American, October 2012, p.
19.
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=
sergei-petrovich-kapitza-obituary
67.4 External links

Sergey Kapitsa at the Internet Movie Database
Sergey Kapitsa at Find a Grave
245
Chapter 68
Daria Khaltourina
Equation.[3] In collaboration with her colleagues, Artemy
Malkov and Andrey Korotayev, she has shown that till
the 1970s the hyperbolic growth of the world population
was accompanied by quadratic-hyperbolic growth of the
world GDP, and developed a number of mathematical
models describing both this phenomenon, and the World
System withdrawal from the blow-up regime observed in
the recent decades. The hyperbolic growth of the world
population and quadratic-hyperbolic growth of the world
GDP observed till the 1970s have been correlated by him
and his colleagues to a non-linear second order positive
feedback between the demographic growth and technological development that can be spelled out as follows:
technological growth increase in the carrying capacity
of land for people demographic growth more people
more potential inventors acceleration of technological growth accelerating growth of the carrying capacity
the faster population growth accelerating growth of
the number of potential inventors faster technological
growth hence, the faster growth of the Earths carrying
capacity for people, and so on.[4]
68.2 Russian demographic crisis

Daria Khaltourina
Daria Andreyevna Khaltourina (Russian:

; born 4 January 1978 in
Chelyabinsk) is a Russian sociologist, anthropologist, demographer, and a public gure. She is the head of the
Group of the Monitoring of Global and Regional Risks
of the Russian Academy of Sciences, co-chaiperson of
the Russian Coalition for Alcohol Control,[1] as well as
the Russian Coalition for Tobacco Control. She is a laureate of the Russian Science Support Foundation Award
in The Best Economists of the Russian Academy of Sciences nomination (2006).[2]
Birth /Death, /yr

1950
60
70
Country
:
80
90
RU
2000
25
2008
20
15
10
5
0
"Russian Cross"; the black curve reects the death rate dynamics,
the red one corresponds to the birth rate (per thousand)
68.1 Mathematical modeling of

global dynamics
In collaboration with Andrey Korotayev she has made a

signicant contribution to the study of the factors of the
current Russian demographic crisis. They have demonIn this eld she has proposed one of the most convincing strated that post-Soviet Russia experiences one of the
mathematical explanations for von Foersters Doomsday worlds highest prevalence of alcohol-related problems,
246
68.4. SELECT PUBLICATIONS
247
which contributes to high mortality rates in this region.

Reduction in alcohol-related problems in Russia can have
strong eects on mortality decline. They have analyzed
the plausibility of application of general principles of alcohol policy translated in the Russian Federation. Khaltourina has shown that alcohol policy approaches could
be implemented in the same ways as they have been in
other countries. In addition, according to Khaltourina,
there should be special attention to decreasing distilled
spirits consumption, illegal alcohol production, nonbev- Scripture in his or her native language. Moreover, the
erage alcohol consumption, and enforcement of current Protestants viewed reading the Holy Scripture as a religious duty of any Christian. As a result, the level of litergovernmental regulations.[5]
acy and education was, in general, higher for Protestants
than it was for Catholics and for followers of other confessions that did not provide religious stimuli for learn68.3 Literacy and the Spirit of ing literacy. It has been shown that literate populations
have many more opportunities to obtain and utilize the
Capitalism
achievements of modernization than illiterate ones. On
the other hand, literate people could be characterized by
Khaltourina and her colleagues have demonstrated a greater innovative-activity level, which provides opporthat Protestantism has indeed inuenced positively the tunities for modernization, development, and economic
capitalist development of respective social systems not growth. Empirical tests performed by Korotayev and his
so much through the Protestant ethics (as was sug- colleagues have conrmed the presence of a rather strong
gested by Max Weber) but rather through the promotion and highly signicant correlation between the early inof literacy.[6]
troduction of mass literacy and subsequent high rates of
They draw attention to the fact that the ability to read capitalist economic development.[7]
was essential for Protestants (unlike Catholics) to perform their religious duty to read the Bible. The reading of Holy Scripture was not necessary for Catholic 68.4 Select publications
laymen. The edict of the Toulouse Synod (1229) prohibited the Catholic laymen from possessing copies of
She has authored over 120 scholarly publications. These
the Bible. Soon after that, a decision by the Tarragon
include
Synod spread this prohibition to ecclesiastic people as
well. In 1408, the Oxford Synod absolutely prohibited
Introduction
to
Social
Macrodynamics
translations of the Holy Scripture. From the very begin(KomKniga/URSS, 2006, with Andrey Koroning, Protestant groups did not accept this prohibition.
tayev and Artemy Malkov).
Thus, Luther translated in 15221534 rst the New Tes . ., . . :
tament, and then the Old Testament, into German, so
that any German-speaking person could read the Holy
,
248
CHAPTER 68. DARIA KHALTOURINA

.
/URSS, 2006.
.:
. . .
(
). .: , 2007.
ISBN 978-5-91298-015-2
Among her more important articles are
Concepts of Culture in Cross-National and CrossCultural Perspectives (World Cultures 12, 2001)
Methods of Cross-Cultural Research and Modern Anthropology (Etnogracheskoe obozrenie 5,
2002)
Daria Khaltourina, Andrey Korotayev & William
Divale. A Corrected Version of the Standard
Cross-Cultural Sample Database (World Cultures
13/1, 2002)
Russian Demographic Crisis in Cross-National Perspective. Russia and Globalization: Identity, Security, and Society in an Era of Change. Ed. by D. W.
Blum. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University
Press, 2008. P. 37-78
Khaltourina, D. A., & Korotayev, A. V. 'Potential
for alcohol policy to decrease the mortality crisis in
Russia', Evaluation & the Health Professions, vol.
31, no. 3, Sep 2008. pp. 272281
A Trap At The Escape From The Trap?
Demographic-Structural Factors of Political
Instability in Modern Africa and West Asia. Cliodynamics 2/2 (2011): 128 (with Andrey Korotayev
and others).
68.5 References
[1] "
:
"
[2] URSS.ru Buy the book: Korotayev A., Khaltourina D.
/ Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Secular Cycles
and Millennial Trends in Africa / Korotayev A., Khaltourina D. / IS...
[3] Korotayev A., Malkov A., Khaltourina D. Introduction
to Social Macrodynamics. Secular Cycles and Millennial
Trends. Moscow: URSS, 2006.
[4] See, e.g., Introduction to Social Macrodynamics:
Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth.
Moscow: URSS Publishers, 2006.
[5] See, e.g., Russian Demographic Crisis in Cross-National

Perspective. Russia and Globalization: Identity, Security,
and Society in an Era of Change. Ed. by D. W. Blum.
Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008. P.
37-78; Khaltourina, D. A., & Korotayev, A. V. 'Potential
for alcohol policy to decrease the mortality crisis in Russia', Evaluation & the Health Professions, vol. 31, no. 3,
Sep 2008. pp. 272281.
[6] Korotayev A., Malkov A., Khaltourina D. (2006), Introduction to Social Macrodynamics, Moscow: URSS, ISBN
5-484-00414-4 (Chapter 6: Reconsidering Weber: Literacy and the Spirit of Capitalism). P.87-91.
Chapter 69
Anne Lise Kjaer

69.2 Career
Kjaer speaks at international conferences, both within

Western Europe and in emerging markets.
In 2001 she held the rst Time to Think conference.[3]
The 8th International Time to Think Future Trends
Conference, in collaboration with Copenhagen Institute for Future Studies (CIFS), took place in Copenhagen in October 2006, taking as its theme Meaningful Consumption'.[4][5] Kjaer also wrote for CIFS about
Emotional Consumption.[6] In her article about the quest
for meaning and emotional connection in a time of abundance, she talks about the four consumer trends that describe the advanced stage of self-realization that the modern consumer has reached.
In 2006 she was keynote speaker at Continuum 06 in
New Delhi, India a joint conference organised by Pearl
Academy of Fashion and Nottingham Trent University
choosing as her topic Meaningful Consumption and
Challenges of Global Fashion Leadership.
Anne Lise Kjaer (born 15 March 1962 in Denmark)
is a London-based futurist and keynote speaker. Also
known as a Future Narrator, her specialty is futures studies and consumer mindsets. She is founder of Kjaer
Global,[1] a trend forecasting agency that works with corporations, including Sony, Nokia, Swarovski, IKEA, Gap
and Toyota. In a 2004 interview about mapping future
trends, Matthew Temple of the Financial Times said:
Kjaers world is as fertile as Dalis, only she creates social
prototypes.[2]
In 2008 she spoke BledCom, at an international symposium on public relations in Slovenia.[7] The following year
saw her presenting at the 12th Annual Adam Smith Institute Russian Automotive Industry Forum.
In 2010 she took part in 2020 Shaping Ideas, an initiative
by Ericsson that asks 20 thinkers about their views on the
drivers of the future and how connectivity is changing the
world.[8] She also spoke at the Innovation in Mind conference at Lund University.[9]
Also in 2010, she contributed a Thought Paper entitled
A Future Vision 2030+ Leading the Way in a Changing
World. This was her contribution to Challenge Futures:
The Future Book published in 2010.[10]
69.1 Biography
Born in Esbjerg, Kjaer is the daughter of Niels Peter
Kjaer, a commercial sherman, and Inge Agnete Jrgensen. She grew up in Hvide Sande and studied in
Herning, graduating as a designer in 1983. She has a son,
Vicente, from her rst marriage to Colombian artist Oswaldo Maci. She married Norwegian architect Harald
Brekke in 2009.
In March 2011, Kjaer delivered a presentation for the

Ageing Well Network on the No Age society and meaningful consumption.[11] In June 2011 she spoke at the University of the Arts London, Central Saint Martins College
of Art & Design on Innovation Overkill at the MA Innovation Management private viewing, part of the colleges
Degree Show Week.
249
250
CHAPTER 69. ANNE LISE KJAER
69.3 Selected articles

COLOR MAGAZINE Transportation 2050
How will we move? (July 27, 2011).[12]
The Law of Success 2.0[13]
[13] Law of Success 2.0: An Interview with Anne Lise

Kjaer. Lawofsuccess2.blogspot.com. Retrieved 201305-28.
[14] in the media: Forecasting the Future. Trendwatching.com. 2010-02-25. Retrieved 2013-05-28.
[15] thedesignermagazine.com. thedesignermagazine.com.
Trend Watching[14]
The Designer Magazine - Forecasting the Future.[15]
[16] Home | Ambassador.net. Ambassadornet.dk. Retrieved

2013-05-28.
[17] Danish-UK Chamber of Commerce. DUCC. Retrieved
2013-05-28.
[18] Search (in Lingala). VisitDenmark. 2013-04-22. Re-
Kjaer retains strong links with Denmark and is a regular

trieved 2013-05-28.
commentator in specialist and mainstream press. She is a
member of Copenhagen Goodwill Ambassador Corps[16] [19] "Challenge:Future :: COP15 from Anne Lise Kjaer.
Challengefuture.org. 2009-12-04. Retrieved 2013-05and the Danish-UK Chamber Of Commerce (DUCC).[17]
[18]
28.
She is also part of the Visit Denmark board.
Kjaer was a member of the advisory board for Challenge [20] Anne Lise Kjaer*. "Challenge:Future :: A Future Vision
2030+ Leading the Way in a Changing World. ChalFuture, a global youth competition designed to foster crelengefuture.org. Retrieved 2013-05-28.
ativity and innovation,[19] and wrote an article on peoples
role in shaping the future.[20]
69.6 External links

69.5 References
[1] Kjaer Global Future Trend Forecasting.
global.com. Retrieved 2013-05-28.
Three Layer Cake interview

Kjaer-
[2] Temple, Matthew (2004-12-30). Sur-reality overtakes

fashion reality. FT.com. Retrieved 2013-05-28.
Kjaer prole at The London Speaker Bureau

Kjaer video at Celebrity Speakers
[3] Time to Think: Meaningful Consumption. Cifs.dk.

2006-10-03. Retrieved 2013-05-28.
69.7 Video links
[4] Meaningful Consumption. YouTube. 2006-10-03. Retrieved 2013-05-28.
About Kjaer Global
[5] Guy Brighton on October 15, 2006. (2006-10-15).

Meaningful Consumption Conference, Copenhagen.
PSFK. Retrieved 2013-05-28.
[6] Emotional consumption. Cifs.dk. Retrieved 2013-0528.
[7] Vibilia Business Portal - Tenders, Public Procurement,
Business News and Reports from Serbia and Region. Vibilia.rs. Retrieved 2013-05-28.
[8] Thinking Ahead. Ericsson. Retrieved 2013-05-28.
[9] Anne Lise Kjaer | Innovation in Mind. Innovationinmind.se. Retrieved 2013-05-28.
[10] Anne Lise Kjaer*. "Challenge:Future :: A Future Vision
2030+ Leading the Way in a Changing World. Challengefuture.org. Retrieved 2013-05-28.
[11]
[12] How will we move, Anne Lise? | Blog. COLORS Magazine. Retrieved 2013-05-28.
Future of Innovation by Anne Lise Kjaer at Innovation in Mind

Anne Lise Kjaer - 2020 Shaping Ideas - Ericsson
Interview with Anne Lise Kjaer - Glocalisation
WORKTECH is a forum for all those involved in
the future of work and the workplace as well as real
estate, technology and innovation. WorkTech10 is
the 7th annual conference looking at implications of
convergence between the worlds of technology, real
estate, work and the workplace. Part 1 and Part 2
Tomorrows Workplace - People and Meaningful
Consumption by Anne Lise Kjaer
Chapter 70
Andrey Korotayev
Andrey Vitalievich Korotayev (Russian: ; born February 17, 1961) is a Russian
anthropologist, economic historian, and sociologist, with
major contributions to world-systems theory, crosscultural studies, Near Eastern history, Big History,
and mathematical modeling of social and economic
macrodynamics.
He is currently the Head of the Laboratory of Monitoring of the Risks of Sociopolitical Destabilization of
the National Research University Higher School of Economics,[3] and a Senior Research Professor at the Center
for Big History and System Forecasting of the Institute
of Oriental Studies as well as in the Institute for African
Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences.[4]
In addition, he is a Senior Research Professor of the International Laboratory on Political Demography and Social Macrodynamics (PDSM) of the Russian Presidential
Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, as well as a Full Professor of the Faculty of Global
Studies of the Moscow State University.[5]
Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, NJ
In 2001-2003, he also directed the Anthropology of

the East Program at the National Research University
Higher School of Economics in Moscow and is now the
Head of the Laboratory of Monitoring of the Sociopolitical Destabilization Risks at this University.[3] In 20032004, he was a visiting member at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, NJ.[9]
He is co-editor of the journals Social Evolution & History

and Journal of Globalization Studies,[6] as well as History
& Mathematics[7] almanac (together with Leonid Grinin
Korotayev is a laureate of the Russian Science Supand Arno Tausch).
port Foundation in The Best Economists of the Russian
Together with Askar Akayev and George Malinetsky he is
Academy of Sciences" nomination (2006).[1] In 2012 he
a coordinator of the Russian Academy of Sciences Prowas awarded with the Gold Kondratie Medal[2] by the
gram System Analysis and Mathematical Modeling of
International N. D. Kondratie Foundation.
World Dynamics.[8]
70.2 Mathematical modeling and

cliodynamics
70.1 Education and career

Born in Moscow, Andrey Korotayev attended Moscow
State University, where he received a B.A. in 1984 and
an M.A. in 1989. He earned a Ph.D. in 1993 from
Manchester University, and in 1998 a Doctor of Sciences
degree from the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Since 2000, he has been Professor and Director of the
Anthropology of the East Center at the Russian State
University for the Humanities, Moscow, and Senior Research Professor in the Oriental Institute and Institute
for African Studies at the Russian Academy of Sciences.
70.2.1 Global dynamics

In this eld he has proposed one of the most convincing mathematical explanations for von Foersters
Doomsday Equation.[10] In collaboration with his colleagues, Artemy Malkov and Daria Khaltourina, he
has shown that till the 1970s the hyperbolic growth of
the world population was accompanied by quadratichyperbolic growth of the world GDP, and developed
a number of mathematical models describing both this
251
CHAPTER 70. ANDREY KOROTAYEV

Biodiversity during the Phanerozoic
All Genera
Well-Resolved Genera
Long-Term Trend
The Big 5 Mass Extinctions
Other Extinction Events
Cm
542
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
Pg
50
Thousands of Genera
252
Millions of Years Ago
During the Phanerozoic the biodiversity shows a steady but not

monotonic increase from near zero to several thousands of genera.
Cliodetail from The Allegory of Painting by Johannes Vermeer
phenomenon; he has also described mathematically the

World System withdrawal from the blow-up regime observed in the recent decades.[11]
be developed to describe the macrotrends of biological evolution.

They have shown that changes in
biodiversity through the Phanerozoic correlate much better with hyperbolic model (widely used in demography
and macrosociology) than with exponential and logistic
models (traditionally used in population biology and extensively applied to fossil biodiversity as well). The latter
models imply that changes in diversity are guided by a
rst-order positive feedback (more ancestors, more descendants) and/or a negative feedback arising from resource limitation. Hyperbolic model implies a secondorder positive feedback. The hyperbolic pattern of the
world population growth has been demonstrated by Korotayev to arise from a second-order positive feedback
between the population size and the rate of technological
growth. According to Korotayev and Markov, the hyperbolic character of biodiversity growth can be similarly
accounted for by a feedback between the diversity and
community structure complexity. They suggest that the
similarity between the curves of biodiversity and human
population probably comes from the fact that both are derived from the interference of the hyperbolic trend with
cyclical and stochastic dynamics.[16]
The hyperbolic growth of the world population and

quadratic-hyperbolic growth of the world GDP observed
till the 1970s have been correlated by him and his colleagues to a non-linear second order positive feedback
between the demographic growth and technological development that can be spelled out as follows: technological growth - increase in the carrying capacity of land for
people - demographic growth - more people - more potential inventors - acceleration of technological growth - 70.2.3
accelerating growth of the carrying capacity - the faster
population growth - accelerating growth of the number of
potential inventors - faster technological growth - hence,
the faster growth of the Earths carrying capacity for people, and so on.[12]
Cliodynamics
He has also shown that the world urban population growth

curve has also up till recently followed a quadratichyperbolic pattern.[13] In addition, Korotayev and his colleagues have proposed a number of forecasts of the World
System development up to 2100.[11][14][15]
70.2.2
Social and biological macroevolution

Cairo.
In collaboration with Alexander V. Markov he has

demonstrated that a similar mathematical model can In the eld of cliodynamics, Korotayev has developed a
70.2. MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND CLIODYNAMICS

number of mathematical models of interaction between
the very long-term, millennial hyperbolic trend dynamics of social systems and the shorter-term, secular (that
is, observed at the scale of centuries), cyclical dynamics.
253
demonstrated that human population movements and sociopolitical strife play the roles of sometimes endogenous, sometimes exogenous, factors that on small spatial
scales may seem inexplicable but which on longer temporal and wider spatial scales may have understandable
rhythms.[21]
Thus, Korotayev has demonstrated that the Malthusian
trap tends to generate sociopolitical upheavals.[17] On
the other hand, he has shown that the escape from the
Malthusian trap is accompanied by another trap generating new sociopolitical upheavals (what he calls a trap
at the escape from the trap).[22]
70.2.4 Russian demographic crisis

Birth /Death, /yr
1950
The Day of Revolt on 25 January 2011 in Cairo
He has also produced a number of mathematical models

describing specically long-term political-demographic
dynamics of Egypt[17] and used them for a demographic
structural analysis of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution.[18]
Korotayev was one of the rst to predict and assess the
2013 Egyptian Revolution .
Of special importance is his study of the hypothesis that
population pressure causes increased warfare. This hypothesis has been recently criticized on the empirical
grounds. Both studies focusing on specic historical societies and analyses of cross-cultural data have failed to
nd positive correlation between population density and
incidence of warfare. Korotayev, in collaboration with
Peter Turchin, has shown that such negative results do
not falsify the population-warfare hypothesis.[19] Population and warfare are dynamical variables, and if their
interaction causes sustained oscillations, then we do not
in general expect to nd strong correlation between the
two variables measured at the same time (that is, unlagged). Korotayev and Turchin have explored mathematically what the dynamical patterns of interaction between population and warfare (focusing on internal warfare) might be in both stateless and state societies. Next,
they have tested the model predictions in several empirical case studies: early modern England, Han and Tang
China, and the Roman Empire. Their empirical results
have supported the population-warfare theory: Korotayev
and Turchin have found that there is a tendency for population numbers and internal warfare intensity to oscillate
with the same period but shifted in phase (with warfare
peaks following population peaks). Furthermore, they
have demonstrated that in the agrarian societies the rates
of change of the two variables behave precisely as predicted by the theory: population rate of change is negatively aected by warfare intensity, while warfare rate
of change is positively aected by population density.[20]
As Kohler and Reed put it, Korotayev and Turchin have
60
70
Country
:
80
90
RU
2000
25
2008
20
15
10
5
0
In collaboration with Daria Khaltourina he has made a

signicant contribution to the study of the factors of the
current Russian demographic crisis. They have demonstrated that post-Soviet Russia experiences one of the
worlds highest prevalence of alcohol-related problems,
which contributes to high mortality rates in this region.
Reduction in alcohol-related problems in Russia can have
strong eects on mortality decline. They have analyzed
254
the plausibility of application of general principles of alcohol policy translated in the Russian Federation. Korotayev and Khaltourina have shown that alcohol policy
approaches could be implemented in the same ways as
they have been in other countries. In addition, according
to Korotayev, there should be special attention to decreasing distilled spirits consumption, illegal alcohol production, nonbeverage alcohol consumption, and enforcement
of current governmental regulations.[23]
70.2.5
Literacy and the Spirit of Capitalism
Korotayev and his colleagues have demonstrated that

Protestantism has indeed inuenced positively the
capitalist development of respective social systems not
so much through the Protestant ethics (as was suggested by Max Weber) but rather through the promotion
of literacy.[24]
tions of the Holy Scripture. From the very beginning,

Protestant groups did not accept this prohibition. Thus,
Luther translated in 15221534 rst the New Testament,
and then the Old Testament, into German, so that any
German-speaking person could read the Holy Scripture
in his or her native language. Moreover, the Protestants
viewed reading the Holy Scripture as a religious duty of
any Christian. As a result, the level of literacy and education was, in general, higher for Protestants than it was for
Catholics and for followers of other confessions that did
not provide religious stimuli for learning literacy. Literate populations have many more opportunities to obtain
and utilize the achievements of modernization than illiterate ones and display greater innovative-activity levels,
which correspond with opportunities for modernization,
development, and economic growth.[25] Empirical tests
performed by Korotayev and his colleagues have conrmed the presence of a rather strong and highly significant correlation between the early introduction of mass
literacy and subsequent high rates of capitalist economic
development.[26]
70.3 World-system analysis
The 11th century World System
Andrey Korotayev claims that the present-day worldsystem (the World System), which in the 2nd millennium CE encompassed the whole globe, originated
in the 9th millennium BCE in direct connection with
the Neolithic revolution.[27] According to Korotayev, the
center of this system was originally in West Asia.[28]
They draw attention to the fact that the ability to read

was essential for Protestants (unlike Catholics) to perform their religious duty to read the Bible. The reading of Holy Scripture was not necessary for Catholic
laymen. The edict of the Toulouse Synod (1229) prohibited Catholic laity from possessing copies of the
Bible. Soon after that, a decision by the Tarragon Synod
spread this prohibition to ecclesiastic people as well. In
1408, the Oxford Synod absolutely prohibited transla-
In general, Korotayev and his colleagues have suggested

a rather novel approach to the world-system analysis.
Within this approach the main emphasis is moved to the
generation and diusion of innovations. If a society borrows systematically important technological innovations,
its evolution already cannot be considered as really independent, but should rather be considered as a part of a
larger evolving entity, within which such innovations are
systematically produced and diused. The main idea of
the world-system approach was to nd the evolving unit.
The basic idea was that it is impossible to account for the
70.4. CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES
255
evolution of a single society without taking into consideration that it was a part of a larger whole. However, traditional world-system analysis concentrated on bulk-good
movements, and core periphery exploitation, somehow
neglecting the above-mentioned dimension. However,
according to Korotayev, the information network turns
out to be the oldest mechanism of the World System integration, and remained extremely important throughout its
whole history, remaining important up to the present. It
seems to be even more important than the core periphery exploitation (for example, without taking this mechanism into consideration it appears impossible to account
for such things as the demographic explosion in the 20th
century, whose proximate cause was the dramatic decline
of mortality, but whose main ultimate cause was the diffusion of innovations produced almost exclusively within
the World System core). This also suggests a redenition of the World System core. Within the approach in
question the core is not the World System zone, which
exploits other zones, but rather the World System core is
the zone with the highest innovation donor/recipient ratio,
the principal innovation donor.[27]
Axial Age ideologies, and so on this list could be extended for pages. A few millennia before, we would
nd another belt of societies strikingly similar in level
and character of cultural complexity, stretching from the
Balkans up to the Indus Valley outskirts. Korotayev interprets this as a tangible result of the World Systems
functioning.[29]
70.3.1 Kondratie waves
steam engine
cotton
railway
steel
electrical
engineering
chemistry
petrochemicals
automobiles
information
technology
P R D E
1. Kondratiev
1800
2. Kondratiev
1850
3. Kondratiev
1900
4. Kondratiev
1950
5. Kon...
1990
P: prosperity
R: recession
D: depression
E: improvement
A rough schematic drawing showing the World Economy over

time according to the Kondratiev theory
World population, billions
6
5
Note also his recent research on Kondratiev waves in the

world GDP dynamics that, employing spectral analysis,
has conrmed their presence at an acceptable level of statistical signicance.[30]
4
3
2
He has also detected Kondratie waves in the global dynamics of invention activities.[31]
1
0
10,000 BC
8000
6000
4000
2000
AD 1
1000
2000
Hyperbolic trend of the world population growth
Korotayev suggests that the hyperbolic trend observed for

the world population growth after 10000 BCE does appear to be primarily a product of the growth of the World
System. The presence of the hyperbolic trend itself indicates that the major part of the entity in question had
some systemic unity, and Korotayev insists that the evidence for this unity is readily available. Indeed, he shows
that we have evidence for the systematic spread of major
innovations (domesticated cereals, cattle, sheep, goats,
horses, plow, wheel, copper, bronze, and later iron technology, and so on) throughout the whole North African
Eurasian Oikumene for a few millennia BCE. As a result,
the evolution of societies of this part of the world already
at this time cannot be regarded as truly independent. By
the end of the 1st millennium BCE we observe a belt of
cultures, stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacic, with
an astonishingly similar level of cultural complexity characterized by agricultural production of wheat and other
specic cereals, the breeding of cattle, sheep, and goats;
use of the plow, iron metallurgy, and wheeled transport;
development of professional armies and cavalries deploying rather similar weapons; elaborate bureaucracies, and
70.3.2 General theory of social macroevolution

In addition, it appears necessary to maintain that Korotayevs theory of the World System development suggests
a novel approach to the formation of a general theory of
social macroevolution. The approach prevalent in social
evolutionism is based on the assumption that evolutionary
regularities of simple systems are signicantly simpler
than the ones characteristic of complex systems. A rather
logical outcome of this almost self-evident assumption
is that one should rst study the evolutionary regularities of simple systems and only after understanding them
move to more complex ones, whereas Korotayevs ndings suggest that the simplest regularities accounting for
extremely large proportions of all the macrovariation can
be found precisely for the largest possible system the
human world, and, hence, the study of social evolution
should proceed from the detection of simple regularities
of the development of the most complex systems to the
study of the complex laws of the dynamics of simple social systems.[32]
256
70.4.1 Matrilocal vs. patrilocal residence
Religions of the world
70.4 Cross-cultural studies

From a complexity perspective Korotayevs establishes a
key point, that of the bifurcations of social and kinship
organization that coalesced historically around the dierential practices of the major world religions.[33] It draws
on the World Cultural database and the world religion
as well as other variables. The Murdockian comparative approach, up to Korotayev, had developed to the
point where the nonindependence of cultures was wellrecognized, and ways of taking the larger congurations
of cultural systems into account had been reckoned to
lie, in the latest iteration, along lines of high-order protolinguistic communities. Korotayev demonstrates the effects of breaking what might be seen as a ritual taboo of
Murdockian comparison: Thou Shalt Not Code World
Religion. By doing so, Korotayev releases the Murdockian spell that lingers over the comparative approach in
anthropology, and goes on to demonstrate the powerful
eects of world religious communities dating from
what Jaspers calls the "Axial Age" (800200 BCE)
on the preservation and dierentiation of distinctive social and political structures in Eurasia. His introduction
and conclusion suggest that an objectivist natural history
approach to human history, in which subjective factors
are of local importance but fade out in terms of lasting
eects over generations, is a valid approach to the preAxial condition of human societies, while a subjectivist
history of consciousness is a necessary complement to
the post-Axial condition. Korotayev succeeds in placing these two complementary approaches in context and
showing their linkages in terms of how subjective and religious factors play out in human history alongside objective factors such as demography and ecology, each informing the other. He shows how it is impossible to arrive
at valid inferential results from comparative approaches
without an integration of the two, a situation he aptly calls
"Galton's opportunity for those are of century-old critiques of the comparative method. The reader will be
surprised at the depth of empirical comparative ndings
in this short book. Following Murray Leaf's Man, Mind
and Science (1974) this work is a major contribution to
repair of the material/ideational rift in anthropology.
Snake Goddess - Heraklion Achaeological Museum.
One of his particular contributions in this eld is connected with the classical anthropological issue of determinants of matrilocal versus patrilocal postmarital
residence. Early theories explaining the determinants
of postmarital residence (e.g., Lewis Henry Morgan,
Edward Tylor, or George Peter Murdock) connected it
with the sexual division of labor. However, to the moment when Korotayevs research in this eld began, crosscultural tests of this hypothesis using worldwide samples
had failed to nd any signicant relationship between
these two variables. Korotayevs tests have shown that
the female contribution to subsistence does correlate signicantly with matrilocal residence in general; however,
this correlation is masked by a general polygyny factor.
Although an increase in the female contribution to subsistence tends to lead to matrilocal residence, it also tends
simultaneously to lead to general non-sororal polygyny
which eectively destroys matrilocality. If this polygyny
factor is controlled (e. g., through a multiple regression
model), division of labor turns out to be a signicant
predictor of postmarital residence. Thus, Murdocks hypotheses regarding the relationships between the sexual
division of labor and postmarital residence were basically
correct, though, as has been shown by Korotayev, the actual relationships between those two groups of variables
are more complicated than he expected.[34]
70.5. SOCIOPOLITICAL SYSTEMS IN THE MIDDLE EAST
70.4.2
Myths, genes, and deep history
257
70.5 Sociopolitical systems in the

Middle East
Korotayev was also one of the pioneers (together with

his colleagues) of the study of correlation between spatial distributions of folklore-mythological motifs [35] and 70.5.1 Origins of parallel-cousin marriage
genetic markers,[36] as well as linguistic and sociostructural characteristics, and produced in this area signicant Islamization, along with an areas inclusion in the
results with respect to the deep history reconstruction.[37] 8th-century Arab-Islamic Khalifate (and its persistence
within the Islamic world) has been demonstrated by Korotayev to be a strong and signicant predictor of parallel
cousin (Fathers Brothers Daughter - FBD) marriage. He
70.4.3 Unilineal descent and Christianiza- has shown that while there is a clear functional connection between Islam and FBD marriage, the prescription
tion
to marry a FBD does not appear to be sucient to persuade people to actually marry thus, even if the marriage brings with it economic advantages. According
to Korotayev, a systematic acceptance of parallel-cousin
marriage took place when Islamization occurred together
with Arabization.[39]
70.5.2 Yemeni Studies
Yemen.
Korotayev has made a special contribution in this eld

by detecting principal trends in the evolution of Yemeni
cultures through application of quantitative methods to
the analysis of mass epigraphic sources in the Sabaic
language.[40] Korotayev has thereby discovered the phenomenon of consolidation of the clan organization in
North-East Yemen in the late 1st millennium BCE as well
as the transition from chiefdoms to tribes in early meThe Baptism of Kievans, a fresco by Viktor Vasnetsov
dieval Yemen.[41] He was also the rst to provide convincing evidence for the existence of matrilineal descent
organization in Pre-Islamic Arabia[42] and to suggest an
Korotayev studies variables that are usually regarded as
adequate translation of the largest Qatabanic inscription,
the main causes of the decline of unilineal descent orgaR 3566.[43]
nization (statehood, class stratication and commercialization), along with a variable that had never been regarded as such a cause deep Christianization. He pos- 70.5.3 African Studies
tulates that the traditionally accepted causes of the decline of unilineal descent organization (statehood, class Korotayev and his colleagues have also made signistratication, commercialization) are less signicant than cant contributions to the study of political-demographic
deep Christianization. He also theorizes that the pres- dynamics in Subsaharan Africa, especially, the probence of unilineal descent groups correlates negatively lems of the Tropical African countries escape from the
with communal democracy and is especially strong for Malthusian trap.[17][44][45]
complex traditional societies. Korotayev concludes that,
because the communal democracy correlates positively
with the supracommunal one, the Christianization of Eu- 70.5.4 Origins of Islam
rope might have contributed to the development of modern democracy by helping to destroy unilineal descent or- Korotayev has also done (together with his colleagues
Vladimir Klimenko and Dmitry Proussakov) a signiganization in this region.[38]
258

According to Korotayev, the Monotheist Rahmanist
prophets appear to have represented a supratribal authority just of the type many Arab tribes were looking for at
this very time, which seems to explain to a certain extent
those prophets political success (including the extreme
political success of Muhammad).[46]
70.6 Select publications

Korotayev has written over 27 books and 210 articles
dealing with his research interests . These include
Ancient Yemen (Oxford University Press, 1995),
World Religions and Social Evolution of the Old
World Oikumene Civilizations: A Cross-cultural Perspective (Edwin Mellen Press, 2004), and
Simplied climatic map of Africa. The numbers shown correspond to the dates of all Iron Age artifacts associated with the
Bantu expansion.
Introduction to Social Macrodynamics. Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth

(KomKniga/URSS, 2006, with Artemy Malkov and
Daria Khaltourina).
Introduction to Social Macrodynamics. Secular
Cycles and Millennial Trends (KomKniga/URSS,
2006, with Artemy Malkov and Daria Khaltourina).
cant contribution to the study of the origins of Islam.

Korotayev and his colleagues suggest to view the origins of Islam against the background of the 6th cen- Among his more important journal articles are
tury Arabian socioecological crisis whose model is
Origins of Islam. Acta Orientalia Academiae
specied by Korotayev and his colleagues through the
Scientiarum Hungaricae 53/34 (1999): 243276
study of climatological, seismological, volcanological and
(with Vladimir Klimenko and Dmitry Proussakov),
epidemiological history of the period. They nd that most
sociopolitical systems of the Arabs reacted to the socioe "Regions Based on Social Structure: A Reconsidercological crisis by getting rid of the rigid supratribal poation". Current Anthropology 41/5 (October, 2000):
litical structures (kingdoms and chiefdoms) which started
668690 (with Alexander Kazankov),
posing a real threat to their very survival.
The decades of ghting which led to the destruction of the
most of the Arabian kingdoms and chiefdoms (reected
in Ayyam al-`Arab tradition) led to the elaboration of
some denite antiroyal freedom-loving tribal ethos. At
the beginning of the 7th century a tribe which would recognize themselves as subjects of some terrestrial supratribal political authority, a king, risked to lose its honour. However, this seems not to be applicable to the authority of another type, the celestial one. At the meantime the early 7th century evidences the merging of the
Arabian tradition of prophecy and the Arabian Monotheist Rahmanist tradition which produced the Arabian
prophetic movement.
Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (the Mosque of the Prophet) in Medina,

Saudi Arabia, is the site of Muhammad's tomb.
Evolutionary Agent-Based Model of Pre-State Warfare Patterns: Cross-Cultural Tests. World Cultures
15/1 (2004): 2836 (with Mikhail Burtsev).
A Compact Macromodel of World System Evolution in the Journal of World Systems Research 11/1
(2005): 79-93.
Return of the White Raven: Postdiluvial Reconnaissance Motif A2234.1.1 Reconsidered. Journal of
American Folklore 119 (2006): 472520.
The World System Urbanization Dynamics: A
quantitative analysis in History & Mathematics:
Historical Dynamics and Development of Complex
Societies (Ed. by Peter Turchin, Leonid Grinin et
al., p. 4462. Moscow: KomKniga, 2006),
Social Macroevolution: Growth of the World System Integrity and a System of Phase Transitions.
World Futures, Volume 65, Issue 7 October 2009
, pages 477506 (with Leonid Grinin),
70.7. EDITED VOLUMES BY ANDREY KOROTAYEV

A Spectral Analysis of World GDP Dynamics: Kondratie Waves, Kuznets Swings, Juglar and Kitchin
Cycles in Global Economic Development, and the
20082009 Economic Crisis. Structure and Dynamics. 2010. Vol.4. #1. P.3-57 (with Sergey Tsirel),
Log-Periodic Oscillation Analysis Forecasts the
Burst of the Gold Bubble in April June 2011
// Structure and Dynamics 4/3 (2010): 1-11 (with
Askar Akayev, Alexey Fomin, and Sergey Tsirel),
Korotayev, Andrey; Zinkina, Julia; Bogevolnov,
Justislav (2011). Kondratie waves in global
invention activity (19002008)". Technological
Forecasting and Social Change 78 (7): 1280.
doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2011.02.011.
259
Evolution: Problems and Discussions. Moscow:
LKI/URSS, 2010 <co-editor; in Russian>.
History and Mathematics. Evolutionary Historical
Macrodynamics. Moscow: LIBROCOM/URSS,
2010 <co-editor; in Russian>.
Causes of the Russian Revolution.
Moscow:
LKI/URSS, 2010 <co-editor; in Russian>.
System Monitoring. Global and Regional Development. Moscow: LIBROCOM /URSS, 2010 <coeditor; in Russian>.
History and Mathematics. Processes and Models.
.: URSS, 2009 <co-editor; in Russian>.
Egyptian Revolution: A Demographic Structural

Analysis. Entelequia. Revista Interdisciplinar 13
(2011): 139-165 (with Julia Zinkina),
Hierarchy and Power in the History of Civilizations:

Political Aspects of Modernity / Ed. by L. E. Grinin,
D. D. Beliaev, A. V. Korotayev. Moscow: LIBROCOM/URSS, 2008 <co-editor; in English>.
A Trap At The Escape From The Trap?

Demographic-Structural Factors of Political
Instability in Modern Africa and West Asia. Cliodynamics 2/2 (2011): 1-28 (with Daria Khaltourina
and others),
Hierarchy and Power in the History of Civilizations:

Ancient and Medieval Cultures/ Ed. by L. E. Grinin,
D. D. Beliaev, A. V. Korotayev. Moscow: LIBROCOM/URSS, 2008 <co-editor; in English>.
Malkov, Artemy; Zinkina, Julia; Korotayev, Andrey (2012). The origins of dragon-kings and
their occurrence in society. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 391 (21): 5215.
doi:10.1016/j.physa.2012.05.045.
Problems of Mathematical History. Historical Reconstruction, Forecasting, Methodology. .: LIBROCOM /URSS, 2008 <co-editor; in Russian>.
70.7 Edited volumes by Andrey

Korotayev
Problems of Mathematical History. Basics, Information Resources, Data Analysis. .: LIBROCOM /URSS, 2008. . 235245 <co-editor; in
Russian>.
Kondratie Waves: Dimensions and Prospects at

the Dawn of the 21st Century. Volgograd: Uchitel,
2012. <co-editor, with Leonid Grinin and Tessaleno
Devezas; in English>
Evolution: A Big History Perspective. Volgograd:
Uchitel Publishing House, 2011. ISBN 978-57057-2905-0 <co-editor, with Leonid Grinin and
Barry Rodrigue; in English>.
Evolution: Cosmic, Biological, and Social / Edited
by L. E. Grinin, R. L. Carneiro, A. V. Korotayev, F.
Spier. Volgograd, Uchitel 2011.
Forecasting and Modeling of Crises and World Dynamics. Moscow: LKI/URSS, 2010 <co-editor,
with Askar Akayev and Georgy Malinetsky; in Russian>.
System Monitoring of Global and Regional Risks.
Moscow: LKI/URSS, 2010 <co-editor; in Russian>.
Problems of Mathematical History. Mathematical

Modeling of Historical Processes. .: LIBROCOM /URSS, 2008 <co-editor; in Russian>.
History and Mathematics. Models and Theories.

Moscow: LKI/URSS, 2008 <co-editor; in Russian>.
Alcohol Catastrophe. Moscow: LENAND/URSS,
Interethnic Relations in Contemporary Tanzania.
The 2005 Field Season of the Russian Multidisciplinary Expedition in the United Republic of Tanzania. Moscow: Institute for African Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2007 <co-editor; in Russian>.
History & Mathematics: Analyzing and Modeling
Global Development. Moscow: URSS, 2006 <coeditor; in English>.
History & Mathematics: Historical Dynamics and
Development of Complex Societies. Moscow:
URSS, 2006 <co-editor; in English>.
260
History and Complexity Studies: Mathematical
Modeling of Social Dynamics. Moscow: URSS,
The Early State, Its Alternatives and Analogues.
Volgograd: Uchitel, 2004 <co-editor; in Russian>.
The Moscow School of Quantitative Cross-Cultural
Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 2003
(Cross-Cultural Research 37/1) <co-editor; in English>.
Alternatives of Social Evolution. Vladivostok:
Dal'nauka, 2000 <co-editor; in English>.
Civilizational Models of Politogenesis. Moscow:
Inst. for Afr. Stud. Press, 2000 <co-editor; in English>.
Alternatives Pathways to Civilization. Moscow: Logos, 2000 <co-editor; in Russian>.
Sociobiology of Ritual and Group Identity: A Homology of Animal and Human Behaviour. Moscow:
Russian State University for Humanities, 1998 <coeditor; in English>.
Alternativity of History. Donetsk: Donetskoe Otdelenie SAMI, 1992 <co-editor; in Russian>.
Archaic Society: Key Problems of Evolutionary Sociology. Moscow: Institut istorii SSSR AN SSSR,
70.8 Notes
[1] The Best Economists of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Russian Academy of Sciences. Retrieved June
27, 2006.
[2] The International N. D. Kondratie Foundation
[3] http://www.hse.ru/org/hse/cfi/lab_mr/staff[]
[4] Centre for Civilisational and Regional Studies
[5] " ". Istina. Retrieved December 31, 2013.
[6] Journal of Globalization Studies. 2010. ISSN 20758103.
[7] History and mathematics: Historical Dynamics and Development of Complex Societies. URSS. Retrieved December 31, 2013.
[8] Note that the analysis of log-linear oscillations in the
gold price dynamics for 20032010 conducted recently
by him together with Askar Akayev allowed them to forecast in November 2010 a possible start of the second wave
of the global crisis in June August 2011. See Askar
Akayev, Alexey Fomin, Sergey Tsirel, and Andrey Korotayev. Log-Periodic Oscillation Analysis Forecasts the
Burst of the Gold Bubble in April June 2011. Structure and Dynamics 4/3 (2010): 1-11.
[9] http://www.hs.ias.edu/memberlists/2003-2004
20032004 Members, Visitors and Research Assistants]
[10] Korotayev A., Malkov A., Khaltourina D. (2006).
"Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Secular Cycles
and Millennial Trends". Moscow: URSS.
[11] See, e.g., Korotayev A., Malkov A., Khaltourina D.
Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact
Macromodels of the World System Growth. Moscow:
URSS Publishers, 2006.
[12] See, e.g., Korotayev A., Malkov A., Khaltourina D.
Macromodels of the World System Growth. Moscow:
URSS Publishers, 2006; Korotayev A. V. A Compact
Macromodel of World System Evolution // Journal of
World-Systems Research 11/1 (2005): 7993; for a detailed mathematical analysis of this issue see A Compact
Mathematical Model of the World System Economic and
Demographic Growth, 1 CE - 1973 CE; for an analysis of
this pattern suggested by Korotayev see, e.g., Carter, B.,
(2008), Five or six step scenario for evolution? Int. J.
Astrobiology 7 (2008) 177-182. As Francis Heylighen
puts it, an elegant example is the explanation by Korotayev of the hyperbolic growth of the world population until 1960. In the model, population growth is initially modeled by a traditional logistic growth equation,
where population N starts by growing exponentially but
then slows down until it reaches the maximum value expressed by the carrying capacity of the environment. This
carrying capacity is proportional to the overall productivity of technology, i.e. its ability to extract from the natural environment the resources necessary for survival. In
a second equation, the growth of technological productivity is considered to be proportional to the technology that
is already there (simple exponential growth), but also to
the population number, under the simple assumption that
more individuals will discover more innovations. The authors shows that the two equations together produce a hyperbolic growth curve that mimics the observed historical
growth of world population with a surprising accuracy (explaining over 99% of the variation for the period 500 BC
1962)" (Heylighen, Francis (2007). Accelerating SocioTechnological Evolution: from ephemeralization and stigmergy to the global brain. In Modelski, G.; Devezas, T.;
Thompson, W. Globalization as an Evolutionary Process:
Modeling Global Change. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780-415-77361-4).
[13] Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Secular Cycles and
Millennial Trends. Moscow: URSS, 2006; The World
System urbanization dynamics. History & Mathematics:
Historical Dynamics and Development of Complex Societies. Edited by Peter Turchin, Leonid Grinin, Andrey Korotayev, and Victor C. de Munck. Moscow:
KomKniga, 2006. ISBN 5-484-01002-0. P. 44-62
[14] Korotayev A., Zinkina J. On the structure of the presentday convergence. Campus-Wide Information Systems.
Vol. 31 No. 2/3, 2014, pp. 139-152
[15] Zinkina J., Korotayev A. Explosive Population Growth in
Tropical Africa: Crucial Omission in Development Forecasts (Emerging Risks and Way Out). World Futures 70/2
(2014): 120139.
70.8. NOTES
[16] Alexander V. Markov, and Andrey V. Korotayev (2007)

Phanerozoic marine biodiversity follows a hyperbolic
trend Palaeoworld 16(4): pp. 311-318; Markov, AV;
Korotaev, AV (2008). Hyperbolic growth of marine and
continental biodiversity through the phanerozoic and community evolution. Zhurnal obshchei biologii 69 (3): 175
94. PMID 18677962.
[17] Korotayev A.V., Khaltourina D.A. Introduction to Social
Macrodynamics: Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends in
Africa. Moscow: URSS, 2006. ISBN 5-484-00560-4.
[18] Egyptian Revolution: A Demographic Structural Analysis. Entelequia. Revista Interdisciplinar 13 (2011): 139169.
[19] Population Dynamics and Internal Warfare: A Reconsideration. Social Evolution & History 5/2 (2006): 112147.
[20] Population Dynamics and Internal Warfare: A Reconsideration. Social Evolution & History 5/2 (2006): 112
147; see also Korotayev A., Malkov A., Khaltourina D.
Introduction to Social Macrodynamics. Secular Cycles and
Millennial Trends. Moscow: URSS, 2006; Korotayev
A.V., Khaltourina D.A. Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends in Africa.
Moscow: URSS, 2006. ISBN 5-484-00560-4; note that
these ndings are relevant for the preindustrial social
systems only.
[21] Kohler, Timothy A., and Charles Reed. Explaining the
Structure and Timing of Formation of Pueblo I Villages
in the Northern U.S. Southwest. In Sustainable Lifeways: Cultural Persistence in an Ever-changing Environment, edited by Naomi F. Miller, Katherine M. Moore,
and Kathleen Ryan, pp. 150-179. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 2012.
[22] See, e.g., Egyptian Revolution: A Demographic Structural Analysis. Entelequia. Revista Interdisciplinar 13
(2011): 139-169.
[23] See, e.g., Korotayev A., Khaltourina D. Russian Demographic Crisis in Cross-National Perspective. Russia and
Globalization: Identity, Security, and Society in an Era of
Change. Ed. by D. W. Blum. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008. P. 37-78; Khaltourina, D.
A., & Korotayev, A. V. 'Potential for alcohol policy to
decrease the mortality crisis in Russia', Evaluation & the
Health Professions, vol. 31, no. 3, Sep 2008. pp. 272
281.
261
[28] Review of Social Macroevolution: Genesis and Transformation of the World System by Leonid Grinin and Andrey Korotayev. Social Studies. Retrieved December 31,
2013.
[29] Korotayev A. V. A Compact Macromodel of World System Evolution.Journal of World-Systems Research 11/1
(2005): 7993; Korotayev A., Malkov A., Khaltourina
D. (2006). Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth. Moscow:
KomKniga. ISBN 5-484-00414-4; Korotayev A. Compact Mathematical Models of World System Development, and How they can Help us to Clarify our Understanding of Globalization Processes // Globalization as
Evolutionary Process: Modeling Global Change / Edited
by George Modelski, Tessaleno Devezas, and William R.
Thompson. London: Routledge, 2007. P. 133-160.
[30] Korotayev, Andrey V., & Tsirel, Sergey V.(2010). A
Spectral Analysis of World GDP Dynamics: Kondratie Waves, Kuznets Swings, Juglar and Kitchin Cycles in
Global Economic Development, and the 20082009 Economic Crisis. Structure and Dynamics. Vol.4. #1. P.3-57.
Referring to this article, John A. Mathews notes: The
Russian polymath Andrey Korotayev together with his
collaborator Sergey Tsirel has recently revived the study of
long waves (or K-waves, after Kondratiev (Kondratie))
by subjecting the time series to spectral analysis thereby
providing solid proof that these waves exist (The renewable energies technology surge: A new techno-economic
paradigm in the making? Working Papers in Technology
Governance and Economic Dynamics. The Other Canon
Foundation, Norway. 2012. No. 44. P. 6. Note 6)
[31] Korotayev, Andrey; Zinkina, Julia; Bogevolnov,
Justislav (2011).
Kondratie waves in global
invention activity (19002008)".
Technological Forecasting and Social Change 78 (7): 1280.
doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2011.02.011.
[32] Korotayev A. V. A Compact Macromodel of World System Evolution.Journal of World-Systems Research 11/1
(2005): 7993; Korotayev A., Malkov A., Khaltourina
D. (2006). Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth. Moscow:
KomKniga. ISBN 5-484-00414-4
[33] Andrey Korotayev. World Religions and Social Evolution of the Old World Oikumene Civilizations: a CrossCultural Perspective. Mellen Press. Retrieved December 31, 2013.
[34] See, e.g., Korotayev A. Form of marriage, sexual division of labor, and postmarital residence in cross-cultural
perspective: A reconsideration. Journal of anthropological research ISSN 0091-7710. 2003, Vol. 59, No. 1,
pp. 69-89, Korotayev A. Division of Labor by Gender
and Postmarital Residence in Cross-Cultural Perspective:
A Reconsideration. Cross-Cultural Research. 2003, Vol.
37, No. 4, pp.335-372 doi:10.1177/1069397103253685.
[27] Korotayev A., Malkov A., Khaltourina D. (2006).

"Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact MacroMoscow:
models of the World System Growth".
KomKniga. ISBN 5-484-00414-4.
[35] Korotayev A., Berezkin Yu., Kozmin A., Arkhipova

A.Return of the White Raven: Postdiluvial Reconnaissance Motif A2234.1.1 Reconsidered // Journal of
American Folklore 119: 472520.
[25] http://www.sagepub.com/books/Book226639
262
[36] See, e.g., Midwest-Amazonian Folklore-Mythological

Parallels?. Acta Americana 14/1 (2006): 524; Myths
and Genes. A Deep Historical Reconstruction. Moscow:
Librokom/URSS, 2011; Which genes and myths did the
dierent waves of the peopling of Americas bring to the
New World?.
Reconsidering Weber: Literacy and the Spirit of

Capitalism
[37] Regions Based on Social Structure: A Reconsideration

41 (5). Current Anthropology. 2000. pp. 66869.
Introductory Chapter of Introduction to Social

Macrodynamics: Secular Cycles and Millennial
Trends (Moscow, URSS, 2006)
[38] Andrey V. Korotayev (2003). Unilineal Descent Groups

and Deep Christianization: A Cross-Cultural Comparison. Journal of Comparative Social Science (CrossCultural Research) 37 (1): 132156.
[39] Korotayev A. V. (2000). Parallel Cousin (FBD) Marriage, Islamization, and Arabization. Ethnology (JSTOR)
39 (4): 395407.
[40] E.g., Sabaean Cultural-Political Area: Some General
Trends of Evolution // Proceedings of the Seminar for
Arabian Studies. 23 (1993): 49-60.
[41] See his Ancient Yemen, Oxford, Oxford University Press,
1994; and his Pre-Islamic Yemen, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz Verlag, 1995.
[42] Korotayev A. V. Were There Any Truly Matrilineal Lineages in the Arabian Peninsula?" Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 25 (1995); pp. 83-98.
[43] Socio-Political Conict in the Qatabanian Kingdom? (A
preliminary re-interpretation of the Qatabanic inscription
R 3566). Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 27 (1997): 141158; this interpretation has been recognized as authoritative by the Corpus of South Arabian
Inscriptions (Pisa: Edizioni Plus, 2004).
[44] A Trap At The Escape From The Trap? DemographicStructural Factors of Political Instability in Modern Africa
and West Asia 2 (2). Cliodynamics. 2011. pp. 128.
[45] Zinkina J., Korotayev A. Explosive Population Growth in
Tropical Africa: Crucial Omission in Development Forecasts (Emerging Risks and Way Out). World Futures 70/2
(2014): 120139.
[46] Korotayev A., Klimenko V., Proussakov D. Origins of
Islam: Political-Anthropological and Environmental Context 53 (3-4). Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum
Hungaricae. pp. 243276.
70.9 External links

Article on Andrey Korotayev at InterSci Complexity
wiki (with a full list of his publications)
Macromodels of the World System Growth
Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends at InterSci Complexity
wiki
Mellen Press Information on Andrey Korotayev
Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends

Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends in Egypt
Chapter 3: A Compact Macromodel of World Economic and Demographic Growth of Introduction

to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of
the World System Growth (Moscow, URSS, 2006)
A Spectral Analysis of World GDP Dynamics: Kondratie Waves, Kuznets Swings, Juglar and Kitchin
Cycles in Global Economic Development, and the
20082009 Economic Crisis. Structure and Dynamics. 2010. Vol.4. #1. P.3-57 (with Sergey Tsirel).
Andrey V. Korotayev
Information on Andrey Korotayev at the web-site of
the Institute of the Advanced Study in Princeton
Chapter 71
Thorkil Kristensen
Thorkil Kristensen (9 October 1899 26 June 1989),
was a Danish politician, nance minister, professor in national economy, and futurist.
He was born a son of a farmer in Fljstrup close to
Vejle, Denmark. Between 19381945 he was professor
at the University of Aarhus and between 19471960 at
the Copenhagen Business School.
Thorkil Kristensen was elected to the Danish Parliament 1945 and became nance minister under Knud
Kristiansen (19451947) and Erik Eriksen (19501953).
Throughout his life he worked with dicult economic
problems. Among people of his own party and opposing parties, he enjoyed great respect because of his broad
knowledge of economics.
He came to disagree on economic policy with his party,
Venstre, and left the party in 1960.
After his exit from politics, he was secretary general of
the OECD from 1960-1969. He was the founder of the
Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies (CIFS), making
it one of the rst futures research institutes on the European continent. He was managing director at CIFS from
19701988.
He participated in the Club of Rome which attracted
considerable public attention with its report, Limits to
Growth, which has sold 30 million copies in more than
30 translations, making it the best selling environmental
book in world history.
71.1 References
Andersen, Poul Nyboe (1996). Thorkil Kristensen. En ener i dansk politik. Historisk Tidsskrift
(Odense Universitetsforlag) 16 (5): 241.
263
Chapter 72
Ray Kurzweil
Raymond Ray Kurzweil (/krzwal/ KURZ-wyl;
born February 12, 1948) is an American author, computer scientist, inventor, futurist, and is a director of
engineering at Google. Aside from futurology, he is
involved in elds such as optical character recognition (OCR), text-to-speech synthesis, speech recognition technology, and electronic keyboard instruments.
He has written books on health, articial intelligence
(AI), transhumanism, the technological singularity, and
futurism. Kurzweil is a public advocate for the futurist
and transhumanist movements, as has been displayed in
his vast collection of public talks, wherein he has shared
his primarily optimistic outlooks on life extension technologies and the future of nanotechnology, robotics, and
biotechnology.
has been the #1 book on Amazon in both science and philosophy. His latest bestseller is How to Create a Mind:
The Secret of Human Thought Revealed.[11] Kurzweil
speaks widely to audiences public and private and regularly delivers keynote speeches at industry conferences
like DEMO, SXSW and TED. His website catalogs his
public speaking, publications and media appearances.[12]
He maintains the news website KurzweilAI.net, which
has over three million readers annually.[5]
Kurzweil was the principal inventor of the rst CCD

atbed scanner,[2] the rst omni-font optical character recognition,[2] the rst print-to-speech reading machine for the blind,[3] the rst commercial text-to-speech
synthesizer,[4] the Kurzweil K250 music synthesizer capable of simulating the sound of the grand piano and
other orchestral instruments, and the rst commercially
marketed large-vocabulary speech recognition.[5]
72.1.1 Early life
Kurzweil received the 1999 National Medal of Technology and Innovation, Americas highest honor in technology, from President Clinton in a White House ceremony. He was the recipient of the $500,000 LemelsonMIT Prize for 2001,[6] the worlds largest for innovation.
And in 2002 he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame, established by the U.S. Patent Oce.
He has received twenty honorary doctorates, and honors
from three U.S. presidents. Kurzweil has been described
as a restless genius[7] by The Wall Street Journal and
the ultimate thinking machine[8] by Forbes. PBS included Kurzweil as one of 16 revolutionaries who made
America[9] along with other inventors of the past two
centuries. Inc. magazine ranked him #8 among the most
fascinating entrepreneurs in the United States and called
him Edisons rightful heir.[10]
Kurzweil has authored seven books, ve of which have
been national bestsellers. The Age of Spiritual Machines
has been translated into 9 languages and was the #1 bestselling book on Amazon in science. Kurzweils book The
Singularity Is Near was a New York Times bestseller, and
72.1 Life, inventions, and business

career
Ray Kurzweil grew up in the New York City borough of

Queens. He was born to secular Jewish parents who had
escaped Austria just before the onset of World War II.
He was exposed via Unitarian Universalism to a diversity of religious faiths during his upbringing. His unitarian church had the philosophy of many paths to the
truth the religious education consisted of spending six
months on a single religion before moving onto the next.
Kurzweil is an agnostic[13] and panpsychist.[14] His father
was a musician, a noted conductor, and a music educator. His mother was a visual artist. Kurzweil decided he
wanted to be an inventor at the age of ve.[15] In his youth,
Kurzweil was an avid reader of science ction literature.
At the age of eight, nine, and ten, he read the entire Tom
Swift Jr. series. At the age of seven or eight, he built a
robotic puppet theater and robotic game. He was involved
with computers and built computing devices by the age
of twelve. At the age of fourteen, Kurzweil wrote a paper detailing his theory of the neocortex.[16] His parents
were involved with the arts, and he is quoted in the documentary Transcendent Man as saying that the household
always produced discussions about the future and technology.
Kurzweil attended Martin Van Buren High School. During class, he often held onto his class textbooks to seemingly participate, but instead, focused on his own projects
which were hidden behind the book. His uncle, an engi-
264
72.1. LIFE, INVENTIONS, AND BUSINESS CAREER

neer at Bell Labs, taught young Kurzweil the basics of
computer science.[17] In 1963, at age fteen, he wrote
his rst computer program.[18] He created a patternrecognition software program that analyzed the works of
classical composers, and then synthesized its own songs
in similar styles. In 1965, he was invited to appear on the
CBS television program I've Got a Secret, where he performed a piano piece that was composed by a computer
he also had built.[19] Later that year, he won rst prize
in the International Science Fair for the invention;[20]
Kurzweils submission to Westinghouse Talent Search
of his rst computer program alongside several other
projects resulted in him being one of its national winners, which allowed him to be personally congratulated
by President Lyndon B. Johnson during a White House
ceremony. These activities collectively impressed upon
Kurzweil the belief that nearly any problem could be
overcome.[21]
72.1.2
Mid-life
While in high school, Kurzweil had corresponded with

Marvin Minsky and was invited to visit him at MIT,
which he did. Kurzweil also visited Professor Rosenblatt
at Cornell.[22]
265
Kurzweils next major business venture began in 1978,
when Kurzweil Computer Products began selling a commercial version of the optical character recognition computer program. LexisNexis was one of the rst customers, and bought the program to upload paper legal and
news documents onto its nascent online databases.
Kurzweil sold his company to Lernout & Hauspie. Following the bankruptcy of the latter, the system became a
subsidiary of Xerox formerly known as Scansoft and now
as Nuance Communications, and he functioned as a consultant for the former until 1995.
Kurzweils next business venture was in the realm of electronic music technology. After a 1982 meeting with
Stevie Wonder, in which the latter lamented the divide
in capabilities and qualities between electronic synthesizers and traditional musical instruments, Kurzweil was inspired to create a new generation of music synthesizers
capable of accurately duplicating the sounds of real instruments. Kurzweil Music Systems was founded in the
same year, and in 1984, the Kurzweil K250 was unveiled.
The machine was capable of imitating a number of instruments, and in tests musicians were unable to discern the
dierence between the Kurzweil K250 on piano mode
from a normal grand piano.[24] The recording and mixing
abilities of the machine, coupled with its abilities to imitate dierent instruments, made it possible for a single
user to compose and play an entire orchestral piece.
He obtained a B.S. in computer science and literature in

1970 at MIT. He went to MIT to study with Marvin MinKurzweil Music Systems was sold to Korean musical insky. He took all of the computer programming courses
strument manufacturer Young Chang in 1990. As with
(eight or nine) oered at MIT in the rst year and a half.
Xerox, Kurzweil remained as a consultant for several
In 1968, during his sophomore year at MIT, Kurzweil years. Hyundai acquired Young Chang in 2006 and
started a company that used a computer program to in January 2007 appointed Raymond Kurzweil as Chief
match high school students with colleges. The program, Strategy Ocer of Kurzweil Music Systems.[25]
called the Select College Consulting Program, was designed by him and compared thousands of dierent criteria about each college with questionnaire answers submit72.1.3 Later life
ted by each student applicant. Around this time, he sold
the company to Harcourt, Brace & World for $100,000
Concurrent with Kurzweil Music Systems, Kurzweil cre(roughly $670,000 in 2013 dollars) plus royalties.[23]
ated the company Kurzweil Applied Intelligence (KAI) to
In 1974, Kurzweil founded Kurzweil Computer Products, develop computer speech recognition systems for comInc. and led development of the rst omni-font optical mercial use. The rst product, which debuted in 1987,
character recognition system, a computer program capa- was an early speech recognition program.
ble of recognizing text written in any normal font. Before
that time, scanners had only been able to read text writ- Kurzweil started Kurzweil Educational Systems in 1996
ten in a few fonts. He decided that the best application to develop new pattern-recognition-based computer techof this technology would be to create a reading machine, nologies to help people with disabilities such as blindwhich would allow blind people to understand written ness, dyslexia and ADD in school. Products include
text by having a computer read it to them aloud. How- the Kurzweil 1000 text-to-speech converter software proever, this device required the invention of two enabling gram, which enables a computer to read electronic and
technologiesthe CCD atbed scanner and the text-to- scanned text aloud to blind or visually impaired users,
speech synthesizer. Development of these technologies and the Kurzweil 3000 program, which is a multifaceted
was completed at other institutions such as Bell Labs, and electronic learning system that helps with reading, writon January 13, 1976, the nished product was unveiled ing, and study skills.
during a news conference headed by him and the lead- During the 1990s Kurzweil founded the Medical Learners of the National Federation of the Blind. Called the ing Company.[26] The companys products included an
Kurzweil Reading Machine, the device covered an entire interactive computer education program for doctors and
tabletop.
a computer-simulated patient. Around the same time,
266
CHAPTER 72. RAY KURZWEIL

Personal life
Kurzweil married Sonya Rosenwald Fenster in 1975 and
has two children.[30] Sonya Kurzweil is a psychologist in
private practice and clinical instructor in Psychology at
Harvard Medical School; she is interested in the way that
digital media can be integrated into the lives of children
and teens.[31]
He has a son, Ethan Kurzweil, a venture capitalist,[32] and
a daughter, Amy Kurzweil.[33]
72.1.4 Creative approach
Raymond Kurzweil at the Singularity Summit at Stanford in 2006
Kurzweil started KurzweilCyberArt.coma website featuring computer programs to assist the creative art process. The site used to oer free downloads of a program called AARONa visual art synthesizer developed
by Harold Cohenand of Kurzweils Cybernetic Poet,
which automatically creates poetry. During this period he
also started KurzweilAI.net, a website devoted towards
showcasing news of scientic developments, publicizing
the ideas of high-tech thinkers and critics alike, and promoting futurist-related discussion among the general population through the Mind-X forum.
In 1999, Kurzweil created a hedge fund called FatKat
(Financial Accelerating Transactions from Kurzweil
Adaptive Technologies), which began trading in 2006.
He has stated that the ultimate aim is to improve the
performance of FatKats A.I. investment software program, enhancing its ability to recognize patterns in currency uctuations and stock-ownership trends.[27] He
predicted in his 1999 book, The Age of Spiritual Machines, that computers will one day prove superior to the
best human nancial minds at making protable investment decisions. In June 2005, Kurzweil introduced the
Kurzweil-National Federation of the Blind Reader (KNFB Reader)a pocket-sized device consisting of a digital camera and computer unit. Like the Kurzweil Reading
Machine of almost 30 years before, the K-NFB Reader is
designed to aid blind people by reading written text aloud.
The newer machine is portable and scans text through digital camera images, while the older machine is large and
scans text through atbed scanning.
Kurzweil said I realize that most inventions fail not because the R&D department cant get them to work, but
because the timing is wrong - not all of the enabling factors are at play where they are needed. Inventing is a lot
like surng: you have to anticipate and catch the wave at
just the right moment.[34][35]
For the past several decades, Kurzweils most eective
and common approach to doing creative work has been
conducted during his lucid dreamlike state which immediately precedes his awakening state. He claims to have
constructed inventions, solved dicult problems, such as
algorithmic, business strategy, organizational, and interpersonal problems, and written speeches in this state.[22]
72.2 Books
Kurzweils rst book, The Age of Intelligent Machines,
was published in 1990. The nonction work discusses
the history of computer articial intelligence (AI) and
forecasts future developments. Other experts in the eld
of AI contribute heavily to the work in the form of essays. The Association of American Publishers' awarded
it the status of Most Outstanding Computer Science Book
of 1990.[36]
In 1993, Kurzweil published a book on nutrition called
The 10% Solution for a Healthy Life. The books main
idea is that high levels of fat intake are the cause of many
health disorders common in the U.S., and thus that cutting fat consumption down to 10% of the total calories
consumed would be optimal for most people.
In 1999, Kurzweil published The Age of Spiritual Machines, which further elucidates his theories regarding the
future of technology, which themselves stem from his
analysis of long-term trends in biological and technological evolution. Much emphasis is on the likely course of
In December 2012 Kurzweil was hired by Google in AI development, along with the future of computer ara full-time position to work on new projects involving chitecture.
machine learning and language processing.[28] Google Kurzweils next book, published in 2004, returned to
co-founder Larry Page and Kurzweil agreed on a one- human health and nutrition. Fantastic Voyage: Live
sentence job description: to bring natural language un- Long Enough to Live Forever was co-authored by Terry
Grossman, a medical doctor and specialist in alternative
derstanding to Google.[29]
72.4. VIEWS
267
medicine.
and counter-futurist ideas and the best documentary on

[43]
The Singularity Is Near, published in 2005, was made into the Singularity to date.
a movie starring Pauley Perrette from NCIS.[37] In Febru- Kurzweil frequently comments on the application of cellary 2007, Ptolemaic Productions acquired the rights to size nanotechnology to the workings of the human brain
The Singularity is Near, The Age of Spiritual Machines and and how this could be applied to building AI. While beFantastic Voyage including the rights to lm Kurzweils ing interviewed for a February 2009 issue of Rolling Stone
life and ideas for the documentary lm Transcendent magazine, Kurzweil expressed a desire to construct a geMan, which was directed by Barry Ptolemy.
netic copy of his late father, Fredric Kurzweil, from DNA
[38]
Transcend: Nine Steps to Living Well Forever, a follow- within his grave site. This feat would be achieved by exup to Fantastic Voyage, was released on April 28, 2009. humation and extraction of DNA, constructing a clone
of Fredric and retrieving memories and recollections
Kurzweils latest book, How to Create a Mind: The Se- from Rays mindof his father.[44] Kurzweil kept all of
cret of Human Thought Revealed, was released on Nov. his fathers records, notes, and pictures in order to main13, 2012.[39] In it Kurzweil describes his Pattern Recog- tain as much of his father as he could. Ray is known for
nition Theory of Mind, the theory that the neocortex is taking over 200 pills a day, meant to reprogram his bioa hierarchical system of pattern recognizers, and argues chemistry. This, according to Ray, is only a precursor to
that duplicating this architecture in machines could lead the devices at the nano scale that will eventually replace a
to an articial superintelligence.[40]
blood-cell, self updating of specic pathogens to improve
[44]
Kurzweil is also writing a novel called Danielle, about the immune system.
his imaginary superheroine daughter who solves problems
through intelligence.[41]
72.4 Views
72.3 Movies
Kurzweil wrote and co-produced a movie directed by Anthony Waller, called The Singularity Is Near: A True Story
About the Future, in 2010 based, in part, on his 2005 book
The Singularity Is Near. Part ction, part non-ction,
he interviews 20 big thinkers like Marvin Minsky, plus
there is a B-line narrative story that illustrates some of
the ideas, where a computer avatar (Ramona) saves the
world from self-replicating microscopic robots. In addition to his movie, an independent, feature-length documentary was made about Kurzweil, his life, and his ideas,
called Transcendent Man. Filmmakers Barry Ptolemy
and Felicia Ptolemy followed Kurzweil, documenting his
global speaking-tour. Premiered in 2009 at the Tribeca
Film Festival, Transcendent Man documents Kurzweils
quest to reveal mankinds ultimate destiny and explores
many of the ideas found in his New York Times bestselling book, The Singularity Is Near, including his concept exponential growth, radical life expansion, and how
we will transcend our biology. The Ptolemys documented
Kurzweils stated goal of bringing back his late father using AI. The lm also features critics who argue against
Kurzweils predictions.
In 2010, an independent documentary lm called Plug &
Pray premiered at the Seattle International Film Festival,
in which Kurzweil and one of his major critics, the late
Joseph Weizenbaum, argue about the benets of eternal
life.[42]
The feature-length documentary lm The Singularity by
independent lmmaker Doug Wolens (released at the end
of 2012), showcasing Kurzweil, has been acclaimed as a
large-scale achievement in its documentation of futurist
72.4.1 The Law of Accelerating Returns

Main article: Accelerating change
In his 1999 book The Age of Spiritual Machines Kurzweil
proposed The Law of Accelerating Returns, according
to which the rate of change in a wide variety of evolutionary systems (including the growth of technologies) tends
to increase exponentially.[45] He gave further focus to this
issue in a 2001 essay entitled The Law of Accelerating
Returns, which proposed an extension of Moores law to
a wide variety of technologies, and used this to argue in
favor of Vernor Vinge's concept of a technological singularity.[46] Kurzweil suggests that this exponential technological growth is counter-intuitive to the way our brains
perceive the worldsince our brains were biologically inherited from humans living in a world that was linear and
localand, as a consequence, he claims it has encouraged
great skepticism in his future projections.
72.4.2 Stance on the future of genetics,

nanotechnology, and robotics
Kurzweil is working with the Army Science Board to develop a rapid response system to deal with the possible
abuse of biotechnology. He suggests that the same technologies that are empowering us to reprogram biology
away from cancer and heart disease could be used by a
bioterrorist to reprogram a biological virus to be more
deadly, communicable, and stealthy. However, he suggests that we have the scientic tools to successfully defend against these attacks, similar to the way we defend
against computer software viruses. He has testied be-
268
fore Congress on the subject of nanotechnology, advocating that nanotechnology has the potential to solve serious global problems such as poverty, disease, and climate
change. Nanotech Could Give Global Warming a Big
Chill.[47]
He claims to know that in the future, everyone will live

forever.[55] In a 2013 interview, Kurzweil said that in 15
years, medical technology could add more than a year to
ones remaining life expectancy for each year that passes,
and we could then outrun our own deaths. He has been
In media appearances, Kurzweil has stressed the extreme an extreme advocate of SENS Research Foundation for
acts
potential dangers of nanotechnology[19] but argues that in the successful defeating of aging, and has encouraged
[29][56]
of
donation
to
hasten
their
rejuvenation
research.
practice, progress cannot be stopped because that would
require a totalitarian system, and any attempt to do so
would drive dangerous technologies underground and de72.4.4 Kurzweils view of the human neoprive responsible scientists of the tools needed for decortex
fense. He suggests that the proper place of regulation
is to ensure that technological progress proceeds safely
and quickly, but does not deprive the world of profound According to Kurzweil, technologists will be creating
benets. He stated, To avoid dangers such as unre- synthetic neocortexes based on the operating principles of
strained nanobot replication, we need relinquishment at the human neocortex with the primary purpose of extendthe right level and to place our highest priority on the con- ing our own neocortexes. He claims to believe that the
tinuing advance of defensive technologies, staying ahead neocortex of an adult human consists of approximately
of destructive technologies. An overall strategy should 300 million pattern recognizers. He draws on the cominclude a streamlined regulatory process, a global pro- monly accepted belief that the primary anatomical difgram of monitoring for unknown or evolving biological ference between humans and other primates that allowed
pathogens, temporary moratoriums, raising public aware- for superior intellectual abilities was the evolution of a
ness, international cooperation, software reconnaissance, larger neocortex. He claims that the six-layered neocorand fostering values of liberty, tolerance, and respect for tex deals with increasing abstraction from one layer to the
next. He says that at the low levels, the neocortex may
knowledge and diversity.[48]
seem cold and mechanical because it can only make simple decisions, but at the higher levels of the hierarchy,
the neocortex is likely to be dealing with concepts like
72.4.3 Health and aging
being funny, being sexy, expressing a loving sentiment,
creating a poem or understanding a poem, etc. He claims
Kurzweil admits that he cared little for his health until age to believe that these higher levels of the human neocor35, when he was found to suer from a glucose intoler- tex were the enabling factors to permit the human deance, an early form of type II diabetes (a major risk factor velopment of language, technology, art, and science. He
for heart disease). Kurzweil then found a doctor (Terry stated, If the quantitative improvement from primates
Grossman, M.D.) who shares his non-conventional be- to humans with the big forehead was the enabling factor
liefs to develop an extreme regimen involving hundreds of to allow for language, technology, art, and science, what
pills, chemical intravenous treatments, red wine and vari- kind of qualitative leap can we make with another quanous other methods to attempt to live longer. Kurzweil was titative increase? Why not go from 300 million pattern
ingesting 250 supplements, eight to 10 glasses of alkaline recognizers to a billion?[57]
water and 10 cups of green tea" every day and drinking
several glasses of red wine a week in an eort to reprogram his biochemistry.[49] Lately, he has cut down the 72.4.5 Encouraging futurism and transhunumber of supplement pills to 150.[50]
manism
Kurzweil joined the Alcor Life Extension Foundation, a

cryonics company. In the event of his declared death,
Kurzweil will be perfused with cryoprotectants, vitried
in liquid nitrogen, and stored at an Alcor facility in the
hope that future medical technology will be able to repair
his tissues and revive him.[51]
Kurzweils standing as a futurist and transhumanist has

led to his involvement in several singularity-themed organizations. In December 2004, Kurzweil joined the
advisory board of the Singularity Institute for Articial
Intelligence.[58] In October 2005, Kurzweil joined the
scientic advisory board of the Lifeboat Foundation.[59]
On May 13, 2006, Kurzweil was the rst speaker at
the Singularity Summit at Stanford.[60] In May 2013,
Kurzweil was the keynote speaker at the 2013 proceeding
of the Research, Innovation, Start-up and Employment
(RISE) international conference in Seoul, Korea Republic.[61]
He has authored three books on the subjects of nutrition,

health and immortality: The 10% Solution for a Healthy
Life, Fantastic Voyage: Live Long Enough to Live Forever
and Transcend: Nine Steps to Living Well Forever.[52] In
all, he recommends that other people emulate his health
practices to the best of their abilities. Kurzweil and his
current anti-aging doctor, Terry Grossman, MD., now
have two websites promoting their rst[53] and second In February 2009, Kurzweil, in collaboration with Google
book.[54]
and the NASA Ames Research Center, announced the
72.6. RECEPTION
creation of the Singularity University training center for
corporate executives and government ocials. The Universitys self-described mission is to assemble, educate
and inspire a cadre of leaders who strive to understand
and facilitate the development of exponentially advancing technologies and apply, focus and guide these tools to
address humanitys grand challenges.[62] Using Vernor
Vinge's Singularity concept as a foundation, the university oered its rst nine-week graduate program to 40
students in June, 2009.
72.5 Predictions
Main article: Predictions made by Ray Kurzweil
72.5.1
Past predictions
Kurzweils rst book, The Age of Intelligent Machines,

presented his ideas about the future. It was written from
1986 to 1989 and published in 1990. Building on Ithiel de
Sola Pool's Technologies of Freedom (1983), Kurzweil
claims to have forecast the demise of the Soviet Union
due to new technologies such as cellular phones and fax
machines disempowering authoritarian governments by
removing state control over the ow of information.[63]
In the book Kurzweil also extrapolated preexisting trends
in the improvement of computer chess software performance to predict that computers would beat the best
human players by the year 2000.[64] In May 1997
chess World Champion Garry Kasparov was defeated by
IBMs Deep Blue computer in a well-publicized chess
tournament.[65]
Perhaps most signicantly, Kurzweil foresaw the explosive growth in worldwide Internet use that began in the
1990s. At the time of the publication of The Age of Intelligent Machines, there were only 2.6 million Internet users
in the world,[66] and the medium was unreliable, dicult
to use, and decient in content. He also stated that the
Internet would explode not only in the number of users
but in content as well, eventually granting users access to
international networks of libraries, data bases, and information services. Additionally, Kurzweil claims to have
correctly foreseen that the preferred mode of Internet access would inevitably be through wireless systems, and he
was also correct to estimate that the latter would become
practical for widespread use in the early 21st century.
Kurzweils predictions for 2009 were mostly inaccurate,
claims Forbes magazine. For example, Kurzweil predicted, The majority of text is created using continuous
speech recognition. This is not the case.[67]
269
72.5.2 Future predictions

In 1999, Kurzweil published a second book titled The
Age of Spiritual Machines, which goes into more depth
explaining his futurist ideas. The third and nal part of
the book is devoted to predictions over the coming century, from 2009 through 2099. In The Singularity Is Near
he makes fewer concrete short-term predictions, but includes many longer-term visions.
He states that with radical life extension will come radical
life enhancement. He says he is condent that within 10
years we will have the option to spend some of our time
in 3D virtual environments that appear just as real as real
reality, but these will not yet be made possible via direct
interaction with our nervous system. If you look at video
games and how we went from pong to the virtual reality
we have available today, it is highly likely that immortality in essence will be possible. He claims to know that 20
to 25 years from now, we will have millions of blood-cell
sized devices, known as nanobots, inside our bodies ghting against diseases, improving our memory, and cognitive abilities. Kurzweil claims to know that a machine
will pass the Turing test by 2029, and that around 2045,
the pace of change will be so astonishingly quick that
we won't be able to keep up, unless we enhance our own
intelligence by merging with the intelligent machines we
are creating. Shortly after, Kurzweil claims to know that
humans will be a hybrid of biological and non-biological
intelligence that becomes increasingly dominated by its
non-biological component. He stresses that AI is not
an intelligent invasion from Mars. These are brain extenders that we have created to expand our own mental
reach. They are part of our civilization. They are part of
who we are. So over the next few decades our humanmachine civilization will become increasingly dominated
by its non-biological component. In Transcendent Man
Kurzweil states We humans are going to start linking
with each other and become a metaconnection we will
all be connected and all be omni-present, plugged into
this global network that is connected to billions of people,
and lled with data. [68] Kurzweil states in a press conference that we are the only species that goes beyond our
limitations- we didn't stay in the caves, we didn't stay on
the planet, and we're not going to stay with the limitations
of our biology. In his singularity based documentary he
is quoted saying I think people are fooling themselves
when they say they have accepted death.
In 2008, Kurzweil said in an expert panel in the National
Academy of Engineering that solar power will scale up
to produce all the energy needs of Earths people in 20
years. According to Kurzweil, we only need to capture 1
part in 10,000 of the energy from the Sun that hits Earths
surface to meet all of humanitys energy needs.[69]
72.6 Reception
270
72.6.1
Praise
Kurzweil was referred to as the ultimate thinking machine by Forbes[8] and as a restless genius[7] by The
Wall Street Journal. PBS included Kurzweil as one of 16
revolutionaries who made America[9] along with other
inventors of the past two centuries. Inc. magazine ranked
him #8 among the most fascinating entrepreneurs in the
United States and called him Edisons rightful heir.[10]
Kurzweil has received many awards and honors, including:
First place in the 1965 International Science Fair[20]
for inventing the classical music synthesizing computer.
The 1978 Grace Murray Hopper Award from
the Association for Computing Machinery. The
award is given annually to one outstanding young
computer professional and is accompanied by a
$35,000 prize.[70] Kurzweil won it for his invention
of the Kurzweil Reading Machine.[71]
The 2001 Lemelson-MIT Prize for a lifetime of

developing technologies to help the disabled and
to enrich the arts.[79] Only one is meted out each
year to highly successful, mid-career inventors. A
$500,000 award accompanies the prize.[80]
Kurzweil was inducted into the National Inventors
Hall of Fame in 2002 for inventing the Kurzweil
Reading Machine.[81] The organization honors the
women and men responsible for the great technological advances that make human, social and economic
progress possible.[82] Fifteen other people were inducted into the Hall of Fame the same year.[83]
The Arthur C. Clarke Lifetime Achievement
Award on April 20, 2009 for lifetime achievement as an inventor and futurist in computer-based
technologies.[84]
In 2011, Kurzweil was named a Senior Fellow of the
Design Futures Council.[85]
In 2013, Kurzweil was honored as a Silicon Valley
Visionary Award winner on June 26 by SVForum[86]
In 1986, Kurzweil was named Honorary Chairman

for Innovation of the White House Conference on
Small Business by President Reagan
In 2014, Kurzweil was honored with the American

Visionary Art Museums Grand Visionary Award on
January 30.[87][88][89]
In 1988, Kurzweil was named Inventor of the Year

by MIT and the Boston Museum of Science.[72]
Kurzweil has received 20 honorary doctorates in science, engineering, music and humane letters from
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Hofstra University
and other leading colleges and universities, as well as
honors from three U.S. presidents - Clinton, Reagan
and Johnson.[5][90]
In 1990, Kurzweil was voted Engineer of the Year

by the over one million readers of Design News
Magazine and received their third annual Technology Achievement Award[72][73]
The 1994 Dickson Prize in Science. One is awarded
every year by Carnegie Mellon University to individuals who have notably advanced the eld of science. Both a medal and a $50,000 prize are presented to winners.[74]
Kurzweil has received seven national and international lm awards including the CINE Golden Eagle
Award and the Gold Medal for Science Education
from the International Film and TV Festival of New
York.[72]
The 1998 Inventor of the Year award from the

72.6.2
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[75]
The 1999 National Medal of Technology.[76] This is
the highest award the President of the United States
can bestow upon individuals and groups for pioneering new technologies, and the President dispenses
the award at his discretion.[77] Bill Clinton presented
Kurzweil with the National Medal of Technology
during a White House ceremony in recognition of
Kurzweils development of computer-based technologies to help the disabled.
Criticism
Kurzweils ideas have generated criticism within the scientic community and in the media.
Although the idea of a technological singularity is a popular concept in science ction, some authors such as Neal
Stephenson[91] and Bruce Sterling have voiced skepticism
about its real-world plausibility. Sterling expressed his
views on the singularity scenario in a talk at the Long
Now Foundation entitled The Singularity: Your Future
as a Black Hole.[92][93] Other prominent AI thinkers and
scientists such as Daniel Dennett,[94] Rodney
The 2000 Telluride Tech Festival Award of computer
[95]
David Gelernter[96] and Paul Allen[97] also
Technology.[78] Two other individuals also received Brooks,
the same honor that year. The award is presented criticized Kurzweils projections.
yearly to people who exemplify the life, times and Daniel Lyons, writing in Newsweek, criticized Kurzweil
standard of contribution of Tesla, Westinghouse and for some of his predictions that turned out to be wrong,
such as the economy continuing to boom from the 1998
Nunn.
72.7. SEE ALSO

dot-com through 2009, a US company having a market
capitalization of more than $1 trillion, a supercomputer achieving 20 petaops, speech recognition being
in widespread use and cars that would drive themselves
using sensors installed in highways; all by 2009.[98] To
the charge that a 20 petaop supercomputer was not produced in the time he predicted, Kurzweil responded that
he considers Google a giant supercomputer, and that it is
indeed capable of 20 petaops.[98]
In the cover article of the December 2010 issue of IEEE
Spectrum, John Rennie criticizes Kurzweil for several
predictions that failed to become manifest by the originally predicted date. Therein lie the frustrations of
Kurzweils brand of tech punditry. On close examination, his clearest and most successful predictions often
lack originality or profundity. And most of his predictions come with so many loopholes that they border on
the unfalsiable.[99]
Bill Joy, cofounder of Sun Microsystems, agrees with
Kurzweils timeline of future progress, but thinks that
technologies such as AI, nanotechnology and advanced
biotechnology will create a dystopian world.[100] Mitch
Kapor, the founder of Lotus Development Corporation, has called the notion of a technological singularity
"intelligent design for the IQ 140 people...This proposition that we're heading to this point at which everything is
going to be just unimaginably dierentits fundamentally, in my view, driven by a religious impulse. And all of
the frantic arm-waving can't obscure that fact for me.[101]
Some critics have argued more strongly against Kurzweil
and his ideas. Cognitive scientist Douglas Hofstadter
has said of Kurzweils and Hans Moravec's books: Its
an intimate mixture of rubbish and good ideas, and its
very hard to disentangle the two, because these are smart
people; they're not stupid.[102] Biologist P. Z. Myers
has criticized Kurzweils predictions as being based on
"New Age spiritualism rather than science and says that
Kurzweil does not understand basic biology.[103][104] VR
pioneer Jaron Lanier has even described Kurzweils ideas
as cybernetic totalism and has outlined his views on the
culture surrounding Kurzweils predictions in an essay for
Edge.org entitled One Half of a Manifesto.[43][105]
271
He quotes Kurzweils Singularity as another example of a
trend which has almost always been present in the history
of mankind.[107]
Nassim Nicholas Taleb, Lebanese American essayist,
scholar and statistician, criticized his approach of taking
multiple pills to achieve longevity in his book Antifragile.
72.7 See also

Paradigm shift
Simulated reality
72.8 References
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[3] Ikenson, Ben (2004). Patents: Ingenious Inventions, How
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[4] Klatt, D. (1987) Review of Text-to-Speech Conversion
for English Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
82(3):737-93
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[6] Raymond Kurzweil 2001 Lemelson-MIT Prize Winner.
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[7] Bulkeley, William (1989-06-23). Kurzweil Applied
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places, fairly readable, moderately informative, but wildly
[11] Kurzweil, Ray (2012). How to Create a Mind: The Secret
overstated.[106]
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John Gray, the British philosopher, argues that contemporary science is what magic was for ancient civiliza- [12] Public Speaking General Information. Retrieved 10
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[13] CNN.com. CNN.
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[15] Computerworld - Google Books. Retrieved 15 September
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[16] Ray Kurzweil: How to Create a Mind: The Secret of
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[17] Inventor of the Week. Web.mit.edu. Retrieved 201104-21.
[18] KurzweilAI.net. KurzweilAI.net. Retrieved 2011-0421.
[19] In Depth: Ray Kurzweil. Book TV. 2006-11-05. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
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[21] Doug Aamoth (2010-04-02). An Interview With Ray
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[22] Nerd of the Week: Ray Kurzweil - KurzweilAI. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
[23] Biography of Ray Kurzweil. Kurzweiltech.com. 197601-13. Retrieved 2011-03-27.
[24] Donald Byrd and Christopher Yavelow (1986). The
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[25] Hyundai names Kurzweil Chief Strategy Ocer of
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[26] List of Private Companies Worldwide, BusinessWeek".
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[28] Letzing, John (2012-12-14). Google Hires Famed Futurist Ray Kurzweil. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved
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[29] Will Googles Ray Kurzweil Live Forever?". WSJ. 12
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[31] Ask Ray - Article on integrating digital media into
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[32] Father and Son Peer Into the Future of Tech. The Wall
Street Journal. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
[33] An Oral History Interview with Ray Kurzweil, Part 1 of
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[35] Nanotechnology: Ray Kurzweil Interview. Retrieved

15 September 2014.
[36] Colin, Johnson (1998-12-28). Era of Smart People is
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[37] The Singularity Is Near: IMDB. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
[38] Transcend: Nine Steps to Living Well Forever.
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[39] Ray Kurzweils How to Create a Mind published.
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[40] Kurzweil, Ray (2012). How to Create a Mind: The Secret
of Human Thought Revealed. New York: Viking Books.
ISBN 978-0-670-02529-9.
[41] Fernandez, Jay A. (March 8, 2012). SXSW Preview:
Damon Lindelof Interviews Ray Kurzweil About What
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[42] Independent documentary Plug & Pray. Retrieved 15
September 2014.
[43] The Singularity: A Documentary by Doug Wolens.
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[44] "Transcendent Man". Hulu. Retrieved 15 September
2014.
[45] Ray Kurzweil, The Age of Spiritual Machines, Viking,
1999, p. 30 and p. 32
[46] The Law of Accelerating Returns.
September 2014.
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[47] Nanotech Could Give Global Warming a Big Chill

(PDF). July 2006. Retrieved June 16, 2011.
[48] Nanotechnology Dangers and Defenses. KurzweilAI.
[49] Never Say Die: Live Forever. WIRED. Retrieved 15
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[50] CNN.com Transcripts.
2014.
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[51] Philipkoski, Kirsten (2002-11-18). Ray Kurzweils Plan:

Never Die. Wired. Retrieved 2013-02-11.
[52] TRANSCEND | Home page. Rayandterry.com. Retrieved on 2011-06-16.
[53] Live Long Enough to Live Forever.
September 2014.
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[54] Ray and Terrys Longevity Products Store Front Page.

[55] As Humans and Computers Merge ... Immortality? |
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[56] Ray Kurzweil At SENS 3 | Video. Exponential Times.
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[79] Winners Circle: Raymond Kurzweil. Retrieved 15

September 2014.
[58] Board - Singularity Institute for Articial Intelligence.

Singularity University. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
[80] Lemelson-MIT Prize. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
[59] Lifeboat Foundation Advisory Boards. Retrieved 15

September 2014.
[60] Printable version: Smarter than thou? / Stanford conference ponders a brave new world with machines more
powerful than their creators. SFGate. 12 May 2006. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
[81] Ray Kurzweil Inventor Prole. Invent.org (1948-02-12).

Retrieved on 2011-06-16.
[82] Hall of Fame Overview. Invent.org. Retrieved on 201106-16.
[83] Hall of Fame 2002. Invent.org. Retrieved on 2011-06-16.
[84] The Arthur C. Clarke Foundation. Clarkefoundation.org. 2009-04-20. Retrieved 2011-03-27.
[61]
[85] Design Futures Council Senior Fellows. Di.net.
[62] FAQ | Singularity University. Singularityu.org. 200809-20. Retrieved 2011-03-27.
[63] Kurzweil, Ray (1990). The Age of Intelligent Machines.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 446. ISBN 0-26211121-7.
[64] Kurzweil, Ray (1990). The Age of Intelligent Machines.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 133. ISBN 0-26211121-7.
[65] Weber, Bruce (1997-05-12). Swift and Slashing, Computer Topples Kasparav. The New York Times. Retrieved
2013-02-13.
[66] Fleeing the dot.com era: decline in Internet usage. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
[67] Kurzweil, Ray (2012). Ray Kurzweils Predictions For
2009 Were Mostly Inaccurate. Forbes.
[68] Ray Kurzweil: the ultimate thinking machine. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
[69] Solar Power to Rule in 20 Years, Futurists Say. LiveScience. 2008-02-19. Retrieved 2011-03-27.
[70] ACM Awards: Grace Murray Hopper Award. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
[71] ACM: Fellows Award / Raymond Kurzweil. Retrieved
15 September 2014.
[72] Ray Kurzweil - KurzweilAI. Retrieved 15 September
2014.
[73] Engineer of the Year Hall of Fame, 6/12/2007
[74] Dickson Prize. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
[75] Corporation names new members. MIT News. 8 June
2005. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
[76] Technology Administration.
THE NATIONAL
MEDAL OF TECHNOLOGY RECIPIENTS. 1985
2006 Recipients. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
[77] Technology Administration.
THE NATIONAL
MEDAL OF TECHNOLOGY. 2007 Events and
Activities. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
[78] Telluride Tech Festival. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
[86] Visionary Awardees Kurzweil, Warrior, Blank, Diamandis: Hear what they had to say about their achievements.
[87] Ray Kurzweil to be honored with AVAMs Grand Visionary Award at 2014 Gala Celebration (PDF). Azam.org.
Retrieved 26 October 2014.
[88] AVAMs 2014 Gala Celebration Honoring Ray Kurzweil
at American Visionary Art Museum - CBS Baltimores
Latest Events Events - Baltimore Events CBS Baltimore. Eventful. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
[89] A tour with Ray - Adventure in art and dance at the
American Visionary Art Museum award gala honoring
Ray Kurzweil - KurzweilAI. Retrieved 15 September
2014.
[90] Raymond Kurzweil,. Forbes. Retrieved 15 September
2014.
[91] Miller, Robin (2004-10-20). Neal Stephenson Responds
With Wit and Humor. Slashdot. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
My thoughts are more in line with those of Jaron Lanier,
who points out that while hardware might be getting faster
all the time, software is shit (I am paraphrasing his argument). And without software to do something useful with
all that hardware, the hardwares nothing more than a really complicated space heater.
[92] Brand, Stewart (2004-06-14). Bruce Sterling The Singularity: Your Future as a Black Hole"". The Long Now
Foundation. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
[93] Sterling, Bruce. The Singularity: Your Future as a Black
Hole (MP3). Its an end-of-history notion, and like most
end-of-history notions, it is showing its age.
[94] Dennett, Daniel. The Reality Club: One Half Of A
Manifesto. Edge.org. I'm glad that Lanier entertains
the hunch that Dawkins and I (and Hofstadter and others) 'see some aw in logic that insulates [our] thinking
from the eschatalogical implications drawn by Kurzweil
and Moravec. Hes right. I, for one, do see such a aw, and
I expect Dawkins and Hofstadter would say the same.
[95] Brooks, Rodney. The Reality Club: One Half Of A Manifesto. Edge.org. I do not at all agree with Moravec and
Kurzweils predictions for an eschatological cataclysm,
just in time for their own memories and thoughts and
person hood to be preserved before they might otherwise
die.
274
[96] Transcript of debate over feasibility of near-term AI [107] Gray, John (2011). The Immortalization Commission: Sci(moderated by Rodney Brooks): Gelernter, Kurzweil deence and the Strange Quest to Cheat Death. Farrar, Straus
bate machine consciousness. KurzweilAI.net.
and Giroux. ISBN 978-0374175061.
[97] Allen, Paul. The Singularity Isn't Near. Technology Review. Kurzweils reasoning rests on the Law of Accelerating Returns and its siblings, but these are not physical
laws. They are assertions about how past rates of scientic
and technical progress can predict the future rate. Therefore, like other attempts to forecast the future from the
past, these laws will work until they don't.
[98] Lyons, Daniel (May 2009). I, Robot. Newsweek.
Retrieved 2009-05-22. During the height of the dotcom boom in 1998, Kurzweil predicted that the economy
would keep on booming right through 2009 and that at
least one U.S. company would have a market capitalization of more than $1 trillion, neither of which occurred.
Kurzweil also predict-ed that by 2009 a top supercomputer would be capable of performing 20 petaops, the
same as the human brain. In fact, the top supercomputer at
the time, the IBM Roadrunner, was capable of only 1.456
petaops mark. Kurzweil also predicted that by now our
cars would be able to drive themselves by communicating
with intelligent sensors embedded in highways, and that
speech recognition would be in widespread use.
[99] Rennie, John (December 2010). Ray Kurzweils Slippery Futurism. IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
72.9 External links

KurzweilAI.net website, blog and newsletter
Raymond Kurzweils IP all of Raymond
Kurzweils US patents & patent applications
In Depth interview with Kurzweil, November
5, 2006
Raymond Kurzweil at the Internet Movie Database

Ray Kurzweil at the Notable Names Database
Works by or about Ray Kurzweil in libraries
(WorldCat catalog)
2045: The Year Man Becomes Immortal, Lev
Grossman, Time, February 10, 2011
[100] Joy, Bill (April 2000). Why the future doesn't need us.
Wired. Retrieved 2008-09-21. "...it was only in the autumn of 1998 that I became anxiously aware of how great
are the dangers facing us in the 21st century. I can date
the onset of my unease to the day I met Ray Kurzweil...
Ray Kurzweil That Singularity Guy, Interview

April 2009
[101] O'Keefe, Brian (2007-05-02). The smartest (or the nuttiest) futurist on Earth. Fortune. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
The Singularity a documentary lm featuring

Gopnik
[102] Ross, Greg. An interview with Douglas R. Hofstadter.

American Scientist. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
[103] Lyons, Daniel (May 2009). I, Robot. Newsweek. Retrieved 2009-07-24. Still, a lot of people think Kurzweil
is completely bonkers and/or full of a certain messy
byproduct of ordinary biological functions. They include
P. Z. Myers, a biologist at the University of Minnesota,
Morris, who has used his blog to poke fun at Kurzweil and
other armchair futurists who, according to Myers, rely on
junk science and don't understand basic biology. I am
completely baed by Kurzweils popularity, and in particular the respect he gets in some circles, since his claims
simply do not hold up to even casually critical examination, writes Myers. He says Kurzweils Singularity theories are closer to a deluded religious movement than they
are to science. Its a New Age spiritualismthats all it
is, Myers says. Even geeks want to nd God somewhere,
and Kurzweil provides it for them.""
[104] Myers, PZ. Singularitarianism?". Pharyngula blog. Retrieved 14 February 2011.
[105] Lanier, Jaron. One Half of a Manifesto. Edge.org. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
[106] McGinn, Colin (2013-03-21). Homunculism. The New
York Review of Books.
Ray Kurzweil interviewed on the TV show Triangulation on the TWiT.tv network
Chapter 73
Jaron Lanier
Jaron Zepel Lanier (/drnlnr/, born May 3,
1960) is an American writer, computer scientist, and
composer of classical music. A pioneer in the eld of
virtual reality (a term he is credited with popularizing),
Lanier and Thomas G. Zimmerman left Atari in 1985
to found VPL Research, Inc., the rst company to sell
VR goggles and gloves. In the late 1990s, Lanier worked
on applications for Internet2, and in the 2000s, he was a
visiting scholar at Silicon Graphics and various universities. Lanier has composed classical music and is a collector of rare instruments; his acoustic album, Instruments
of Change (1994) features Asian wind and string instruments such as the khene mouth organ, the suling ute,
and the sitar-like esraj. Lanier was the director of an experimental short lm, and teamed with Mario Grigorov
to compose the soundtrack to the documentary lm, The
Third Wave (2007). In 2010, Lanier was nominated in
the TIME 100 list of most inuential people.[2]
73.1 Early life and

(19601982)
education
Born Jaron Zepel Lanier[3] in New York City, Lanier

was raised in Mesilla, New Mexico.[4][5] Laniers mother
and father were Jewish immigrants from Europe; his
mother was a concentration camp survivor from Vienna
and his fathers family had emigrated from Ukraine to
escape the pogroms.[6] When he was nine years old, his
mother was killed in a car accident. He lived in tents for
an extended period with his father before embarking on a
seven-year project to build a geodesic dome home that he
helped design.[7] At the age of 13, Lanier convinced New
Mexico State University to let him enroll. At NMSU,
Lanier met Marvin Minsky and Clyde Tombaugh, and
took graduate-level courses; he received a grant from the
National Science Foundation to study mathematical notation, which led him to learn computer programming.[8]
From 1979 to 1980, the NSF-funded project at NMSU
focused on digital graphical simulations for learning.
Lanier also attended art school in Manhattan during this
time, but returned to New Mexico and worked as a midwife. The father of a baby he helped deliver gave him a
car as a gift; Lanier drove the car to Los Angeles to visit
a girl whose father happened to work in the physics department at the California Institute of Technology, where
Lanier met and conversed with Richard Feynman and
Murray Gell-Mann.[9]
73.2 Atari Labs, VPL Research

(19831990)
In California, Lanier worked for Atari, where he met
Thomas Zimmerman, inventor of the data glove. After Atari Inc. was split into two companies in 1984,
Lanier became unemployed. The free time enabled him
to concentrate on his own projects, including VPL, a
post-symbolic visual programming language. Along
with Zimmerman, Lanier founded VPL Research, focusing on commercializing virtual reality technologies; the
company prospered for a while, but led for bankruptcy
in 1990.[5] In 1999, Sun Microsystems bought VPLs virtual reality and graphics-related patents. [10]
73.3 Internet2, visiting

(19972001)
scholar
From 1997 to 2001, Lanier was the Chief Scientist of

Advanced Network and Services, which contained the
Engineering Oce of Internet2, and served as the Lead
Scientist of the National Tele-immersion Initiative, a
coalition of research universities studying advanced applications for Internet2. The Initiative demonstrated the
rst prototypes of tele-immersion in 2000 after a threeyear development period. From 2001 to 2004, he was
Visiting Scientist at Silicon Graphics Inc., where he developed solutions to core problems in telepresence and
tele-immersion. He was also visiting scholar with the
Department of Computer Science at Columbia University (19972001), a visiting artist with New York University's Interactive Telecommunications Program, and a
founding member of the International Institute for Evolution and the Brain.[11]
275
276
CHAPTER 73. JARON LANIER
73.4 Philosophy, criticism of Web

2.0
73.4.1
One-Half of a Manifesto (2000)
In One-Half a Manifesto, Lanier criticizes the claims

made by writers such as Ray Kurzweil, and opposes
the prospect of so-called cybernetic totalism, which is
a cataclysm brought on when computers become ultraintelligent masters of matter and life.[12][13] Laniers position is that humans may not be considered to be biological computers, i.e., they may not be compared to digital
computers in any proper sense, and it is very unlikely that
humans could be generally replaced by computers easily
in a few decades, even economically. While transistor
count increases according to Moores law, overall performance rises only very slowly. According to Lanier, this
is because human productivity in developing software increases only slightly, and software becomes more bloated
and remains as error-prone as it ever was. Simply put,
software just won't allow it. Code can't keep up with processing power now, and it never will.[14] At the end he
warns that the biggest problem of any theory (esp. ideology) is not that it is false, but when it claims to be the sole
and utterly complete path to understanding life and reality. The impression of objective necessity paralyzes the
ability of humans to walk out of or to ght the paradigm
and causes the self-fullling destiny which spoils people.
73.4.2
Post-symbolic
(2006)
and making ourselves into idiots.[12]

His criticism aims at several targets which concern him
and are at dierent levels of abstraction:
any attempt to create one nal authoritative bottleneck which channels the knowledge onto society is
wrong, regardless whether it is a Wikipedia or any
algorithmically created system producing meta information,
sterile style of wiki writing is undesirable because:
it removes the touch with the real author of
original information, it lters the subtlety of
his opinions, essential information (for example, the graphical context of original sources)
is lost,
it creates the false sense of authority behind
the information,
collective authorship tends to produce or align to
mainstream or organizational beliefs,
he worries that collectively created works may be
manipulated behind the scene by anonymous groups
of editors who bear no visible responsibility,
and that this kind of activity might create future totalitarian systems as these are basically
grounded on misbehaved collectives which oppress individuals.
communication
This critique is further explored in an interview with him

on Radio National's The Philosophers Zone, where he is
critical of the denatured eect which removes the scent
Some of Laniers speculation involves what he calls post- of people.[16]
symbolic communication. In his April 2006 Discover
magazine column, he writes about cephalopods (i.e., the In December 2006 Lanier followed up his critique of the
various species of octopus, squid, and related molluscs), collective wisdom with an article in Edge titled Beware
[17]
many of which are able to morph their bodies, includ- the Online Collective. Lanier writes:
ing changing the pigmentation and texture of their skin,
as well as forming complex shape imitations with their
limbs. Lanier sees this behavior, especially as exchanged
between two octopodes, as a direct behavioral expression
of thought.[15]
73.4.3
Wikipedia and the omniscience of

collective wisdom
In his online essay "Digital Maoism: The Hazards of

the New Online Collectivism", in Edge magazine in May
2006, Lanier criticized the sometimes-claimed omniscience of collective wisdom (including examples such as
the Wikipedia article about himself, which he says recurrently exaggerates his lm directing work), describing it
as digital Maoism".[12] He writes If we start to believe
that the Internet itself is an entity that has something to
say, we're devaluing those people [creating the content]
I wonder if some aspect of human nature

evolved in the context of competing packs. We
might be genetically wired to be vulnerable to
the lure of the mob....Whats to stop an online
mass of anonymous but connected people from
suddenly turning into a mean mob, just like
masses of people have time and time again in
the history of every human culture? Its amazing that details in the design of online software
can bring out such varied potentials in human
behavior. Its time to think about that power on
a moral basis.
Lanier argues that the search for deeper information in
any area sooner or later requires that you nd information that has been produced by a single person, or a
few devoted individuals: You have to have a chance to
sense personality in order for language to have its full
73.5. MUSIC
meaning.[12] That is, he sees limitations in the utility
of an encyclopedia produced by only partially interested
third parties as a form of communication.
73.4.4 You Are Not a Gadget (2010)

In his book You Are Not a Gadget (2010), Lanier criticizes what he perceives as the hive mind of Web 2.0
(wisdom of the crowd) and describes the open source and
open content expropriation of intellectual production as a
form of Digital Maoism.[18] Lanier argues that Web 2.0
developments have retarded progress and innovation and
gloried the collective at the expense of the individual.
He criticizes Wikipedia and Linux as examples of this
problem; Wikipedia for what he sees as: its mob rule
by anonymous editors, the weakness of its non-scientic
content, and its bullying of experts. Lanier also argues
that there are limitations to certain aspects of the open
source and content movement in that they lack the ability
to create anything truly new and innovative. For example, Lanier argues that the open source movement didn't
create the iPhone. In another example, Lanier claims that
Web 2.0 makes search engines lazy, destroys the potential of innovative websites like Thinkquest, and hampers
the communication of ideas like mathematics to a wider
audience. Lanier further argues that the open source approach has destroyed opportunities for the middle class
to nance content creation, and results in the concentration of wealth in a few individuals"the lords of the
cloudspeople who, more by virtue of luck rather than
true innovation, manage to insert themselves as content
concentrators at strategic times and locations in the cloud.
277
73.5 Music
As a musician, Lanier has been active in the world of
new classical music since the late 1970s. He is a pianist and a specialist in many non-western musical instruments, especially the wind and string instruments of
Asia. He maintains one of the largest and most varied collections of actively played rare instruments in the world.
Lanier has performed with artists as diverse as Philip
Glass, Ornette Coleman, George Clinton, Vernon Reid,
Terry Riley, Duncan Sheik, Pauline Oliveros, and Stanley
Jordan. Recording projects include his acoustic techno
duet with Sean Lennon and an album of duets with autist
Robert Dick.
Lanier also writes chamber and orchestral music. Current

commissions include an opera that will premiere in Busan, South Korea, and a symphony, Symphony for Amelia,
premiered by the Bach Festival Society Orchestra and
Choir in Winter Park, Florida, in October 2010.[19] Recent commissions include Earthquake! a ballet that
premiered at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts in
San Francisco in April 2006; Little Shimmers for the
TroMetrik ensemble, which premiered at ODC in San
Francisco in April 2006; Daredevil for the ArrayMusic
chamber ensemble, which premiered in Toronto in 2006;
A concert-length sequence of works for orchestra and virtual worlds (including Canons for Wroclaw, Khaenoncerto, The Egg, and others) celebrating the 1000th
birthday of the city of Wroclaw, Poland, premiered in
2000; A triple concerto, The Navigator Tree, commissioned by the National Endowment for the Arts and the
American Composers Forum, premiered in 2000; and
Mirror/Storm, a symphony commissioned by the St.
Paul Chamber Orchestra, which premiered in 1998. Continental
Harmony was a PBS special that documented the
73.4.5 Who Owns the Future (2013)
development and premiere of The Navigator Tree[20]
[21]
In his book Who Owns the Future? (2013), Lanier posits won a CINE Golden Eagle Award.
that the middle class is increasingly disenfranchised from In 1994, he released the classical music album Instruonline economies. By convincing users to give away valu- ments of Change on POINT Music/Philips/PolyGram
able information about themselves in exchange for free Records.[22] The album has been described as a Western
services, rms can accrue large amounts of data at vir- exploration of Asian musical traditions by Stephen Hill
tually no cost. Lanier calls these rms Siren Servers, on The Crane Flies West 2 (episode 357) of Hearts of
alluding to the Sirens of Ulysses. Instead of paying each Space.[23] Lanier is currently working on a book Technolindividual for their contribution to the data pool, the ogy and the Future of the Human Soul,[24] and a music alSiren Servers concentrate wealth in the hands of the few bum Proof of Consciousness, in collaboration with Mark
who control the data centers. For example, he points to Deutsch.[25]
Googles translation algorithm, which amalgamates previous translations uploaded by people online, giving the Laniers work with Asian instruments can be heard extenuser its best guess. The people behind the source trans- sively on the soundtrack of Three Seasons (1999), which
lations receive no payment for their work, while Google was the rst lm ever to win both the Audience and Grand
prots from increased ad visibility as a powerful Siren Jury awards at the Sundance Film Festival. He and Mario
Server. As a solution to this problem, Lanier puts forth Grigorov scored a lm called The Third Wave, which prean alternative structure to the web based on Ted Nelsons miered at Sundance in 2007. He is working with Terry
Project Xanadu. He proposes a two-way linking system Riley on a collaborative opera to be titled Bastard, the
that would point to the source of any piece of information, First.
creating an economy of micropayments that compensates Lanier has also pioneered the use of Virtual Reality in musical stage performance with his band
people for original material they post to the web.
278
CHAPTER 73. JARON LANIER
Chromatophoria, which has toured around the world as a

headline act in venues such as the Montreux Jazz Festival.
He plays virtual instruments and uses real instruments to
guide events in virtual worlds. In October 2010, Lanier
collaborated with Rollins College and John V. Sinclairs
Bach Festival Choir and Orchestra[26] for his Worldwide
Premiere of Symphony for Amelia.
IEEE Virtual Reality Career Award in 2009
Lanier contributed the afterword to Sound Unbound:

Sampling Digital Music and Culture (MIT Press, 2008)
edited by Paul D. Miller a.k.a. DJ Spooky.
Awarded the Goldsmith Book Prize for best trade

book in 2014.[35]
In 1999 Lanier published a New York Times opinion piece

titled Piracy is Your Friend in which he argued that the
record labels were a much bigger threat to artists than
piracy.[27] In 2007 he published a mea culpa sequel to it
in the same newspaper.[28]
Named one of TIMEs 100 most inuential people

in 2010
Honorary doctorate from Franklin and Marshall
College in 2012
Peace Prize of the German Book Trade in 2014
73.9 Works
73.9.1 Western classical music
73.6 Memberships
Instruments of Change (1994),[36] POINT Music/Philips/PolyGram Records
Lanier has served on numerous advisory boards, including the Board of Councilors of the University of Southern
California, Medical Media Systems (a medical visualiza- 73.9.2 Video games
tion spin-o company associated with Dartmouth Col Moondust (C64, 1983)
lege), Microdisplay Corporation, and NY3D (developers
[29]
of auto stereo displays).
Alien Garden (Atari 800, 1982, with designer Bernie
In mid-1997, he was a founding member of the National
DeKoven[37] )
Tele-Immersion Initiative,[30] an eort devoted to utilizing computer technology to give people who are separated by great distances the illusion that they are physi- 73.9.3 Books
cally together. Lanier is a member of the Global Business
Network,[31] part of the Monitor Group.
Information Is an Alienated Experience, Basic
Books, 2006. ISBN 0-465-03282-6.
73.7 In the media
You Are Not a Gadget: A Manifesto,[38] New York :

Alfred A. Knopf, 2010, ISBN 978-1-84614-341-0.
He has appeared in several documentaries, including the

1992 Danish television documentary Computerbilleder
udfordring til virkeligheden,[32] the 1995 documentary
Synthetic Pleasures,[32] and the 2004 television documentary Rage Against the Machines.[32] Lanier was credited as
one of the miscellaneous crew for the 2002 lm Minority
Report.[32] Lanier stated that his role was to help make up
the gadgets and scenarios.[24][2] Lanier has appeared on
The Colbert Report[33] and Charlie Rose.[34]
Who Owns the Future?, San Jose : Simon &

Schuster, UK : Allen Lane, 2013. ISBN 978-1846145223.
73.8 Awards
Carnegie Mellon University's Watson Award in
2001
Finalist for the rst Edge of Computation Award in
2005.[24]
Honorary doctorate from New Jersey Institute of
Technology in 2006
73.10 References
[1] Brustein, Joshua (May 23, 2011). One on One: Jaron
Lanier. New York Times. Retrieved May 24, 2011.
Jaron Lanier, a partner architect at Microsoft Research,
has had a long and varied career in technology.
[2] Jaron Lanier. The 2010 TIME 100. 2010-04-29.
[3] Lewis, Peter H. (1994-09-25). Sound Bytes; He Added
'Virtual' to 'Reality'". The New York Times. Archived
from the original on 2011-03-04. Retrieved 2011-03-04.
[4] Burkeman, Oliver (2001-12-29). The virtual visionary.
guardian.co.uk.
[5] The virtual curmudgeon. The Economist. 2010-09-02.
[6] Savage, Emily (2010-10-20). Renaissance man: Berkeley resident is a musician, a Web guru and the father of
virtual reality. j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern
California. Archived from the original on 2011-03-06.
[7] Kahn, Jennifer (11 July 2011). The Visionary. The New
Yorker. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
[8] Jones, Steve (2003). Encyclopedia of New Media. SAGE.
pp. 280282. ISBN 0-7619-2382-9. See also: Hamilton, Joan O'C. (1993-02-22). Business Week as quoted in
"Jaron Lanier. Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2004.
[9] Appleyard, Bryan (2010-01-17). Jaron Lanier: The father of virtual reality. The Sunday Times. Archived from
the original on 2011-03-06.
[10] SUN'S BIG BURST INTO VIRTUAL REALITY.
Business Week Online. 1998-02-06. Retrieved 2014-07010. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
279
[27] A Chance to Break the Pop Stranglehold - Page 5. The

New York Times. 9 May 1999. Retrieved 2013-07-19.
[28] http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/20/opinion/
20lanier.html?action=click&module=Search&
region=searchResults%230&version=&url=http%
3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fsearch%
2Fsitesearch%2F%3Faction%3Dclick%26region%
3DMasthead%26pgtype%3DHomepage%
26module%3DSearchSubmit%26contentCollection%
3DHomepage%26t%3Dqry338%23%2Fjaron%
2Blanier%2Bpiracy%2F&_r=0
[29] Jaron Lanier @ Keynote Speakers Inc.
[30] National Tele-Immersion Initiative. Advanced Network
& Services. Retrieved 2006-07-05.
[31] Individual GBN Members. Global Business Network.
Archived from the original on 2006-03-28. Retrieved
2006-07-05.
[11] McKenna, Barbara (2000-01-10). Talking technology:

A Q&A with the inventor of virtual reality. UC Santa
Cruz, Currents. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
[32] Jaron Lanier. IMDb. Retrieved 2006-07-05.
[12] Lanier, Jaron (November 10, 2000). One-Half a Manifesto. edge.org. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
[34] Charlie Rose. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
[13] Lanier, Jaron (December 2000). One-Half of a Manifesto. wired.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
[35] The Center for Public Integrity in Partnership with ABC

News Win the Goldsmith Prize for Investigative Reporting. The President and Fellows of Harvard College. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
[14] Cave, Daniel (October 4, 2000). Articial Stupidity.

salon.com. Retrieved June 23, 2013.
[15] Lanier, Jaron (April 2006). Why not morph? What
cephalopods can teach us about language. Discover.
[16] Lanier, Jaron (8 July 2006). Is a free market in ideas a
good idea?". Philosophers Zone, ABC Radio National.
[17] Lanier, Jaron (2006-12-25). Beware the Online Collective. Edge.
[18] Kakutani, Michiko (January 14, 2010). A Rebel in Cyberspace, Fighting Collectivism. New York Times. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
[19] Beethovens Symphony No. 9 and Laniers Symphony for
Amelia at bachfestivalorida.org
[33] The Colbert Report. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
[36] Jaron Lanier Instruments of Change (ArkivMusic.com)

[37] Solomon, Robert. The Shadow of Super Mario Clouds.
Game Design as Cultural Practice. Georgia Tech. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
[38] You Are Not a Gadget: A Manifesto Jaron Lanier
Google Boeken. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-0829.

Jaron Laniers Website
Jaron Laniers prole at MobyGames
[20] Continental Harmony at PBS.org
Jaron Lanier at the Internet Movie Database
[21] See Sonos performances Sonos.org
Video discussion with Lanier involving intelligence (and AI) with Eliezer Yudkowsky on
Bloggingheads.tv.
[22] Lanier, Jaron (1994). Instruments of Change. POINT

Music/Philips/PolyGram Records. ASIN B00000418Q.
[23] The Crane Flies West 2. Hearts of Space. Episode 357.
13 May 1994.
[24] Brief Biography of Jaron Lanier. Homepage of Jaron
Lanier. Retrieved 2006-07-08.
[25] Jaron Laniers Music Reel. Homepage of Jaron Lanier.
[26] Bach Festival Choir and Orchestra at http://www.
bachfestivalflorida.org/
Chapter 74
Ervin Lszl
The native form of this personal name is Lszl Ervin. from a race towards degradation, polarization and disThis article uses the Western name order.
aster to a rethinking of values and priorities so as to navigate todays transformation in the direction of humanism,
[5]
Ervin Lszl (Hungarian pronunciation: [rvin laslo]; ethics and global sustainability.
born 12 May 1932 in Budapest, Hungary) is a Hungarian
philosopher of science, systems theorist, integral theorist,
originally a classical pianist. He has published about 75
books and over 400 papers, and is editor of World Futures: The Journal of General Evolution. He advocates
what he calls quantum consciousness.[1] In addition to
his many writings, Laszlo has also recorded several piano
concertos.
In an essay, Stanislav Grof compared Lszl's work to

that of Ken Wilber, saying Where Wilber outlined what
an integral theory of everything should look like, Laszlo
actually created one.[6] Jennifer Gidley, President of the
World Futures Studies Federation, is a researcher in the
areas of futures studies, integral theory and spiritual evolution, which she refers to as evolution of consciousness.
In an in-depth study of integral theorists she made the
following claim:
74.1 Life
Lszl, son of a shoe manufacturer and a mother who
played the piano, started playing the piano when he was
ve years old, and gave his rst piano concert with the
Budapest Symphony Orchestra at the age of nine. At the
end of the war he came to the United States.[2]
Lszl married Carita Jgerhorn af Spurila 16 November
1956. One of their two sons is Alexander Laszlo.
74.2 Work
A major distinction appears to be that

Lszl (2007)[7] builds his general evolution
theory in a more formal, systematic manner. He claims that he built signicantly on
the theoretical traditions of Whiteheads process theory, Bertalanys general system theory and Prigogines non-linearly bifurcating
dissipative structures (p. 164). Wilbers process appears to have been much broader and
more diversebut perhaps less systematic
gathering together as many theorists in as many
elds of knowledge as he could imagine, then
arranging them according to the system that he
developedwhich he calls an integral operating system (Wilber, 2004).[8] Another dierence is that although they both appear to use
imagination and intuition in the construction
of their theoretical approaches, Wilber does
not make this explicit whereas Lszl (2007,
p. 162) does.[9]
In 1984, he was co-founder with Bla H. Bnthy, Riane

Eisler, John Corliss, Francisco Varela, Vilmos Csanyi,
Gyorgy Kampis, David Loye, Jonathan Schull and Eric
Chaisson of the initially secret General Evolutionary Research Group.[3][4] Meeting behind the Iron Curtain, the
group of scientists and thinkers from a variety of disciplines met in secret. Given the mounting threat to the
human species caused by rapid proliferation of nuclear Ervin Lszl is a Visiting Faculty member at The Gradweapons and potential overkill, their goal was to explore uate Institute Bethany.
whether it might be possible to use the chaos theory to
identify a new general theory of evolution that might serve
as a path to a better world.
74.2.1 Akashic eld theory
In 1993, in response to his experience with the Club of
Rome, he founded the Club of Budapest to, in his words, Lszl's 2004 book, Science and the Akashic Field: An Incentre attention on the evolution of human values and tegral Theory of Everything posits a eld of information
consciousness as the crucial factors in changing course as the substance of the cosmos. Using the Sanskrit and
280
74.3. HONORS
281
Vedic term for "space", Akasha, he calls this informa Arts and Culture (BA/MS in Art History, BA in Edtion eld the Akashic eld or A-eld. He posits that
ucation)
the quantum vacuum (see Vacuum state) is the fundamental energy and information-carrying eld that informs The university also oers high-school certication and
not just the current universe, but all universes past and continuing education. Its goal is to create change accelpresent (collectively, the "Metaverse").
erators, which he denes as coalescing agents for social
action
and cultural awareness.
Lszl describes how such an informational eld can explain why our universe appears to be ne-tuned so as to
form galaxies and conscious lifeforms; and why evolution
74.2.4 Autobiography
is an informed, not random, process. He believes that
the hypothesis solves several problems that emerge from
Lszl has written an autobiography entitled Simply Gequantum physics, especially nonlocality and quantum ennius! And Other Tales from My Life, published by Hay
tanglement.
House Publishers in June 2011.[12]
Gidleys research also discusses Lszl's Akashic Field
theory, including a three page hermeneutic analysis of his
theory compared to the similar theories a century ago of 74.3 Honors
Rudolf Steiner.
Some of the terms Steiner used to characterize his spiritual-scientic methodology, such
as cosmic memory and Akashic record, are currently being reintroduced into the scientic discourse by Lszl...[10]
74.2.2
Macroshift theory
In 2002, Lszl received honorary doctorate[13] from the

University of Pcs. Ervin Lszl participated in the Stock
Exchange of Visions project in 2006. In 2010, Laszlo was
elected an external member of the Hungarian Academy of
Sciences.
In Hungary, the minister of environment appointed Laszlo as one of the leaders of the ministrys campaign concerning global warming.[14]
Lszl stated in his book You Can Change the World

that there is global choice for the coming world cri- 74.4 Publications
sis, which could come in the form of a global breakdown centred on increasing fragmentation of economic Recent works, a selection
inequality and a new arms race between rising powers.
The other choice would be a global breakthrough led by
The Systems View of the World: A Holistic Vision for
international organizations. This would be by the linking
Our Time (Hampton Press, 1996)
of non-government organizations promoting sustainable
development, using the Internet.[11]
The Whispering Pond: A Personal Guide to the
Emerging Vision of Science (Element Books, Ltd.,
A Macroshift is dened as a popular movement to turn the
1996)
tide from a global breakdown to a global breakthrough.
Lszl sees the years 2012-2020 as a critical period to
change course as the coming crisis is taking shape in
geopolitical current.
74.2.3
Giordano Bruno University
His latest project created a university based on integral

teaching. Among the schools Laszlo established at Giordano Bruno University are
Evolution: The General Theory (Hampton Press,

1996)
The Connectivity Hypothesis: Foundations of an Integral Science of Quantum, Cosmos, Life, and Consciousness (State University of New York Press,
2003)
You Can Change the World: The Global Citizens
Handbook for Living on Planet Earth: A Report of
the Club of Budapest (Select Books, 2003)
Philosophy and Religion (BA in Psychology, with an

MA in Religious Studies)
Science and the Akashic Field: An Integral Theory

of Everything (Inner Traditions International, 2004)
Government and Communication (BA in International Relations, with an MS in Human Rights)
Science and the Reenchantment of the Cosmos : The

Rise of the Integral Vision of Reality (Inner Traditions, 2006)
Economics, Administration, and Sustainability (BS

in Business Administration, with an MS in International Business)
The Chaos Point: The World at the Crossroads

(Hampton Roads, 2006)
282
CHAPTER 74. ERVIN LSZL
Quantum Shift in the Global Brain: How the New

Scientic Reality Can Change Us and our World
[Rochester VT: Inner Traditions, 2008]
WorldShift 2012: Making Green Business New
Politics & Higher Consciousness Work Together
(McArthur & Company, 2009)
74.6 External links

ervinlaszlo.com - The personal site of Ervin Laszlo
Club of Budapest
Next Ervin Laszlo Convention - from 13 to 20 April
2008 Stock Exchange Of Visions: Visions of Ervin Lszl
(Video Interviews)
74.5 References
[1] Ervin Laszlo: Cosmic Symphony: A Deeper Look at
Quantum Consciousness. Hungtonpost.com. 201004-12. Retrieved 2014-05-06.
Ervin Laszlo MP3 audio - Science and the Akashic

Field: An Integral Theory of Everything from
The Great Rethinking: Oxford, sponsored by The
Prophets Conference
[2] Article Hungarian prodigy in: LIFE 24 mei 1948.

p.132-134.
www.giordanobrunouniversity.com
Giordano
Bruno University founded by Ervin Lszl
[3] Bela H. Bnthy (June 2002). Autoiography: Bla H.

Bnthy. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
World Futures: The Journal of General Evolution

(info)
[4] The General Evolution Research Group.

2009-09-09.
Retrieved
[5] Lszl, Ervin (2004). Science and the Akashic Field: An

Integral Theory of Everything. Rochester, Vermont: Inner
Traditions. p. 176.
[6] Grof, A Brief History of Transpersonal Psychology, 14
[7] Lszl, E. (2007). Science and the Akashic Field: An
integral theory of everything. Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions.
[8] Whats New on Integral Naked. Integralnaked.org. Retrieved 2014-05-06.
[9] Gidley, J. The Evolution of Consciousness as a Planetary
Imperative: An Integration of Integral Views, Integral Review: A Transdisciplinary and Transcultural Journal for
New Thought, Research and Praxis, 2007, Issue 5, p. 18.]
[10] Gidley, J. The Evolution of Consciousness as a Planetary
Imperative: An Integration of Integral Views, Integral Review: A Transdisciplinary and Transcultural Journal for
New Thought, Research and Praxis, 2007, Issue 5, pp. 2931.]
[11] You Can Change the World By Ervin Laszlo, Contributor Mikhail Gorbachev, SelectBooks, Inc., 2004, ISBN
1-59079-057-X, pg. 14-16
[12] Rivera, Je (2010-08-17). Pitching An Agent: Waterside Productions. Mediabistro. Retrieved 2014-05-06.
[13] Pcsi Tudomnyegyetem University of Pcs. Pcsi Tudomnyegyetem | University of Pcs. Pte.hu. Retrieved
2014-05-06.
[14] Krnyezetvdelmi s Vzgyi Minisztrium - Nyitlap Nyitlap. Ktm.hu. 2008-07-25. Retrieved 2014-05-06.
WorldShift 2012
The Life and Career of Dr. Ervin Laszlo interviewed by David William Gibbons December 2011
<http://www.davidgibbons.org/id499.html>
Chapter 75
William Lederer
Not to be confused with William J. Lederer (Pennsylva- William Lederer rose to the rank of Navy Captain. The
nia politician).
source for this is his own statement in Our Own Worst
Enemy discussing being assigned as a Special Assistant to
Commander in Chief, Pacic Fleet. (pg 54, W.W. NorWilliam Julius Lederer, Jr. (March 31, 1912 Deton & Company, Inc, 1968).
cember 5, 2009) was an American author.[1]
75.1 Biography
He was a US Naval Academy graduate in 1936. His rst
appointment was as the junior ocer of the USS Tutuila,
a river gunboat on the Yangtze River.
A piece of history related in Our Own Worst Enemy is

the story of Lederer as a young Navy Lieutenant, Junior
Grade, having a chance meeting in 1940 with a Jesuit
priest, Father Pierre Cogny, and his Vietnamese assistant, Mr. Nguyen, while waiting out a Japanese bombing raid in China. Father Pierre asked Lederer if he had
a copy of the United States Declaration of Independence
on his gunboat, and Lederer said that he did and provided
them with a copy. Mr. Nguyen was eager to deliver
the document to Tong Van So who later became better
known as Ho Chi Minh, the Vietnamese Communist revolutionary and statesman who served as prime minister
(19461955) and president (19451969) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). The 1945
Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, written by Ho Chi Minh, begins by quoting from the American document.[2]
His best selling work, 1958s The Ugly American, was

one of several novels co-written with Eugene Burdick.
Disillusioned with the style and substance of Americas
diplomatic eorts in Southeast Asia, Lederer and Burdick openly sought to demonstrate their belief that American ocials and civilians could make a substantial difference in Southeast Asian politics if they were willing
to learn local languages, follow local customs and employ
regional military tactics. However, if American policy
makers continued to ignore the logic behind these lessons, Lederer died December 5, 2009, of respiratory failure at
Southeast Asia would fall under Soviet or Chinese Com- the age of 97.
munist inuence.
In A Nation of Sheep, Lederer identied intelligence failures in Asia. In Government by Misinformation he investigates the sources he believes lead to American foreign policy:
75.2 Eugene Burdick collaborations

The Ugly American, 1958 (co-author, with Eugene
Burdick)
Trusted local ocials.

Local (foreign) newspapers, magazines, books, radio broadcasts, etc.
Sarkhan: a novel, 1965 (co-author, with Eugene

Burdick)
Paid local informers.

Personal observations by U.S. ocials.
75.3 Selected works
American journalists.
All the Ships at Sea, 1950 (author)
Other works were intended to be light-hearted and humorous fantasies. His early work, Ensign O'Toole and Me
is both. A childrens book, Timothys Song, with illustrations by Edward Ardizzone, appeared in 1965.
283
The Last Cruise; the story of the sinking of the submarine, USS Cochino, 1950 (author)
Spare-Time Article Writing for Money (1954)
284
Ensign O'Toole and Me, 1957 (author)
A Nation of Sheep, 1961 (author)
[McHales Navy Joins the Air Force], 1965 (coscreenwriter)
Timothys Song, 1965 (author)
The Story of Pink Jade, 1966 (author)
Our Own Worst Enemy, 1968 (author)
The Anguished American, 1968 (author)
The Mirages of Marriage, 1968 (co-author)
Complete Cross-Country Skiing and Ski Touring,
1977 (author)
Marital Choices: Forecasting, Assessing, and Improving a Relationship, 1981 (author)
A Happy Book of Happy Stories, 1981 (author)
New Complete Book of Cross Country Skiing, 1983
(author)
I, Giorghos, 1984 (author)
Creating a Good Relationship, 1984 (author)
75.4 References
[1] http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/
article/2010/01/09/AR2010010902148.html
[2] http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1945vietnam.html
75.5 External links

New York Times Obituary
Washington Post Obituary
Answers.com (Authors works)
Government by Misinformation (Excerpt from Nation of Sheep)
CHAPTER 75. WILLIAM LEDERER
Chapter 76
James Lovelock
James Ephraim Lovelock, CH, CBE, FRS[2] (born 26
July 1919) is an independent scientist, environmentalist
and futurist who lives in Dorset, England. He is best
known for proposing the Gaia hypothesis, which postulates that the biosphere is a self-regulating entity with
the capacity to keep our planet healthy by controlling the interconnections of the chemical and physical
environment.[5]
76.2 Career
76.1 Biography
James Lovelock was born in Letchworth Garden City
in Hertfordshire, England, to working class parents who
were strong believers in education. Nell, his mother,
started work at 13 in a pickle factory. His father, Tom,
had served six months hard labour for poaching in his
teens and was illiterate until attending technical college.
The family moved to London where his dislike of authority made him, by his own account, an unhappy pupil at
Strand School.[6] Lovelock could not aord to go to university after school, something which he believes helped
prevent him becoming over-specialised and aided the development of Gaia theory. He worked at a photography
rm, attending Birkbeck College during the evenings, before being accepted to study chemistry at the University
of Manchester, although he could only pay for two years
of the three-year course. Lovelock worked at a Quaker
farm before a recommendation from his professor led to
him taking up a Medical Research Council post[1] working on ways of shielding soldiers from burns. Lovelock
refused to use the shaved and anaesthetised rabbits that
were used as burn victims, and exposed his own skin
to heat radiation instead, an experience he describes as
exquisitely painful.[7] His student status enabled temporary deferment of military service during the Second
World War, but he registered as a conscientious objector.[8] He later abandoned this position in the light of Nazi
atrocities, and tried to enlist in the military, but was told
that his medical research was too valuable for such course
to be approved.[9] In 1948 Lovelock received a Ph.D.[10]
degree in medicine at the London School of Hygiene and
Tropical Medicine. In the United States, he has conducted research at Yale, Baylor College of Medicine, and
Harvard University.[1]
James Lovelock around 1960
A lifelong inventor, Lovelock has created and developed many scientic instruments, some of which were
designed for NASA in its program of planetary exploration. It was while working as a consultant for NASA
that Lovelock developed the Gaia Hypothesis, for which
he is most widely known. He also claims to have invented
the microwave oven.[11]
In early 1961, Lovelock was engaged by NASA to develop sensitive instruments for the analysis of extraterrestrial atmospheres and planetary surfaces. The Viking
program, that visited Mars in the late 1970s, was motivated in part to determine whether Mars supported life,
and many of the sensors and experiments that were ultimately deployed aimed to resolve this issue. During work
on a precursor of this program, Lovelock became interested in the composition of the Martian atmosphere, reasoning that many life forms on Mars would be obliged to
285
286
make use of it (and, thus, alter it). However, the atmosphere was found to be in a stable condition close to its
chemical equilibrium, with very little oxygen, methane,
or hydrogen, but with an overwhelming abundance of carbon dioxide. To Lovelock, the stark contrast between the
Martian atmosphere and chemically dynamic mixture of
that of the Earths biosphere was strongly indicative of the
absence of life on the planet.[12] However, when they were
nally launched to Mars, the Viking probes still searched
(unsuccessfully) for extant life there.
Electron capture detector developed by Lovelock, and in the

Science Museum, London
Lovelock invented the electron capture detector, which

ultimately assisted in discoveries about the persistence
of CFCs and their role in stratospheric ozone depletion.[13][14][15] After studying the operation of the Earths
sulphur cycle,[16] Lovelock and his colleagues developed
the CLAW hypothesis as a possible example of biological
control of the Earths climate.[17]
Lovelock was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in
1974. He served as the president of the Marine Biological
Association (MBA) from 1986 to 1990, and has been an
Honorary Visiting Fellow of Green Templeton College,
Oxford (formerly Green College, Oxford) since 1994.
He has been awarded a number of prestigious prizes including the Tswett Medal (1975), an American Chemical
Society chromatography award (1980), the World Meteorological Organization Norbert Gerbier Prize (1988),
the Dr A.H. Heineken Prize for the Environment (1990)
and the Royal Geographical Society Discovery Lifetime
award (2001). In 2006 he received the Wollaston Medal,
the Geological Societys highest Award, whose previous
recipients include Charles Darwin . He became a Commander of the British Empire CBE in 1990, and a member of the Companions of Honour in 2003. He is a patron
of population concern charity Population Matters.
CHAPTER 76. JAMES LOVELOCK

he had a claim for inventing the microwave oven. He also
mentioned how his ideas had been received by various
people, including Jonathan Porritt.
76.2.1 CFCs
Reconstructed time-series of atmospheric concentrations of CFC11.[19]
Main article: Free radical halogenation

After the development of his electron capture detector,
in the late 1960s, Lovelock was the rst to detect the
widespread presence of CFCs in the atmosphere.[13] He
found a concentration of 60 parts per trillion of CFC-11
over Ireland and, in a partially self-funded research expedition in 1972, went on to measure the concentration
of CFC-11 from the northern hemisphere to the Antarctic aboard the research vessel RRS Shackleton.[14][20] He
found the gas in each of the 50 air samples that he collected but, not realising that the breakdown of CFCs in
the stratosphere would release chlorine that posed a threat
to the ozone layer, concluded that the level of CFCs constituted no conceivable hazard.[20] He has since stated
that he meant no conceivable toxic hazard.
However, the experiment did provide the rst useful data

on the ubiquitous presence of CFCs in the atmosphere.
The damage caused to the ozone layer by the photolysis
of CFCs was later discovered by Sherwood Rowland and
Mario Molina. After hearing a lecture on the subject of
Lovelocks results,[21] they embarked on research that resulted in the rst published paper that suggested a link
between stratospheric CFCs and ozone depletion in 1974,
and later shared the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (with
As an independent scientist, inventor, and author, LovePaul Crutzen) for their work.[22]
lock worked out of a barn-turned-laboratory he called his
experimental station located in a wooded valley on the
Devon/Cornwall border in the south-west of England.[18]
76.2.2 Gaia
On 8 May 2012, he appeared on the Radio Four series

The Life Scientic, talking to Jim al-Khalili about the Further information: Gaia hypothesis
Gaia hypothesis. On the programme, he mentioned how
76.2. CAREER
First formulated by Lovelock during the 1960s as a result of work for NASA concerned with detecting life on
Mars,[23] the Gaia hypothesis proposes that living and
non-living parts of the Earth form a complex interacting
system that can be thought of as a single organism.[24][25]
Named after the Greek goddess Gaia at the suggestion
of novelist William Golding,[20] the hypothesis postulates
that the biosphere has a regulatory eect on the Earths
environment that acts to sustain life.
While the Gaia hypothesis was readily accepted by many
in the environmentalist community, it has not been
widely accepted within the scientic community. Among
its more famous critics are the evolutionary biologists
Richard Dawkins, Ford Doolittle, and Stephen Jay Gould
notable, given the diversity of this trios views on
other scientic matters. These (and other) critics have
questioned how natural selection operating on individual organisms can lead to the evolution of planetary-scale
homeostasis.[26]
In response to this together with Andrew Watson
Lovelock published the computer model Daisyworld in
1983, that postulated a hypothetical planet orbiting a
star whose radiant energy is slowly increasing or decreasing.[27] In the non-biological case, the temperature of this
planet simply tracks the energy received from the star.
However, in the biological case, ecological competition
between daisy species with dierent albedo values produces a homeostatic eect on global temperature. When
energy received from the star is low, black daisies proliferate since they absorb a greater fraction of the heat,
while when energy input is high, white daisies are competitively advantaged since they reect excess heat away.
As the daisies, white and black, aect the planets overall albedo and temperature, changes in their relative populations act to stabilise the planets climate and to keep
temperature within an optimal range despite changes in
energy from the star. Lovelock argued that Daisyworld,
although a parable, illustrates how conventional natural
selection operating on individual organisms can still produce planetary-scale homeostasis.
287
ing to Lovelock, most of the earth becoming uninhabitable for humans and other life-forms by the middle of
this century, with a massive extension of tropical deserts.
(In 2012, Lovelock distanced himself from these conclusions, saying he had gone too far in describing the consequences of climate change over the next century in this
book.[28] )
In his 2009 book, "The Vanishing Face of Gaia",[29] he
rejects scientic modelling that disagrees with the scientic ndings that sea levels are rising faster, and Arctic
ice is melting faster, than the models predict and he suggests that we may already be beyond the tipping point
of terrestrial climate resilience into a permanently hot
state. Given these conditions, Lovelock expects human
civilization will be hard pressed to survive. He expects
the change to be similar to the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum when atmospheric concentration of CO2
was 450 ppm. At that point the Arctic Ocean was 23 C
and had crocodiles in it,[30][31] with the rest of the world
mostly scrub and desert.
76.2.3 Nuclear power

Lovelock has become concerned about the threat of
global warming from the greenhouse eect. In 2004 he
caused a media sensation when he broke with many fellow environmentalists by pronouncing that only nuclear
power can now halt global warming. In his view, nuclear
energy is the only realistic alternative to fossil fuels that
has the capacity to both fulll the large scale energy needs
of humankind while also reducing greenhouse emissions.
He is an open member of Environmentalists for Nuclear
Energy.
In 2005, against the backdrop of renewed UK government interest in nuclear power, Lovelock again publicly
announced his support for nuclear energy, stating, I am a
Green, and I entreat my friends in the movement to drop
their wrongheaded objection to nuclear energy.[32] Although these interventions in the public debate on nuclear
power are recent, his views on it are longstanding. In his
In Lovelocks 2006 book, The Revenge of Gaia, he argues
1988 book The Ages of Gaia he states:
that the lack of respect humans have had for Gaia, through
the damage done to rainforests and the reduction in planI have never regarded nuclear radiation or
etary biodiversity, is testing Gaias capacity to minimize
nuclear
power as anything other than a normal
the eects of the addition of greenhouse gases in the
and
inevitable
part of the environment. Our
atmosphere. This eliminates the planets negative feedprokaryotic
forebears
evolved on a planet-sized
backs and increases the likelihood of homeostatic positive
lump
of
fallout
from
a
star-sized nuclear explofeedback potential associated with runaway global warmsupernova
that
synthesised
the elements
sion,
a
ing. Similarly the warming of the oceans is extending the
[20]
that
go
to
make
our
planet
and
ourselves.
oceanic thermocline layer of tropical oceans into the Arctic and Antarctic waters, preventing the rise of oceanic
nutrients into the surface waters and eliminating the algal In The Revenge of Gaia[33] (2006), where he puts forward
blooms of phytoplankton on which oceanic food chains the concept of sustainable retreat, Lovelock writes:
depend. As phytoplankton and forests are the main ways
in which Gaia draws down greenhouse gases, particularly
A television interviewer once asked me,
carbon dioxide, taking it out of the atmosphere, the elim'But what about nuclear waste? Will it not poiination of this environmental buering will see, accordson the whole biosphere and persist for millions
288

of years?' I knew this to be a nightmare fantasy
wholly without substance in the real world...
One of the striking things about places heavily contaminated by radioactive nuclides is the
richness of their wildlife. This is true of the
land around Chernobyl, the bomb test sites of
the Pacic, and areas near the United States
Savannah River nuclear weapons plant of the
Second World War. Wild plants and animals
do not perceive radiation as dangerous, and
any slight reduction it may cause in their lifespans is far less a hazard than is the presence
of people and their pets... I nd it sad, but
all too human, that there are vast bureaucracies
concerned about nuclear waste, huge organisations devoted to decommissioning power stations, but nothing comparable to deal with that
truly malign waste, carbon dioxide.
76.2.4
Climate
Main articles: Climate change and Global warming

Writing in the British newspaper The Independent in January 2006, Lovelock argued that, as a result of global
warming, billions of us will die and the few breeding
pairs of people that survive will be in the Arctic where
the climate remains tolerable by the end of the 21st
century.[34] He has been quoted in The Guardian that
80% of humans will perish by 2100 AD, and this climate change will last 100,000 years. According to James
Lovelock, by 2040, the world population of more than
six billion will have been culled by oods, drought and
famine. Indeed "[t]he people of Southern Europe, as well
as South-East Asia, will be ghting their way into countries such as Canada, Australia and Britain.[35]
By 2040, parts of the Sahara desert will
have moved into middle Europe. We are talking about Paris as far north as Berlin. In
Britain we will escape because of our oceanic
position.[35]
If you take the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change predictions, then by 2040 every summer in Europe will be as hot as it was
in 2003 between 110F and 120F. It is not the
death of people that is the main problem, it is
the fact that the plants can't grow there will
be almost no food grown in Europe.[35]
We are about to take an evolutionary step
and my hope is that the species will emerge
stronger. It would be hubris to think humans
as they now are Gods chosen race.[35]
He further predicted, the average temperature in temperate regions would increase by as much as 8 C and by up
to 5 C in the tropics, leaving much of the worlds land
uninhabitable and unsuitable for farming, with northerly
migrations and new cities created in the Arctic. He predicted much of Europe will have become uninhabitable
having turned to desert and Britain will have become Europes life-raft due to its stable temperature caused by
being surrounded by the ocean. He suggested that we
have to keep in mind the awesome pace of change and
realise how little time is left to act, and then each community and nation must nd the best use of the resources
they have to sustain civilisation for as long as they can.[34]
He partly retreated from this position in a September
2007 address to the World Nuclear Association's Annual
Symposium, suggesting that climate change would stabilise and prove survivable, and that the Earth itself is
in no danger because it would stabilise in a new state.
Life, however, might be forced to migrate en masse to remain in habitable climes.[36] In 2009, he became a patron
of Population Matters (formerly known as the Optimum
Population Trust), which campaigns for a gradual decline
in the global human population to a sustainable level.[37]
In a March 2010 interview with The Guardian newspaper,
he said that democracy might have to be put on hold to
prevent climate change.[38] He continued:
Even the best democracies agree that
when a major war approaches, democracy
must be put on hold for the time being. I have
a feeling that climate change may be an issue
as severe as a war. It may be necessary to put
democracy on hold for a while.
Statements from 2012 portray Lovelock as continuing his
concern over global warming while at the same time criticizing extremism and suggesting alternatives to oil, coal
and the green solutions he does not support.[28]
In an April 2012 interview, aired on MSNBC, Lovelock
stated that he had been alarmist, using the words All
right, I made a mistake, about the timing of climate
change and noted the documentary An Inconvenient Truth
and the book The Weather Makers as examples of the
same kind of alarmism. Lovelock still believes the climate to be warming although the rate of change is not as
he once thought, he admitted that he had been extrapolating too far. He believes that climate change is still
happening, but it will be felt farther in the future.[28] Of
the claims the science is settled on global warming he
states:[39]
One thing that being a scientist has taught
me is that you can never be certain about anything. You never know the truth. You can only
approach it and hope to get a bit nearer to it
each time. You iterate towards the truth. You
dont know it.[39]
76.3. AWARDS AND HONOURS
289
He criticizes environmentalists for treating global warm- The

proposal
attracted
widespread
media
ing like a religion.[39]
attention[43][44][45][46] and criticism.[47][48][49] Commenting on the proposal, Corinne Le Qur, a University
of East Anglia researcher, said It doesnt make sense.
It just so happens that the green religion is
There is absolutely no evidence that climate engineering
now taking over from the Christian religion,
options work or even go in the right direction. Im astonLovelock observed
ished that they published this. Before any geoengineering
is put to work a massive amount of research is needed
I dont think people have noticed that, but
research which will take 20 to 30 years.[43] Other
its got all the sort of terms that religions use
researchers have claimed that this scheme would bring
The greens use guilt. That just shows how rewater with high natural pCO2 levels (associated with
ligious greens are. You cant win people round
the nutrients) back to the surface, potentially causing
by saying they are guilty for putting (carbon
exhalation of CO2 ".[49] Lovelock subsequently said
dioxide) in the air.[39]
that his proposal was intended to stimulate interest and
research would be the next step.[50]
In the MSNBC article Lovelock is quoted as
proclaiming:[28]
The problem is we don't know what the
climate is doing. We thought we knew 20 years
ago. That led to some alarmist books mine
included because it looked clear-cut, but it
hasnt happened;" he continues
The climate is doing its usual tricks.
Theres nothing much really happening yet.
We were supposed to be halfway toward a frying world now, he said
The world has not warmed up very much
since the millennium. Twelve years is a reasonable time ... it (the temperature) has stayed
almost constant, whereas it should have been
rising - carbon dioxide is rising, no question
about that, he added.[28]
In a follow up interview Lovelock stated his support for
natural gas; he now favors fracking as a low-polluting alternative to coal.[18][39] He opposes the concept of sustainable development, where modern economies might
be powered by wind turbines, calling it meaningless
drivel.[39][40] He keeps a poster of a wind turbine to remind himself how much he detests them.[18]
Geoengineering (climate engineering)
Sustainable retreat
Sustainable retreat is a concept developed by James Lovelock in order to dene the necessary changes to human
settlement and dwelling at the global scale with the purpose of adapting to global warming and preventing its expected negative consequences on humans.[51]
Lovelock thinks the time is past for sustainable development, and that we have come to a time when development is no longer sustainable. Therefore we need to retreat. Lovelock states the following in order to explain
the concept:[52]
Retreat, in his view, means its time to start

talking about changing where we live and how
we get our food; about making plans for the
migration of millions of people from low-lying
regions like Bangladesh into Europe; about admitting that New Orleans is a goner and moving
the people to cities better positioned for the future. Most of all, he says, its about everybody
absolutely doing their utmost to sustain civilization, so that it doesn't degenerate into Dark
Ages, with warlords running things, which is a
real danger. We could lose everything that way.
The concept of sustainable retreat emphasized a pattern

of resource use that aims to meet human needs with lower
In September 2007, Lovelock and Chris Rapley proposed levels and/or less environmentally harmful types of rethe construction of ocean pumps to pump water up from sources.
below the thermocline to fertilize algae in the surface
waters and encourage them to bloom.[41] The basic idea
was to accelerate the transfer of carbon dioxide from
the atmosphere to the ocean by increasing primary pro76.3 Awards and honours
duction and enhancing the export of organic carbon (as
marine snow) to the deep ocean. A scheme similar to
that proposed by Lovelock and Rapley is already being Lovelock was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in
1974. His nomination reads:
independently developed by a commercial company.[42]
290
76.4 Bibliography
Lovelock, James (2014). A Rough Ride to the Future. Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0241004760.
Lovelock, James (2009). The Vanishing Face of
Gaia: A Final Warning: Enjoy It While You Can.
Allen Lane. ISBN 978-1-84614-185-0.
Lovelock, James (2006). The Revenge of Gaia: Why
the Earth Is Fighting Back and How We Can Still
Save Humanity. Santa Barbara (California): Allen
Lane. ISBN 0-7139-9914-4.
Lovelock, James (2005). Gaia: Medicine for an Ailing Planet. Gaia Books. ISBN 1-85675-231-3.
Lovelock, James (2001) [Gaia Books 1991]. Gaia:
The Practical Science of Planetary Medicine. Oxford
University Press US. ISBN 0-19-521674-1.
Lovelock, James (2000) [1979]. Gaia: A New Look
at Life on Earth (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
ISBN 0-19-286218-9.
Lovelock, James (2000). Homage to Gaia: The
Life of an Independent Scientist. Oxford University
Press. ISBN 0-19-860429-7. (Lovelocks autobiography)
Lovelock, James (1995) [1988]. Ages of Gaia. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-393-31239-9.
Lovelock, James (1991). Scientists on Gaia. Cambridge, Mass., USA: MIT Press. ISBN 0-26219310-8.
Lovelock, James; Michael Allaby (1984). The
Greening of Mars. Warner Books. ISBN 0-44632967-3.
Lovelock, James; Michael Allaby (1983). Great Extinction. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-18011-X.
Lovelock, James; Sidney Epton (6 Feb 1975). The
Quest for Gaia. New Scientist 65 (935): 304. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
76.5 Portraits of Lovelock
76.6 See also

Barry Commoner
76.7 References
[1] Biography of James Lovelock, Association of Environmentalists For Nuclear Energy. Retrieved 30 October
2007
[2] Library and Archive Catalogue EC/1974/16: Lovelock,
James Ephraim. London: The Royal Society. Archived
from the original on 2014-04-10.
[3] http://www.jameslovelock.org/page7.html
[4] http://www.sum.uio.no/research/projects/
ongoing-projects/anc/about/#chairholders
[5] Ball, P. (2014). James Lovelock reects on Gaias
legacy. Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2014.15017.
[6] ''Homage to Gaia''. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 201209-01.
[7] The Sunday Times,22 February 2009 (retrieved on 24
May 2011)
[8] James Lovelock: The green man, Ian Irvine, The Independent, 3 December 2005. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
[9] Homage to Gaia, Oxford, 2000, p80.
[10] Lovelock, James (1947). The properties and use of
aliphatic and hydroxy carboxylic acids in aerial disinfection (PhD thesis). London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.(subscription required)
[11] Lovelock: Home. Jameslovelock.org. Retrieved 201209-01.
[12] Lovelock, J. E. (1965). A Physical Basis for Life
Detection Experiments. Nature 207 (4997): 56870.
doi:10.1038/207568a0. PMID 5883628.
[13] Lovelock, J. E. (1971). Atmospheric Fluorine Compounds as Indicators of Air Movements. Nature 230
(5293): 379. doi:10.1038/230379a0.
[14] Lovelock, J. E.; Maggs, R. J.; Wade, R. J. (1973). Halogenated Hydrocarbons in and over the Atlantic. Nature
241 (5386): 194. doi:10.1038/241194a0.
In March 2012 the National Portrait Gallery[53] unveiled a

new portrait of Lovelock by British artist Michael Gaskell [15] Travels with an Electron Capture Detector, acceptance
(2011). The collection also has two photographic porspeech for Blue Planet Prize 1997
traits by Nick Sinclair (1993) and Paul Tozer (1994).[53]
The archive of the Royal Society of Arts has a 2009 im- [16] Lovelock, J. E.; Maggs, R. J.; Rasmussen, R. A. (1972).
Atmospheric Dimethyl Sulphide and the Natural Sulphur
age taken by Anne-Katrin Purkiss.[54] Lovelock agreed to
Cycle. Nature 237 (5356): 452. doi:10.1038/237452a0.
sit for sculptor Jon Edgar in Devon during 2007, as part
[55]
of The Environment Triptych (2008) along with heads [17] Charlson, R. J.; Lovelock, J. E.; Andreae, M. O.; Warren,
of Mary Midgley and Richard Mabey. A bronze head is
S. G. (1987). Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulin the collection of the sitter and the terracotta is in the
phur, cloud albedo and climate. Nature 326 (6114): 655.
doi:10.1038/326655a0.
archive of the artist.[56]
76.7. REFERENCES
291
[18] Hickman, Leo (15 June 2012). James Lovelock: The UK

should be going mad for fracking. The Guardian (UK).
Retrieved 24 June 2012.
[34] The Earth is about to catch a morbid fever that may last as
long as 100,000 years, James Lovelock, The Independent,
16 January 2006. Retrieved 4 October 2007.
[19] Walker, S. J.; Weiss, R. F.; Salameh, P. K. (2000).

Reconstructed histories of the annual mean atmospheric
mole fractions for the halocarbons CFC-11 CFC-12,
CFC-113, and carbon tetrachloride. Journal of Geophysical Research 105: 14285. doi:10.1029/1999JC900273.
[35] Daily Mail 22 March 2008 We're all doomed ! 40

years from global catastrophe says climate change expert. Dailymail.co.uk. 2008-03-22. Retrieved 2012-0901.
[20] Lovelock, J.E. (1989). The Ages of Gaia. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. ISBN 0-19-286090-9.
[21] F. Sherwood Rowland and Mario J. Molina (7 December
2000). CFC-Ozone Puzzle: Lecture. Retrieved 10 December 2007.
[22] The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995 for ... work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone, Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 9 May 2008.
[23] Lovelock, J. E. (1965). A Physical Basis for Life
Detection Experiments. Nature 207 (4997): 56870.
doi:10.1038/207568a0. PMID 5883628.
[24] Lovelock, J. (1972). Gaia as seen through the atmosphere. Atmospheric Environment (1967) 6 (8): 579
514. doi:10.1016/0004-6981(72)90076-5.
[25] Lovelock, J. E.; Margulis, L. (1974).
Atmospheric homeostasis by and for the biosphere: The
gaia hypothesis. Tellus 26: 2. doi:10.1111/j.21533490.1974.tb01946.x.
[26] Dawkins, Richard (1999) [1982]. The Extended Phenotype The Long Reach of the Gene. Oxford University
Press. ISBN 0-19-288051-9.
[27] Watson, A.J.; J.E. Lovelock (1983). Biological homeostasis of the global environment: the parable of Daisyworld. Tellus B (International Meteorological Institute) 35 (4): 2869. Bibcode:1983TellB..35..284W.
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.1983.tb00031.x.
[28] Johnston, Ian. "'Gaia' scientist James Lovelock: I was
'alarmist' about climate change. MSNBC. Retrieved
April 2012.
[36] Lovelock: Respect the Earth, World Nuclear News, 6

September 2007. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
[37] Gaia scientist to be OPT patron. Optimum Population
Trust. 26 August 2009. Retrieved 27 August 2009.
[38] James Lovelock: Humans are too stupid to prevent climate change, 29 March 2010
[39] Goldstein, Lorrie (23 June 2012). Green drivel exposed. Toronto Sun. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
[40] James Lovelock letter on wind turbines Broadbury
Ridge. The Register. 2012-12-12. Retrieved 2013-0112.
[41] Lovelock, E.; Rapley, G. (Sep 2007).
Ocean
pipes could help the Earth to cure itself.
Nature 449 (7161): 403. Bibcode:2007Natur.449..403L.
doi:10.1038/449403a.
ISSN 0028-0836.
PMID
17898747.
[42] Biological Ocean Sequestration of CO
2 Using Atmocean Upwelling, Atmocean. Retrieved 3
October 2007.
[43] Scientists propose 'plumbing' method to solve crisis of
global warming, Lewis Smith, The Times, 26 September
[44] James Lovelocks plan to pump ocean water to stop climate change, Roger Higheld, The Daily Telegraph, 26
September 2007. Retrieved 4 October 2007.
[45] Pipes hung in the sea could help planet to 'heal itself', Michael McCarthy, The Independent, 27 September
[29] Lovelock, J (2009), The Vanishing Face of Gaia (Basic

Books)
[46] How sea tubes could slow climate change, Alok Jha, The
Guardian, 27 September 2007. Retrieved 4 October
2007.
[30] Russill, C.; Nyssa, Z. (2009).

The tipping
point trend in climate change communication.
Global Environmental Change 19 (3):
336.
doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.04.001.
[47] Cold water on global warming plans, Phillip Williamson,

The Guardian, 1 October 2007. Retrieved 4 October
2007.
[31] Pagani, M.; Caldeira, K.; Archer, D.; Zachos,

C. (Dec 2006).
Atmosphere.
An ancient carbon mystery.
Science 314 (5805): 15561557.
doi:10.1126/science.1136110. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID
17158314.
[32] Nukes Are Green, Nicholas Kristof, The New York Times,
9 April 2005. Retrieved 4 October 2007.
[33] Lovelock, James (2006). The Revenge of Gaia. Reprinted
Penguin, 2007. ISBN 978-0-14-102990-0
[48] The last green taboo: engineering the planet, Johann Hari,
The Independent, 4 October 2007. Retrieved 4 October
2007.
[49] Shepherd, J.; Iglesias-Rodriguez, D.; Yool, A. (2007).
Geo-engineering might cause, not cure, problems. Nature 449 (7164): 781. doi:10.1038/449781a.
[50] Lovelock, James (2009). The Vanishing Face of Gaia:
A Final Warning: Enjoy It While You Can. Allen Lane.
ISBN 978-1-84614-185-0.
292
[51] Lovelock, James (2006). The Revenge of Gaia: Why the

Earth Is Fighting Back - and How We Can Still Save Humanity. Santa Barbara, California: Allen Lane. ISBN
0-7139-9914-4.
[52] Goodell, Je. (2007). The Prophet of Climate Change:
James Lovelock. Rolling Stone. Available from the
WWW:
http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/
16956300/the_prophet_of_climate_change_james_
lovelock. (page 4.)
[53] Portraits of James Lovelock at the National Portrait
Gallery, London
[54] By The RSA The RSA+ Add Contact (2009-03-10).
James Lovelock by Anne Purkiss | Flickr - Photo Sharing!". Flickr. Retrieved 2012-09-01.
[55] authors, various (2008). Responses Carvings and Claywork Jon Edgar Sculpture 2003-2008. UK: Hesworth
Press. ISBN 978-0-9558675-0-7.
[56] Edgar, Jon. portrait of James Lovelock. Retrieved
March 2012.
76.8 External links

James Lovelock tells his life story at Web of Stories
(video)
Why Gaia is wreaking revenge on our abuse of the
environment": Article about Lovelock published in
the 'Independent'
Nuclear power is the only green solution": Lovelock article published in the 'Independent'
Listen to an oral history interview with James Lovelock, recorded for An Oral History of British Science at the British Library.
76.8.1
Interviews
Lovelock at the Guardian

Lovelock at the BBC
Dr. Lovelock Lectures on The Vanishing Face of
Gaia Presented by Corporate Knights Magazine, 26
May 2009
Audio: James Lovelock in conversation on the BBC
World Service discussion show The Forum 1 st
March 2009
RSA Vision webcast James Lovelock in conversation with Tim Radford the Vanishing Face of Gaia,
23 February 2009.
Audio interview from Ideas:How to think about science, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 2 January 2008. (Real Audio)
Climate Change on the Living Earth, Public lecture

by James Lovelock, The Royal Society, 29 October
2007.
The Prophet of Climate Change, Je Goodell,
Rolling Stone, 17 October 2007.
Radio interview with James Lovelock, KQED San
Francisco, 13 September 2006.
Creel Commission: reections on meeting James
Lovelock and a recent interview with him 26 August 2005
Chapter 77
Archibald Low
to Erith in the London Borough of Bexley when Low was
still a baby. He was sent to Preparatory school at Colet
Court when his family had to visit Australia. A few years
later he also got to visit Sydney Australia with his family. He recalls being amazed to nd that telephones were
tted in every house. As a young boy Low was forever experimenting at home, building homemade steam turbines
or conducting chemical experiments that brought havoc
to his local neighbourhood and caused his parents to receive many complaints about the bangs, smells and gases
created by young Archie.
At the age of 11 he was enrolled into St Pauls School,
an institution where he didn't t in, being as he put it
"too much of an individual". One of his classmates for
several years was Bernard Law Montgomery, whom Low
recalled as being "rather dull".
Professor Archibald Montgomery Low
Archibald Montgomery Low (1888 - 13 September

1956)[1] was an English consulting engineer, research
physicist and inventor, and author of more than 40 books.
Low has been called the father of radio guidance systems due to his pioneering work on guided rockets,
planes and torpedoes. He was a pioneer in many elds
though, often leading the way for others, but his lack of
discipline meant he hardly ever saw a project through, being easily distracted by new ideas. If it weren't for this inability to see things to a conclusion, Low could well have
been remembered as one of the great men of science.
Many of his scientic contemporaries disliked him, due
in part to his using the title Professor, which technically
he wasn't entitled to do as he didn't occupy an academic
chair. His love of the limelight and publicity probably
also added to the dislike.
Archibald M. Low was one of the rst forecasters of the
concept of television in the early 1920s.[2]
77.1 Early life

Low was born in Purley, London, the second son of John
and Gertrude Low. His father was an engineer and Lows
interest in all things mechanical and scientic was red
by visits to his fathers place of work. The family moved
Aged 16 Low entered the Central Technical College, an

institution far more to his liking, here his abilities really started to show. Under the guidance of his mentor
Professor Ashcroft, Lows mercurial mind was given free
rein over many of the scientic disciplines, this lack of
structured guidance though probably didn't help him in
later life. During his time at the CTC Low designed a
drawing device which he called The Low exible and
adjustable curve. This device along with a dotted line
pen and a self lling draughtsmans pen were marketed
by Thorntons, a renowned instrument maker based in
Manchester. He also spent a year devising and making
a selector mechanism which allowed a lever when moved
to fall into a pre-selected slot. It wasn't until 32 years
later that pre-selected gears came in, long after Low had
originally thought of them.
77.2 Early career

Low joined his uncle, Edward Lows engineering rm,
The Low Accessories and Ignition Company, which at
the time was the second oldest engineering rm in the
City of London. Unfortunately the company was in a
constant struggle for solvency. Edward Low did what he
could nancially to help get his nephews ideas o the
ground, but what was really needed was a rich investor.
During this pre-war period Low was constantly coming
293
294
up with big new ideas, such as his Forced induction Engine, or gadgets like the whistling egg-boiler which he
christened "The Chanticleer". It went on to sell very well,
earning him some much-needed money. He also experimented with gas turbines, but the alloys available at that
time wouldn't stand up to the required heat.
In May 1914 Low gave the rst demonstration of what
was to become television, he called it TeleVista. This
demonstration was given to the Institute of Automobile
Engineers and was entitled "Seeing By Wireless". Lows
invention was crude and under-developed but the idea
was there. The main deciency was the Selenium cell
used for converting light waves into electric impulses,
which responded too slowly thus spoiling the eect.
The demonstration certainly garnered a lot of media
interest with The Times reporting on 30 May;
On 29 May The Daily Chronicle reported;
Low, of course failed to follow up this early promising
work, due in part to his temperamental failings and also
of course the outbreak of World War I later that year.
77.3 The Great War
CHAPTER 77. ARCHIBALD LOW

warhead. As head of the Experimental Works, Low was
given about 30 picked men, including jewellers, carpenters and aircraftsmen in order to get the pilotless plane
built as quickly as possible. The plane, the Ruston Proctor
AT from its manufacturer was designed by H P Folland.
It had its rst trial on 21 March 1917 at Upavon Central
Flying School near Salisbury Plain, attended by 30-40 allied Generals. The AT was launched from the back of
a lorry using compressed air (another rst). Low and his
team successfully demonstrated their ability to control the
craft before engine failure led to its crash landing. A subsequent full trial on 6 July 1917 was cut short as an aerial
had been lost at takeo. At a later date an electrically
driven gyro (yet another rst) was added to the plane, but
ultimately the Aerial Target project was not followed
up after the war, due to the shortsightedness of military
planners. In 1917 Low and his team also invented the
rst electrically steered rocket (the worlds rst wireless,
or wire-guided rocket), almost an exact counterpart of the
one used by the Germans in 1942 against merchant shipping. Lows inventions during the war were to a large extent before their time and hence were under-appreciated
by the Government of the day, although the Germans
were well aware of how dangerous his inventions might
be. In 1915 two attempts were made to assassinate him;
the rst involved shots being red through his laboratory
window in Paul Street; the second attempt was from a visitor with a German accent who came to Lows oce and
oered him a cigarette, which upon analysis contained
enough strychnine chloride to kill.
Lows principles were adopted by the Air Ministry for the
Larynx Long Range Gun with Lynx Engine, and explosive laden autopilot-ed aircraft which was developed
by the Royal Aircraft Establishment from 1925. Further
developments continued by the British before and during
the Second World War.
During World War II the Germans also made good use of
Lows 1918 rocket guidance system and used it as one of
the foundations for their V projects. So yet again Low was
leading the way, only this time the wrong people followed.
The Experimental Works sta of the RFC, Low is front centre.
When war broke out, Low joined the military and received ocer training. After a few months he was promoted to captain and seconded to the Royal Flying Corps,
the precursor of the RAF. His brief was to use his civilian
research to nd a way to remotely control an aircraft, so
it could be used as a guided missile. With two other ofcers (Captain Poole and Lieutenant Bowen) under him,
they set to work to see if it were possible. This project was
called Aerial Target or AT a misnomer to fool the Germans into thinking it was about building a drone plane
to test anti-aircraft capabilities. After they built a prototype, General Sir David Henderson (Director-General
of Military Aeronatics) ordered that the Royal Flying
Corps Experimental Works should be created to build
the rst proper Aerial Target complete with explosive
Low should have made a considerable amount of money

from these inventions, but his patents couldn't stay in
force for the statutory period, as he was in the employment of the War Department everything he invented was
as a part of his duties so he couldn't benet nancially
from them.
77.4 Inter-war years

Not long after the war Low started the Low Engineering
Company Ltd in association with the Hon. C. N. Bruce
(later Lord Aberdare). The company oces were on
Kensington High Street, and Low spent much of his time
trying to bring his inventions to fruition. As usual though
he was easily distracted by gadgets that he devised, taking
77.6. QUOTATIONS
his attention away from the more important work. One
of the better gadgets was a motor scooter that Low invented and manufactured in conjunction with Sir Henry
Norman.
Despite his best eorts, business wasn't his strong point.
An example of this is the magazine he started up with
his friend Lord Brabazon and others. It was entitled
Armchair Science, Low helped edit it, and at one point the
sales gures were 80,000 a month, yet it never seemed to
make a prot and was sold o. Another of Lows delights
was speed, especially racing cars or motorbikes. He was a
regular attendee at Brooklands and at one point invented
a rocket propelled bike and numerous other gadgets and
improvements for the internal combustion engine. An example of Lows prescience is that he was worried about
the number of road trac accidents that were occurring
and believed speed in cities should be restricted to 25 mph
using modern radio methods to enforce it. One of Lows
peeves was excess noise, to this end he invented an audiometer to measure and record noise in a visual form. He
conducted experiments on the London Underground and
achieved some success in pinpointing trouble spots and
reducing their impact by use of shields over the wheels
and padding of the interior panels.
In 1938 Low had lunch with a gentleman called William
Joyce. Joyce wanted Low to contribute an article to a
paper he helped run. Low declined the oer being too
busy; it was only a couple of years later that Joyce gained
infamy as Lord Haw-Haw.
A few of Lows inventions from this period are:
295
he experimented with during the war ultimately came to
fruition, he did work on some interesting projects:
The 'W' bomb - a riverine mine for Operation Royal
Marine being designed by MD1. It oated just beneath the surface, came up when needed and spread
a kind of umbrella out of itself which would detonate
when touched. The primary inventors were Millis
Jeeris and Stuart Macrae - the latter was formerly
an editor of Armchair Science with whom Low was
on friendly terms.[3]
A bomb that when dropped on airelds would be
buried to the hilt but leave trailing wires on the surface. An aircraft touching these wires would detonate the bomb.
77.6 Quotations
77.7 Later life
Low died at his London home in 1956 aged 68.[4] Cause
of death was a malignant tumour on his lung. He is buried
in Brompton Cemetery, London.
In 1976 Low was inducted into the International Space
Hall of Fame
Using infra-red photography to check head space in

engines;
A machine for reproducing photographs by radio;
An audiometer that was a forerunner of sound photography at high speed (used in engineering and architectural work);
A device for converting ordinary print to Braille using photo electric cells;
Cap-detonating sparkplug.
77.5 Second World War and later

At the outbreak of the Second World War Low initially
joined the Air Ministry in a civil capacity. His job was to
examine captured German aircraft and prepare reports
for British pilots to enable them to identify the weak
points of the enemy aircraft. Later on he joined the Royal
Pioneer Corps and was promoted to Major. Between experiments in his back garden laboratory, he gave frequent
talks to service personnel on scientic matters. Low was
frequently in bad health from the late 1930s onwards,
having never fully recovered from a bout of pneumonia
he suered a few years earlier. Although nothing that
Gravestone, Brompton Cemetery, London
77.8 Works
Low was a prolic author of science books. He aimed
several of his books at the layman to try to nurture interest in science and engineering. Quite a few of his books
contained predictions on scientic advancements.
As well as these non-ction books he wrote four science
ction novels for the younger reader.
296
77.8.1
CHAPTER 77. ARCHIBALD LOW
Non-ction
Look, Listen and Touch (1949)
The Two Stroke Engine:A manual of the coming form

of the internal combustion engine (1916)
Its Bound to Happen (1950)
Wireless Possibilities (1924)
Electronics Everywhere (1952)
The Future (1925)
Wonderful Wembley Stadium (1953)
Tendencies of Modern Science (1930)
Thanks to Inventors (1954)
The Past Presented (1952)
On My Travels(1930)
The Wonder Book of Inventions (1930)
77.8.2 Fiction
Popular Scientic Recreations (1933)
Peter Down the Well (1933)
Science in Wonderland (1935)
Adrift in the Stratosphere (1937)
Recent Inventions (1935)
Mars Breaks Through, or The Great Murchison Mystery
Great Scientic Achievements (1936)

Conquering Space and Time (1937)
Life and its Story (1937)
Home Experiments (1937)
Electrical Inventions (1937)
Science for the Home (1938)
What New Wonders! (1938)
Satellite in Space (1956)
77.9 Appointments
Associate of the City and Guilds of London Institute
Member of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers
Fellow of the Chemical Society
Science in Industry (1939)
Fellow and President of the British Institute for Radio Engineers
Modern Armaments (1939)
Chairman for 24 years of the AutoCycle Union
How We nd Out (1940)
Chairman of the RAC Motor Cycle Committee
Mine and Countermine (1940)
Vice-Chairman and Chairman for 20 years of the

British Automobile Racing Club
The Way it Works (1940)

The Submarine at War (1941)
Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society
Romance of Fire (1941)
Principal of the British Institute of Engineering

Technology
Science Looks ahead (1942)

Tanks (1942)
Musket to Machine-Gun (1942)
Facts and Fancies (1942)
Parachutes in Peace and War (1942)
Benets of War (1943)
Tick-Tock (1944)
Six Scientic Years (1946)
How Secrets Work (1946)
Your World Tomorrow (1947)
They Made Your World (1949)
Fellow of the Institute of Electronics

One of the founder members, and President (19361951) of the British Interplanetary Society
Associated Hon. Asst, Professor of Physics at the
Royal Ordnance College, by the Army Council
77.10 Notes
[1] Who Was Who. Oxford University Press. 2007.
[2] The Machine Age, TIME Magazine, 4 February 1924
[3] Macrae, 1972. p.29
[4] Obituaries. The Times. 13 September 1956. Retrieved
21 November 2008.
77.11 References
Stuart Macrae (1971). Winston Churchills Toyshop.
Roundwood Press. SBN 900093-22-6.
Lows patents
Lows bibliography at Copac.
He lit the lamp, Lows biography, written by Ursula
Bloom, (introduction by Lord Brabazon), published
in 1958.

Archibald Low at the Internet Speculative Fiction
Database
297
Chapter 78
Mina Loy
Not to be confused with Myrna Loy.
Mina Loy, born Mina Gertrude Lwry (27 December 1882 25 September 1966), was a British artist,
poet, playwright, novelist, futurist, actress, Christian Scientist, designer of lamps, and bohemian. She was one
of the last of the rst generation modernists to achieve
posthumous recognition. Her poetry was admired by T.
S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, William Carlos Williams, Basil
Bunting, Gertrude Stein, Francis Picabia and Yvor Winters, among others.
78.1 Early life

Mina Loy was born Mina Gertrude Lwry in London,
England. Her mother Julia Bryan was English, and her father Sigmund Lwry was a Hungarian Jew. Upon leaving
school at age seventeen, she moved to Munich and studied painting for two years. When she returned to London,
she continued to study painting, once having Augustus
John as a teacher. During her studies, she became familiar with the latest advanced theories in Europe, such as
that of Friedrich Nietzsche, Henri Bergson, and Sigmund
Freud, as well as teachings of the East. She moved to
Paris with Stephen Haweis, who studied with her at the
Acadmie Colarossi. The couple married in 1903. Loy
is rst cited using her new last name in 1904, when she exhibited six watercolour paintings at the Salon d'Automne
in Paris. Loy and Haweis had their rst child, Oda, in
1904. Oda died on her rst birthday.
sexual relationship with their leader Filippo Marinetti.

While attending gatherings held at Mabel Dodge's Medici
villa, she also networked with expatriates from Manhattan. Among this group were journalist and communist John Reed, as well as novelist and critic Carl
Van Vechten, who would eventually become Loys agent.
During World War I, Loy would serve in an army hospital.
78.2 Poetry and work

Loys extremely original poems started to frequent
smaller magazines such as Rogue, attracting the attention
of the New York avant-garde. Once her work started
to gain momentum, she began to publish poems and articles in more signicant New York publications. In
1914, Aphorisms on Futurism was published in Alfred
Stieglitzs Camera Work. Parturition, her graphic depiction of childbirth, was printed in Trend.
In July 1915, Loy began to write what would be
later known as Songs to Joannes [1] "(originally Love
songs), a collection of modernist, avant-garde love poetry about her disenchantment with Giovanni Papini, another founding Futurist with whom Loy had been in a romantic relationship in Florence. First readers of Songs
to Joannes were shocked by Loys forward expressions
of sexuality, particularly the grotesque and uncensored
depictions of erotic desire and bodily functions.
In 1914, Loy penned her polemical Feminist Manifesto,

at least partly in response to the misogyny of Futurisms
Loy soon became a regular in the artistic community at founder, F. T. Marinetti.
Gertrude and Leo Stein's salon, where she met many of
the leading avant-garde artists and writers of the day. Loy
would meet the likes of Guillaume Apollinaire, Pablo Pi- 78.3 Loy and Arthur Cravan
casso, and Henri Rousseau. During her three years in
Paris, she, Gertrude Stein, and Djuna Barnes would de- Disillusioned with the macho elements in Futurism and its
velop lifelong friendships.
move towards Fascism, as well as desiring a divorce from
In 1907, Loy and Haweis moved to Florence, where they
lived more or less separate lives, becoming estranged.
Despite drifting apart, they had two more children: Joella
in 1907 and Giles in 1909. It was during this time that
Loy became part of the Futurists community, having a
her husband Stephen Haweis, Loy left her children with

a nurse and moved to New York in 1916, where she began acting with the Provincetown Players. She was a key
gure in the group that formed around Others magazine,
which also included Man Ray, William Carlos Williams,
298
78.5. LATER LIFE AND WORK
299
Consider Your Grandmothers Stays, a 1916 drawing by Mina

Loy
Marcel Duchamp, and Marianne Moore. She also became a Christian Scientist during this time. Loy soon
became a leading member of the Greenwich Village bohemian circuit. She also met the 'poet-boxer' Arthur Cravan, self-styled Dadaist and fugitive from conscription.
Cravan ed to Mexico to avoid the draft; when Loys divorce was nal she followed him, and they married in
Mexico City. Here, they lived in poverty, and years later, Loy (center) with Jane Heap and Ezra Pound in Paris, c. 1923
Loy would write of their destitution.
Once Loy became pregnant, the couple realised they
needed to leave Mexico. A few months later, Cravan set
sail for Buenos Aires in a small yacht as Loy watched from
the beach. He sailed over the horizon, disappeared without a trace, never to be seen again. The tale of his disappearance is strongly anecdotal, as recounted by Loys biographer, Carolyn Burke. Their daughter was born April
1919.
was also published that year. She picked up old friendships with Djuna Barnes and Gertrude Stein. In the early
1930s, while still living in Paris, Loy began writing Insel,
a knstlerroman that ctionalises her friendship with German surrealist painter Richard Oelze, a friendship begun
in part because Loy was the Paris agent for her son-in-law
Julien Levy's New York gallery. Loy drafted and revised
Insel until 1961, when she unsuccessfully sought its publiIn a chapter of her memoir entitled Colossus, Loy cation. The novel was nally published by Black Sparrow
writes about her relationship with Cravan, who was in- Press in 1991, edited by Elizabeth Arnold.[5]
troduced to her as the prizeghter who writes poetry.[2]
Irene Gammel argues that their relationship was located
at the heart of avant-garde activities [which included boxing and poetry].[3] Loy draws on the language of boxing 78.5 Later life and work
throughout her memoir to dene the terms of her relationship with Cravan.[4]
In 1936, Loy returned to New York and lived for a
time with her daughter in Manhattan. She moved to
the Bowery, where she became interested in the Bowery
78.4 Return to Europe and New bums,
writing poems and creating found art collages on
them. In 1946, she became a naturalised citizen of the
York
United States. Her second and last book, Lunar Baedeker
Loy would return to Florence and her other children. & Time Tables, appeared in 1958. She exhibited her
However, in 1920 she would set out for New York, hop- found art constructions in New York in 1951 and at the
ing to nd Cravan, unable to accept his death. Here Bodley Gallery in 1959. In 1953, Loy moved to Aspen,
she returned to her old Greenwich Village life, perus- Colorado, where her daughters Joella and Fabienne were
ing theatre or mixing with her fellow writers. She would already living; Joella, who had been married to the art
mingle and develop friendships with the likes of Ezra dealer of Surrealism in New York, Julien Levy, next marPound, Dadaist Tristan Tzara, and Jane Heap. In 1923, ried the Bauhaus artist and typographer Herbert Bayer. In
she returned to Paris and, with the backing of Peggy Colorado, Mina Loy continued to write and work on her
Guggenheim, started a business designing and making junk collages up to her death at the age of 83, in Aspen.
lampshades, glass novelties, paper cut-outs and painted Loy also wrote a novel, Insel, which was published
ower arrangements. Her rst book, Lunar Baedecker posthumously.
300
78.6 Notes
[1] Songs to Joannes, by Mina Loy. Minaloy.tripod.com.
Retrieved 14 July 2011.
[2] Loy cited in Gammel, Irene (2012), "Lacing up the
Gloves: Women, Boxing and Modernity. Cultural and
Social History 9.3, p. 379.
[3] Gammel 2012, p. 380
[4] Gammel 2012, pp. 37981
[5] Arnold, Elizabeth (1991). Afterword. Insel. By Mina
Loy. Santa Rosa: Black Sparrow Press. ISBN 978-087685-853-0
CHAPTER 78. MINA LOY
78.8 External links

Mina Loy at Modern American Poetry
Mina Loy at Modernism: American Salons (Case
Western) photographs, works, bibliography, and
links
Mina Loy at the Modernist Journals Project examples of visual art
Mina Loy and Djuna Barnes and Mina Loy: Drafts
of Nancy Cunard, Intimate Circles: American
Women in the Arts, Beinecke Rare Book and
Manuscript Library, Yale University, accessed 30
January 2008.
Mina Loy, The Sacred Prostitute
78.7 References
Burke, Carolyn. Becoming Modern: The Life of
Mina Loy. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux,
1996.
Gammel, Irene. "Lacing up the Gloves: Women,
Boxing and Modernity. Cultural and Social History
9.3 (2012): 369390.
Kouidis, Virginia. Mina Loy: American Modernist
Poet. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1980.
Kuenzli, Rudolf. Dada (Themes and Movements).
Phaidon Press, 2006. [Includes poetry by Mina and
her relationship to several artists.]
Loy, Mina. The Lost Lunar Baedeker. Selected and
ed. Roger Conover. 1996.
, and Julien Levy. Constructions, 1425 April
1959. New York: Bodley Gallery, 1959. OCLC
11251843. [Solo exhibition catalogue with commentary.]
Prescott, Tara. "'A Lyric Elixir': The Search for
Identity in the Works of Mina Loy. Claremont Colleges, 2010.
Shreiber, Maeera, and Keith Tuma, eds. Mina
Loy: Woman and Poet. National Poetry Foundation,
1998. [Collection of essays on Mina Loys poetry,
with 1965 interview and bibliography.]
Parisi, Joseph. 100 Essential Modern Poems by
Women (The greatest poems written in English by
women over the past 150 years, memorable masterpieces to read, reread, and enjoy). Chicago: Ivan R.
Dee, 2008.
En breve luz: Arthur Cravan y Mina Loy (in Spanish). Funcin Lenguaje.
Chapter 79
Elza Maalouf
Elza S. Maalouf (born 1965 in Zahl, Lebanon) is a
Lebanese-American futurist, social scientist, and cultural
development specialist focusing her work on geopolitics,
cultural and political reform in the Arab world[1][2][3][4][5]
including Palestine,[6][7] Kuwait, Dubai, and in Syria
through the European Union SHAMS project (Sustainable Human Activities in Mediterranean urban Systems).[8]
She is the author of the 2014 book Emerge! The Rise of
Functional Democracy and the Future of the Middle East
(October 2014 SelectBooks, Inc. New York, Publishers).
She is a highly sought after keynote speaker and executive
trainer.
79.1 Inuences
Elza S. Maalouf studied the works of philosophers and
mythologists like Joseph Campbell, Alan Watts and one
of her mentors and a close friend, Jean Houston. Shes
a life-long student of depth psychology and consciousness studies, the works of Carl Jung, and Eastern Philosophy. Maalouf is also inuenced by integral philosopher Ken Wilber and Eastern philosophers and poets like
Averroes, Rumi, Rabia Basri, and May Ziade. Her thinking continues to be shaped by the works of, and private
discussions with inuential thinkers like Dr. Michael E.
DeBakey, Deepak Chopra, and evolutionary biologists
Elisabet Sahtouris and Bruce Lipton.
Maalouf studied value systems approach through the
prism of the bio-psycho-social systems framework of
Dr. Clare W. Graves. Since 2002 she has worked with
renowned geopolitical advisor Dr. Don E. Beck, Graves
successor and one of the architects behind South Africas
transition from Apartheid.[9] Maalouf then pioneered the
integral movement and the application of Spiral Dynamics integral in the Middle East.
ers in Service to Conscious Evolution,[12] an organization made up of the leading global minds in the elds of
science, spirituality, and related studies with the primary
purpose of advancing the conscious evolution of humanity.
Maalouf has been invited to lecture at prominent events
hosted by The World Future Society,[13] the Oslo Center
for Human Transformation, and the American Society for
Training and Development.[14] In her workshops[15] and
keynote presentations[16] she examines memetic patterns
of emergence in the Middle East and oers analysis of
the anatomy of conicts in the Muslim world based on
Muzafer Sherifs realistic conict theory. Maalouf has
been a keynote speaker at the United Nations twice:
June 21, 2007, with Dr. Beck at the Values
Caucus[17][18] to a full audience, standing room
only,[19][20] and
June 4, 2013, with the Evolutionary Leadership
group presentations to the United Nations diplomatic and NGO community at the Permanent Mission of Nigeria.[21]
Having developed a unique value system approach to
Functional Governance with a focus on multiple emergent constructs within sociocultural systems, she has also
lectured at many events presented at the Adizes Graduate
School[22][23][24] in Santa Barbara, California, as well as
the University of Virginia[25] and the University of California at Irvine.[26][27] In October 2012, she presented
at a conference[28] hosted by the Collge de Sorbonne in
Paris, France.
79.3 Leadership
Elza S. Maalouf helped found and co-found several highly
active initiatives:
79.2 Career
As one of the foremost futurists and experts on the
memetics of the Middle East, Elza Maalouf was elected
as a member of the Board of Advisors[10] for Peace
Through Commerce[11] and to the Evolutionary Lead-
301
The Build Palestine Initiative [29] is a mentoring

project through which Elza Maalouf has advised the
Fateh Third Generation[30][31] and mentors leaders
of the Arab Millennial Generation throughout the
Arab world.
302
Elza S. Maalouf co-founded The Center for Human Emergence Middle-East,[32] a think tank that
emphasizes the scientic understanding of Middle
Eastern cultures specically. The CHE-Middle
East is one of several global Centers for Human
Emergence [33] including those in Denmark,[34]
the Netherlands,[35] Germany,[36] and the United
States,[37] with activities growing in Canada, Great
Britain, and elsewhere. Key thought leaders at CHE
include John L. Peterson,[38] founder of the Arlington Institute; Dr. Teddy Larson; Howard Bloom,
Dr. Ichak Adizes, and others.
Global Feminine[39] is a collaborative eort founded
by Ms. Maalouf and other leaders to create an alliance of women and organizations that are leading
change, often behind the scenes, through the application of value-systems thinking in their countries
and organizations. The Global Feminine is based
on a model of distributed intelligence, rather than
central command, and includes women working in
Asia, Africa, the Americas, and the Middle East.
Ms. Maalouf is founder and CEO of The Integral
Insights Consulting (IIC) Group [40] which brings research on human potential to bear on organizational
challenges and opportunities. The IIC Group is dedicated to the multi-faceted development of individuals, teams and organizations in the United States and
Arab countries.[41]
79.4 Publications
CHAPTER 79. ELZA MAALOUF
79.6 More Audio, Video, Writings

The Michael Ostrolenk Show (June 12, 2013): Elza
Maalouf on Memetic Patterns in the Middle East
(radio) [49]
mepeace.org (January 26, 2013): Elza S. Maalouf
describes the template of change in the middle east,
posted by Neri Bar-On (audio)[50]
Radio EnlightenNext with Tom Steininger (September 22, 2012): A turning point in the middle east?
(audio)[51]
Women on the Edge of Evolution (March 9, 2011):
Supporting Our Arab Sisters: Standing For the
Equality of Women in the Middle East (audio) [52]
Inside Edge Foundation 25th Anniversary keynote
(May 11, 2011): Rapid Change in the Middle East
(video) [53]
Empowerment Inspiring Women Summit (May 1,
2010), Host: Elayne Doughty, Featuring: Jessica
Roemischer, Elza Maalouf, Ariane de Bonvoisin
(audio plus transcript)[54]
Women on the Edge of Evolution (Dec 22, 2009):
Clair Zammit interviews Elza Maalouf (audio plus
written summary)[55]
Integral Leadership Review (Volume VII, No. 2,
March 2007): Palestine Speaks in Colors: Unraveling the Deep Cultural Codes and Designing Integral
Solutions[56]
A Better World with Mitchell Raven (November 26,

Maalouf is the author of the 2014 book EMERGE! The
2007): Mid East Peace Dialogue from a Holistic
Rise of Functional Democracy and the Future of the
View (radio)[57]
Middle East which is a whole systems approach to understanding the past, present and future of the Mid Inside Edge (Feb 15, 2006): The Emergence Of The
dle East through the unique lens of value systems and
Modern Arab Identity (video)[58]
cultural change. She is a frequent contributor to The
Hungton Post and Integral Leadership Review,[42] and
writes several blogs (iPolitics, Indigenous Intelligence). Note: There are a number of videos on YouTube of Elza
She has been interviewed[43][44] and her work has been S. Maaloufs live presentations.
referenced[45][46][47][48] many times over the years on a
variety of interrelated subjects, most recently reframing
79.7 References
the issues shaping the Arab Spring.

The Maaloufs belong to the Ghassanid tribe, an ancient
Christian Kingdom in the Levant. Her mothers ancestry stems from one of the original families of the
Phoenician civilization. Elza S. Maalouf graduated from
the Lebanese University Faculty of Law and Political Science and became a member of the Beirut Bar Association
in 1986. She lives in La Jolla, California with her husband
Said E. Dawlabani, a cultural economist.
[1] Notes from the Field: Treating Terrorism through DeRadicalization, Integral Financial Woes, and a Field of
Notes from France, Integral Leadership Review (Oct 2627, 2011, Forum for Counter Radicalization), by Brian
Van der Horst
[2] Democratizing Sexuality through the Arab Spring: An
Experts View on the Emerging Mythology Unfolding for
Women in the Middle East, May 14, 2012, interview by
Vanessa Fisher
[3] Arab-Style Democracy: The Answer to the Post Dictatorship Era, Hungton Post, March 8, 2011
79.7. REFERENCES
[4] Culture: The Missing Piece From the Presidents Speech,

Hungton Post, May 23, 2011
[5] Emerging Patterns in the Middle East: The Thirty Year
Itch for Lebanon and Iran, Integral Leadership Review,
Volume IX, No. 5, October 2009
[6] The Simplicity of Complexity: New Eyes, New Lenses,
New Palestine, World Future Society, by Laura Frey
Horn, Ed.D.
[7] A New Perspective for Palestine: Elza Maalouf and Don
Beck are bringing the wizardry of Spiral Dynamics to the
West Bank and Gaza Strip, EnlightenNext Magazine, by
Igal Moria and Elizabeth Debold
303
[27] University of California, Irvine, website

[28] Forum for the International Evolution of Consciousness,
2012 conference
[29] Build Palestine Initiative, web site
[30] 6th Convention: Fateh and the building of a nation, Common Ground News Service, 20 August 2009
[31] Elza S. Maalouf Speech about Emergence in the Arab
World
[32] Center for Human Emergence Middle-East, website
[33] Center For Human Emergence, home website
[8] European Union SHAMS project, web page
[34] CHE-Copenhagen, website
[9] The Crucible: Forging South Africas Future, by Dr. Don

Beck and Graham Linscott, New Paradigm Press (1991)
[35] CHE-Netherlands (Dutch website)
[10] Peace Through Commerce Board of Advisors, webpage

with bios
[36] CHE-Germany (German website)

[37] CHE-United States, website
[11] Peace Through Commerce, website
[38] Arlington Institute founder John Peterson, website
[12] Evolutionary Leaders in Service to Conscious Evolution,

website
[39] Global Feminine.org, website
[13] Bridging Great Divides, World Future Society, July 8,

2011
[14]
What if Leaders Understood the Nature of Change,

American Society for Training and Development
(ASTD), workshop September 19, 2013
[15] Spiral Dynamics Applied to Nation Building in the Middle East - Peace Making through Development, Houston
Peace and Justice Center, workshop September 22, 2013
[16] 15th Anniversary- Best of the Edge: An Inside View of
Rapid Change in the Middle East, keynote presentation,
May 25, 2011
[40] Integral Insights Consulting (IIC) Group, website

[41]
Resilience: Transforming Middle Eastern Corporate

Practices, April 5, 2013, Hungton Post
[42] Integral Leadership Review, website

[43] Women Leading Change: A New Perspective on Ourselves and Our World, 2010, interview by Katharine
Woodward Thomas (1.75 hrs)
[44] Elza S. Maalouf: Spiral Dynamcis and the Middle East,
June 16, 2013 interview by Russ Volckmann
[45] Notes from the Heart of Texas, by Barbara N. Brown
[17] The Values Caucus at The United Nations, website
[46] Building a Village Community, by Ian McDonald
[18] United Nations Values Caucus presentation, web page
[47] France The Integral Year in Review, by Brian Van der

Horst
[19] Integral Leadership Review: Beck and Maalouf at the

United Nations (June 21, 2007), plus ILR interview by
Russ Volckmann
[20] Integral Options Cafe: Dr. Don Beck and Elza Maalouf,
June 21, 2007, at the United Nations
[21] presentations to the UN diplomatic and NGO community
at the Permanent Mission of Nigeria, report and videos
[22] SDi Initiatives: Mexico and the Middle East, Adizes
Graduate School News, May, 2007
[23] Adizes Graduate School News, Spring 2013
[24] Adizes Graduate School.org, website
[25] University of Virginia, website
[26] The Algorithm of Peace: A Natural Design Approach
to the Israel/Palestine Conict and to Major Conicts in
the World, Keynote presentation at UC Irvine by Elza
Maalouf, June 25th, 2008, The Inside Edge
[48] Retrospective: Summit on the Future of Great Britain

2009, by Keith E. Rice
[49]
The Michael Ostrolenk Show (June 12, 2013): Elza

Maalouf on Memetic Patterns in the Middle East (audio
mp3, 43:46)
[50] mepeace.org (January 26, 2013): Elza S. Maalouf describes the template of change in the middle east, posted
by Neri Bar-On (audio)
[51] Radio EnlightenNext with Tom Steininger (September
22, 2012): A turning point in the middle east? (audio,
German website)
[52] Women on the Edge of Evolution (March 9, 2011): Supporting Our Arab Sisters: Standing For the Equality of
Women in the Middle East (1.5 hr audio)
[53] Inside Edge Foundation 25th Anniversary keynote (May
11, 2011): Rapid Change in the Middle East (1 hr video)
304
[54]
CHAPTER 79. ELZA MAALOUF
Empowerment Inspiring Women Summit ((May 1,

2010)), Host: Elayne Doughty, Featuring: Jessica
Roemischer, Elza Maalouf, Ariane de Bonvoisin (audio
plus transcript)
[55] Women on the Edge of Evolution (Dec 22, 2009): Clair

Zammit interviews Elza Maalouf (audio plus written summary)
[56] Integral Leadership Review, Volume VII, No. 2, March
2007: Palestine Speaks in Colors
[57]
A Better World with Mitchell Raven (November 26,

2007): Mid East Peace Dialogue from a Holistic View
(radio)
[58] Inside Edge (Feb 15, 2006): Emergence of Arab Identity

(video)
79.8 External links

Center for Human Emergence Middle East, website
Build Palestine Initiative, web page
Global Feminine, website
Integral Insights Consulting (IIC) Group, website
Chapter 80
Tom Mandel (futurist)

Tom Mandel (1946 April 6, 1995) was an American futurist. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. He
dropped out of college twice and served in the United
States Marine Corps in the Vietnam War for nine months
in 1969.[1] In 1972, he was the rst graduate of the Futures program at the University of Hawaii.[2] He then
did some graduate work in cybernetics at San Jose State
University and was hired as a futurist by SRI International
(formerly the Stanford Research Institute) in Menlo Park,
California, in 1975.[1]
thats part net, part encounter group. Los Angeles Times

(Los Angeles). Retrieved 2012-02-28.
[5] Rheingold, Howard (2000-11-01). The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier (revised edition ed.). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. p. 326. ISBN
0-262-68121-8.
[6] Hafner, Katie (May 1997). The Epic Saga of The Well.
Wired. Retrieved February 28, 2012.
[7] Hafner, Katie (2001). The Well: A Story of Love, Death
& Real Life in the Seminal Online Community. Carroll &
Graf Publishers. ISBN 0-7867-0846-8.
Mandels consulting practice focused on social trend analysis and forecasting for a wide range of consumer products and technology companies, and he published several scenarios reports in collaboration with the Values and
Lifestyles (VALS) program at SRI and as a senior consultant in SRIs Business Intelligence Center.
In addition to his work at SRI, Mandel was an editor of
Time Online[3] and one of the most prolic citizens of
the on-line community known as the Well,[4] where he
was considered a central gure.[5] His experiences in
that community became the basis of a magazine article[6]
and a book[7] by Katie Hafner.
[8] Kuntz, Tom (1995-04-23). Tom Mandel and friends: A

death on-line shows a cyberspace with heart and soul.
New York Times. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
80.2 External links
Mandel was one of the rst (if not the rst) to share
on-line, with a wide audience, his own experience of
dying.[8] On March 25, 1995, he posted on The Well that
he was dying of lung cancer. He died eleven days later on
April 6, 1995 at Stanford University Hospital, listening
to Beethoven's Ninth Symphony with his wife Nana. He
was 49 years old.
80.1 References
[1] Flynn, Laurie (February 20, 1994). Seeing the future
from computing to publishing, Tom Mandel has his eye on
the wave after next. San Jose Mercury News (San Jose).
p. 1F.
[2] Dator, Jim (May 19, 1997). Letter to Kevin Kelly. University of Hawaii at Manoa. Retrieved February 28, 2012.
[3] Elmer-DeWitt, Philip (April 9, 1995). To Our Readers.
Time Magazine.
[4] Akst, Daniel (1995-04-05). A WELLness community
305
Obituary by William H. Calvin

Gerard van der Leun - Memorial
Mandel & van der Leun Rules of the Net
Chapter 81
Marshall McLuhan
Herbert Marshall McLuhan, CC (July 21, 1911
December 31, 1980) was a Canadian philosopher of
communication theory and a public intellectual. His work
is viewed as one of the cornerstones of the study of media
theory, as well as having practical applications in the advertising and television industries.[2][3]
McLuhan is known for coining the expressions the
medium is the message and the global village, and for predicting the World Wide Web almost thirty years before it
was invented.[4] Although he was a xture in media discourse in the late 1960s, his inuence began to wane in
the early 1970s.[5] In the years after his death, he continued to be a controversial gure in academic circles.[6]
With the arrival of the internet, however, interest in his
work and perspective has renewed.[7][8][9]

Herbert Marshall McLuhan was born in Edmonton,
Alberta, to Elsie Naomi (ne Hall) and Herbert Ernest
McLuhan. His brother, Maurice, was born two years
later. Marshall was a family name: his maternal grandmothers surname. Both of his parents were born in
Canada. His mother was a Baptist schoolteacher who
later became an actress. His father was a Methodist and
had a real estate business in Edmonton. When World War
I broke out, the business failed, and McLuhans father
enlisted in the Canadian army. After a year of service
he contracted inuenza and remained in Canada, away
from the front. After Herberts discharge from the army
in 1915, the McLuhan family moved to Winnipeg, Manitoba, where Marshall grew up and went to school, attending Kelvin Technical School before enrolling in the
University of Manitoba in 1928.[10]
At Manitoba, McLuhan explored his conicted relationship with religion and turned to literature to gratify his
souls hunger for truth and beauty,[11][12] later referring
to this stage as agnosticism.[13] After studying for one
year as an engineering student, McLuhan changed majors and earned a BA (1933)winning a University Gold
Medal in Arts and Sciences[14][15] and later, in 1934,
an MA (1934) in English from the University of Manitoba. He had long desired to pursue graduate studies
in England and, having failed to secure a Rhodes scholarship to Oxford, he was accepted to the University of
Cambridge.
Although he had already earned a BA and an MA degree at Manitoba, Cambridge required him to enroll as an
undergraduate aliated student, with one years credit
towards a three-year Bachelors degree, before entering
any doctoral studies.[16] He entered Trinity Hall, Cambridge in the autumn of 1934, where he studied under
I. A. Richards and F. R. Leavis, and was inuenced by
New Criticism.[17] Upon reection years afterward, he
credited the faculty there with inuencing the direction of
his later work because of their emphasis on the training
of perception and such concepts as Richardss notion of
feedforward.[18] These studies formed an important precursor to his later ideas on technological forms.[19] He
received the required bachelors degree from Cambridge
in 1936 [20] and entered their graduate program. Later,
he returned from England to take a job as a teaching assistant at the University of WisconsinMadison that he
held for the 193637 academic year, being unable to nd
a suitable job in Canada.[21]
While studying the trivium at Cambridge he took the rst
steps toward his eventual conversion to Roman Catholicism in 1937,[22] founded on his reading of G. K. Chesterton.[23] In 1935 he wrote to his mother: "[H]ad I not encountered Chesterton, I would have remained agnostic for
many years at least.[24] At the end of March 1937,[25]
McLuhan completed what was a slow, but total conversion process, when he was formally received into the Roman Catholic Church. After consulting a minister, his father accepted the decision to convert. His mother, however, felt that his conversion would hurt his career and
was inconsolable.[26] McLuhan was devout throughout his
life, but his religion remained a private matter.[27] He had
a lifelong interest in the number three [28] the trivium,
the Trinityand sometimes said that the Virgin Mary
provided intellectual guidance for him.[29] For the rest
of his career he taught in Roman Catholic institutions of
higher education. From 1937 to 1944 he taught English at
Saint Louis University (with an interruption from 1939 to
1940, when he returned to Cambridge). At Saint Louis he
tutored and befriended Walter J. Ong, S.J. (19122003),
who would go on to write his Ph.D. dissertation on a topic
306
81.2. MAJOR WORKS
307
McLuhan had called to his attention, and who also would the University of Dallas hosted him from April to May,
later become a well-known authority on communication appointing him to the McDermott Chair.
and technology.
Marshall and Corinne McLuhan had six children: Eric,
While in St. Louis, he also met his future wife. On twins Mary and Teresa, Stephanie, Elizabeth and
August 4, 1939, McLuhan married teacher and aspiring Michael. The associated costs of a large family eventually
actress Corinne Lewis (19122008)[30] of Fort Worth, drove McLuhan to advertising work and accepting freTexas, and they spent 193940 in Cambridge, where quent consulting and speaking engagements for large corhe completed his masters degree (awarded in January porations, IBM and AT&T among them.[19] In Septem1940[20] ) and began to work on his doctoral dissertation ber 1979 he suered a stroke, which aected his ability
on Thomas Nashe and the verbal arts. War had broken to speak. The University of Torontos School of Graduout in Europe while the McLuhans were in England, and ate Studies tried to close his research centre shortly therehe obtained permission to complete and submit his disser- after, but was deterred by substantial protests, most notation from the United States, without having to return to tably by Woody Allen. Allens Oscar-winning motion
Cambridge for an oral defence. In 1940 the McLuhans picture Annie Hall (1977) had McLuhan in a cameo as
returned to Saint Louis University, where he continued himself: a pompous academic arguing with Allen in a
teaching and they started a family. He was awarded a cinema queue is silenced by McLuhan suddenly appearPh.D. in December 1943.[31] Returning to Canada, from ing and saying, You know nothing of my work. This
1944 to 1946 McLuhan taught at Assumption College in was one of McLuhans most frequent statements to and
Windsor, Ontario. Moving to Toronto in 1946, McLuhan about those who would disagree with him.[36]
joined the faculty of St. Michaels College, a Catholic He never fully recovered from the stroke, and died in his
college of the University of Toronto. Hugh Kenner was sleep on December 31, 1980.[37]
one of his students and Canadian economist and communications scholar Harold Innis was a university colleague who had a strong inuence on McLuhans work.
McLuhan wrote in 1964: I am pleased to think of my 81.2 Major works
own book The Gutenberg Galaxy as a footnote to the observations of Innis on the subject of the psychic and social During his years at Saint Louis University (19371944),
consequences, rst of writing then of printing.[32]
McLuhan worked concurrently on two projects: his docIn the early 1950s, McLuhan began the Communication
and Culture seminars, funded by the Ford Foundation,
at the University of Toronto. As his reputation grew, he
received a growing number of oers from other universities and, to keep him, the university created the Centre
for Culture and Technology in 1963.[19] He published his
rst major work during this period: The Mechanical Bride
(1951) was an examination of the eect of advertising on
society and culture. He also produced an important journal, Explorations, with Edmund Carpenter, throughout
the 1950s.[33] Together with Harold Innis, Eric A. Havelock, and Northrop Frye, McLuhan and Carpenter have
been characterized as the Toronto School of communication theory. During this time McLuhan supervised the
doctoral thesis of modernist writer Sheila Watson, on the
subject of Wyndham Lewis. McLuhan remained at the
University of Toronto through 1979, spending much of
this time as head of his Centre for Culture and Technology.
toral dissertation and the manuscript that was eventually

published in 1951 as the book The Mechanical Bride:
Folklore of Industrial Man, which included only a representative selection of the materials that McLuhan had
prepared for it.
McLuhans 1942 Cambridge University doctoral dissertation surveys the history of the verbal arts (grammar,
logic, and rhetoriccollectively known as the trivium)
from the time of Cicero down to the time of Thomas
Nashe.[38] In his later publications, McLuhan at times
uses the Latin concept of the trivium to outline an orderly
and systematic picture of certain periods in the history
of Western culture. McLuhan suggests that the Middle
Ages, for instance, was characterized by the heavy emphasis on the formal study of logic. The key development that led to the Renaissance was not the rediscovery
of ancient texts but a shift in emphasis from the formal
study of logic to rhetoric and language. Modern life is
characterized by the reemergence of grammar as its most
McLuhan was named to the Albert Schweitzer Chair in salient featurea trend McLuhan felt was exemplied by
[39]
Humanities at Fordham University in the Bronx, New the New Criticism of Richards and Leavis.
[34]
York, for one year (196768).
While at Fordham, In The Mechanical Bride, McLuhan turned his attention
McLuhan was diagnosed with a benign brain tumor; it to analysing and commenting on numerous examples of
was treated successfully. He returned to Toronto, where, persuasion in contemporary popular culture. This folfor the rest of his life, he taught at the University of lowed naturally from his earlier work as both dialectic and
Toronto and lived in Wychwood Park, a bucolic en- rhetoric in the classical trivium aimed at persuasion. At
clave on a hill overlooking the downtown where Anatol this point his focus shifted dramatically, turning inward to
Rapoport was his neighbour. In 1970, McLuhan was study the inuence of communication media independent
made a Companion of the Order of Canada.[35] In 1975 of their content. His famous aphorism "the medium is the
308
CHAPTER 81. MARSHALL MCLUHAN
message" (elaborated in his 1964 book, Understanding organization, which in turn has profound ramications for
Media: The Extensions of Man) calls attention to this in- social organization:
trinsic eect of communications media.[40]
...[I]f a new technology extends one or
McLuhan also started the journal Explorations with anmore
of our senses outside us into the social
thropologist Edmund Ted Carpenter. In a letter to
world,
then new ratios among all of our senses
Walter Ong dated May 31, 1953, McLuhan reported that
will
occur
in that particular culture. It is comhe had received a two-year grant of $43,000 from the
parable
to
what happens when a new note is
Ford Foundation to carry out a communication project at
added
to
a
melody.
And when the sense ratios
the University of Toronto involving faculty from dierent
alter
in
any
culture
then
what had appeared ludisciplines, which led to the creation of the journal.
cid before may suddenly become opaque, and
Tom Wolfe suggests that a hidden inuence on
what had been vague or opaque will become
McLuhans work is the Catholic philosopher Teilhard
translucent.[42]
de Chardin whose ideas anticipated those of McLuhan,
especially the evolution of the human mind into the
"noosphere". Wolfe theorizes that McLuhan may have Movable type
thought that association of his ideas with those of a
Catholic theologian, albeit one suppressed by Rome, His episodic history takes the reader from pre-alphabetic
might have denied him the intellectual audience he tribal humankind to the electronic age. According to
wanted to reach and so omitted all reference of de McLuhan, the invention of movable type greatly accelChardin from his published work, while privately erated, intensied, and ultimately enabled cultural and
cognitive changes that had already been taking place
acknowledging his inuence.[41]
since the invention and implementation of the alphabet, by which McLuhan means phonemic orthogra81.2.1 The Mechanical Bride (1951)
phy. (McLuhan is careful to distinguish the phonetic
alphabet from logographic/logogramic writing systems,
McLuhans rst book, The Mechanical Bride: Folklore of like hieroglyphics or ideograms.)
Industrial Man (1951), is a pioneering study in the eld
Print culture, ushered in by the Gutenberg press in the
now known as popular culture. His interest in the critimiddle of the fteenth century, brought about the cultural
cal study of popular culture was inuenced by the 1933
predominance of the visual over the aural/oral. Quoting
book Culture and Environment by F. R. Leavis and Denys
with approval an observation on the nature of the printed
Thompson, and the title The Mechanical Bride is derived
word from Prints and Visual Communication by William
from a piece by the Dadaist artist, Marcel Duchamp.
Ivins, McLuhan remarks:
Like his 1962 book The Gutenberg Galaxy, The Mechanical Bride is unique and composed of a number of short
In this passage [Ivins] not only notes the inessays that can be read in any orderwhat he styled the
graining of lineal, sequential habits, but, even
mosaic approach to writing a book. Each essay begins
more important, points out the visual homogwith a newspaper or magazine article or an advertisement,
enizing of experience of print culture, and the
followed by McLuhans analysis thereof. The analyses
relegation of auditory and other sensuous combear on aesthetic considerations as well as on the impliplexity to the background. [...] The technology
cations behind the imagery and text. McLuhan chose the
and social eects of typography incline us to
ads and articles included in his book not only to draw atabstain from noting interplay and, as it were,
tention to their symbolism and their implications for the
formal causality, both in our inner and excorporate entities that created and disseminated them, but
ternal lives. Print exists by virtue of the static
also to mull over what such advertising implies about the
separation of functions and fosters a mentality
wider society at which it is aimed.
that gradually resists any but a separative and
compartmentalizing or specialist outlook.[43]
81.2.2 The Gutenberg Galaxy (1962)

McLuhans The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man (written in 1961, rst published in Canada
by University of Toronto Press in 1962) is a pioneering
study in the elds of oral culture, print culture, cultural
studies, and media ecology.
Throughout the book, McLuhan takes pains to reveal
how communication technology (alphabetic writing, the
printing press, and the electronic media) aects cognitive
The main concept of McLuhans argument (later elaborated upon in The Medium is the Massage) is that
new technologies (like alphabets, printing presses, and
even speech itself) exert a gravitational eect on cognition, which in turn aects social organization: print
technology changes our perceptual habits (visual homogenizing of experience), which in turn aects social interactions (fosters a mentality that gradually resists all but a... specialist outlook). According to
McLuhan, the advent of print technology contributed
81.2. MAJOR WORKS

to and made possible most of the salient trends in the
Modern period in the Western world: individualism,
democracy, Protestantism, capitalism and nationalism.
For McLuhan, these trends all reverberate with print technologys principle of segmentation of actions and functions and principle of visual quantication.[44]
The Global Village
In the early 1960s, McLuhan wrote that the visual, individualistic print culture would soon be brought to an end
by what he called electronic interdependence": when
electronic media replace visual culture with aural/oral
culture. In this new age, humankind will move from individualism and fragmentation to a collective identity, with
a tribal base. McLuhans coinage for this new social organization is the global village.[45]
309
is the technology of individualism. If men decided to modify this visual technology by an
electric technology, individualism would also
be modied. To raise a moral complaint about
this is like cussing a buzz-saw for lopping o
ngers. But, someone says, we didn't know
it would happen. Yet even witlessness is not a
moral issue. It is a problem, but not a moral
problem; and it would be nice to clear away
some of the moral fogs that surround our technologies. It would be good for morality.[47]
The moral valence of technologys eects on cognition

is, for McLuhan, a matter of perspective. For instance,
McLuhan contrasts the considerable alarm and revulsion
that the growing quantity of books aroused in the latter
seventeenth century with the modern concern for the end
of the book. If there can be no universal moral sentence
The term is sometimes described as having negative con- passed on technology, McLuhan believes that there can
notations in The Gutenberg Galaxy, but McLuhan him- only be disaster arising from unawareness of the causaliself was interested in exploring eects, not making value ties and eects inherent in our technologies.[48]
judgments:
Though the World Wide Web was invented almost thirty
Instead of tending towards a vast
Alexandrian library the world has become
a computer, an electronic brain, exactly as
an infantile piece of science ction. And as
our senses have gone outside us, Big Brother
goes inside. So, unless aware of this dynamic,
we shall at once move into a phase of panic
terrors, exactly betting a small world of
tribal drums, total interdependence, and
superimposed co-existence. [...] Terror is
the normal state of any oral society, for in it
everything aects everything all the time. [...]
In our long striving to recover for the Western
world a unity of sensibility and of thought and
feeling we have no more been prepared to
accept the tribal consequences of such unity
than we were ready for the fragmentation of
the human psyche by print culture.[46]
years after The Gutenberg Galaxy, and ten years after his
death, McLuhan prophesied the web technology seen today as early as 1962:
The next medium, whatever it isit may
be the extension of consciousnesswill include television as its content, not as its environment, and will transform television into an
art form. A computer as a research and communication instrument could enhance retrieval,
obsolesce mass library organization, retrieve
the individuals encyclopedic function and ip
into a private line to speedily tailored data of a
saleable kind. (1962)[49]
Furthermore, McLuhan coined and certainly popularized

the usage of the term "surng" to refer to rapid, irregular and multidirectional movement through a heterogeneous body of documents or knowledge, e.g., statements
like "Heidegger surf-boards along on the electronic wave
Key to McLuhans argument is the idea that technology as triumphantly as Descartes rode the mechanical wave.
has no per se moral bentit is a tool that profoundly Paul Levinson's 1999 book Digital McLuhan explores
shapes an individuals and, by extension, a societys self- the ways that McLuhans work can be better understood
conception and realization:
through the lens of the digital revolution.[4]
Is it not obvious that there are always
enough moral problems without also taking a
moral stand on technological grounds? [...]
Print is the extreme phase of alphabet culture that detribalizes or decollectivizes man in
the rst instance. Print raises the visual features of alphabet to highest intensity of definition. Thus print carries the individuating
power of the phonetic alphabet much further
than manuscript culture could ever do. Print
McLuhan frequently quoted Walter Ong's Ramus,

Method, and the Decay of Dialogue (1958), which evidently had prompted McLuhan to write The Gutenberg
Galaxy. Ong wrote a highly favorable review of this new
book in America.[50] However, Ong later tempered his
praise, by describing McLuhans The Gutenberg Galaxy
as a racy survey, indierent to some scholarly detail,
but uniquely valuable in suggesting the sweep and depth
of the cultural and psychological changes entailed in the
passage from illiteracy to print and beyond.[51] McLuhan
himself said of the book, I'm not concerned to get any
310
kudos out of [The Gutenberg Galaxy]. It seems to me a

book that somebody should have written a century ago.
I wish somebody else had written it. It will be a useful
prelude to the rewrite of Understanding Media [the 1960
NAEB report] that I'm doing now.
claimed requires more eort on the part of the viewer to

determine meaning, and comics, which due to their minimal presentation of visual detail require a high degree
of eort to ll in details that the cartoonist may have intended to portray. A movie is thus said by McLuhan to
McLuhans The Gutenberg Galaxy won Canadas high- be hot, intensifying one single sense high denition,
est literary award, the Governor-Generals Award for demanding a viewers attention, and a comic book to be
conNon-Fiction, in 1962. The chairman of the selection cool and low denition, requiring much more
scious participation by the reader to extract value.[56]
committee was McLuhans colleague at the University
of Toronto and oftentime intellectual sparring partner, Any hot medium allows of less participation than a cool
Northrop Frye.[52]
one, as a lecture makes for less participation than a seminar, and a book for less than a dialogue.[57]
81.2.3 Understanding Media (1964)
Hot media usually, but not always, provide complete involvement without considerable stimulus. For example,
print occupies visual space, uses visual senses, but can
immerse its reader. Hot media favour analytical precision, quantitative analysis and sequential ordering, as they
are usually sequential, linear and logical. They emphasize
one sense (for example, of sight or sound) over the others. For this reason, hot media also include radio, as well
as lm, the lecture and photography.
McLuhans most widely known work, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (1964), is a pioneering
study in media theory. Dismayed by the way people approached and used new media such as television,
McLuhan famously argued that in the modern world we
live mythically and integrally ... but continue to think in
the old, fragmented space and time patterns of the preCool media, on the other hand, are usually, but not alelectric age.[53]
ways, those that provide little involvement with substanMcLuhan proposed that media themselves, not the contial stimulus. They require more active participation on
tent they carry, should be the focus of studypopularly
the part of the user, including the perception of abstract
quoted as the medium is the message. McLuhans inpatterning and simultaneous comprehension of all parts.
sight was that a medium aects the society in which it
Therefore, according to McLuhan cool media include
plays a role not by the content delivered over the medium,
television, as well as the seminar and cartoons. McLuhan
but by the characteristics of the medium itself. McLuhan
describes the term cool media as emerging from jazz
pointed to the light bulb as a clear demonstration of this
and popular music and, in this context, is used to mean
concept. A light bulb does not have content in the way
detached.[58]
that a newspaper has articles or a television has programs,
yet it is a medium that has a social eect; that is, a light This concept appears to force media into binary catebulb enables people to create spaces during nighttime that gories. However, McLuhans hot and cool exist on a conwould otherwise be enveloped by darkness. He describes tinuum: they are more correctly measured on a scale than
the light bulb as a medium without any content. McLuhan as dichotomous terms.[19]
states that a light bulb creates an environment by its
mere presence.[54] More controversially, he postulated
that content had little eect on societyin other words, Critiques of Understanding Media
it did not matter if television broadcasts childrens shows
or violent programming, to illustrate one examplethe Some theorists have attacked McLuhans denition and
eect of television on society would be identical.[55] He treatment of the word medium for being too simplisnoted that all media have characteristics that engage the tic. Umberto Eco, for instance, contends that McLuhans
viewer in dierent ways; for instance, a passage in a book medium conates channels, codes, and messages under
could be reread at will, but a movie had to be screened the overarching term of the medium, confusing the vehicle, internal code, and content of a given message in his
again in its entirety to study any individual part of it.
framework.[59]
In Media Manifestos, Rgis Debray also takes issue with
McLuhans envisioning of the medium. Like Eco, he too
is ill at ease with this reductionist approach, summarizing
In the rst part of Understanding Media, McLuhan also
its ramications as follows:
stated that dierent media invite dierent degrees of participation on the part of a person who chooses to conThe list of objections could be and has been
sume a medium. Some media, like the movies, were
lengthened indenitely: confusing technology
hotthat is, they enhance one single sense, in this case
vision, in such a manner that a person does not need to
itself with its use of the media makes of the
exert much eort in lling in the details of a movie immedia an abstract, undierentiated force and
age. McLuhan contrasted this with cool TV, which he
produces its image in an imaginary public for
Hot and cool media
81.2. MAJOR WORKS

mass consumption; the magical naivete of supposed causalities turns the media into a catchall and contagious mana"; apocalyptic millenarianism invents the gure of a homo massmediaticus without ties to historical and social
context, and so on.[59]
Furthermore, when Wired interviewed him in 1995, Debray stated that he views McLuhan more as a poet than
a historian, a master of intellectual collage rather than a
systematic analyst ... McLuhan overemphasizes the technology behind cultural change at the expense of the usage
that the messages and codes make of that technology.[60]
311
McLuhan adopted the term massage to denote the effect each medium has on the human sensorium, taking
inventory of the eects of numerous media in terms of
how they massage the sensorium.[67]
Fiore, at the time a prominent graphic designer and
communications consultant, set about composing the visual illustration of these eects which were compiled by
Jerome Agel. Near the beginning of the book, Fiore
adopted a pattern in which an image demonstrating a media eect was presented with a textual synopsis on the
facing page. The reader experiences a repeated shifting of analytic registersfrom reading typographic
print to scanning photographic facsimilesreinforcing
McLuhans overarching argument in this book: namely,
that each medium produces a dierent massage or effect on the human sensorium.
Dwight Macdonald, in turn, reproached McLuhan for his

focus on television and for his aphoristic style of prose,
which he believes left Understanding Media lled with
contradictions, non-sequiturs, facts that are distorted In The Medium is the Massage, McLuhan also rehashed
and facts that are not facts, exaggerations, and chronic the argumentwhich rst appeared in the Prologue to
rhetorical vagueness. [61]
1962s The Gutenberg Galaxythat all media are extenAdditionally, Brian Winstons Misunderstanding Media, sions of our human senses, bodies and minds.
published in 1986, chides McLuhan for what he sees Finally, McLuhan described key points of change in how
as his technologically deterministic stances.[61] Raymond man has viewed the world and how these views were
Williams and James W. Carey further this point of con- changed by the adoption of new media. The technique of
tention, claiming:
invention was the discovery of the nineteenth [century]",
The work of McLuhan was a particular culmination of an aesthetic theory which became,
negatively, a social theory [...] It is an apparently sophisticated technological determinism
which has the signicant eect of indicating
a social and cultural determinism [...] If the
medium - whether print or television is the
cause, of all other causes, all that men ordinarily see as history is at once reduced to eects.
(Williams 1990, 126/7)[61]
David Carr states that there has been a long line of academics who have made a career out of deconstructing
McLuhans eort to dene the modern media ecosystem, whether it be due to what they see as McLuhans
ignorance toward sociohistorical context or the style of
his argument.[62]
While some critics have taken issue with McLuhans writing style and mode of argument, McLuhan himself urged
readers to think of his work as probes or mosaics
oering a toolkit approach to thinking about the media. His eclectic writing style has also been praised for
its postmodern sensibilities[63] and suitability for virtual
space.[64]
brought on by the adoption of xed points of view and

perspective by typography, while "[t]he technique of the
suspended judgment is the discovery of the twentieth century, brought on by the bard abilities of radio, movies
and television.[68]
An audio recording version of McLuhans famous work
was made by Columbia Records. The recording consists
of a pastiche of statements made by McLuhan interrupted
by other speakers, including people speaking in various
phonations and falsettos, discordant sounds and 1960s
incidental music in what could be considered a deliberate attempt to translate the disconnected images seen on
TV into an audio format, resulting in the prevention of
a connected stream of conscious thought. Various audio
recording techniques and statements are used to illustrate
the relationship between spoken, literary speech and the
characteristics of electronic audio media. McLuhan biographer Philip Marchand called the recording the 1967
equivalent of a McLuhan video.[69]
I wouldn't be seen dead with a living work of
art.'Old man' speaking
Drop this jiggery-pokery and talk straight
turkey.'Middle aged man' speaking
81.2.4 The Medium is the Massage: An In- 81.2.5 War and Peace in the Global Village
(1968)
ventory of Eects (1967)
The Medium Is the Massage, published in 1967, was McLuhan used James Joyce's Finnegans Wake, an inspiMcLuhans best seller,[8] eventually selling nearly a mil- ration for this study of war throughout history, as an inlion copies worldwide.[65] Initiated by Quentin Fiore,[66] dicator as to how war may be conducted in the future.
312
Joyces Wake is claimed to be a gigantic cryptogram
which reveals a cyclic pattern for the whole history of
man through its Ten Thunders. Each thunder below
is a 100-character portmanteau of other words to create
a statement he likens to an eect that each technology
has on the society into which it is introduced. In order to
glean the most understanding out of each, the reader must
break the portmanteau into separate words (and many of
these are themselves portmanteaus of words taken from
multiple languages other than English) and speak them
aloud for the spoken eect of each word. There is much
dispute over what each portmanteau truly denotes.

An example of this given by McLuhan is Eugne
Ionesco's play The Bald Soprano, whose dialogue consists entirely of phrases Ionesco pulled from an Assimil
language book. Ionesco originally put all these idiomatic
English clichs into literary French which presented the
English in the most absurd aspect possible.[72]
McLuhans archetype is a quoted extension, medium,
technology or environment. Environment would also
include the kinds of awareness and cognitive shifts
brought upon people by it, not totally unlike the psychological context Carl Jung described.
McLuhan also posits that there is a factor of interplay beMcLuhan claims that the ten thunders in Wake represent tween the clich and the archetype, or a doubleness":
dierent stages in the history of man:[70]
Thunder 1: Paleolithic to Neolithic. Speech. Split of
East/West. From herding to harnessing animals.
Thunder 2: Clothing as weaponry. Enclosure of private parts. First social aggression.
Thunder 3: Specialism. Centralism via wheel, transport, cities: civil life.
Thunder 4: Markets and truck gardens. Patterns of
nature submitted to greed and power.
Thunder 5: Printing. Distortion and translation of
human patterns and postures and pastors.
Thunder 6: Industrial Revolution. Extreme development of print process and individualism.
Another theme of the Wake [Finnegans

Wake] that helps in the understanding of the
paradoxical shift from clich to archetype is
'past time are pastimes.' The dominant technologies of one age become the games and pastimes of a later age. In the 20th century, the
number of 'past times that are simultaneously
available is so vast as to create cultural anarchy. When all the cultures of the world are simultaneously present, the work of the artist in
the elucidation of form takes on new scope and
new urgency. Most men are pushed into the
artists role. The artist cannot dispense with the
principle of 'doubleness or 'interplay' because
this type of hendiadys dialogue is essential to
the very structure of consciousness, awareness,
and autonomy.[73]
Thunder 7: Tribal man again. All choractors end up

McLuhan relates the clich-to-archetype process to the
separate, private man. Return of choric.
Theater of the Absurd:
Thunder 8: Movies. Pop art, pop Kulch via tribal
radio. Wedding of sight and sound.
Pascal, in the seventeenth century, tells us
that the heart has many reasons of which the
Thunder 9: Car and Plane. Both centralizing and
head knows nothing. The Theater of the Abdecentralizing at once create cities in crisis. Speed
surd is essentially a communicating to the head
and death.
of some of the silent languages of the heart
which in two or three hundred years it has tried
Thunder 10: Television. Back to tribal involvement
to forget all about. In the seventeenth century
in tribal mood-mud. The last thunder is a turbulent,
world the languages of the heart were pushed
muddy wake, and murk of non-visual, tactile man.
down into the unconscious by the dominant
print clich.[74]
81.2.6 From Clich to Archetype (1970)

In his 1970 book, From Clich to Archetype, McLuhan,
collaborating with Canadian poet Wilfred Watson,[71] approached the various implications of the verbal clich and
of the archetype. One major facet in McLuhans overall
framework introduced in this book that is seldom noticed
is the provision of a new term that actually succeeds the
global village; the global theater.
The languages of the heart, or what McLuhan would

otherwise dene as oral culture, were thus made
archetype by means of the printing press, and turned into
clich.
The satellite medium, McLuhan states, encloses the

Earth in a man-made environment, which ends 'Nature' and turns the globe into a repertory theater to
be programmed.[75] All previous environments (book,
In McLuhans terms, a clich is a normal action, phrase, newspaper, radio, etc.) and their artifacts are reetc. which becomes so often used that we are anes- trieved under these conditions (past times are pastimes). McLuhan thereby meshes this into the term
thetized to its eects.
81.3. KEY CONCEPTS

global theater. It serves as an update to his older concept
of the global village, which, in its own denitions, can be
said to be subsumed into the overall condition described
by that of the global theater.
81.2.7 The Global Village: Transformations

in World Life and Media in the 21st
Century (1989)
In his 1989 posthumous book, The Global Village,
McLuhan, collaborating with Bruce R. Powers, provided
a strong conceptual framework for understanding the cultural implications of the technological advances associated with the rise of a worldwide electronic network.
This is a major work of McLuhans because it contains
the most extensive elaboration of his concept of Acoustic
Space, and it provides a critique of standard 20th century
communication models like the ShannonWeaver model.
McLuhan distinguishes between the existing worldview
of Visual Space - a linear, quantitative, classically geometric model - and that of Acoustic Space - a holistic, qualitative order with a complex intricate paradoxical topology. Acoustic Space has the basic character of
a sphere whose focus or center is simultaneously everywhere and whose margin is nowhere.[76] The transition
from Visual to Acoustic Space was not automatic with
the advent of the global network, but would have to be a
conscious project. The universal environment of simultaneous electronic ow[77] inherently favors right-brain
Acoustic Space, yet we are held back by habits of adhering to a xed point of view. There are no boundaries to
sound. We hear from all directions at once. Yet Acoustic and Visual Space are in fact inseparable. The resonant interval is the invisible borderline between Visual
and Acoustic Space. This is like the television camera
that the Apollo 8 astronauts focused on the Earth after
they had orbited the moon.
Reading, writing, and hierarchical ordering are associated with the left brain, as are the linear concept of time
and phonetic literacy. The left brain is the locus of analysis, classication, and rationality. The right brain is the
locus of the spatial, tactile, and musical. Comprehensive
awareness results when the two sides of the brain are in
true balance. Visual Space is associated with the simplied worldview of Euclidean geometry, the intuitive three
dimensions useful for the architecture of buildings and
the surveying of land. It is too rational and has no grasp
of the acoustic. Acoustic Space is multisensory.
McLuhan writes about robotism in the context of
Japanese Zen Buddhism and how it can oer us new
ways of thinking about technology. The Western way
of thinking about technology is too much related to the
left hemisphere of our brain, which has a rational and
linear focus. What he called robotism might better be
called androidism in the wake of Blade Runner and the
novels of Philip K. Dick. Robotism-androidism emerges
313
from the further development of the right hemisphere
of the brain, creativity and a new relationship to spacetime (most humans are still living in 17th century classical Newtonian physics spacetime). Robots-androids will
have much greater exibility than humans have had until now, in both mind and body. Robots-androids will
teach humanity this new exibility. And this exibility
of androids (what McLuhan calls robotism) has a strong
anity with Japanese culture and life. McLuhan quotes
from Ruth Benedict, The Chrysanthemum and the Sword,
an anthropological study of Japanese culture published in
1946: Occidentals cannot easily credit the ability of the
Japanese to swing from one behavior to another without
psychic cost. Such extreme possibilities are not included
in our experience. Yet in Japanese life the contradictions,
as they seem to us, are as deeply based in their view of
life as our uniformities are in ours.[78] The ability to live
in the present and instantly readjust.
Beyond existing communication models
All Western scientic models of communication are -like the Shannon-Weaver model -- linear, sequential, and
logical as a reection of the late medieval emphasis on
the Greek notion of ecient causality.[79] McLuhan and
Powers criticize the Shannon-Weaver model of communication as emblematic of left-hemisphere bias and linearity, descended from Aristotelean causality.
A third term of The Global Village that McLuhan and
Powers develop at length is The Tetrad. The tetrad is
something like threads in a complexly interwoven owing
superspace, a four-fold pattern of transformation. At full
maturity the tetrad reveals the metaphoric structure of the
artifact as having two gures and two grounds in dynamic
and analogical relationship to each other. [80] Like the
camera focused on the Earth by the Apollo 8 astronauts,
the tetrad reveals gure (Moon) and ground (Earth) simultaneously. The right-brain hemisphere thinking is the
capability of being in many places at the same time. Electricity is acoustic. It is simultaneously everywhere. The
Tetrad, with its fourfold Mbius topological structure of
enhancement, reversal, retrieval and obsolescence, is mobilized by McLuhan and Powers to illuminate the media
or technological inventions of cash money, the compass,
the computer, the database, the satellite, and the global
media network.
81.3 Key concepts

81.3.1 Tetrad
Main article: Tetrad of media eects
In Laws of Media (1988), published posthumously by his
son Eric, McLuhan summarized his ideas about media in
314
a concise tetrad of media eects. The tetrad is a means of

examining the eects on society of any technology (i.e.,
any medium) by dividing its eects into four categories
and displaying them simultaneously. McLuhan designed
the tetrad as a pedagogical tool, phrasing his laws as questions with which to consider any medium:
Retrieval (gure): What the medium recovers which

was previously lost. Radio returns the spoken word
to the forefront.
Reversal (ground): What the medium does when
pushed to its limits. Acoustic radio ips into audiovisual TV.
What does the medium enhance?

What does the medium make obsolete?
81.3.2 Figure and ground
What does the medium retrieve that had been obso- Main article: Figure and ground (media)
lesced earlier?
What does the medium ip into when pushed to ex- McLuhan adapted the Gestalt psychology idea of a gtremes?
ure and a ground, which underpins the meaning of The
medium is the message. He used this concept to exThe laws of the tetrad exist simultaneously, not succes- plain how a form of communications technology, the
sively or chronologically, and allow the questioner to ex- medium or gure, necessarily operates through its conplore the grammar and syntax of the language of me- text, or ground.
dia. McLuhan departs from his mentor Harold Innis in
McLuhan believed that in order to grasp fully the eect
suggesting that a medium overheats, or reverses into an
of a new technology, one must examine gure (medium)
opposing form, when taken to its extreme.[19]
and ground (context) together, since neither is completely
Visually, a tetrad can be depicted as four diamonds form- intelligible without the other. McLuhan argued that we
ing an X, with the name of a medium in the centre. The must study media in their historical context, particularly
two diamonds on the left of a tetrad are the Enhance- in relation to the technologies that preceded them. The
ment and Retrieval qualities of the medium, both Fig- present environment, itself made up of the eects of preure qualities. The two diamonds on the right of a tetrad vious technologies, gives rise to new technologies, which,
are the Obsolescence and Reversal qualities, both Ground in their turn, further aect society and individuals.[19]
qualities.[81]
All technologies have embedded within them their own
assumptions about time and space. The message which
the medium conveys can only be understood if the
medium and the environment in which the medium is
usedand which, simultaneously, it eectively creates
are analysed together. He believed that an examination
ENHANCES
REVERSES
of the gure-ground relationship can oer a critical commentary on culture and society.[19]
MEDIUM
RETRIEVES
81.4 Legacy
OBSOLESCES
A blank tetrad diagram
Using the example of radio:

Enhancement (gure): What the medium amplies A portion of Torontos St. Joseph Street is co-named Marshall
or intensies. Radio amplies news and music via McLuhan Way
sound.
After the publication of Understanding Media, McLuhan
Obsolescence (ground): What the medium drives received an astonishing amount of publicity, making him
out of prominence. Radio reduces the importance perhaps the most publicized English teacher in the twenof print and the visual.
tieth century and arguably the most controversial. This
81.5. NOTES
315
publicity had much to do with the work of two California advertising executives, Gerald Feigen and Howard
Gossage, who used personal funds to fund their practice
of genius scouting. Much enamoured with McLuhans
work, Feigen and Gossage arranged for McLuhan to meet
with editors of several major New York magazines in
May 1965 at the Lombardy Hotel in New York. Philip
Marchand reports that, as a direct consequence of these
meetings, McLuhan was oered the use of an oce in
the headquarters of both Time and Newsweek, any time
he needed it.
mentioned by name in a Peter Gabriel-penned lyric in the

song "Broadway Melody of 1974". This song appears on
the concept album The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway,
from progressive rock band Genesis. The lyric is: Marshall McLuhan, casual viewin' head buried in the sand.
McLuhan is also jokingly referred to during an episode of
The Sopranos entitled "House Arrest". Despite his death
in 1980, someone claiming to be McLuhan was posting
on a Wired mailing list in 1996. The information this individual provided convinced one writer for Wired that if
the poster was not McLuhan himself, it was a bot procommand of McLuhans life and
In August 1965, Feigen and Gossage held what they grammed with an eerie [88]
inimitable perspective.
called a McLuhan festival in the oces of Gossages
advertising agency in San Francisco. During this festi- A new centre known as the McLuhan Program in Culture
val, McLuhan met with advertising executives, members and Technology, formed soon after his death in 1980,
of the mayors oce, and editors from the San Francisco is the successor to McLuhans Centre for Culture and
Chronicle and Ramparts magazine. Perhaps more signif- Technology at the University of Toronto and since 1994
icant, however, was Tom Wolfe's presence at the festival, it has been part of the University of Toronto Faculty of
which he would later write about in his article, What Information. The rst director was literacy scholar and
If He Is Right?", published in New York Magazine and OISE professor David R. Olsen. From 1983 until 2008,
Wolfes own The Pump House Gang. According to Feigen the McLuhan Program was under the direction of Dr.
and Gossage, however, their work had only a moderate ef- Derrick de Kerckhove who was McLuhans student and
fect on McLuhans eventual celebrity: they later claimed translator. Since 2008 Professor Dominique Scheelthat their work only probably speeded up the recognition Dunand has been Director of the Program.
of [McLuhans] genius by about six months.[82] In any
case, McLuhan soon became a xture of media discourse.
Newsweek magazine did a cover story on him; articles 81.5 Notes
appeared in Life Magazine, Harpers, Fortune, Esquire,
and others. Cartoons about him appeared in The New [1] Keller, Katherine (November 2, 2007). Writer, Creator,
Yorker.[8] In 1969 Playboy magazine published a lengthy
Journalist, and Uppity Woman: Ann Nocenti. Sequential
interview with him.[83]
Tart.
McLuhan was credited with coining the phrase Turn on,
tune in, drop out by its popularizer, Timothy Leary, in
the 1960s. In a 1988 interview with Neil Strauss, Leary
stated that slogan was given to him by McLuhan during
a lunch in New York City. Leary said McLuhan was very
much interested in ideas and marketing, and he started
singing something like, 'Psychedelics hit the spot / Five
hundred micrograms, thats a lot,' to the tune of a Pepsi
commercial. Then he started going, 'Tune in, turn on, and
drop out.'"[84]
[2] Programming: Getting the Message. Time. October 13,

[3] Television: Dann v. Klein: The Best Game in Town.
Time. May 25, 1970. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
[4] Levinson, Paul (1999). Digital McLuhan: A Guide to the
Information Millennium. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-19251X.
[5] Plummer, Kevin. Historicist: Marshall McLuhan, Urban
Activist. www.torontoist.com. Retrieved September 20,
2011.
During his lifetime and afterward, McLuhan heavily

inuenced cultural critics, thinkers, and media theorists such as Neil Postman, Jean Baudrillard, Timothy [6]
Leary, Terence McKenna, William Irwin Thompson,
Paul Levinson, Douglas Rushko, Jaron Lanier, Hugh
Kenner, and John David Ebert, as well as political leaders such as Pierre Elliott Trudeau[85] and Jerry Brown. [7]
Andy Warhol was paraphrasing McLuhan with his now
famous 15 minutes of fame quote. When asked in the
70s for a way to sedate violences in Angola, he sug- [8]
gested a massive spread of TV devices.[86] The character Brian O'Blivion in David Cronenberg's 1983 lm
[9]
Videodrome is a media oracle based on McLuhan.[87]
In 1991 McLuhan was named as the patron saint of
Wired Magazine and a quote of his appeared on the masthead for the rst ten years of its publication.[88] He is [10]
Stille, Alexander (14 October 2000). Marshall McLuhan

Is Back From the Dustbin of History; With the Internet,
His Ideas Again Seem Ahead of Their Time. The New
York Times. p. 9. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
Beale, Nigel (28 February 2008). Living in Marshall
McLuhans galaxy. The Guardian (UK). Retrieved 21
March 2011.
Wolf, Gary (January 1996). The Wisdom of Saint Marshall, the Holy Fool. Wired 4.01. Retrieved 2009-05-10.
Boxer, Sarah (3 April 2003). CRITIC'S NOTEBOOK;
McLuhans Messages, Echoing On Iraq. The New York
Times. p. 1. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
Gordon, pp. 99100.
316
[11] Marchand (1998), p. 20.

[12] Edan, Tina (2003). St Marshall, Mass and the Media:
Catholicism, Media Theory and Marshall McLuhan, p.
10. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
[13] Edan (2003), p. 11.
[14] Gordon (1997), p. 34
[15] Marchand (1998), p.32
[16] Gordon, p. 40; McLuhan later commented One advantage we Westerners have is that we're under no illusion
we've had an education. Thats why I started at the bottom again. Marchand (1990), p 30.
[17] Marchand, p. 3334
[18] Marchand, pp. 3747.
[19] Old Messengers, New Media: The Legacy of Innis and
McLuhan, a virtual museum exhibition at Library and
Archives Canada
[20] Gordon, p. 94.
[21] Gordon, pp. 6970.
[22] Gordon, p. 5456.
[23] Lewis H. Lapham, Introduction to Understanding Media
(First MIT Press Edition), p. xvii
[24] McLuhan, Marshall. Letter to Elsie McLuhan, September 5, 1935. Molinaro et alia (1987), p. 73.
[25] Gordon, p.74, gives the date as March 25; Marchand
(1990), p.44, gives it as March 30.
[26] Marchand (1990), pp. 4445.
[27] Marchand (1990), p. 45.
[28] Gordon, p. 75
[29] Associates speculated about his intellectual connection to
the Virgin Mary, one saying, He [McLuhan] had a direct
connection with the Blessed Virgin Mary... He alluded
to it very briey once, almost fearfully, in a please-don'tlaugh-at-me tone. He didn't say, I know this because the
Blessed Virgin Mary told me, but it was clear from what
he said that one of the reasons he was so sure about certain
things was that the Virgin had certied his understanding
of them. (cited in Marchand, p. 51).
[30] Fitterman, Lisa (2008-04-19).
She was Marshall
McLuhans great love ardent defender, supporter and
critic. Globe and Mail (Toronto). Retrieved 2008-0629.
[31] Gordon, p. 115.
[32] McLuhan, Marshall. (2005) Marshall McLuhan Unbound. Corte Madera, CA : Gingko Press v. 8, p. 8.
This is a reprint of McLuhans introduction to the 1964
edition of Inniss book The Bias of Communication rst
published in 1951.
[33] Prins and Bishop 2002
[34] During the time at Fordham University, his son Eric

McLuhan conducted what came to be known as the
Fordham Experiment, about the dierent eects of
light-on versus light-through media.
[35] Order of Canada citation
[36] University of Toronto Bulletin, 1979; Martin Friedland,
The University of Toronto: A History, University of
Toronto Press, 2002
[37] Whitman, Alden (January 1, 1981). Marshall McLuhan,
Author, Dies; Declared 'Medium Is the Message'". The
New York Times. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
[38] McLuhans doctoral dissertation from 1942 was published
by Gingko Press in March 2006. Gingko Press also plans
to publish the complete manuscript of items and essays
that McLuhan prepared, only a selection of which were
published in his book. With the publication of these two
books a more complete picture of McLuhans arguments
and aims is likely to emerge.
[39] For a nuanced account of McLuhans thought regarding
Richards and Leavis, see McLuhans Poetic and Rhetorical Exegesis: The Case for Leavis against Richards and
Empson in the Sewanee Review, volume 52, number 2
(1944): 26676.
[40] The phrase the medium is the message may be better understood in light of Bernard Lonergan's further
articulation of related ideas: at the empirical level of
consciousness, the medium is the message, whereas at the
intelligent and rational levels of consciousness, the content is the message. This sentence uses Lonergans terminology from Insight: A Study of Human Understanding to clarify the meaning of McLuhans statement that
the medium is the message"; McLuhan read this when
it was rst published in 1957 and found much sense in
itin his letter of September 21, 1957, to his former student and friend, Walter J. Ong, S.J., McLuhan says, Find
much sense in Bern. Lonergans Insight" (Letters of Marshall McLuhan, 1987: 251). Lonergans Insight is an extended guide to making the inward turn": attending ever
more carefully to ones own consciousness, reecting on
it ever more carefully, and monitoring ones articulations
ever more carefully. When McLuhan declares that he is
more interested in percepts than concepts, he is declaring in eect that he is more interested in what Lonergan
refers to as the empirical level of consciousness than in
what Lonergan refers to as the intelligent level of consciousness in which concepts are formed, which Lonergan distinguishes from the rational level of consciousness
in which the adequacy of concepts and of predications is
adjudicated. This inward turn to attending to percepts
and to the cultural conditioning of the empirical level of
consciousness through the eect of communication media sets him apart from more outward-oriented studies of
sociological inuences and the outward presentation of
self carried out by George Herbert Mead, Erving Goman, Berger and Luckmann, Kenneth Burke, Hugh Duncan, and others.
[41] Wolfe, Tom (February 2011).
MARSHALL
McLUHAN
SPEAKS
CENTENNIAL
2011.
81.5. NOTES
www2.marshallmcluhanspeaks.com.
02-22. Introduction
317
Retrieved 2011-
[42] Gutenberg Galaxy 1962, p. 41.

[43] Gutenberg Galaxy pp. 12426.
[44] Gutenberg Galaxy p. 154.
[45] Wyndham Lewis's America and Cosmic Man (1948) and
James Joyce's Finnegans Wake are sometimes credited as the source of the phrase, but neither used the
words global village specically as such. According to
McLuhans son Eric McLuhan, his father, a Wake scholar
and a close friend of Lewis, likely discussed the concept
with Lewis during their association, but there is no evidence that he got the idea or the phrasing from either;
McLuhan is generally credited as having coined the term.
Eric McLuhan (1996). The source of the term 'global
village'". McLuhan Studies (issue 2). Retrieved 2008-1230.
[49] http://www.wnyc.org/articles/features/2011/jul/15/
celebrating-marshall-mcluhans-legacy/
[65] Marchand, p. 203

[66] McLuhan & Fiore, 1967
[67] According to McLuhan biographer W. Terrence Gordon,
by the time it appeared in 1967, McLuhan no doubt recognized that his original saying had become a clich and
welcomed the opportunity to throw it back on the compost heap of language to recycle and revitalize it. But the
new title is more than McLuhan indulging his insatiable
taste for puns, more than a clever fusion of self-mockery
and self-rescuethe subtitle is 'An Inventory of Eects,'
underscoring the lesson compressed into the original saying. (Gordon, p. 175.) However, the FAQ section on the
website maintained by McLuhans estate says that this interpretation is incomplete and makes its own leap of logic
as to why McLuhan left it as is. Why is the title of the
book The Medium is the Massage and not The Medium is
the Message? Actually, the title was a mistake. When
the book came back from the typesetters, it had on the
cover 'Massage' as it still does. The title was supposed to
have read The Medium is the Message but the typesetter
had made an error. When McLuhan saw the typo he exclaimed, 'Leave it alone! Its great, and right on target!'
Now there are possible four readings for the last word of
the title, all of them accurate: Message and Mess Age, Massage and Mass Age.
[68] Understanding Media, p. 68.
[50] America 107 (Sept. 15, 1962): 743, 747.
[69] Marchand (1998), p.187.
[51] New Catholic Encyclopedia 8 (1967): 838.
[70] War and Peace in the Global Village, p. 46.
[52] Gordon, p. 109.
[71] Watson, Wilfred. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
[53] Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media (London:

Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1964), 4
[72] From Clich to Archetype, p. 4.
[55] McLuhan, Understanding Media, 18, 20
[76] The Global Village, p. 74.
[58] See CBC Radio Archives
[59] Debray, Regis. Media Manifestos. Columbia University Press. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
[60] Joscelyne, Andrew. Debray on Technology. Retrieved

2 November 2011.
[61] Mullen, Megan. Coming to Terms with the Future He
Foresaw: Marshall McLuhans Understanding Media.
Retrieved 2 November 2011.
[62] Carr, David (January 6, 2011). Marshall McLuhan: Media Savant. The New York Times. Retrieved 2 November
2011.
[63] Paul Grossweiler, The Method is the Message: Rethinking
McLuhan through Critical Theory (Montreal: Black Rose,
1998), 155-81
[64] Paul Levinson, Digital McLuhan: A Guide to the Information Millennium (New York: Routledge,1999), 30.

[81] McLuhan, Eric (1998). Electric language: understanding
the present. Stoddart. ISBN 0-7737-5972-7., p. 28
[82] Marchand, pp. 182184.
[83] Playboy Interview: Marshall McLuhan.
March 1969. pp. 2627, 45, 5556, 61, 63.
Playboy.
[84] Strauss, Neil. Everybody Loves You When You're Dead:

Journeys into Fame and Madness. New York: HarperCollins, 2011, p. 33738
[85] Its cool not to shave Marshall McLuhan, the Man and
his Message CBC Archives. CBC News. Retrieved
2007-07-02.
318
[86] Daniele Luttazzi, interview at RAI Radio1 show

Stereonotte, July 01 2007 2:00 am. Quote: McLuhan
era uno che al premier canadese che si interrogava su
un modo per sedare dei disordini in Angola, McLuhan
disse, negli anni 70, 'riempite la nazione di apparecchi
televisivi'; ed quello che venne fatto; e la rivoluzione in
Angola cess. (Italian)
[87] Lamberti, Elena. Marshall McLuhans Mosaic: Probing
the Literary Origins of Media Studies. Toronto: University
of Toronto Press, 2012.
[88] Wolf, Gary (January 1996). Channeling McLuhan.
Wired 4.01. Retrieved 2009-05-10.
81.6 Works cited

This is a partial list of works cited in this article. See
Bibliography of Marshall McLuhan for a more comprehensive list of works by and about McLuhan.
81.6.1
By Marshall McLuhan
1951 The Mechanical Bride: Folklore of Industrial

Man; 1st Ed.: The Vanguard Press, NY; reissued by
Gingko Press, 2002 ISBN 1-58423-050-9
1962 The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man; 1st Ed.: University of Toronto Press;
reissued by Routledge & Kegan Paul ISBN 0-71001818-5
1964 Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man;
1st Ed. McGraw Hill, NY; reissued by MIT Press,
1994, with introduction by Lewis H. Lapham; reissued by Gingko Press, 2003 ISBN 1-58423-073-8
1967 The Medium is the Massage: An Inventory
of Eects with Quentin Fiore, produced by Jerome
Agel; 1st Ed.: Random House; reissued by Gingko
Press, 2001 ISBN 1-58423-070-3
1968 War and Peace in the Global Village design/layout by Quentin Fiore, produced by Jerome
Agel; 1st Ed.: Bantam, NY; reissued by Gingko
Press, 2001 ISBN 1-58423-074-6.
1970 From Clich to Archetype with Wilfred Watson; Viking, NY ISBN 0-670-33093-0
81.6.2
About Marshall McLuhan
Gordon, W. Terrence. Marshall McLuhan: Escape

into Understanding: A Biography. Basic Books,
1997. ISBN 0-465-00549-7.
Marchand, Philip. Marshall McLuhan: The Medium
and the Messenger. Random House, 1989; Vintage,
1990; The MIT Press; Revised edition, 1998. ISBN
0-262-63186-5
Molinaro, Matie; Corinne McLuhan; and William

Toye, eds. Letters of Marshall McLuhan. Toronto:
Oxford University Press, 1987, ISBN 0-19-5405943

Benedetti, Paul and Nancy DeHart. Forward
Through the Rearview Mirror: Reections on and by
Marshall McLuhan. Boston:The MIT Press, 1997.
Bobbitt, David.
Teaching McLuhan: Understanding Understanding Media. Enculturation,
December, 2011. http://www.enculturation.net/
teaching-mcluhan
Carpenter, Edmund. That Not-So-Silent Sea [Appendix B]. In The Virtual Marshall McLuhan edited
by Donald F. Theall. McGill-Queens University
Press, 2001: 236261. (For the complete essay before it was edited for publication, see the external
link below.)
Cavell, Richard. McLuhan in Space: A Cultural
Geography. Toronto: University of Toronto Press,
2002.
Coupland, Douglas. Extraordinary Canadians:
Marshall McLuhan. Penguin Canada, 2009; US edition: Marshall McLuhan: You Know Nothing of my
Work!. Atlas & Company, 2011.
Daniel, Je. McLuhans Two Messengers: Maurice McNamee and Walter Ong: world-class interpreters of his ideas. St. Louis Post-Dispatch (Sunday, August 10, 1997: 4C).
Federman, Mark. McLuhan for Managers: New
Tools for New Thinking. Viking Canada, 2003.
Flahi, F. T. Always Someone to Kill the Doves: A
Life of Sheila Watson. Edmonton: NeWest Press,
2005.
Giddings, Seth. The New Media and Technocultures
Reader. Routledge, 2011:82-91
Havers, Grant N. Marshall McLuhan and the
Machiavellian Use of Religious Violence. In Faith,
War, and Violence. Vol. 39 of Religion and Public
Life, edited by Gabriel R. Ricci. New Brunswick,
NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2014. Pp. 179-203.
Levinson, Paul. Digital McLuhan: A Guide to
the Information Millennium. Routledge, 1999.
ISBN 0-415-19251-X; book has been translated
into Japanese, Chinese, Croatian, Romanian, Korean and Macedonian
319
Ong, Walter J.: McLuhan as Teacher: The Future

Is a Thing of the Past. Journal of Communication
31 (1981): 129135. Reprinted in Ongs Faith and
Contexts: Volume One (Scholars Press, 1992: 11
18).
Terence McKenna - Riding Range with Marshall

McLuhan on YouTube
Ong, Walter J.: [Untitled review of McLuhans The

Interior Landscape: The Literary Criticism of Marshall McLuhan 19431962]. Criticism 12 (1970):
244251. Reprinted in An Ong Reader: Challenges
for Further Inquiry (Hampton Press, 2002: 6977).
Marshall McLuhans Enduring Visions & Values
Prins, Harald E.L., and Bishop, John M. Edmund

Carpenter: Explorations in Media & Anthropology. Visual Anthropology Review Vol.17(2): 11040 (2002).
Prins, Harald E.L., and John Bishop. Edmund Carpenter: A Tricksters Explorations of Culture & Media. pp. 20745. In Memories of the Origins of
Ethnographic Film. B. Engelbrecht, ed. Frankfurt
am Main: Peter Lang, 2007.
Theall, Donald F. The Virtual Marshall McLuhan.
McGill-Queens University Press, 2001.
81.8 External links

Ocial website
McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology at the
University of Toronto
Useful introduction to some of McLuhans ideas by
Jim Andrews
UbuWeb Marshall McLuhan featuring the LP The
Medium is the Massage
CBC Digital Archives - Marshall McLuhan, the
Man and his Message
McLuhan global research network Liss Jereys
McLuhan bibliography free online
McLuhan Revisited by Cecil Adams
The Medium is the Messiah: McLuhans Religion
and its Relationship to his Media Theory by Read
Schuchardt
Marshall McLuhan/Finnegans Wake Reading Club
Venice, Calif. Very active West Coast USA club &
link to Yahoo McLuhan group
Mcluhan Tetrad Concept explained
McLuhan facts, sources, and class
McLuhans Laws of Media
Marshall McLuhan: The Medium is the Message
by Todd Kappelman
McLuhan - Then and Now on YouTube

A Biographical Introduction to Marshall McLuhan
Application and Philosophy

MediaTropes eJournal Vol. 1, Marshall McLuhans
Medium is the Message": Information Literacy in
a Multimedia Age
Extensions of McLuhan: An Audio Album Visualization 1968/2009 - by Cultural Farming
Onufrijchuk, Roman, 'Introducing Innis/McLuhan
concluding: The Innis in McLuhans System"',
Continuum: The Australian Journal of Media & Culture, vol. 7 no 1 (1993)
Marshall McLuhan at the Internet Movie Database
Marshall McLuhan Material at the John M. Kelly
Library
Chapter 82
Erwin McManus
Erwin Raphael McManus (August 28, 1958) is an associated with the Leadership Network. In addition, he
American author, lecturer, and pastor of Salvadorean de- partners with Bethel Seminary as a lecturer and futurist.
scent.
As Lead Pastor of Mosaic, McManus speaks at four SunMcManus is the lead pastor of Mosaic Church, a Chris- day services (all considered one church) in Pasadena,
tian community in Los Angeles, California which has Hollywood, Pomona and downtown Los Angeles.[5] He
been named one of the most inuential and innova- headed up the creation of the Mosaic Alliance, a loose
tive churches in America.[1] He made his name rst association of like-minded churches. He also presides
by becoming a popular speaker on issues related to over the Origins conference held yearly at Mosaic. Mcpostmodernism and postmodern Christianity, but also Manus was instrumental in organizing the Rethink conwrites and lectures on topics such as culture, change, ference saying We need to know where things are gocreativity, and leadership.[2] McManus was named by ing so we can get there rst. He catalyzed The BarbarChurch Report in January 2007 as one of the 50 Most ian Project internship saying The greatest enemy to the
movement of Jesus Christ is Christianity.
Inuential Christians in America.[3]
McManus has introduced various psychological personality metrics to his church. Techniques include the MyersBriggs type indicator and Gallups Strengths Finder.[6] In
82.1 Biography
recent years he has also founded Awaken, a collection
of poets, artists, lm makers and humanitarians whose
Born Irving Rafael Mesa-Cardona, in El Salvador, Mcstated goal is maximizing the divine potential in every
Manus family immigrated to the United States when he
human being.[7]
was very young. He was raised in Florida. Regarding the
name McManus, the minister reported that it is not an
adopted name, it was my step-fathers name and I made
it legal ... My mom married someone here in the United 82.3 Public Speaker
States ... thats how we ended up being called McManus.
[4]
Paid speaking engagements have taken McManus to over
McManus earned his B.A. from the University of North 30 countries and his work is featured in lms, articles, and
Carolina and his M.Div. from Southwestern Baptist The- magazines worldwide. In 2011, he spoke at The Global
ological Seminary in Fort Worth, Texas. He and his wife Leadership Summit, which is put on by Willow Creek
Kim have two children, Aaron and Mariah, and a foster Association and founded by Bill Hybels.
daughter, Paty. Aaron is currently engaged to actress and
model Analeigh Tipton.
82.4 Author
An Unstoppable Force: Daring to Become the Church
God Had in Mind (ISBN 0764423061) (June 1,
2001)
82.2 Christian Minister

Serving as a church planter in Dallas, McManus began
two congregations where he worked among the urban
poor. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, along with
brother Alex, he was employed to replace what were
described as outdated and stagnant church leadership
teams with younger and fresher thinkers. He moved to
Los Angeles in 1993 where he eventually took the role of
pastor at Mosaic. Since the 1990s, McManus has been
320
Uprising: A Revolution of the Soul (ISBN

0785264310) (September 4, 2003)
The Church in Emerging Culture: Five Perspectives
(ISBN 0310254876) (October 1, 2003)
The Barbarian Way: Unleash the Untamed Faith
Within (ISBN 0785264329) (February 10, 2005)

Chasing Daylight: Seize the Power of Every Moment
(ISBN 0785281134) (January 10, 2006)
Stand Against the Wind: Fuel for the Revolution of
Your Soul (ISBN 1404102965) (February 14, 2006)
Seizing Your Divine Moment (ISBN 0785263160)
(June 30, 2006)
Soul Cravings (ISBN 0785214941) (November 14,
2006)
Wide Awake (ISBN 078521495X) (July 1, 2008)
The Artisan Soul: Crafting Your Life Into A Work Of
Art (ISBN 0062270273) (February 25, 2014)
321
[9] Arroyo, Raymond; McManus, Erwin. World Over

2014/07/24 - The Artisan Soul. YouTube. EWTN. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
[10] McManus Online Home. McManus Online. Wayback
Machine. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
82.7 External links

Erwin Raphael McManus Ocial Site
Ocial Mosaic Site
Ocial Soul Cravings Website
Ocial Wide Awake Website
82.5 Fashion Designer and Filmmaker

In 2004, McManus entered into lmmaking. He earned
credits as a producer, writer, actor, and director.[8] In a
2014 interview, McManus reported that (until 2013) he
owned both a fashion company and a lm company both
of which collapsed nancially; though, McManus later
took out loans to pay employees and nish contracted
projects.[9] McManus designed handbags and apparel and
sold them through an internet company.[10]
82.5.1
Selected Filmography
Wide Awake: Short Film Series (actor, writer, director, producer) -- 2008
Crave: The Documentary (writer) -- 2010
A Day Without Rain (producer, writer, director) -2011
82.6 References
[1] http://churchrelevance.com/
50-most-influential-churches-in-america-of-2007/
[2] Doss, Yvette (January 2007). Oscar Garza, ed. Rebel
With a Cross. Los Angeles: Emmis Publishing LP. p. 69.
[3] Church Report
[4] AssistNews Interview
[5]
[6] yel
[7] Awaken Human Potential
[8] Erwin Raphael McManus. IMDB -- Internet Movie
Database. Amazon.com. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
Erwin Raphael McManus at IMDB

Archived McManus Fashion Sales Site
Chapter 83
Danila Medvedev
Danila Andreyevich Medvedev (Russian: ) (born March 21, 1980 in Leningrad (now Saint
Petersburg)) is a Russian futurologist and politician. Specialising in the science and future of Russia, Medvedev
serves as a member of the coordination council of the
Russian Transhumanistic Movement.
[2]
83.4 External links
In May 2005 he helped found KrioRus, the rst cryonics

company outside of the United States.[1] Since August
2008, he has worked as Chief Planning Ocer and VicePresident of the Science for Life Extension Foundation,
based in Moscow.

Medvedev graduated from the International Management
Institute of St. Petersburg (IMISP) in 2000. The title of his masters thesis was Methods of the account
of conditions of nancing at an estimation of investment
projects. On 21 March 2007, he was one of a group of
transhumanists who gave a presentation in the Duma titled Inuence of science on political situation in Russia.
A view into the future, after an invitation by the Liberal
Democratic Party of Russia.
83.2 Works
Are We Living In Nick Bostroms Speculation?(2003)
The decisive role of science in the development of
philosophical ideas in 21st century (2003)
First
Russian
translation[2]
of
Robert
The Prospect of ImmortalEttinger.
ity
(
.
.,.
,
2003)
83.3 References
[1] Russian brain freezer seeks eternal life. Taipei Times.
July 3, 2010. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
322
Interview with Danila Medvedev by Sky News

Blog
Danila Medvedev, Accelerating Future People
Database
Chapter 84
Theodore Modis
Theodore Modis (born 1943) is a strategic business analyst, futurist, physicist, and international consultant. He
specializes in applying fundamental scientic concepts to
predicting social phenomena. In particular he uses the
logistic function or S-curve to forecast markets, product sales, primary-energy substitutions, the diusion of
technologies, and generally any process that grows in
competition.[1][2] He is a vehement critic of the concept
of the Technological Singularity.[3]
He currently lives in Lugano, Switzerland.
Wall Street (treating the New York Stock Exchange as

an ecosystem), Predictions: 10 Years Later, Bestseller
Driven, Street Science, Natural Laws in the Service of the
Decision Maker, Decision-Making for a New World, and
An S-shaped Adventure: Predictions 20 Years Later. His
books have appeared in a number of other languages; Predictions has been translated into German, Japanese, and
Greek, and Conquering Uncertainty has been translated
into Chinese Long Form, Chinese Short Form, Greek,
and Dutch.
84.1 Education
84.4 Distinctions
1997 Outstanding-Paper-of-the-Year Award in the
international Journal Technological Forecasting &
Social Change
He went to Columbia University, New York, where he

received a Masters in Electrical Engineering and a Ph.D.
in physics. His secondary education was in Greece at
Anatolia College in Thessaloniki, Greece.
Deans List during undergraduate at Columbia University
84.2 Career
First in class during High School at Anatolia
Modis carried out research in particle physics experiments at Brookhaven National Laboratories and CERN,
before moving to work at Digital Equipment Corporation
for more than a decade as the head of a management science consultants group. He has taught at Columbia University, the University of Geneva, the European business
schools INSEAD and IMD, and was a professor at DUXX
Graduate School of Business Leadership in Monterrey,
Mexico between 1998-2001. He has been in the advisory
board of the international journal Technological Forecasting & Social Change since 1991.[4] He is also the founder
of Growth Dynamics, a Swiss-based organization specializing in business strategy, strategic forecasting and management consulting.[5]
84.5 Praise for Predictions

Interesting, well written, enjoyable, controversial,
thought-provoking. - Simon van der Meer, Physicist, Nobel Prize 1984
A lot of highly selective fun re-invoking much in
my own past experiences. - George Wald, professor
emeritus of biology at Harvard, Nobel Prize 1967
A fascinating book. - Kosta Tsipis, Professor of
Physics at MIT; Leader of the Program inScience
and Technology for International Security
84.3 Publications
Predictions helped me think much more clearly

about the world around me. - Thomas Dorsey, Author of Point & Figure Charting
He has published about one hundred articles in scientic

and in business journals, as well as eight books: Predictions, Conquering Uncertainty, An S-Shaped Trail to
I feel there is much wisdom in the book about life in

general in a variety of ways...it provided some profound insights to me. - Ken Ferlic, Physicist
323
324
"[Modis] contributions will help me become an
even better dad and husband. - Hamilton Lews II,
Market Analyst
84.6 iPhone/iPad Applications
CHAPTER 84. THEODORE MODIS

The Limits of Complexity and Change,The Futurist,
(May-June 2003) 26-32.
84.8 External links

Growth Dynamics
He has created two applications for iPhone/iPad, The

S_Curve and Biorhythm_Science. Together with Vasco
Almeida they created applications that forecast stock
prices like species by treating the stock market as an
ecosystem: Stock Fcsts and 2Stock Fcsts for the iPhone
and Stocks Futures and 2Stocks Future for the iPad.[6]
Lists of books and articles by T. Modis

Modis on cycles as quote by Martin Beech on Page
204 of his book Rejuvenating the Sun and Avoiding
Other Global Catastrophes [7]
iPad application
84.7 Partial bibliography

An S-Shaped Adventure - Predictions 20 Years
Later, Growth Dynamics, Lugano, Switzerland,
November 2014.
An S-Shaped Trail to Wall Street - Survival of the
Fittest Reigns at the Stock Market, Growth Dynamics,
Geneva, Switzerland, April 1999.
Conquering Uncertainty: Understanding Corporate
Cycles and Positioning Your Company to Survive
the Changing Environment BusinessWeek Books,
McGraw-Hill, New York, June 1998.
84.9 References
[1] Modis, Theodore (2013). Long-Term GDP Forecasts
and the Prospects for Growth. Technological Forecasting & Social Change 80: 1557.
[2] Modis, Theodore (1994). Life Cycles - Forecasting the
Rise and Fall of Almost Anything. The Futurist 28 (5):
20.
[3] Eden et al, Amnon H. (2012). Singularity Hypothesis.
New York: Springer. p. 311. ISBN 978-3-642-325601.
Predictions - Societys Telltale Signature Reveals the

Past and Forecasts the Future, Simon & Schuster,
New York, 1992.
[4] http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/
journaleditorialboard.cws_home/505740/editorialboard
Predictions: - 10 Years Later, Growth Dynamics,

Geneva, Switzerland, October 2000.
[6] http://www.appannie.com/apps/ios/publisher/
theodore-modis/
Bestseller Driven, Growth Dynamics, Lugano,

Switzerland, 2005.
[7] Martin Beech, Rejuvenating the Sun and Avoiding Other

Global Catastrophes, Springer Science+Business Media,
LLC, 2008
Street Science - A Physicists Wanderings o the

Beaten Track, Growth Dynamics, Lugano, Switzerland, 2009.
Natural Laws in the Service of the Decision Maker How to Use Science-Based Methodologies to See more
Clearly further into the Future, Growth Dynamics,
Lugano, Switzerland, July 2013.
Decision-Making for a New World: Natural Laws
of Evolution and Competition as a Road Map to
Revolutionary New Management, Campus VerlageditionMALIK, Frankfurt, December 2014.
Long-term GDP forecasts and the prospects for
growth,Technological Forecasting & Social Change,
80, No. 8, 2013.
Forecasting the Growth of Complexity and Change,
Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 69, No
4, 2002 - an essay about the growth of complexity
in the universe.
[5] http://ch.linkedin.com/pub/theodore-modis/0/222/140/
Chapter 85
Richard Moran (author)

Richard A. Moran is a San Francisco based business and eld and broke one school record. He is a member
leader, venture capitalist, social scientist, author[1] and of Delta Upsilon Fraternity.
evangelist for organization eectiveness. He is best
known for his series of humorous business books beginning with bestselling, Never Confuse a Memo with Reality 85.2 Writing
that started the genre of Business Bullet Books.
Moran has written seven business books. His latest book
Navigating Tweets, Feats, and Deletes: Lessons for the
New Workplace was released in July 2014.
85.1 Biography
Other works include:

As of September 1, 2014, Richard Moran will serve as
the tenth president of Menlo College, a private non-prot
business school located in Silicon Valley. Moran previously served as CEO and Vice Chairman at Accretive Solutions, a national professional services rm with a focus
on Accounting, Information Technology and Outsourcing. Prior to Accretive Solutions, he was a Partner at
Venrock, Chairman of the Board at Portal Software and
a Partner at Accenture. Moran has served on the Boards
of Glu Mobile Games, Winery Exchange, and Mechanics
Bank among others. He currently serves on the board of
PerfectForms.
Sins and CEOs: Lessons from Leaders and Losers

That Will Change Your Career (2011)
Never Confuse A Memo with Reality: And Other
Business Lessons Too Simple Not to Know (1993)
(ISBN 978-0887306693)
Beware Those Who Ask For Feedback: And
Other Organizational Constants (1994) (ISBN 9780887307102)
Cancel the Meeting, Keep the Doughnuts: And Other
New Morsels of Business Wisdom (1995) (ISBN 9780887307300)
In the public or not-for-prot sector he serves on The

Council of the National Trust for Historic Preservation,
is the Chair of the Audit Committee at the Noyce Foundation, the National Board of Visitors at the Indiana University School of Education, and serves as a Regent at
Saint Ignatius Prep. Moran serves also on the Accountability Structures Expert Panel for the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN); the
policy making group that coordinates the Domain Name
System and Internet Protocol addresses.
Corporate governance is a professional focus. He works
often with corporate boards to improve eectiveness and
clarify roles. He serves on the Board of the Silicon Valley Chapter of the National Association of Corporate Directors. Higher education guest lecture assignments include Stanford Graduate School of Business, NYU Stern
School, Santa Clara University, Menlo College and others.
He earned an A.B. at Rutgers College; M.S. at Indiana
University; and Ph.D. at Miami University, Oxford Ohio.
While at Rutgers, he competed in cross country and track
Fear No Yellow Stickies: More Business Wisdom Too Simple Not to Know (1998) (ISBN 9780684852195)
Nuts Bolts & Jolts: Fundamental Business and
Life Lessons You Must Know (2006) (ISBN 9781600080159)
85.3 References
[1] Pender, Kathleen (Jan 24, 1994). BOOK OFFERS
BUSINESS ETIQUETTE. Sun Sentinel. p. 27. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
85.4 External links
325
Accretive Solutions
326
Richard Moran
Irish Technology Capital
Red Room writers
CHAPTER 85. RICHARD MORAN (AUTHOR)
Chapter 86
Hans Moravec
Mind Children redirects here. For use of the term by
Frank Tipler, see The Physics of Immortality (book).
Hans Moravec (born November 30, 1948, Kautzen,
Austria) is an adjunct faculty member at the Robotics Institute of Carnegie Mellon University. He is known for
his work on robotics, articial intelligence, and writings
on the impact of technology. Moravec also is a futurist
with many of his publications and predictions focusing
on transhumanism. Moravec developed techniques in
computer vision for determining the region of interest
(ROI) in a scene.
86.1 Background
Moravec attended Loyola College in Montreal for two
years and transferred to Acadia University, where he received his bachelors degree in mathematics in 1969. He
received his masters degree in 1971 from the University
of Western Ontario. He then earned a PhD from Stanford
University in 1980 for a TV-equipped robot which was remote controlled by a large computer. The robot was able
to negotiate cluttered obstacle courses. Another achievement in robotics was the discovery of new approaches for
robot spatial representation such as 3D occupancy grids.
He also developed the idea of bush robots.
Moravec was a cofounder of SeeGrid Corporation of
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania[1] in 2003 which is a robotics
company with one of its goals being to develop a fully
autonomous robot capable of navigating its environment
without human intervention.
He is also somewhat known for his work on space tethers.[2]
86.3 Books
In his 1988 book Mind Children (ISBN 0674576187),
Moravec outlines Moores law and predictions about the
future of articial life. Moravec outlines a timeline and a
scenario in this regard,[3][4] in that the robots will evolve
into a new series of articial species, starting around
2030-2040.[5]
In Robot: Mere Machine to Transcendent Mind (ISBN
0195136306), published in 1998, Moravec further considers the implications of evolving robot intelligence,
generalizing Moores law to technologies predating the
integrated circuit, and extrapolating it to predict a coming
mind re of rapidly expanding superintelligence.
Sir Arthur C. Clarke wrote about this book: "Robot is the
most awesome work of controlled imagination I have ever
encountered: Hans Moravec stretched my mind until it hit
the stops.[6] David Brin also praised the book: Moravec
blends hard scientic practicality with a prophets farseeing vision.[7] On the other hand, the book was reviewed less favorably by Colin McGinn for the New York
Times. McGinn wrote, Moravec writes bizarre, confused, incomprehensible things about consciousness as an
abstraction, like number, and as a mere interpretation
of brain activity. He also loses his grip on the distinction
between virtual and real reality as his speculations spiral
majestically into incoherence.[8]
86.4 See also

Tether propulsion
Moravecs paradox
86.5 References
[1] http://www.promatshow.com/press/release.aspx?id=
3804
86.2 Publications
[2] Momentum-Exchange Tethers
His most cited research publication is his 1988 Sensor Fusion in Certainty Grids for Mobile Robots which appeared
in AI Magazine.
327
[3] Moravec, Hans (1998). When will computer hardware

match the human brain?". Journal of Evolution and Technology 1. Retrieved 2006-06-23.
328
[4] Moravec, Hans (June 1993). The Age of Robots. Retrieved 2006-06-23.
[5] Moravec, Hans (April 2004). Robot Predictions Evolution. Retrieved 2006-06-23.
[6] ISBN 0-19-511630-5: Cover praise for Robot: Mere Machine to Transcendent Mind, by Sir Arthur C. Clarke, 1999
[7] ISBN 0-19-511630-5: Cover praise for Robot: Mere Machine to Transcendent Mind, by Dr David Brin, 1999
[8] McGinn, Colin (January 3, 1999). Hello, HAL. The
New York Times.
86.6 External links

Hans Moravecs ocial website at the Carnegie
Mellon Robotics Center
Hans Moravecs ocial biography page
Hans Moraveks webpage at the Robotics Institute
Moravec Bush Robot Final Report
NOVA online interview with Moravec in October,
1997.
Moravec, Hans (March 23, 2009). Rise of
the Robots--The Future of Articial Intelligence.
Scientic American.
CHAPTER 86. HANS MORAVEC
Chapter 87
Gerry Morgan
eral comprehensive systems in China and Thailand.
Gerry Morgan[2] is the founder of Ink Media Inc.[3]
(Founded:2002) with the mission of building a low cost
computer for emerging nations with the premise that low
cost computers could be built that would help to avoid the
ownership pitfalls of modern computers and would have
no need for virus protection or ongoing maintenance.[4]
As a result, demonstrating that this could be done,[5]
Gerry produced several models of the what emerged as
the InkMedia mobile computer.
Gerrys research work and contributions have encapsulated developing ICT systems and training for school districts and at a provincial level, distance education delivery
systems, online ICT collaborative tools, private-public social infrastructure projects, reproducible systems that can
be adapted internationally and development of a low cost
Rom based computer InkMedia.
Gerry carries a B.Ed. Curriculum & Instruction from the
University of Calgary[6] and MA in Education from the
Antioch University, Seattle.[7]
Gerry Morgan
Gerry Morgan (born June 8, 1953) is a Canadian

entrepreneur and educator specializing in ICT and creating working private-public partnerships. He has worked
within the Canadian schooling system for almost 20 years.
He has developed ICT learning resources to support classroom and administrative practices.[1]
87.2 Awards
87.1 Educator and Entrepreneur

Gerry is currently the Principal of the International Division of Changchun Experimental School in Changchun
City, Jilin Province, China. The school has 3500 students (Grade 10-12) currently enrolled. The past three
years were spent in Thailand as Principal of the British
Columbia International School in Bangkok. Gerry remains active in teaching technology, geography, English,
and video and lm.
Gerry has pioneered the use of opensource educational Gerry Morgan receiving the Marshal McLuhan Distinguished
systems and digital libraries in schools and installed sev- Teacher Medal
329
330
Gerry Morgan has received the following awards in light
of his contributions at both national and international
level:
Marshall McLuhan Distinguished Teacher Award
(Medal and cash award)[8]
87.3 References
[1] learnerprole.com | home
[2] Gerry Morgan: ZoomInfo Business People Information
[3] InkMedia
[4] Ink-Computer
[5] Ink-Computer
[6] Home | Welcome to the University of Calgary
[7] Antioch University Seattle
[8] The Marshall McLuhan Center on Global Communications - Recipients
87.4 External links

Gerrys Employment History
InkMedia Ocial Webpage
Wired article about Gerry Morgan titled Scans:
Real Tests for Real Kids by Rachel LehmannHaupt.(10.09.97)
Learner Prole Web site originally developed by
Gerry Morgan.
The Gerry Morgan Foundation
Morningside Estate A Think Tank Retreat and B&B
run by Gerry & Janet Morgan Located on Vancouver
Island, Canada
CHAPTER 87. GERRY MORGAN
Chapter 88
Takuya Murata
Takuya Murata is a Japanese futurist aliated with the
Hawaii Research Center for Futures Studies. His recent publications include, India, China and the future of
democracy , in the book Democracy and Futures. He is
also connected with the Institute for Alternative Futures
since he interned with this futures studies think tank .
331
Chapter 89
John Naisbitt
John Naisbitt (born January 15, 1929 in Salt Lake City,
Utah) is an American author and public speaker in the
area of futures studies. His rst book Megatrends was
published in 1982. It was the result of almost ten years of
research. It was on the New York Times bestseller list for
two years, mostly as No. 1. Megatrends was published in
57 countries and sold more than 14 million copies.[1]
89.2.1 On futurists
Naisbitt has had a profound inuence on leading modern
day futurists, such as David Houle and others.
89.2.2 On social and political thought

Although Naisbiitt has not written an explicitly political
book, Megatrends expressed early enthusiasm for radical
centrist politics. The book states, in bolded type, The
political left and right are dead; all the action is being
generated by a radical center.[2]
89.1 Biography
John Naisbitt studied at Harvard, Cornell and Utah Universities. He gained business experience working for
IBM and Eastman Kodak. In the world of politics he was
assistant to the Commissioner of Education under President John F. Kennedy and served as special assistant to
HEW Secretary John Gardner during the Johnson administration. He left Washington in 1966 and joined Science
Research Associates. In 1968 he founded his own company, the Urban Research Corporation. Naisbitt founded
the Naisbitt China Institute, a non-prot, independent research institution studying the social, cultural and economic transformation of China located at Tianjin University. In 2009, Naisbitt published Chinas Megatrends,
a book analyzing Chinas rise. Adviser on Agricultural
development to the royal government of Thailand, former visiting fellow at Harvard University, visiting professor at Moscow State University, faculty member at the
Nanjing University in China, distinguished International
Fellow, Institute of Strategic and International Studies
(ISIS), Malaysia the rst non-Asian to hold this appointment, professor at Nankai University, Tianjin University of Finance and Economics, member of the advisory Board of the Asia Business School, Tianjin, recipient of 15 honorary doctorates in the humanities, technology and science. John Naisbitt and his wife Doris are
based in Vienna and Tianjin/China.[1]
89.3 Bibliography
Megatrends. Ten New Directions Transforming Our
Lives. Warner Books, 1982
Reinventing the Corporation. Transforming Your
Job and Your Company for the New Information Society. Warner Books, 1985
Megatrends 2000. Ten New Directions for the
1990s. William & Morrow Company, Inc., 1990
Global Paradox. The Bigger the World Economy,
the More Powerful Its Smallest Players. William
Morrow & Company, Inc., 1994
Megatrends Asia. Eight Asian Megatrends That Are
Reshaping Our World. Simon & Schuster, 1996
High Tech/High Touch. Technology and our Accelerated Search for Meaning. Nicholas Braely Publishing, 2001
Mind Set! Reset Your Thinking and See the Future.
Collins, 2006.
89.2 Impact
Chinas Megatrends: The 8 Pillars Of A New Society.

HarperCollins, 2010.
332
89.4 References
[1] John Naisbitt biography at personal website.
[2] Naisbitt, John (1982). Megatrends: Ten New Directions
Transforming Our Lives. Warner Books / Warner Communications Company, p. 178. ISBN 978-0-446-356817.
89.5 External links

John Naisbitts ocial home page
Naisbitt China Institute website
USA Today (Naisbitt turns lust for life into mega
book career) 25-Sep-2006 at the Wayback Machine (archived August 15, 2007)
333
Chapter 90
Nicholas Negroponte
Nicholas Negroponte (born December 1, 1943) is a
Greek American architect. He is the founder and Chairman Emeritus of Massachusetts Institute of Technology's
Media Lab, and also founded the One Laptop per Child
Association (OLPC).
90.1 Early life
the lab into the pre-eminent computer science laboratory

for new media and a high-tech playground for investigating the human-computer interface. Negroponte also
became a proponent of intelligent agents and personalized electronic newspapers,[4] for which he popularized
the term the Daily Me.
90.2.2 Wired
Negroponte was born to Dimitri John Negroponte

(Greek: ), a Greek shipping magnate,
and grew up in New York Citys Upper East Side.
He is the younger brother of John Negroponte, former United States Deputy Secretary of State. Another
brother Michael Negroponte is an Emmy Award-winning
lmmaker, and his other brother, George Negroponte, is
an artist and was President of the Drawing Center from
2002-2007.
In 1992, Negroponte became involved in the creation

of Wired Magazine as the rst investor. From 1993 to
1998, he contributed a monthly column to the magazine
in which he reiterated a basic theme: Move bits, not
atoms.
Negroponte expanded many of the ideas from his Wired
columns into a bestselling book Being Digital (1995),[5]
which made famous his forecasts on how the interactive
world, the entertainment world and the information world
would eventually merge. Being Digital was a bestseller
and was translated into some twenty languages. Negroponte is a digital optimist who believed that computers
would make life better for everyone.[6] However, critics
such as Cass Sunstein[7] have faulted his techno-utopian
ideas for failing to consider the historical, political and
cultural realities with which new technologies should be
viewed.
He attended Buckley School in New York City, Le Rosey

in Switzerland, and The Choate School (now Choate
Rosemary Hall) in Wallingford, Connecticut, from which
he graduated in 1961. Subsequently, he studied at
MIT as both an undergraduate and graduate student in
Architecture where his research focused on issues of
computer-aided design. He earned a Masters degree
in architecture from MIT in 1966. Despite his accomplished academic career, Negroponte has spoken publicly
In the 1980s Negroponte predicted that wired technoloabout his dyslexia and diculty reading.[1]
gies such as telephones would ultimately become unwired
by using airwaves instead of wires or ber optics, and
that unwired technologies such as televisions will be90.2 Career
come wired, is commonly referred to as the Negroponte
switch.[8]
90.2.1
MIT
Negroponte joined the faculty of MIT in 1966. For sev- 90.3 Later career
eral years thereafter he divided his teaching time between
MIT and several visiting professorships at Yale, Michigan In 2000, Negroponte stepped down as director of the
and the University of California, Berkeley.
Media Lab as Walter Bender took over as Executive DiIn 1967, Negroponte founded MIT's Architecture Ma- rector. However, Negroponte retained the role of laborachine Group, a combination lab and think tank which tory Chairman. When Frank Moss was appointed direcstudied new approaches to human-computer interac- tor of the lab in 2006, Negroponte stepped down as lab
tion.[2] In 1985, Negroponte created the MIT Media Lab chairman to focus more fully on his work with One Lapwith Jerome B. Wiesner.[3] As director, he developed top Per Child (OLPC) although he retains his appoint334
335
ment as professor at MIT.
[3] Schrage, Michael (1985-10-07). An MIT Lab Tinkers

With the Future of Personal Computers. The Washington
Post. p. 13.
[4] Negroponte, Nicholas (1991). Products and Services for
Computer Networks. Scientic American 265 (3): 76
83. ISSN 0036-8733.
[5] Negroponte, Nicholas (1999). Being Digital. New York:
Knopf. ISBN 0-679-76290-6.
[6] Hirst, Martin and Harrison, John (2007) Communication
and New Media, Oxford University Press, p. 20
[7] Sunstein, C.R. (2001) Republic.com Princeton University
Press
Mary Lou Jepsen, Alan Kay and Nicholas Negroponte unveil the
$100 laptop.
[8] Speaking at a Northern Telecom meeting in the mid-80s

with George Gilder. Negroponte called it trading places
Gilder called it The Negroponte Switch. From Being
Digital, 1995, Negroponte, N. ISBN 0-340-64930-5 p 24.
[9] Kirkpatrick, David (2005-11-28). I'd Like to Teach the
World to Type. Fortune. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
In November 2005, at the World Summit on the Information Society held in Tunis, Negroponte unveiled the [10] Velti Announces Date of AIM Delisting. Retrieved 27
concept of a $100 laptop computer, The Childrens MaAugust 2012.
chine, designed for students in the developing world.[9]
[11] Wall Street Journal, August 1, 2007. Text of Dow Jones
The price has increased to US$180, however. The project
Editorial Agreement. Online edition retrieved on Octois part of a broader program by One Laptop Per Child, a
ber 21, 2007.
non-prot organisation started by Negroponte and other
Media Lab faculty, to extend Internet access in developing countries.
Negroponte is an active angel investor and has invested
in over 30 startup companies over the last 30 years, including Zagats, Wired, Ambient Devices, Skype and
Velti. He sits on several boards, including Motorola
(listed on the New York Stock Exchange) and Velti
(listed on the NASDAQ and formerly on the London
Stock Exchange[10] ). He is also on the advisory board
of TTI/Vanguard. In August 2007, he was appointed
to a ve-member special committee with the objective
of assuring the continued journalistic and editorial integrity and independence of the Wall Street Journal and
other Dow Jones & Company publications and services.
The committee was formed as part of the merger of
Dow Jones with News Corporation.[11] Negropontes fellow founding committee members are Louis Boccardi,
Thomas Bray, Jack Fuller, and the late former Congresswoman Jennifer Dunn.
Negroponte has inuenced modern day futurists, such as
David Houle.
90.4 References
90.5 External links
Nicholas Negroponte at TED

TEDxBrussels: Nicholas Negroponte on OLPC on
YouTube (November 2009)
C-SPAN Q&A interview with Negroponte,
November 25, 2007
Nicholas Negroponte at the Internet Movie

Database
Works by or about Nicholas Negroponte in libraries
(WorldCat catalog)
Nicholas Negroponte collected news and commentary at The New York Times
Nicholas Negroponte Keynote at NetEvents, Hong
Kong inc. rst production olpc laptop December
2006
Nichloas Negroponte Q&A at NetEvents, Hong
Kong December 2006
[1] Q & A with Nicholas Negroponte. C-SPAN. 25

November 2007. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
Nicholas Negroponte about books and OLPC on

NECN
[2] Negroponte, Nicholas (1970). The Architecture Machine:

Towards a More Human Environment. Cambridge, Mass.:
MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-64010-4.
Microsoft and Intel help deliver a $100 Windows 8.1

tablet
Chapter 91
Richard Neville (writer)

Richard Neville (born 15 December 1941) is an Australian author and self-described "futurist", who came to
fame as a co-editor of the counterculture magazine Oz in
Australia and the United Kingdom in the 1960s and early
1970s. He was involved with the Sydney Push libertarians
at the University of New South Wales (UNSW) in the
early 1960s during the production of the Sydney-based
Oz magazine.[1]
given prison sentences. Their convictions caused a public

outcry and they were subsequently acquitted on appeal,
but the so-called Oz Three realised that there was little
future battling such strong opposition. In his 1970 book
Play Power, Neville (who was born in 1941) boasted of
having a hurricane f..k with a moderately attractive,
intelligent, cherubic fourteen-year-old girl from a nearby
London comprehensive school.
91.1 Oz
91.2 London Oz
In late 1963 or early 1964 Neville, then editor of the

UNSW student magazine Tharunka, met Richard Walsh,
editor of its University of Sydney counterpart Honi Soit,
as well as artist Martin Sharp. Neville and Walsh wanted
to publish their own magazine of dissent and asked
Sharp to become a contributor. The magazine was
dubbed Oz.
In late 1966 Neville and Sharp moved to the UK and in

early 1967, with fellow Australian Jim Anderson, they
founded the London Oz (his sister Jill Neville was already
in London). This was most notable for the then-longest
obscenity trial (1971) in UK history regarding the publication of the Schoolkids OZ (May 1970) issue; leading
to the conviction of Neville, Anderson and Felix Dennis,
Sydney Oz hit the streets on April Fools Day, 1963. Its later overturned on appeal. London Oz ended in Novemirreverent attitude was very much in the tradition of the ber 1973.
student newspapers, but its growing public prole quickly
made it a target for the Establishment, and it soon became a prominent casualty of the so-called "Censorship 91.3 Later career
Wars".
During the life of Australian Oz, Sharp, Neville and
Walsh were twice charged with printing an obscene publication. The rst trial was relatively minor, and should
have been a non-event, but they were poorly advised and
pleaded guilty, which resulted in their convictions being
recorded. As a result, when they were charged with obscenity a second time, their previous convictions meant
that the new charges were considerably more serious.
For the next few years Neville travelled the world, reporting on youth cultures, social inventions and the shape of
the future. He broadcast regularly on ABC Radio and
wrote for an array of newspapers and magazines. In
New York in 1977, Neville was commissioned to write
a book about a serial killer incarcerated in Delhi, who
preyed upon Western backpackers. The resulting biography of Charles Sobhraj, co-authored by Julie Clarke, was
The charges centred on two items in the early issues of a global best-seller. It inspired several TV docu-dramas.
Oz - one was Sharps ribald poem The Word Flashed In the 1980s, Neville returned to Australia and joined the
Around The Arms, which satirised the contemporary Nine Network's popular Midday Show, where he reported
habit of youths gatecrashing parties; the other oending on popular culture, wild ideas and the quest for sustainitem was the famous photo (used on the cover of Oz #6) ability. His segments often aroused controversy, such as
which depicted Neville and two friends pretending to uri- when he inhaled marijuana on camera (to test its impact
nate into a Tom Bass sculptural wall fountain, set into the on driving). These segments evolved into the Network
wall of the new P&O oce in Sydney, which had recently Ten series Extra Dimensions, looking at sustainability and
been opened by the Prime Minister Robert Menzies.
human potential.
Sharp, Neville and Walsh were tried, found guilty and In the 1990s, in a variety of media, Richard explored the
336
91.7. REFERENCES
new role for business in the 21st Century. This led to
keynote addresses at national conferences, and the essay
collection Out of My Mind (Penguin). He also published
his Sixties memoir Hippie Hippie Shake, which has been
adapted as a lm, although both projects have been trenchantly criticised by Nevilles former friend Germaine
Greer.[2]
Neville is also the co-founder of the Australian Futures
Foundation, which aims to bring futures thinking into
the mainstream.
91.4 Current associations

Richard is now a principal at Sydneys Neville Freeman
agency.
91.5 Portrayals
In the television drama The Trials of Oz (1991), Neville
was played by Hugh Grant.
The Irish actor Cillian Murphy starred in the yet to be released Hippie Hippie Shake, in which he plays Neville.
Produced by Working Title, the lm is directed by
Beeban Kidron, and co-stars Sienna Miller and Emma
Booth.
91.6 Books
Play Power. London: Cape, 1970. No ISBN
The Life and Crimes of Charles Sobhraj Richard
Neville and Julie Clarke. Sydney: Pan Books, 1980
ISBN 0-330-27144-X
Playing Around. Milsons Point, NSW: Arrow
Books, 1991. ISBN 0-09-182547-4
Hippie, Hippie, Shake: The Dreams, the Trips, the
Trials, the Love-ins, the Screw upsthe Sixties. Port
Melbourne: William Heinemann Australia, 1995.
ISBN 0-85561-523-0
Out of My Mind: From Flower Power to the
Third Millenniumthe Seventies, the Eighties and
the Nineties. Ringwood, Vic.: Penguin, 1996. ISBN
0-14-026270-9
Footprints of the Future: Handbook for the Third
Millennium. North Sydney, NSW: Richmond, 2002.
ISBN 1-920688-03-X
Amerika Psycho: Behind Uncle Sams Mask of Sanity. Melbourne: Ocean Press, 2003. ISBN 1876175-62-1
Out of my mind
337
91.7 References
[1] James Franklin "The Push and Critical Drinkers" Ch. 5 of
Corrupting the Youth: A History of Australian Philosophy.
Accessed 18 August 2007.
[2] Germaine Greer, So Emma Booth is to play me in a
raunchy lm about the 60s. Can't she get an honest job?",
The Guardian, Monday 16 July 2007. Accessed 10 March
2010
91.8 External links

http://www.homepagedaily.com/ Richard Neville
co-publisher new Beta website
Chapter 92
Peter Newman (environmental scientist)

on Climate Change.
92.1 Career and inuence

Peter Newman is best known internationally for popularizing the term automobile dependence in the second
half of the 1980s to explain how the cities of the time
based on sprawling suburbs were inevitably leading to the
growth in automobile use. (The term had actually existed
since 1911.) He led an international research with colleague Je Kenworthy of transport practices and structures (original data collected on 33 global cities). The
results were published in Cities and Automobile Dependence: An International Sourcebook, which introduced
the concept of car dependence - now a feature of planning
literature and policy. The two researchers later collaborated on the book Sustainability and Cities: Overcoming
Automobile Dependence which was launched in the White
House in 1999, as the Presidents Council on Sustainable
Development was moving toward a more urban focus.
Peter Newman
Peter William Georey Newman (born 1945) is an environmental scientist, author and educator based in Perth,
Western Australia. He is currently Professor of Sustainability at Curtin University[1] and since 2008 member of
Infrastructure Australia.
In Cities as Sustainable Ecosystems: Principles and Practices written with Isabella Jennings, Newman shows how
city residents can begin to reintegrate into their bioregional environment, and how cities themselves can be
planned with ecological sustainability in mind. Drawing on examples from many parts of the world, the authors show how urban redevelopment in some cities has
involved harvesting rainwater, greening roofs, and producing renewable energy. Other cities have biodiversity
parks for endangered species, community gardens that
support a connection to their foodshed, and pedestrianfriendly spaces that encourage walking and cycling.[2]
He has a PhD degree in Chemistry (1972, University of

Western Australia) and completed post doctoral studies in
Environmental Science, Delft University, Dip EST, Environmental Science, 1972.
92.1.1 Local, State and Federal Government
Peter Newman is known for popularizing the term
automobile dependence in the second half of the 1980s.
He was closely associated with the redevelopment of Between 1976-80 Newman has served as a local governPerths rail system from 1979 to the present, which is now ment councillor in the City of Fremantle.[3] Newman has
seen as a model for how car dependent cities can change been a government advisor through three secondments to
towards more sustainable transport. He is author of nu- the Western Australian State Government. In the last secmerous publications on sustainable cities and a Lead Au- ondment (200103), he was the Director of Sustainability
thor for Transport on the IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel Policy in the Department of Premier and Cabinet where
338
92.4. SEE ALSO

he managed and wrote the State Sustainability Strategy:
the rst in the world at the state/province level. In 20042005 he was the New South Wales Sustainability Commissioner.
339
2003 Hope for the Future: The Western Australian
State Sustainability Strategy, Department of the Premier and Cabinet, WA Government, Perth, 2003.
Since 2008 he became member of Infrastructure Australia.[4]
2008 Cities as Sustainable Ecosystems: Principles

and Practices with Isabella Jennings, Washington,
DC: Island Press, ISBN 978-1-59726-187-6.
92.1.2
2008 Green Urbanism Down Under: Learning from

Sustainable Communities in Australia with Timothy
Beatley, Island Press, ISBN 1597264113
Academia
From 1989 to 2007 Newman was Director of the Institute

for Sustainability and Technology Policy, Murdoch University in Murdoch, Western Australia. In 2007, Newman left Murdoch University to join Curtin University.[5]
In 2006-07 he was a Fulbright Scholar at the University
of Virginia, Charlottesville.
92.1.3
International advisor
Peter Newman is member of the Global Research Network on Human Settlements Advisory Board and the
Scientic Advisory Committee of the UNESCO SCOPE
Ecopolis Project. He is Senior Consultant at Gehl Architects, Copenhagen, Denmark.[6]
2009 Resilient Cities with Timothy Beatley and

Heather Boyer, Island Press, ISBN 978-1-59726499-0
2013 Green Urbanism in Asia with Anne Matan,
World Scientic Publishing.
92.4 See also

Marchettis Constant
Transit-oriented development
92.5 References
92.2 Honors and recognition
Murdoch University 25th Anniversary Special Service Medallion. (2000)
Centenary Medal by the Australian Government in
2001 for Planning and Sustainability
92.3 Publications
1989 Cities and Automobile Dependence: An International Sourcebook, Newman P and Kenworthy J,
Gower, Aldershot.
1992 Winning Back the Cities, Pluto Press, Sydney,
1992, Newman P and Kenworthy J.
1999 Sustainability and Cities: Overcoming Automobile Dependence, Island Press, Washington DC.
Newman P and Kenworthy J, ISBN 1-55963-6602.
1999 An International Sourcebook of Automobile
Dependence in Cities, 1960-1990, Kenworthy J,
Laube F and Newman P, University of Colorado
Press, Boulder, 1999.
2001 Back on Track: Rethinking Australia and New
Zealand Transport Policy, Laird P, Newman P, Kenworthy J and Bachels M, UNSW Press, Sydney,
2001.
[1] Curtin University: Sta Proles, retrieved 19 August

2010
[2] Cities as Sustainable Ecosystems: Principles and Practices
[3] Curtin University: Sta Proles, retrieved 6 February
2011
[4] The Hon Anthony Albanese MP: Media Release 19 May
[5] Sustainability experts join Curtin
[6] Gehl Architects: Team Members, retrieved 6 February
2011
Chapter 93
Ghanem Nuseibeh
Ghanem Nuseibeh (born 11 May 1977) is the founder
of strategy and management consultancy, Cornerstone
Global Associates. He was a member of the Club of
Rome's think-tank 30 from 2004 to 2008, and is in charge
of the Gulf regions section of the Budapest-based thinktank Political Capital Policy Research and Consulting Institute , and Senior Visiting Fellow at Kings College,
London. He is a member of the Nuseibeh (alternatively
spelt Nusseibeh) family of Jerusalem and lives in Dubai
and London.
93.1 Career
Nuseibeh holds an undergraduate degree in civil engineering from Imperial College, London and a Master of
Science degree from the same university. As a trained
civil engineer, he has taken part in the design of major international infrastructure projects, including the
Azerbaijan-Georgia-Turkey dual oil and gas pipe-line,
the Durrat Al Bahrain man-made island and the Dubai
Tower in Doha, Qatars then tallest proposed building.
Before founding his own consultancy, Nuseibeh worked
with WS Atkins and Mouchel Parkman.
Nuseibeh has written numerous publications including
co-authoring two books with members of the Club of
Romes tt30, ICT for Education and Development: the
challenges of meeting the Millennium Development Goals
in Africa and Letters to the Future. He has also written
articles for newspapers and magazines published around
the world.
ground for Jewish, Christian and Muslim students. As

part of his student work, he contributed to the Report of
Extremism and Intolerance on Campus, produced by the
Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals of British
Universities in 1997. Nuseibeh was on the advisory board
of Just Journalism, a UK-based organisation that monitors the coverage of Israeli and Middle Eastern issues in
the British media.[1]
In an extensive report about him by The National daily
newspaper in Abu Dhabi in 2011, Nuseibeh was described as the man investment bankers, business executives and even government ocials turn to when they
want to know what is happening in the Arab world. Not
what appears to be happening on the surface, but what is
really happening, and what it all means.[2]
93.2 References
[1] Just Journalism Advisory Board, Accessed: 25 Nov.
2010.
[2] The National daily newspaper (UAE) report about
Ghanem Nuseibeh, 27 May 2011
93.2.1 References and selected recent media quotes
The National newspaper report about Ghanem Nuseibeh

Club of Romes tt30 Nuseibeh Family Website Times report about Dubai Sky News report about Dubai Reuters
report about US-Iranian relations Budapest Sun report
He is the 2005 winner of the British Geotechnical AssoThe Peninsula Qatar report
ciation's Prediction competition and the 1st winner of the
ALGS Papers Competition of the Institute of Civil Engineers in London. He was awarded the Royal Academy of 93.2.2 Publications
Engineerings Top Flight scholarship in 1996.
Ghanem Nuseibeh is a Patron of the Executive Commit- ICT for Education and Development - tt30 book Letters
tee of the British Friends of Neve Shalom Wat as- to the Future - tt30 book
Salm, a village outside Jerusalem built to promote peace
between Arabs and Jews in the Holy Land.
Ghanem Nuseibeh is a co-founder and former President
of the Middle East Students Union in the United Kingdom, which was created in 1996 to create a common-
93.3 External links
340
Personal website

Cornerstone Global Associates corporate website
341
Chapter 94
David Passig
David Passig (born 1957) is an Israeli futurist who received his Ph.D. in Anticipatory Anthropology from the
University of Minnesota. He specializes in technological futures, as well as social and educational futures. He
is an Associate Professor at the Bar-Ilan University[1] in
Israel. He heads the Graduate Program in Information
and Communication Technology and the Virtual Reality
Laboratory at the School of Education.
94.2 Predictions
94.1 Biography
Among his future predictions are space advertising by

2015, Moores law being repealed by 2017, a brainpowered personal computer by 2020, a commercial
quantum computer by 2027, laboratory-grown human
organs on demand by 2028, a space elevator by 2029,
an articially intelligent computer similar to the ctional
HAL 9000 by 2047, an undersea city by 2068, cryonics
reanimation by 2085, nanorgasm by 2089, and warp drive
by 2095. He has contradicted widespread predictions of
human colonization of space in the late 21st and 22nd
century, and believes that humanity will not begin to seriously colonize space until the 23rd or 24th century.[3][4][2]
Passig was born in Meknes, Morocco to a Jewish family. As a young child, his family immigrated to France,
where he spent his early childhood. When Passig was 11,
the family moved to Israel. Passig holds dual French and
Israeli nationality.[2]
Among Passigs accurate predictions were the September

11 attacks - in the 1990s, he predicted that a terrorist attack would take place on a major symbol of world order
in the early 21st century. Passig also predicted the 2008
nancial crisis in 1998, when he said that there would be
a global economic crisis that would start in either 2007 or
2008. He wrote about the coming nancial crisis in his
book The Future Code, which was written in 2006 and
published a few months before the crisis started. Passig
also accurately forecasted major developments in wireless technology.[3]
In 1982, at age 25, Passig fought in the 1982 Lebanon

War. During the war, his army unit was ambushed by
Syrian troops, and was later mistakenly attacked by Israeli warplanes, and sustained heavy casualties, including
some of his friends. According to Passig, it was during
this time that his interest in the future started, as he began wondering whether Israels fate would be to be in a 94.3 A Future Taxonomy of Cogniconstant state of war. When he returned from the army,
tive skills
Passig took a vacation to Europe at the urging of his father. While in Brussels, he visited an exhibit on homes of
the future. Although he was studying psychology at the He has developed a Taxonomy of Future Cognitive and
time, he decided to enroll in an Anticipatory Anthropol- Learning Skills. This Taxonomy attempts to refresh
ogy course at the University of Minnesota.[3]
Blooms taxonomy of cognitive skills to reect future
Passig, an observant Orthodox Jew, is married with four needs. It also suggests a new thinking skill that was not
children and lives in Netanya. He works as a consultant, included in Blooms categoriesnamed Melioration. It
and advises companies, including Fortune 500 compa- is assumed that this skill will be much required from the
nies, science ction lm producers, and the Israeli gov- alumni of the schooling system in the future. This Taxernment. He has consulted the Ministry of Education, onomy is being taught worldwide at teachers colleges and
Bank Hapoalim, and the Israeli Air Force. He served MBA programs. He is developing tools with which one
as an adviser to the commissioner for generations at the can measure the skill and develop it as well. The followKnesset and is a member of the Israeli National Commit- ing papers represent the taxonomy of cognitive skill that
tee for Research and Development.
he has published:
342
94.6. BOOKS
343
Passig, David (2007) Melioration as a Higher Thinking Skill to Enhance Future Intelligence. Teachers
College Record. Columbia University. 109 (1), 24
50.
Reality. His Lab is the rst Lab in Israel aimed at researching and teaching Virtual Reality in Education.
Passig, David (2001) A taxonomy of ICT mediated

future thinking skills. In Taylor, H. and Hogenbirk,
P. (2001) Information and Communication Technologies in Education: The School of the Future.
Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, pp 103112.
Eden, S. and Passig, D. (2007) ThreeDimensionality as an eective mode of Representation for Expressing Sequential Time
Perception. Journal of Educational Computing
Research. 36(1), 51-63.
He is studying also the impact of ICT interfaces on a

variety of human cognitive and social aspects as well as
Passig, D. & Cohen, L. (2006) Innovative Combina- learning processes. He is suggesting that ICT interfaces
tions: A Tool for Measuring the Melioration Skill. are having unexpected impact on the users awareness to
Teachers College Record. Research Note. Date a variety of cognitive phenomena. He is also suggesting
Published: October 9, 2006 http://www.tcrecord. that VR can enhance some cognitive skills. The following
papers represent this ongoing endeavor:
org ID Number: 12776.
94.4 Imen Delphi

He has also developed a Futures Research methodology
named "Imen-Delphi" (ID). This methodology reects
a new paradigm in Futures Thinking. The ID aims at
structuring a procedure through which a group of experts
could invent preferable futures, as opposed to the classical "Delphi" forecasting technique with which a group of
experts is engaged in guring out the most probable future. He is conducting various case studies to enhance its
reliability and validity in helping various groups shaping
their future imageries. The following papers represent the
ID methodology in the published literature:
Passig, David & Sharbat, Aviva (2000) ElectronicImen-Delphi (EID): An Online Conferencing Procedure. Education Media International (EMI). The
ocial Journal of the International Council for Educational Media (ICEM) 37(1), 58-67. Routledge.
Passig, David (1998). An applied Social Systems
Procedure for Generating Purposive Sound Futures.
Systems Research and Behavioral Science. The Ocial Journal of the International Federation for Systems Research. Winter 15(1), 315-325. Wiley &
Sons. England.
Passig, David (1997) Imen Delphi: A Delphi Variant Procedure for Emergence. Human Organization. Journal of the Society for Applied Anthropology. Southern Methodist University. Dallas, TX.
Spring, 56(1), 53-63.
94.5 Enhancing Cognitive Skills

with Virtual Reality
He has established the Virtual Reality Laboratory at the
School of Ed, and he is conducting studies on various aspects of the Human User Learning Interface of Virtual
Passig, David, Klein, Pnina & Neuman, Talia (2001)

Awareness to Toddlers Initial Cognitive Experiences with Virtual Reality. Journal of Computer
Assisted Learning. 17(4), 332-344.
Passig, David and Levin, Haya (2000). Gender
Preferences for Multimedia Interfaces. Journal of
Computer Assisted Learning. 16(1), 64-71. Blackwell Science.
Passig, David & Eden, Sigal (2000) Enhancing the
Induction Skill of Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children with Virtual Reality Technology. Journal of
Deaf Studies and Deaf Education. 5(3), 277-285.
Oxford University Press.
Passig, David and Eden, Sigal (2000) Improving
the Flexible Thinking in Deaf and Hard of Hearing
Children with Virtual Reality Technology. American Annals of the Deaf. 145(3), 286-291.
94.6 Books
He has published several books about the future - one titled: The Future Code. In this book that was in the best
seller list for 25 weeks and received the Gold Prize he has
developed 16 predictions about Israel in four categories:
Social, national security, economics and national identity.
1. Passig, David (2008) The Future Code: Israels
Future-Test. Tel Aviv, Yediot Press (in Hebrew).
Publishers site of the book
A second book was published in 2010 titled: 2048. In
this best seller the author engage to describe the possible
conicts of the 21st century, the technologies that will
drive these confrontations and how they will be reected
in the Middle east up to the mid 21st century.
2. Passig, David (2010) 2048. Tel Aviv, Yediot
Press (in Hebrew). Publishers site of the book
344
In 2011 the book was also published in Turkish by kotonkitap entitled 2050
This book has been translated to Turkish and English.
The Turkish version is titled: 2050
3. Passig, David (2011). Iki Bin Elli. Coton Kitap Publication: Istanbul. 387 pages in Turkish.
Turkish Publisher
4. Passig, David (2013). 2048. Tel Aviv: Yediot
Press. 427 pages in English.
A third book was published in 2013 titled: Forcognito The future mind. In this best seller the author describes
the neurophysiological mechanusm of Futures Thinking.
He suggests that the mind is in the midst of an accelerated evolutionary process in which a variety of cognitive
skills are enhanced. The author does a meta analysis of
his studies regarding the way to enhance a variety of IQ
skills with Virtual Reality.
5. Passig, David (2013). Forecognitothe Future
Mind. Tel Aviv: Yediot Press. 325 pages in Hebrew. Publishers site of the book
94.7 References
[1] BIU
[2] What does the future hold in store? - Israel21c.org
[3] Israel: Don't Overreach
[4] http://www.passig.com/vault/presentations/banner2.swf
94.8 External links

Books site
Personal Site
Graduate Program in ICT
CHAPTER 94. DAVID PASSIG
Chapter 95
Aurelio Peccei
95.2 Business ventures
After the war, Peccei was engaged in the rebuilding of

Fiat. Furthermore he was engaged in various private and
public eorts then underway to rebuild Italy, including the
founding of Alitalia.
In 1949, he accepted to go to Latin America for Fiat,
to restart their operations, as Fiat operations in Latin
America had been halted during the war. He settled in
Aurelio Peccei (center) in 1973.
Argentina, where he lived for nearly a decade with his
family. He quickly realised that it would make sense
Aurelio Peccei (4 July 1908, Turin, Piedmont 14 to start manufacturing locally and set up the Argentine
March 1984, Rome) was an Italian scholar and industri- subsidiary, Fiat-Concord, which built cars and tractors.
alist, best known as the founder and rst president of the Fiat-Concord rapidly became one of the most successful
Club of Rome - an organisation which raised consider- automotive rms in Latin America.
able public attention in 1972 with its report The Limits
to Growth. The Club of Romes supporters consider it a In 1958, with the backing of Fiat, Peccei founded
global planning organization; its critics accuse it of pro- Italconsult (a para-public joint consultancy venture involving major Italian rms such as Fiat, Innocenti,
moting eugenics and population control.
Montecatini), and became its Chairman, a position he
held until the 1970s, when he became Honorary President. Italconsult was an engineering and economic con95.1 Early life
sulting group for developing countries. It operated under
Pecceis leadership, on the whole, more as a non-prot
He was born on 4 July 1908 in Turin, the capital of the consortium. Italconsult was regarded by Peccei as a way
Piedmont region of Italy. He spent his youth there, even- of helping tackle the problems of the Third World, which
tually graduating from the University of Turin with a de- he had come to know rst-hand in Latin America.
gree in economics in 1930. Soon thereafter he went to
In 1964, Peccei was asked to become President of
the Sorbonne with a scholarship and was awarded a free Olivetti. Olivetti was facing signicant diculties at that
trip to the Soviet Union.
time due to the profound changes occurring in the ofHis knowledge of other languages brought him to Fiat
S.p.A.. Although under continual suspicion as an antifascist in the early 1930s, in 1935 a successful mission
for Fiat in China established his position in Fiat management.
During World War II, Peccei became involved in the antifascist movement and in the resistance, where he was
a member of the "Giustizia e Libert". Pecceis work
with the anti-fascist underground during the war caught
up with him in 1944, when he was arrested, imprisoned,
tortured, came within an ace of execution and escaped to
lie in hiding until the liberation.
ce machine sector. Peccei, with his foresight and his

entrepreneurial vision, was able to turn the situation at
Olivetti around.
But Peccei was not content merely with the substantial achievements of Italconsult, or his responsibilities as
President of Olivetti, and threw his energies into other
organisations as well, including ADELA, an international
consortium of bankers aimed at supporting industrialisation in Latin America. He was asked to give the keynote
speech in Spanish at the groups rst meeting in 1965,
which is where the series of coincidences leading to the
creation of the Club of Rome began.
345
346
95.3 Club of Rome
CHAPTER 95. AURELIO PECCEI
notion of problematique excited some because it seemed

applicable at a universal level, but worried others, who
felt that the approach was valid only for smaller entities
Pecceis speech caught the attention of Dean Rusk, such as a city or community. Saint-Geours and Kohnthen American Secretary of State, who had it trans- stamm therefore soon dropped out, leaving the others to
lated into English and distributed at various meetings pursue their informal programme of learning and debate.
in Washington. A Soviet representative at the annual
Thus started what Peccei called the adventure of the
meeting of the United Nations Advisory Committee on
spirit. He was fond to state that: If the Club of Rome
Science and Technology (ACAST), Jermen Gvishiani,
has any merit, it is that of having been the rst to rebel
Alexei Kosygin's son-in-law and vice-chairman of the
against the suicidal ignorance of the human condition.
State Committee on Science and Technology of the SoAnother quote of Peccei states: It is not impossible
viet Union, read the speech and was so taken by it that
to foster a human revolution capable of changing our
he decided he should invite the author to come for pripresent course.[1]
vate discussions, outside Moscow. Gvishiani therefore
asked an American colleague on ACAST, Carroll Wil- At around the same time, a study at the Massachusetts
son, about Peccei. Wilson did not know Peccei, but he Institute of Technology (MIT), headed by Jay Forrester,
and Gvishiani both knew Alexander King, by then Di- began on the implications of continued growth on poprector General for Scientic Aairs for the Organization ulation increase, agriculture production, non-renewable
for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) resource depletion, industrial output, and pollution generation. He made an oer to the Club of Rome to adapt
in Paris, so Wilson appealed to him for information.
his dynamic model to handle global issues. A fortnight
As it happened, King did not know Peccei, but he was
later, a group of Club members visited Forrester at MIT
equally impressed by the ADELA paper and tracked
and were convinced that the model could be made to work
down its author via the Italian Embassy in Paris. King
for the kind of global problems which interested the Club.
wrote to Peccei, passing on Gvishianis address and wish
The results of the study were published in the 1972 book
to invite him to the Soviet Union, but also congratu"The Limits to Growth", which received both worldwide
lating him on his paper and suggesting that they might
acclaim and strong criticism.
meet some time as they obviously shared similar concerns. Peccei telephoned King and they arranged to have In 1972, Peccei was one of the principal founders of
the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
lunch.
(IIASA), in Laxenburg (near Vienna) in Austria. This InThe two men got on extremely well from the very outset.
stitute was formed after considerable struggle, but then
They met several times in the latter part of 1967 and early
served as an important bridge between East and West,
1968, and then decided that they had to do something
partly because its founders included the United States
constructive to encourage longer-range thinking among
(through the National Academy of Sciences), the Soviet
Western European governments.
Union (through the Soviet Academy of Sciences), Italy
Peccei accordingly persuaded the Agnelli Foundation to (through the Comitato Nazionale di Ricerche) and varifund a two-day brainstorming meeting on 78 April 1968 ous other countries in the then western and eastern sector
of around 30 European economists and scientists at the of the world. IIASA became a meeting place for scholars
Accademia dei Lincei in Rome. The goal of the meeting and scientists of dierent countries and provided a bridgwas to discuss the ideas of Peccei and King of the glob- ing function for the scientic world, producing imporality of problems facing mankind and of the necessity of tant studies in dierent elds, including climate change,
acting at the global level. The meeting at the Accademia energy and agriculture.
dei Lincei was not a success, partly due to the diculty
It was during this same period that Peccei became inof the participants to focus on a distant future.
volved in the World Wildlife Fund (now the World Wide
After the meeting there was an informal gathering of Fund for Nature), becoming a member of its International
a few people in Pecceis home, which included Erich Board and becoming a strong supporter of their mission,
Jantsch (one of the great methodologists of planning stud- not only internationally but also locally in Italy.
ies), Alexander King, Hugo Thiemann, Lauro GomesIn the early 1970s, several other studies were undertaken
Filho, Jean Saint-Geours and Max Kohnstamm. Accordto improve upon The Limits to Growth, with varying
ing to King, within an hour they had decided to call themdegrees of support from the Club of Rome. Reecting
selves the Club of Rome and had dened the three mageneral criticism from the Third World, a Latin Amerjor concepts that have formed the Clubs thinking ever
ican model was developed by the Bariloche Institute in
since: a global perspective, the long term, and the clusArgentina. The Club of Rome helped to nd funding for
ter of intertwined problems they called the problemathe project but did not give its imprimatur to the nal retique. Although the Rome meeting had been convened
port (Catastrophe or New Society?", A.O. Herrera et al.,
with just Western Europe in mind, the group realised that
1976).
they were dealing with problems of much larger scale and
complexity: in short, the predicament of mankind. The With the idea of giving greater stress to the human dimen-
95.4. BOOKS
sion, Peccei approached the Dutch economist and Nobel
laureate Jan Tinbergen and proposed a study of the likely
impact of a doubling of the population on the global community. Tinbergen and his colleague Hans Linnemann
came to the conclusion, however, that the topic was unmanageably large and decided to focus on the problems
of Food for a Doubling World Population. When this
was put to the Club of Rome, Peccei and others disagreed
strongly, feeling that other aspects such as strains on housing, urban infrastructure, employment, etc. should not be
ignored. Ultimately Linnemann and his group pursued
their research with funds they had already mobilised in
the Netherlands and published their results independently
(MOIRA - Model of International Relations in Agriculture, 1979), not as a Report to the Club of Rome.
In that same month, the OPEC meeting which heralded
the rst oil shock. The framework of discussion changed
radically, at least for a while, and the Club was to become
involved in the United Nations debate on the New International Economic Order (NIEO).
Peccei persuaded the Austrian Chancellor, Bruno
Kreisky, to host a meeting on North-South problems
in February 1974 in Salzburg, Austria. Besides Bruno
Kreisky, the following heads of state of government were
present in Salzburg: Leopold Senghor, President of Senegal; Luis Echeverra, President of Mexico; Joop den Uyl,
Prime Minister of the Netherlands; Olof Palme, Prime
Minister of Sweden; Pierre Trudeau, Prime Minister of
Canada; as well as the representatives of the Prime Ministers of Algeria and Ireland. Peccei deliberately did not invite any of the major European powers, the United States
of America or the Soviet Union so as to prevent the debate turning into a forum for national or ideological position statements. To encourage the participants to speak
freely, they were asked to come without accompanying
civil servants and assured that nothing they said would be
attributed to them. The two-day private brainstorming
meeting ended with a press conference for 300 journalists.
As a logical extension of the Salzburg meeting, Peccei
asked Jan Tinbergen to produce a follow-up report on
global food and development policies, exploring these aspects much more thoroughly than the coverage in The
Limits to Growth. Scholars from the First, Second
and Third Worlds were invited to participate in the RIO
project (Reshaping the International Order), though only
Poland and Bulgaria accepted from the Communist bloc.
The basic thesis was that the gap between rich and poor
countries (with the wealthiest roughly 13 times richer
than the poorest) was intolerable and the situation was
inherently unstable, and that ways should be searched for
to try to reduce the gap to 6:1 over the next 15 to 30
years. Unlike The Limits to Growth, the model allowed
the developing countries 5% growth per annum, whereas
the industrialised countries would have zero or negative
growth; according to the report, however, all would benet from more sensible use of energy and other resources
347
and a more equitable distribution of global wealth. The
main report argued that people in the rich countries would
have to change their patterns of consumption and accept
lower prots, but a dissenting group saw consumption as
a symptom rather than a cause of the problems, which
stemmed rather from the fundamental power structure.
After numerous working sessions and presentations over
an 18-month period, the nal results of RIO were presented at a meeting in Algiers in October 1976 and accepted as a Report to the Club of Rome. The report did
not have the hoped-for impact.
The last meeting Peccei organized and participated in was
in Bogot, Colombia, on 1517 December 1983, with the
title Development in a World of Peace. Co-organizer
of the meeting with Peccei was the President of Colombia, Belisario Betancur. Peccei visited Las Gaviotas in
the Vichada and endorsed the project of Paolo Lugari to
regenerate the rainforest that was destroyed by decades
of extensive cattle farming. He provided an impulse to
one of the most innovative restoration projects building
on the Human Quality of the local population capable of
responding to local needs with what they have.
Peccei died on 14 March 1984 in Rome.
His biography was written by bis long-time assistant
Gunter Pauli: Crusader for the future: a portrait of Aurelio Peccei and published in 1987.
95.4 Books
Peccei wrote several books, including:
The Chasm Ahead, Macmillan, NY (1969), ISBN
0-02-595360-5
The Human Quality, Pergamon Press (1977), ISBN
0-08-021479-7
One Hundred Pages for the Future, Pergamon Press
(1981), ISBN 0-08-028110-9
Before It Is Too Late, with Daisaku Ikeda, Kodansha
America (1985), ISBN 0-87011-700-9
95.5 References
Eleonora Barbieri Masini, The Legacy of Aurelio
Peccei Twenty Years after his Passing and the Continuing Relevance of his Anticipatory Vision, 2004
Aurelio Peccei Lecture, Rome, November 23, 2004
[1] (Italian) Aurelio Pecceis legacy
Gunter Pauli, Crusader for the Future: a Portrait of

Aurelio Peccei, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1987
348
95.6 External links

Aurelio Peccei Website
Club of Rome
The Legacy of Aurelio Peccei Twenty Years after
his Passing and the Continuing Relevance of his Anticipatory Vision PDF (60.5 KiB)
Memoirs of a Bon - Chapter 13: The Club of
Rome
Quotes from The Human Quality
CHAPTER 95. AURELIO PECCEI
Chapter 96
Mark Pesce
Mark D. Pesce (born 1962) (/pi/ PESH-ee) is an au- appearances.
thor, researcher, engineer, futurist and teacher.
In 2003, Pesce relocated to Australia, where he continues
to live, and became an Australian citizen on 4 February
2011[4] (he holds dual citizenship). He is an Honorary
Lecturer at the University of Sydney and is a judge on The
96.1 Biography
New Inventors, a nationally televised television program in
September 1980, Pesce attended Massachusetts Institute Australia.
of Technology (MIT), for a Bachelor of Science degree,
but left in June 1982 to pursue opportunities in the newly
emerging high-technology industry. He worked as an
Engineer for the next few years, developing prototype
rmware and software for SecurID cards. In 1988, Pesce
joined Shiva Corporation, which pioneered and popularized dial-up networking. Pesces role in the company was
to develop user interfaces, and his research extended into
virtual reality.[1]
In 1991, Pesce founded the Ono-Sendai Corporation,
named after a ctitious company in the William Gibson
novel Neuromancer. Ono-Sendai was a rst-generation
Virtual Reality (VR) start-up, chartered to create inexpensive, home-based networked VR systems. The company developed a key technology, which earned Pesce his
rst patent for a Sourceless Orientation Sensor, which
is used to track the motion of persons in virtual environments. Sega Corporation of America would use the technology on the design of the Sega Virtua VR, a consumer
head-mounted display (HMD).[1]
In 1993, Apple hired Pesce as a consulting engineer,
to develop interfaces between Apple and IBM networking products.[2] In early 1994, while in San Francisco,
Pesce and software engineers Tony Parisi and Gavin Bell,
spearheaded an eort to standardize 3D on the Web,
and invented VRML Architecture Group (VAG), under the leadership of Pesce.[3] The purpose of VRML
was to allow for the creation of 3-D environments
within the World Wide Web, accessible through a web
browser. Working in conjunction with such corporations
as Microsoft, Netscape, Silicon Graphics, Sun Microsystems, and Sony, Pesce convinced the industry to accept
the new protocol as a standard for desktop virtual reality. This development spring-boarded Pesce into a career
which has included extensive writings for both the popular and scientic press, teaching and lecturing at universities, conferences, performances, presentations, and lms
In 2006, Pesce founded FutureSt, a Sydney consultancy,

serving as an advisory to analytics rm PeopleBrowsr,
and The Serval Project.[5]
In 2008, Pesce began writing an online column for the
Australian Broadcasting Corporation's The Drum Opinion.[6]
More recently Pesce has been designing and coding
Plexus,[7] a Web2.0 address book and social networking tool, and is writing his next book, The Next Billion
Seconds.[8] His current major project, however, is Light
MooresCloud,[9] an ambient device of 52-LEDs which
is a lamp with a LAMP-stack;[10] the trademark pays
homage to the inexpensive ubiquitous computing engendered by Moores Law. Inspired by the GPIO of a borrowed Raspberry Pi, which he realized allowed web users
anywhere on the planet to turn an LED on or o on his
machine from their browsers, MooresCloud was brought
from concept to prototype by a team in eight weeks.[11]
Highly congurable, the device has been touted as illumination as a service.[12]
96.2 Teaching
Pesce began his teaching career in 1996 as a VRML instructor at both the University of California at Santa Cruz
and San Francisco State University, where he would later
create the schools certicate program in the 3-D Arts. In
1998, Pesce was asked to join the faculty of the University
of Southern California, as the founding chair of the Graduate Program in Interactive Media at the USC School of
Cinema-Television.[13] From January 2004 through January 2006, Pesce was the senior lecturer in Emerging Media and Interactive Design at the Australian Film Television and Radio School (AFTRS) in Sydney, Australia. He
now holds an Honorary Appointment at the University of
349
350
Sydney and has shared some of his lectures online.[14]
96.3 Books
Pesce, Mark D. (2011). Hyperpolitics: power on a
connected planet (PDF). www.lulu.com.
Mark Pesce, Programming DirectShow and Digital
Video. Seattle, Washington, Microsoft Press, May
2003.
Mark Pesce, The Playful World: How Technology
Transforms our Imagination. New York, Ballantine
Books (Random House), October 2000.
Mark Pesce, Learning VRML: Design for Cyberspace. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Zi-Davis
Publishing, 1997.
Mark Pesce, VRML: Flying through the Web. Indianapolis, Indiana: New Riders Publishing, 1996.
CHAPTER 96. MARK PESCE
[4] Pesce, Mark.

Mateship and becoming Aussie.
ABC.net.au. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
[5] Creativity | Insight | Inspiration. markpesce.com. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
[6] Mark Pesce - The Drum Opinion. ABC.net.au. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
[7] Bauwens, Michel. Why we need a wikileaks for social media: Marke Pesce on the launching of the Plexus
project. blog.p2pfoundation.net. P2P Foundation. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
[8] Pesce, Mark. The Next Billion Seconds. Retrieved 5
October 2011.
[9] http://www.afr.com/f/free/technology/
digitallife/australian_startup_reinvents_the_
LrNIW5n4mlxctY0GwOclpM
[10] http://www.engadget.com/2012/10/13/
moorescloud-light-runs-linux-puts-lamp-on-your-lamp/
Mark Pesce, VRML: Browsing and Building Cy- [11] http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/10/12/vrml_pioneer_

mark_pesce_invents_cloud_lights/
berspace. Indianapolis, Indiana: New Riders Publishing, 1995.
[12] http://www.zdnet.com/au/
Introduction to Celia Pearce, The Interactive Book.
Indianapolis, Indiana: Macmillan Technical Publishing, 1997.
96.4 Film projects

Man With a Movie Tube, short form video, January
2007
linux-based-lamp-offers-illumination-as-a-service-7000005667/
[13] USC IN THE NEWS. usc.edu. USC NEWS. Retrieved
21 August 2011.
[14] Mark Pesces videos. vimeo.com. Retrieved 22 August
2011.
96.6 External links
Unbomb, short form video, August 2003.
Pesces personal homepage
Body Hits (BBC 3), location producer, November

2002.
Pesces professional homepage
This Strange Eventful History, feature length video

about Burning Man, August 2002
Becoming Transhuman, feature length video, inspired by Terence McKenna and others, August
2001
96.5 References
[1] Pesce, Mark. Curriculum Vitae (PDF). hyperreal.org.
Mark Pesce. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
[2] MARKOFF, JOHN (November 25, 1996). A New Language Is Adding Depth to the Flat Computer Screen. The
New York Times. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
[3] MARKOFF, JOHN (July 16, 1996). Tomorrow, the
World Wide Web!;Microsoft, the PC King, Wants to
Reign Over the Internet. The New York Times. Retrieved
20 August 2011.
Pesces professional blog
Chapter 97
Orrin H. Pilkey
Orrin H. Pilkey (born September 14, 1934) is Professor 97.1 Selected bibliography
Emeritus of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Nicholas School
of the Environment, at Duke University, and Founder and
97.1.1 Books
Director Emeritus of the Program for the Study of Developed Shorelines (PSDS) which is currently based at
Pilkey, O.H., and J.A.G. Cooper, 2014, The Last
Western Carolina University.
Beach: Duke University Press, Durham, NC, 264
p.: ISBN 978-0-8223-5809-1
Pilkey received his B.S. degree in geology at Washington
State College, his M.S. degree in geology at the University
Pilkey, O.H., W.J. Neal, J.T. Kelley, J.A.G. Cooper,
of Montana and his Ph.D. degree in geology at Florida
2011, The Worlds Beaches: A Global Guide to the
State University. Between 1962 and 1965 he was a reScience of the Shoreline: University of California
search professor at the University of Georgia Marine InPress, Berkeley, CA, 283 p.
stitute on Sapelo Island. He has been at Duke University since 1965, with one year breaks with the Depart Pilkey, O.H., and K.C. Pilkey, 2011, Global Climent of Marine Science at the University of Puerto Rico,
mate Change: A Primer: Duke University Press,
Mayagez, and with the U.S. Geological Survey in Woods
Durham, NC, 142 p.: ISBN 978-0-8223-5109-2
Hole, Massachusetts.
Pilkey, O.H., and R. Young, 2009, The Rising Sea:
Pilkey began his career with the study of abyssal plains
Island Press, Washington, D.C., 203 p,;ISBN 978on the deep sea oor. As a result of the destruc1-59726-191-3
tion of his parents house in Waveland, Mississippi in
Hurricane Camille (1969), he switched to the study of
Neal, W.J., O.H. Pilkey, and J.T. Kelley, 2007, Atcoasts. Pilkeys research centers on both basic and aplantic Coast Beaches: A Guide to Ripples, Dunes,
plied coastal geology, focusing primarily on barrier isand Other Natural Features of the Seashore: Mounland coasts. The PSDS has analyzed the numerical modtain Press Publishing Company, Missoula, MT, 272
els used by coastal geologists and engineers to predict
p.
the movement of beach sand, especially in beach replenishment.[1] In general, Pilkey argues that mathematical
Pilkey, O.H., and L. Pilkey-Jarvis, 2007, Useless
models cannot be used to accurately predict the behavArithmetic: Why Environmental Scientists Cant
ior of beaches, although they can be very useful if diPredict the Future: Columbia University Press, New
rectional or orders-of-magnitude answers are sought. In
York, New York, 230 p.;ISBN 978-0-231-13213-8
the book, Useless Arithmetic, written with his daughter
Pilkey, O.H., T.M. Rice, and W.J. Neal, 2004, How
Linda Pilkey-Jarvis, they argue that the outcome of natuto Read a North Carolina Beach: University of
ral processes in general cannot be accurately predicted by
North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,
mathematical models. The Rising Sea, written with Rob
162 p.;ISBN 978-0-8078-5510-2
Young, focuses on the global threat from sea level rise.
Pilkey has received numerous awards, among them the
Francis Shepard medal for excellence in marine geology
in 1987, public service awards from several geological societies, and in 2003, he received the Priestly Award.
Pilkey has published more than 250 technical publications
and a number of books. Further articles by Pilkey are in
the Coastal Care web pages, a site that focuses on coastal
and beach issues and education.
351
Bush, D.M., W.J. Neal, N.J. Longo, K.C. Lindeman, D.F. Pilkey, L.S. Esteves, J.D. Congleton,
O.H. Pilkey, 2004, Living with Floridas Atlantic
Beaches, Coastal Hazards from Amelia Island to
Key West: Duke University Press, Durham, North
Carolina, 338 p.
Pilkey, O.H. and M.E. Fraser, 2003, A Celebration
of the Worlds Barrier Islands: Columbia University
Press, New York, New York, 309 p.
352
CHAPTER 97. ORRIN H. PILKEY
Bush, D.M., N.J. Longo, W.J. Neal, L.S. Esteves,

O.H. Pilkey, et al., 2001, Living on the Edge of the
Gulf: The West Florida and Alabama Coast: Duke
University Press, Durham, North Carolina, 340 p.
Pilkey, O.H., W.J. Neal, S.R. Riggs, C.A. Webb,
D.M. Bush, J. Bullock, and B. Cowan, 1998, The
North Carolina Shore and Its Barrier Islands: Duke
University Press, Durham, North Carolina, 318 p.
Mason, O., O.H. Pilkey, and W.J. Neal, 1996, Living with the Alaska Coast: Duke University Press,
Durham, North Carolina, 348 p.
Bush, D.M., O.H. Pilkey, and W.J. Neal, 1996, Living by the Rules of the Sea, Duke University Press,
Durham, North Carolina, 179 p.
Pilkey, O.H., and K.L. Dixon, 1996, The Corps and
the Shore: Island Press, Washington, D.C., 272 p.
Kaufman, W., and O.H. Pilkey, 1979, The Beaches
Are Moving: The Drowning of Americas Shoreline, Duke University Press, Durham, North Carolina, 336 p.
97.1.2
Articles
Pilkey, O.H., Cooper, J.A.G., and Lewis, D.A.,

2009, Global distribution and geomorphology of
fetch-limited barrier islands, Journal of Coastal Research 25(4), pp. 819837.
Stutz, M.L., and Pilkey, O.H., 2011, Open-ocean
Barrier Islands: Global Inuence of Climatic,
Oceanographic, and Depositional Settings: Journal
of Coastal Research, 27(2), 207222.
97.2 References
[1] Orrin H. Pilkey. fds.duke.edu
97.3 External links

Interview with Orrin Pilkey & Linda Jarvis-Pilkey
Coastal Care
Who should be on the beach? An interview with
Orrin Pilkey
Chapter 98
Fred Polak
Polak was a Senator for the Socialist Party and later became a cofounder of the political party DS-70.
Polak graduated cum laude in philosophy in 1946, and
since his thesis and inaugural address in 1947 on the evolution of science and society of tomorrow, devoted himself continuously to the future of man and society.
Author of many publications on futurology, Polak was
recipient of Fellowships from UNESCO, the Ford Foundation, and the Council of Europe which awarded him a
prize for the two-volume book The Image of the Future.
He was the founder and rst president of Teleac (Dutch
television academy), co-founder and vice-president of the
Erasmus Prize Foundation, and scientic advisor for long
term planning to numerous concerns in the Netherlands.
He was engaged in setting up an institute for long term
future research and development in the Netherlands and
was also Secretary-General of the International Society
for Technology Assessment.
Fred Polak (1970)
Frederik Lodewijk Polak (21 May 1907, Amsterdam

17 September 1985, Wassenaar) was one of the Dutch
founding fathers of futures studies, perhaps best known in
the eld for theorising the central role of imagined alternative futures in his classic work The Image of the Future.
Polak was the son of Alexander Polak, violin builder
and concertmaster of the Concertgebouw Orchestra, and
Janet Kiek, who founded the rst Home Economics Budget Bureau. He studied law and economics in Amsterdam and, before the Second World War, was a member
of the Board of Directors of a large chain of stores in the
Netherlands. In 1936 he married the poet Louise Moor.
As a Jew, Polak spent the war years in hiding and preparing a PhD thesis in philosophy. After the war he became
a sta member and managing director of the Netherlands
Central Planning Bureau, personal advisor to the Minister of Education (Art and Science), advisor of the Dutch
government for Full Employment, Professor of Sociology
at Erasmus University Rotterdam and Managing Director
of an industrial organization at Twente (Netherlands).
A 2005 article by Ruud van der Helm states:[1] Among

the founders of the futures studies eld, the Dutch sociologist Fred Polak is one of the least known. Although
he is still mentioned by several renowned futurists, very
little has been written about the evolution of Polaks ideas
and as far as we have been able to trace back, no retrospective work has been published. Today, Polak is mostly
known for his opus magnum The Image of the Future, an
impressive cultural-historic study of the relation between
imagined futures and the dynamics of culture. He was an
original thinker, but his work was remarkably uneven: his
encyclopaedic and erudite style has led to both very deep
and very shallow analyses. Especially his earlier contributions in the 1950s and 1960s still prove a very valuable
resource, although many of his ideas should be handled
with care. However, his later works in the 1970s are out
of tune with the rise of a more critical approach to the
study of the future.
98.1 References
353
[1] Van der Helm, R., The Future According to Frederik

Lodewijk Polak: Finding the Roots of Contemporary Futures Studies, Futures 37(2005) 505-519 (Elsevier Publishers)
354
98.2 External links

Quotations related to Fred Polak at Wikiquote
The Image of the Future
CHAPTER 98. FRED POLAK
Chapter 99
Faith Popcorn
Faith Popcorn (born as Faith Plotkin)[1] is a futurist, car.[3]
author, and founder and CEO of marketing consulting
Business book author William A. Sherden takes a skeptirm BrainReserve. Her best-selling book is The Popcorn cal view of her ideas about cocooning, her most famous
Report (1991).
prediction, and concludes she was wrong on several other
sampled predictions. On cocooning he provides statistics
that demonstrate double digit percentage growth in activities outside the home in the ve years following her
99.1 Phrases
prediction.[4]
Popcorn has coined various terms and phrases in her pub- Listed as an example of government wastes of taxpayer
lications. For example Brailling the culture is her term dollars, the U.S. Postal Service paid $566,000 to Faith
for analyzing a range of cultural developments. Popcorn Popcorn to envision a viable future for the post oce. [5]
has identied a number of trends that she argued determine consumer behavior. She also developed a marketing
model she calls InCulture Marketing, which she says 99.3 Bibliography
turns the culture itself into a medium for brand communications.
The Popcorn Report: Faith Popcorn on the Future of
Your Company, Your World, Your Life. New York:
Doubleday, 1991. ISBN 978-0-385-40000-8
99.2 Predictions
with Lys Marigold. Clicking: 16 Trends to Future

Fit Your Life, Your Work, and Your Business. New
York: HarperCollins, 1996. ISBN 978-0-88730694-5
A 2008 Los Angeles Times entertainment section article, following Popcorns predictions over a period of ve
years, credited her with identifying trends such as food
coaches and transcouture.[2] In The Popcorn Report,
she predicts that we will Own your Own Android: You
won't see humans driving buses, at supermarket check
outs, or serving up fast (slow) food. They'll be replaced
by colonies of androids who can walk your dog or ght
your war.Faith Popcorn
She is also quoted oering a prediction that mechanized hugging booths will replace pay phones in cities
as part of a cultural trend toward more physical contact.
Shes also said that 1950s slang will make a big comeback
and that advances in genetics will allow people to custom design pets with bits of their own DNA so their dogs
and cats resemble them. Other examples from this series of 2006 predictions of marketing trends that Popcorn
claimed were just around the corner include lingerie
infused with neuro-chemicals to enhance condence,
and demand for retort coaches to help people sharpen
their wit. Popcorn also predicted removable cochlearimplants, rentable by the hour, that instantly lend you
uency in French or an understanding of how to tune a
EVEolution: The Eight Truths of Marketing to

Women (co-authored with Lys Marigold),
with Adam Hanft. The Dictionary of the Future: The
Words, Terms and Trends That Dene the Way We'll
Live, Work and Talk, New York: Hyperion, 2001.
ISBN 978-0-7868-7007-3
99.4 References
355
[1] Keyes, Ralph. The Post-Truth Era: Dishonesty and Deception in Contemporary Life, Macmillan 2004, p. 87
[2] Faith Popcorns Predictions Five Years Later. Los Angeles Times. 2008. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
[3] Faith Popcorns predictions - 9 products of the future.
2006.
[4] Sherden, William A. (1999). The Fortune Sellers: The
Big Business of Buying and Selling Predictions. New York:
John Wiley & Sons. p. 223. ISBN 0-471-35844-4.
356
[5] Govt wasted $30 billion on pillownauts, crystal goblets

buying human urine!". 2013.
99.5 External links

Faith Popcorn ocial website
CHAPTER 99. FAITH POPCORN
Chapter 100
Joanne Pransky
Joanne Pransky is an American robotics expert and
futurist who provides professional advice on using and
marketing robotics devices. She calls herself the Worlds
First Robotic Psychiatrist for her expertise on issues
concerning the human/robot relationship. She is a graduate of Tufts University in Massachusetts, United States.
In 1996 she became the U.S. Associate Editor for 'Industrial Robot Journal' published by Emerald. She formerly
served as the U.S. Associate Editor for Emeralds journals
'Assembly Automation' and 'Sensor Review'. Beginning
with its founding in April 2004 she is associate editor of
'Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery'.
She has also worked as a judge on the television series
"Comedy Central Sports Presents BattleBots".

Pranskys website
357
Chapter 101
Robert Prehoda
Robert Wayne Prehoda (July 7, 1931 - June 11,
2009)[1] was an American chemist and futurist. He participated in the rst cryonic suspension of a human being,
that of James Bedford. He had a wife, Aline.
101.1 Works
What are the eects of current automation trends
in the oil industry on management, unions and the
employees?, University of Tulsa, 1957
Technological forecasting methodology, 1966
Designing the future: the role of technological forecasting, Chilton Book Co., 1967
Extended youth: the promise of gerontology, Putnam, 1968
Suspended animation: the research possibility that
may allow man to conquer the limiting chains of
time, Chilton Book Co., 1969
Your Next Fifty Years, Penguin Group (USA) Incorporated, 1980 (ISBN 9780441952212)
101.2 References
[1] Death of Robert Prehoda

Interview with Prehoda, Cryonics Reports, Vol. 4,
No. 1, January 1969
Alcohol as Fuel (letter to the editor), Science
News, Vol. 100, No. 6 (Aug. 7, 1971), p. 88
358
Chapter 102
Donald Prell
After the war he resumed undergraduate studies at UCLA
and graduated in 1948. While at UCLA he was an active member of the American Veterans Committee. Prell
was a Ph.D. candidate in Psychology with Hans Eysencks
Program Research Team at the University of London
from 1948-1951. It was here that he learned to program
Hollerith punched card tabulation machines, the forerunner of todays digital computers.
102.2 Marriage and family

In 1960 he married Elizabeth (Bette) Howe, novelist and
assistant editor of Datamation Magazine. They have two
children: Owen Trelawny Prell and Erin Teleri Prell.
102.3 Professional career
Donald B. Prell
Donald B. Prell (born July 7, 1924) is a venture capitalist, author and futurist who created Datamation, the rst
magazine devoted solely to the computer hardware and
software industry.
102.1 Early life

Prell was born in Los Angeles, California, and graduated
from Los Angeles High School in the summer of 1942.
At the end of his sophomore year at UCLA he enlisted in
the US Army. In 1944, age 19, he graduated from Ocer
Candidate School (U.S. Army), Ft. Benning, Georgia,
and was commissioned a 2nd Lieutenant, Infantry. Serving in the European Theater of Operations as an anti-tank
platoon leader with the Anti-Tank Company, 422nd Regiment, 106th Division, during the Battle of the Bulge, December 1944, he was wounded and captured. In March
1945, he was liberated by Task Force Baum during its
Raid at Oag XIII-B (which General George S. Patton,
Jr. reported as the only mistake he made during World
War II).[1] Prells freedom lasted only a few days as he
was recaptured after attempting to locate friendly forces.
A month later, he escaped from a POW camp south of
Nuremberg, and found his way to freedom.
During the 1950s Prell worked with Rand Corporation

futurist Herman Kahn, who later founded the Hudson Institute in New York. Also in the 1950s he was associated
with many of the early designers of high-speed computer
input-output devices, analog to digital converters and digital display plotters, including Benson-Lehner Corporation. In 1958, working with Thompson Publications, he
created Datamation, the rst magazine dedicated solely to
the emerging computer-data-processing industry.[2] Later
he founded and served as President of two venture capital rms: 1967 Union Ventures (a subsidiary of the Union
Bank N.A.) and in 1980 Imperial Ventures (a subsidiary
of Imperial Bank of California). During his association
with Union Bank, he was responsible for producing the
banks rst and only 30-year Strategic Plan.
102.4 Other interests

Over the course of his career Prell pursued long-standing
interests in both Edward John Trelawny, a novelist and
friend of Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lord Byron, and
Pierre Laval, Prime Minister of France in the 1930s and
again during the Vichy era. In the course of Prells research, he authored three journal articles and four books
359
360
and developed extensive collections of material by and
about Trelawny and Laval.[3] These research materials
have been donated to two southern California libraries:
The Edward John Trelawny Collection, including
one of the original notebooks of Edward Ellerker
Williams, an associate of Shelley, is in the Special Collections of the Honnold/Mudd Library,
Claremont Colleges, Claremont, California.[4]
The Pierre Laval Collection resides in Special Collections of the UCR Libraries, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California.[5]
Prell received the UCLA University Service Award in
1977.
102.5 Publications
The Inheritance of Neuroticism: An Experimental
Study, Hans. J. Eysenck and Donald B. Prell, The
Journal of Mental Health, Volume XCVII, July,
1951, pp. 441465
Economic study of the Seychelles Island, D. B. Prell.
1965,[6]
The Sinking of the Don Juan Revisited, Donald B.
Prell, Keats-Shelley Journal, Volume LVI, 2007, pp.
136154
Discovering Byrons Boat (the Bolivar), Donald Prell,
The Byron Journal, Volume 35, No.1, 2007, pp. 53
59
Trelawny, Fact or Fiction, Donald B. Prell, Strand
Publishing, 2008
Sailing With Byron from Genoa to Cephalonia, Donald B. Prell, Strand Publishing, 2009
Lord Byron --- Coincidence or Destiny, Donald B.
Prell, Strand Publishing, 2009
Biography of Captain Daniel Roberts, Donald B.
Prell, Strand Publishing, 2010
102.6 References
[1] Patton (Ordeal and Triumph) by Ladislas Farago, 1964,
p. 790. (Originally from Pattons personal Journal, published posthumously in the Saturday Evening Post in August 1949)
[2] see Wikipedia article: Datamation
[3] Biographical Information. Mendeley Ltd. 2014. Retrieved 2014-07-11.
CHAPTER 102. DONALD PRELL
[4] Edward John Trelawny Collection. Special Collections

at The Claremont Colleges Library. 2007-12-12. Retrieved 2014-07-11.
[5] Pierre Laval Collection. UCR Libraries. Retrieved
2014-07-11.
[6] UCLA Library Catalog - Titles
Chapter 103
Renzo Provinciali
Renzo Provinciali (born Parma, Italy 14 March 1895
died Rome, 2 October 1981), a lawyer by profession, was
a notable Italian anarchist, Futurist and journalist. He
is perhaps best known for his opposition to Marinettis
Futurist Manifesto.
In the years before the First World War he was at the
heart of a group of anarchists and Futurists in Parma, a
centre for revolutionary movements. From 19121913
he published the anarcho-futurist journal La Barricata
(The Barricade) (for which Carlo Carr designed the
masthead). His manifesto Futurism and Anarchy, published in The Barricade, attacked Marinetti on the basis
that his attempt to produce an avant-garde aesthetic was
undermined by his failure to renounce bourgeois politics:
How is it possible to imagine a bourgeois art in an anarchist society, or a futurist art in a bourgeois society?
103.1 References
Renzo Provinciali: Nota bio-bibliograa (in Italian)
361
Chapter 104
Paul Raskin
Paul Raskin is the Founding Director of the Tellus Institute, which has conducted over 3,500 research and policy projects throughout the world on environmental issues, resource planning, scenario analysis, and sustainable
development. His research and writing has centered on
formulating and analyzing alternative global and regional
scenarios, and the requirements for a transition to a sustainable, just, and livable future, called the Great Transition. Dr. Raskin has served as a lead author on the National Academy of Sciences Board on Sustainability, the
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, UNEPs Global Environmental Outlook, and the Earth Charter. He was also
lead author on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) Third Assessment Report,[1] and professional reviewer of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report.
ning (LEAP)[6] system in 1980 and the Water Evaluation And Planning (WEAP) system in 1990,[7] both now
maintained by the US Center of the Stockholme Environment Institute. More recently, he created PoleStar,
a comprehensive framework for exploring alternative
global, regional and national scenarios.[8]
Since the Brundtland Commissions seminal Our Common Future in 1997, for which he was a contributing author, Raskins work has centered on developing comprehensive long-range scenarios of socio-ecological systems
at dierent spatial scales: river-basin, nation, region, and
globe. Toward that end, he organized the GSG in 1995
as an interdisciplinary and international team to examine alternative global scenarios for the twenty-rst century. The GSGs work culminated in the 2002 essay Great
Transition: The Promise and Lure of the Times Ahead.[9]
This treatise integrates a large body of data and analysis
on institutional, resource, and environmental trends and
104.1 Background
possibilities, and on detailed computer simulation of alBorn in Chicago in 1942, Raskin was raised in California, ternative global scenarios.
receiving a B.A. in physics and philosophy in 1964 from
the University of California, Berkeley, under the mentorship of eminent philosopher of science Paul Feyerabend. 104.3 Great Transition
He went on to earn a Ph.D. in theoretical physics from
Columbia University in 1970, and taught at the univer- The conceptual point of departure of Dr. Raskins Great
sity level, becoming Chair of an interdisciplinary depart- Transition essay is that humanity is in the midst of a proment at the State University of New York at Albany in found transition, which the essay refers to as the Planetary
1973. In 1976, he co-founded the Tellus Institute, where Phase of Civilization. According to this perspective, a
he has directed a team of professionals in environmen- form of global society will consolidate in the coming
tal, resource, and development policy research working decades but its ultimate character remains fundamentally
throughout the world.[2] Raskin also founded the U.S. and inherently uncertain. The development of the global
center of the Stockholm Environment Institute in 1989,[3] system can branch in dierent directions, depending on
The Global Scenario Group (GSG) in 1995,[4] and the the ways ecological systems respond to anthropogenic
Great Transition Initiative (GTI) in 2003.[5]
stresses, such as climate change and how social institu-
104.2 Research contributions
tions evolve and conicts are resolved. Most fundamentally, the form of twenty-rst century society that emerges
will depend on human consciousness and the choices people make in the critical years ahead. The essay envisions
three broad types of possible twenty-rst century scenarios Conventional Worlds, Barbarization, and Great
Transitions and a number of variations within each category.
Dr. Raskins research has evolved through several phases:

integrated energy and environment planning, integrated
freshwater assessment, climate change mitigation strategies, and sustainable development studies. He conceived,
developed, and disseminated widely used planning mod- This scenario framework been used in numerous global,
els, including the Long-range Energy Alternatives Plan- regional and national scenario assessments, such as
362
104.5. SEE ALSO

UNEPs Global Environment Outlook.[10] A recent comprehensive review of over 450 global scenarios found the
GSGs framework to be the most useful and archetypal,
a testament to the original concept of the GSG scenarios and their development and renement over a 16 year
period.[11]

Great Transition: The Promise and Lure of the
Times Ahead Boston: Stockholm Environment Institute (2002).
Raskin, P., C. Electris and R. Rosen. 2010.
The Century Ahead: Searching for Sustainability.
Sustainability (2010), 2(8):2626-2651. Available
at http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/2/8/2626 (accessed 22 May 2013).
World Lines: A Framework for Exploring Global
Pathways. Ecological Economics (2008), 65(3):461470. (Accessed 6 June 2013).
Scenes from the Great Transition. Solutions (2012),
3(4):11-17. (Accessed 6 June 2013).
Global Scenarios: Background Review for the
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems
(2005), 8:133-142. (Accessed 6 June 2013).
Imagine All the People: Advancing a Global Citizens Movement. Development (2011), 54:287-290.
(Accessed 6 June 2013).
Future. In Encyclopedia of Sustainability: The Spirit
of Sustainability. Editor: Willis Jenkins. Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire (2010).
Planetary Praxis: Rhyming Hope and History. In
The Coming Transformation: Values to Sustain Human and Natural Communities. Editors: Stephen R.
Kellert and James Gustave Speth. New Haven: Yale
University (2009).
The Problem of the Future: Sustainability Science and Scenario Analysis. Global Environmental Change (2004), 14:137-146. (Accessed 6 June
2013).
Global Environmental Outlook Scenario Framework. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme (2002). (Accessed 6 June 2013).
363
Our Common Journey: A Transition Toward Sustainability. Report of the Board on Sustainability of
National Academy of Sciences. Washington, D.C.:
National Academy Press (1999).
Bending the Curve: Toward Global Sustainability. Second Report of the Global Scenario Group.
(1998). (Accessed 6 June 2013).
Windows on the Future: Global Scenarios and Sustainability. Environment Magazine (April 1998),
40(3):6-11.
Global Energy, Sustainability and the Conventional
Development Paradigm. Energy Sources (1998),
20:363-383.
Water Futures: Assessment of long-range Patterns
and Problems Perspectives. Background Document
of the Comprehensive Assessment of the Freshwater Resources of the World. Stockholm: Stockholm
Environment Institute/United Nations. (1997)
Branch Points: Global Scenarios and Human
Choice. First Report of the Global Scenario Group.
(1997). (Accessed 6 June 2013).
104.5 See also

Great Transition
Stockholm Environment Institute
Tellus Institute
Global Scenario Group
Planetary Boundaries
Scenario analysis
Sustainable Development
104.6 References
[1] IPCC Assessment Reports. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
[2] Tellus Institute: About. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
[3] Common Dreams: Paul Raskin. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
[4] Global Scenario Group - About. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
[5] Paul Raskin Bio. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
Global Sustainability: Bending the Curve. London:

Routledge Press (2002).
[6] SEI LEAP. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
Halfway to the Future: A Reection on the Global

Condition. Boston: Tellus Institute (2002).
[8] PoleStar Project Background.

2012.
[7] WEAP History and Credits. Retrieved 4 January 2012.

Retrieved 4 January
364
[9] Raskin, Paul. Great Transition: The Promise and Lure

of the Times Ahead. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
[10] GEO-1 About. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
[11] Hunt, Dexter V. L.; Lombardi, D. Rachel; et al.
(2012). Scenario Archetypes: Converging Rather than
Diverging Themes. Sustainability 4 (4): 740772.
doi:10.3390/su4040740. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
CHAPTER 104. PAUL RASKIN
Chapter 105
Ricardo Barretto
Ricardo Barretto, a.k.a. Rick Nova; Rick Barretto, is a
Brazilian-American screenwriter. He is also a futurist,
humanitarian, business development partner at QLess
(Winner, Best Overall company of the year 2010, American Business Awards) and Alltec Tecnologia. He also
writes for the IEET (The Institute of Ethics for Emerging
Technologies).
For many years he worked below the radar in script development. He was the script consultant for Colegas Buddies, which won Best Film in Brazil in 2012, and best
screenplay. He was also a driving force in greenlighting
the feature animation Daya, and several projects that are
yet to hit the screen. He also produced and directed a Neil
Simon Broadway comedy with major TV talent, and was
part of the team that developed the rst sitcom project in
Brazil, directed by Debbie Allen.
He continues his work as a script consultant and writer,
having read for Warren Zide and non-prot organizations
such as the Scriptwriters Network. The main area of
work at present is science ction and technology.
In the Spring of 2013, he wrote, directed, produced and
edited three lm projects, which includes an alien chase
on Venice Beach and a tribute to Jean-Luc Godard about
a dystopian future and the oppression of society by technological means.
He currently has a few projects in development for feature and TV, including a sci- series about the future of
mankind and articial intelligence.
105.1 References
The Godard Project Alien Chase Rick Nova Consulting
QLess Alltec IEET Colegas, Trailer
365
Chapter 106
Raymond Spencer Rodgers

Raymond Spencer Rodgers (19352007) was a British- governed by a structure passing to decentralized unity;
born American educator and futurist who spent most of and unfolding as a transcendental organism dialectically
his adult life in Canada.
both collectivist and individualistic in capacity.[3]
106.1 Education and early career

Born in 1935, Rodgers held a masters degree in
International Aairs and a doctorate in Public Law
and Government from Columbia University.[1] In 1966
he accepted a teaching position at the University of
Southwestern Louisiana (now the University of Louisiana
at Lafayette), where he became interested in saving
the Cajun French dialect from extinction an eminent threat by the second half of the twentieth century. Louisiana should ght to preserve the French
language, he noted. But unless the ght starts now
. . . all is lost. Rodgers called for closer ties between south Louisiana and French Canada, and was appointed by Louisiana governor John McKeithen to map
out the Quebec-Louisiana Cultural Agreement, which
arranged for artistic, educational, and economic exchanges between the two regions. Rodgers was an original member of the Council for the Development of
French in Louisiana (CODOFIL), having been appointed
to the organization by its rst president, former Louisiana
congressman Jimmy Domengeaux.[2]
106.2 Rodgers as futurist
Among Rodgers other futurist works was an essay on

transcending the food cycle in which, according to one
author, He suggested that humanity - perhaps more 'easily' in the future on locations other than the surface of
Earth deliberately seek to transcend the food chain
and directly manufacture nutrition from inert materials,
for meta-ethical reasons. Rodgers argued that Life as
we know it . . . is predicated on a system the food
chain in which plants and animals murder one another.
Murdering living vegetation is as much a form of predation as any other. . . .[4]
106.3 Controversy
In his later years, Rodgers served as president of
Vancouver University Worldwide[5] described on its
web site as a consortium of globally located public and
private institutions[6] which in 2007 was ordered
by the British Columbia Supreme Court to stop granting degrees in B.C. because the school was breaking
the provinces Degree Authorization Act by oering degrees without permission.[7] Rodgers responded by stating We dont conduct degree programs in B.C. . . . .
The degrees are printed in other jurisdictions and signed
outside of B.C. and have been for some time.
Rodgers died in the midst of this controversy on June 5,
2007.[5]
Rodgers returned to Canada in 1968 to teach at the

University of Winnipeg. It was during this period that
he renewed an early interest in futurism, particularly
in regard to the computer and its possible impact on
society. As a result of this reection, in 1971 Rodgers
self-published a booklet on the subject titled Man in the
Telesphere. In this essay he described the emergence of
an electronic web and observed, The future system
is a global society, expressing a kaleidoscope of tastes
within a common ethic, eschewing imposition serviced by
a multi-directional web of computerized electronic technology and macro/micro transportation; living in a milieu
where centers cease to be primarily physical locations;
106.4 References
366
[1] Shane K. Bernard, The Cajuns: Americanization of a People (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2003), p.
88.
[2] Shane K. Bernard, The Cajuns: Americanization of a People (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2003), p.
88-90, 98-99.
[3] Raymond S. Rodgers, Man in the Telesphere, online transcript, accessed 9 July 2008
106.4. REFERENCES
[4] Raymond S. Rodgers, Essay on Transcending the Food

Chain, online transcript, accessed 9 July 2008
[5] Raymond Rodgers Obituary at American Association of
University Administrators Web site
[6] Vancouver University Worldwide Web site
[7] Erin Millar, Vancouver University Worldwide Ordered
to Stop Granting Degrees, Macleans, 11 May 2007, accessed 9 July 2008
367
Chapter 107
Michael A. Rogers
Michael A. Rogers is an author and futurist who recently completed two years as futurist-in-residence for
The New York Times Company.[1][2] He is a columnist
for MSNBC.com,[3] and also helps businesses and organizations worldwide think about the future. In recent
years he has worked with companies including FedEx,
Boeing and NBC Universal to Prudential, Dow Corning,
American Express and Genentech.
107.1 Biography
Rogers graduated from Stanford University in 1972 with a
Bachelors in Creative Writing and minor in Physics, with
additional training in nance and management at Stanford
Business Schools Executive Program.
107.2 Media and Technology Career

For ten years Rogers was vice president of The Washington Post Company's new media division, overseeing
both the newspaper and its sister publication Newsweek,
as well as serving as editor and general manager of
Newsweek.com. He is also a regular guest on radio and
television including Good Morning America, The Today
Show, PBS, CNN and The History Channel.
He began his career as a writer for Rolling Stone and
went on to co-found Outside Magazine. He then launched
Newsweeks technology column, winning numerous journalism awards, including a National Headliner Award for
coverage of Chernobyl and a Distinguished Online Service award from the National Press Club for coverage of
9/11.[4]
2007 he was named to the Magazine Industry Digital

Hall of Fame, and in 2009 he received the World Technology Network Award for Achievement in Media and
Journalism.[6]
He regularly addresses venture capitalists, corporate executives, educators, students and the general public. In
1989 he was founding chairperson of the European Technology Roundtable, an annual CEO gathering, along with
the Asian Technology Roundtable. Rogers is also a bestselling novelist whose ction explores the human impact
of technology. He lives in New York City.
107.3 Publications
107.3.1 Books
Mindfogger (Novel; Knopf, 1973) ISBN 978-0-39448401-3[7]
Do Not Worry About the Bear (Short stories; Knopf,
1977) ISBN 978-0-394-50191-8[8]
Biohazard (Nonction; Knopf, 1979) ISBN 978-0-39440128-7[9]
Silicon Valley (Novel; Simon & Schuster, 1983) ISBN
978-0-671-41030-8[10]
Forbidden Sequence (Novel; Bantam, 1989) ISBN 9780-553-27080-8[11]
107.3.2 Periodicals
Rogers ction, nonction, criticism and photography has
been published in magazines including Look, Esquire,
Playboy and the New York Times, and in anthologies.
107.3.3 Interactive media
He began working with interactive media in 1986, when

he developed the storyline for the rst Lucaslm com- Console
puter game. In 1993 he produced the worlds rst CDROM newsmagazine for Newsweek, going on to develop
1986: BALLBLAZER; Lucaslm Games; Atari
areas on Prodigy, America Online and then a series of
2600 (writer) Laserdisc/Macintosh
Internet sites. In 1999 he received a patent for the bi 1989: UPHEAVAL IN CHINA; Newsweek; limmodal spine,[5] a multimedia storytelling technique, and
is listed in Whos Who in Science and Engineering. In
ited release (producer/managing editor)
368
107.6. REFERENCES
Diskette
1990: NOT EXACTLY UNIQUE; Tor Productions; limited release (co-producer/writer)
CD-ROM
1993: UNFINISHED BUSINESS: MENDING
THE EARTH; Sony MMCD (producer/managing
editor)
1994: Newsweek InterActive Documentary Series; Sony MMCD/Software Toolworks, DOS (Producer/Managing Editor)
369
2006 - 2008: Futurist in Residence, The New York
Times
1996 - 2006: Vice President, Editorial Research and
Development, Washington Post-Newsweek New
Media
1995 - 1996: Executive Producer, Broadband Division, The Washington Post Company
1992 - 1995: Managing Editor, Newsweek InterActive
1991 - 1994: Senior Writer, Newsweek Magazine
1983 - 1991: General Editor, Newsweek Magazine
VOLUME
I:
UNFINISHED
BUSINESS/THE BUSINESS OF BASEBALL
1978 - 1982: Contributing Editor, Rolling Stone

Correspondent, Outside
VOLUME II: BEHIND THE SCREENS/

WHAT AILS US?
1977 - 1978: Co-Founder and Editor-at-Large, Outside Magazine
VOLUME III: GLOBOCOP/THE SECRET

LIFE OF ANIMALS
1972 - 1976: Associate Editor, Rolling Stone
1995:
DRIVING THE DATA HIGHWAY;
Newsweek; Macintosh/Windows (writer-producer),
NEW MEDIA AT THE WASHINGTON POST
COMPANY; Digital Ink; Macintosh/Windows
(producer)
1996: NEWSWEEK PARENTS GUIDE TO
CHILDRENS SOFTWARE; Digital Ink; Macintosh/Windows (executive producer/writer/host)
107.4 Honors and awards
107.6 References
[1] Michael Rogers. I Want Media. Retrieved 2012-02-23.
[2] Hogan, Ron (2007-11-13). The Futurist in the NYT Attic - GalleyCat. Mediabistro.com. Retrieved 2012-0223.
[3] Updated 103 minutes ago 2/23/2012 8:05:52 PM +00:00
(2006-09-20). Technology & science - Innovation The Practical Futurist - msnbc.com. MSNBC. Retrieved
2012-02-23.
1974: American Association for the Advancement

of Science Distinguished Science Writing[12]
[4] Events - GTC West 2012. Government Technology.

1988: National Headliners Award
[5] United States Patent: 5915256. Patft.uspto.gov. Retrieved 2012-02-23.
1989: Computer Press Association Outstanding

Feature Writing
[6] The World Technology Summit 2010. Wtn.net. 201012-01. Retrieved 2012-02-23.
2003: National Press Club Award for Distinguished

Contribution to Online Journalism, for coverage of
9-11 on Newsweek.com[4]
[7] Michael Rogers (1973). Mindfogger. Alfred A. Knopf

Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-394-48401-3. Retrieved July
23, 2013.
2007: Magazine Industry Digital Hall of Fame

Inductee[13]
[8] Michael Rogers (January 1, 1979). Do Not Worry about

the Bear: Stories. Knopf. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
2009: World Technology Network Award for

Achievement in Media and Journalism[14]
[9] Michael Rogers (1977). Biohazard. Alfred A. Knopf.

ISBN 978-0-394-40128-7. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
107.5 Employment
2006Present: Principal, Practical Futurist (New
York City)
[10] Michael Rogers (January 1, 1982). Silicon Valley: A

Novel. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-41030-8.
Retrieved July 23, 2013.
[11] Michael Rogers (December 1, 1987). Forbidden Sequence. Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-27080-8. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
370
[12] AAAS - The Worlds Largest General Scientic Society.

Archives.aaas.org. 1973-10-11. Retrieved 2012-02-23.
[13] mins Best of Web Winners. MinOnline. Retrieved
2012-02-23.
[14] The World Technology Summit & Awards 2009.
Wtn.net. Retrieved 2012-02-23.

Ocial website
A conversation with Rogers on technology and innovation, ideaconnection.com
An article about the future of journalism and the
New York Times, Financial Times
An interview with Michael Rogers, nytco.com
CHAPTER 107. MICHAEL A. ROGERS
Chapter 108
Jol de Rosnay
information technology, and their implications for the future evolution of humanity. Most of these are listed on
his webpage, "Crossroads to the future". He was one of
the rst to understand the role of the Internet in promoting the emergence of a global brain. Some of his books,
such as The Macroscope and The Symbiotic Man (ISBN
0071357440), have been translated into English. He regularly appears on French TV and is interviewed by the
media as a specialist in explaining complex new scientic
developments to a lay audience.
His last book La Rvolte du pronetariat (pronetaire) talks
largely about the Wiki, the era of media of masses.
His wife Stella is the daughter of Gladwyn Jebb, 1st Baron
Gladwyn. His daughter is novelist Tatiana de Rosnay.

Crossroads to the future
Jol de Rosnay interviewed by Denis Failly for his
book La Rvolte du pronetariat
Jol de Rosnay
La Rvolte du pronetariat Index in french
Jol de Rosnay (born 1937), Ph.D from the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, is a Mauritianborn French futurist, science writer, and molecular
biologist.
Former research associate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the eld of biology and
computer graphics, he was successively science attach
to the French Embassy in the United States, and Scientic Director of European Enterprises Development
Company (a venture capital group) from 1971 to 1975.
From 1975 to 1985 he was Director of Research Applications at l'Institut Pasteur (the Pasteur Institute in Paris).
Until 2002, he was Director of Forecasting and Assessment at the Cit des Sciences et de l'Industrie in Paris,
where he remains a special adviser. He is President of
Biotics International, a consulting company specialized
in the impact of new technologies on industries.
De Rosnay has written many books and essays on
molecular biology, the sciences of complexity, emerging
371
Chapter 109
Douglas Rushko
Douglas Rushko (born 18 February 1961) is an
American media theorist, writer, columnist, lecturer,
graphic novelist, and documentarian. He is best known
for his association with the early cyberpunk culture, and
his advocacy of open source solutions to social problems.
Rushko is most frequently regarded as a media theorist and is known for coining terms and concepts including viral media (or media virus), digital native, and social
currency.
other writers, artists and philosophers interested in the

intersection of technology, society and culture.[15][16][17]
As his books became more accepted (his rst book on
cyberculture, Cyberia, was canceled by its original publisher, Bantam, in 1992 because editors feared the Internet would be over by the original scheduled publication
date in Fall 1993 - it was eventually published in 1994
[18]
), and his concepts of the media virus[19] and social contagion became mainstream ideas, Rushko was
invited to deliver commentaries on National Public Radios All Things Considered,[20] and to make documentaries for the PBS series Frontline.[21]
He has written ten books on media, technology, and culture. He wrote the rst syndicated column on cyberculture for The New York Times Syndicate, as well as regular columns for The Guardian of London,[2] Arthur,[3] In 2002, Rushko was awarded the Marshall McLuhan
Discover,[4] and the online magazines Daily Beast,[5] Award by the Media Ecology Association for his book
TheFeature.com and meeting industry magazine One+.[6] Coercion, and became a member and sat on the board of
[22]
Rushko currently teaches in the Media Studies depart- directors of that organization. This allied him with the
ment at The New School University in Manhattan.[7] He media ecologists, a continuation of what is known as
the Toronto School of media theorists including Marshall
has previously lectured at the ITP at New York UniverMcLuhan,
Walter Ong, and Neil Postman.
sitys Tisch School of the Arts and taught a class called
Narrative Lab.[8] He also has taught online for the May- Rushko was invited to participate in government and
beLogic Academy.[9]
industry as a consultant ranging from the United Nations
Commission on World Culture and the US Department
of State to Sony Corporation and TCI.
109.1 Biography
109.1.1
Background
Rushko was born in New York City, New York and is

the son of Sheila, a psychiatric social worker, and Marvin
Rushko, a hospital administrator.[1] He graduated from
Princeton University in 1983.[10] He moved to Los Angeles and completed a Master of Fine Arts in Directing from
the California Institute of the Arts.[11] Later he took up a
post-graduate fellowship from the American Film Institute.[12] He was a PhD candidate at Utrecht University's
New Media Program, writing a dissertation on new media
literacies,[13] which was approved in June, 2012.[14]
Rushko emerged in the early 1990s as an active member of the cyberpunk movement, developing friendships
and collaborations with people including Timothy Leary,
RU Sirius, Paul Krassner, Robert Anton Wilson, Ralph
Abraham, Terence McKenna, Genesis P-Orridge, Ralph
Metzner, Grant Morrison, Mark Pesce, Erik Davis, and
Simultaneously, Rushko continued to develop his relationship with counterculture gures, collaborating with
Genesis P-Orridge as a keyboardist for Psychic TV,
and credited with composing music for the album
Hell is Invisible Heaven is Her/e.[23] Rushko taught
classes in media theory and in media subversion for
New York Universitys Interactive Telecommunications
Program,[24] participated in activist pranks with the Yes
Men [25] and eToy,[26] contributed to numerous books and
documentaries on psychedelics, and spoke or appeared
at many events sponsored by counterculture publisher
Disinformation.[27]
109.1.2 Inuences
References to media ecologist and Toronto School
of Communication founder Marshall McLuhan appear
throughout Rushkos work as a focus on media over content, the eects of media on popular culture and the level
372
109.2. THEMES
373
at which people participate when consuming media.[28]
109.2.1 General
[29]
Rushko worked with both Robert Anton Wilson

and Timothy Leary on developing philosophical systems
to explain consciousness, its interaction with technology,
and social evolution of the human species, and references
both consistently in his work. Leary, along with John Barlow and Terence McKenna characterized the mid-1990s
as techno-utopian, and saw the rapid acceleration of culture, emerging media and the unchecked advancement of
technology as completely positive.[30] Rushkos own unbridled enthusiasm for cyberculture was tempered by the
dotcom boom, when the non-prot character of the Internet was rapidly overtaken by corporations and venture
capital. Rushko often cites two events in particular - the
day Netscape became a public company in 1995,[31] and
the day AOL bought TimeWarner in 2000 [2] - as pivotal
moments in his understanding of the forces at work in the
evolution of new media.
Douglas Rushkos philosophy developed from a technoutopian view of new media to a more nuanced critique of
cyberculture discourse and the impact of media on society. Viewing everything except for intention as media,
he frequently explores the themes of how to make media
interactive, how to help people (especially children) effectively analyze and question the media they consume,
as well as how to cultivate intention and agency. He has
theorized on such media as religion, culture, politics, and
money.
109.2.2 Technology and cyberculture
Up to the late-1990s, Douglas Rushkos philosophy

towards technology could be characterized as mediaRushko spent several years exploring Judaism as a deterministic. Cyberculture and new media were supprimer for media literacy, going so far as to publish a posed to promote democracy and allow people to tranbook inviting Jews to restore the religion to its open scend the ordinary.[45]
source roots.[32] He founded a movement for progressive
In Cyberia, Rushko states the essence of mid-1990s culJudaism called Reboot, but subsequently left when he
ture as being the fusion of rave psychedelia, chaos theory
felt its funders had become more concerned with marand early computer networks. The promise of the resultketing and publicity of Judaism than its actual improveing counter culture was that media would change from
[28]
ment and evolution. Disillusioned by the failure of the
being passive to active, that we would embrace the social
open source model to challenge entrenched and instituover content, and that empowers the masses to create and
tional hierarchies from religion to nance, he became
react.[46]
a colleague of Mark Crispin Miller and Naomi Klein,
appearing with them at Smith College [33] as well as This idea also comes up in the concept of the media virus,
in numerous documentaries decrying the corporatization which Rushko details in the 1994 publication of Media
of public space and consciousness.[34] He has dedicated Virus: Hidden Agendas in Popular Culture. This signifhimself most recently to the issues of media literacy,[35] icant work adopts organic metaphors to show that meparticipatory government, and the development of local dia, like viruses, are mobile, easily duplicated and pre[47]
and complementary currencies.[36] He wrote a book and sented as non-threatening. Technologies can make our
[37]
lm called Life Inc., which traces the development of interaction with media an empowering experience if we
corporatism and centralized currency from the Renais- learn to decode the capabilities oered to us by our mesance to today, and hosts a radio show called MediaSquat dia. Unfortunately, people often stay one step behind our
on WFMU, concerned with reclaiming commerce and media capabilities. Ideally, emerging media and technologies have the potential to enlighten, to aid grassroots
culture from corporate domination.[38]
movements, to oer an alternative to the traditional topdown media, to connect diverse groups and to promote
the sharing of information.[48]
109.1.3 Awards and appointments
Douglas Rushko has served on the Board of Directors of the Media Ecology Association,[39] The Center
for Cognitive Liberty and Ethics,[40] and is a founding
member of Technorealism,[41] as well as of the Advisory
Board of The National Association for Media Literacy
Education,[35] MeetUp.com [42] and HyperWords [43]
Rushko does not limit his writings to the eect of technology on adults, and in Playing the Future turns his attention to the generation of people growing up who understand the language of media like natives, guarded against
coercion.[49] These screenagers, a term originated by
Rushko,[50] have the chance to mediate the changing
landscape more eectively than digital immigrants.
He is the winner of the rst Neil Postman Award for Ca- With Coercion (1999), Rushko realistically examines
reer Achievement in Public Intellectual Activity, given by the potential benets and dangers inherent in cyberculthe Media Ecology Association, in 2004.[44]
ture and analyzes market strategies that work to make
people act on instinct (and buy!) rather than reect rationally. The book wants readers to learn to read the
media they consume and interpret what is really being
109.2 Themes
communicated.
374
109.2.3
CHAPTER 109. DOUGLAS RUSHKOFF
Religion
Himself an atheist,[51] in Nothing Sacred: The Truth

About Judaism, Rushko explores the medium of religion
and intellectually deconstructs the Bible and the ways that
religion fails to provide true connectivity and transformative experiences.[52]
109.2.4
Currency
2003. Nothing Sacred: The Truth About Judaism

ISBN 978-1-4000-5139-7
1999. Coercion: Why We Listen to What They Say
ISBN 978-1-57322-829-9
1996. Playing the Future: What We Can Learn From
Digital Kids ISBN 978-1-57322-764-3 (Published
in the UK in 1997 as Children of Chaos: Surviving
the End of the World as We Know it ISBN 0-00654879-2)
Most recently, Douglas Rushko has turned his critical

1995. Media Virus: Hidden Agendas in Popular Cullens to the medium of currency. One of the most imture ISBN 978-0-345-39774-4
portant concepts that he coins and develops is the notion of social currency, or the degree to which certain
1994. Cyberia: Life in the Trenches of Cyberspace
content and media can facilitate and/or promote relationISBN 978-1-903083-24-6
ships and interactions between members of a community.
Rushko mentions jokes, scandals, blogs, ambiance, i.e.
anything that would engender water cooler talk, as so109.3.2 Fiction works
cial currency.
In his book, Life, Inc., Rushko takes a look at physi 2002. Exit Strategy (aka Bull) ISBN 978-1-887128cal currency and the history of corporatism. Beginning
90-2
with an overview of how money has been gradually centralized throughout time, and pondering the reasons and
1997. Ecstasy Club ISBN 978-1-57322-702-5
consequences of such a fact, he goes on to demonstrate
how our society has become dened by and controlled by
corporate culture.
109.3.3 Graphic novels
109.2.5
Social media
Rushko has long been skeptical of social media.[53] On

February 25, 2013, he announced in a CNN op-ed that
he was leaving Facebook, citing concerns about the companys use of his personal data.[54]
109.3 Bibliography
109.3.1
Books
2013. Present Shock: When Everything Happens

Now ISBN 978-1591844761
2010. Program or be Programmed: Ten Commands
for a Digital Age Paperback ISBN ISBN 978-1935928-15-7 Ebook ISBN 978-1-935928-16-4
2009. Life, Inc.: How the World Became A Corporation and How To Take It Back ISBN 978-1-40006689-6
2009. Foreword: The Opportunity for Renaissance,
pp. 273281, in Be The Media, David Mathison,
editor
2005. Get Back in the Box: Innovation from the Inside Out ISBN 978-0-06-075869-1
2003. Open Source Democracy A Demos Essay
2012. A.D.D. - Adolescent Demo Division ISBN

978-1-78116-019-0
2005-2008. Testament ISBN 978-1-4012-1063-2
2004. Club Zero-G ISBN 978-0-9729529-3-4
109.3.4 Documentaries
2014. Generation Like. PBS Frontline.
2009 - 2010. Digital Nation, Life on the Virtual
Frontier. Web site and documentary, PBS Frontline.
2009. Life Inc. The Movie
2004. The Persuaders. This Frontline documentary
examines the psychological techniques behind popular marketing and advertising trends, determines
how these methods inuence how we view ourselves
and desires, and postulates on the future implications of these persuasive approaches at work.
2001. Merchants of Cool, a groundbreaking, awardwinning Frontline documentary which explores the
people, marketing techniques and ideologies behind
popular culture for teenagers. This video attempts to
answer whether or not teen popular culture is reective of its population or manufactured by big business and related groups.
109.4. REFERENCES
109.3.5
Radio
375
[19] Mediamatic Review: J. Marshall - Media Virus - D.

Rushko. Mediamatic.nl. 1996-10-01. Retrieved 200907-25.
The Media Squat (creator and host): freeform,

bottom-up, open source WFMU radio which exam[20] National Public Radio. Npr.org. Retrieved 2012-05ines similarly open source, bottom-up solutions to
03.
some of the problems engendered by our relentlessly
top-down society.
[21] Frontline: merchants of cool: interviews: douglas
rushko. PBS. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
109.4 References
[1] http://www.encyclopedia.com/
article-1G2-3483100124/rushkoff-douglas-1961.html
[2] Rushko, Douglas (2002-07-25). Signs of the times |
Technology. London: The Guardian. Retrieved 200907-25.
[3] Crowdsourcing The Bank Recovery By Douglas
Rushko | Arthur Magazine - We Found The Others.
Arthurmag.com. 2009-03-30. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
[4] Science and Technology News, Science Articles. Discover Magazine. 2007-01-21. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
[5] Douglas Rushko. The Daily Beast. Retrieved 200907-25.
[6] http://www.mpiweb.org/Magazine
[7] Media Studies :: Academics :: All Courses.
Newschool.edu. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
[8] ITP Research 2005 Narrative Lab. Itp.nyu.edu. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
[9] Maybe Logic Academy :: instructors. Maybelogic.org.
[10] Princeton Alumni Weekly: Search & Archives.
Paw.princeton.edu. 2009-07-15. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
[11] List of California Institute of the Arts people Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. En.wikipedia.org.
[12] The devils candy: The bonre of ... - Google Books.
Books.google.com. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
[13] NewMediaStudies.nl. Let.uu.nl. 1999-02-22. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
[14] Dissertation approved.. Twitter. 2012-06-25. Retrieved 2012-06-25.
[15] Open Source Reality: Douglas Rushko Examines the
Eects of Open Source | EDUCAUSE. Educause.edu.
2008-07-01. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
[16] Michael Foord (1905-10-14). Douglas Rushko - Cyberia. Voidspace.org.uk. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
[17] An Open Letter from the friends of Dr. Timothy Leary.
Seric.com. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
[18] Frontline: digital nation: interviews: douglas rushko.
PBS. 2009-03-24. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
[22] Past MEA Award Recipients. Media-ecology.org.

2001-02-26. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
[23] Douglas Rushko Discography and Music at CD Universe. Cduniverse.com. 2009-03-08. Retrieved 200907-25.
[24] Core77 / industrial design magazine + resource / Design.EDU. Core77.com. 2005-01-08. Retrieved 200907-25.
[25] Book. The Yes Men. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
[26] Jill Priluck (2009-01-04). Etoy: 'This Means War'".
Wired.com. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
[27] disinformation | douglas rushko. Disinfo.com. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
[28] Digital Minds Blog: Media Resistance An Interview
with Douglas Rushko. Digitalmindsblog.blogspot.com.
2008-03-26. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
[29] Robert Anton Wilson - Maybe Logic: Robert Anton
Wilson, Valerie Corral, Paul Krassner, Tom Robbins,
Douglas Rushko, R.U. Sirius, Douglass Smith, Lance
Bauscher, Cody McClintock, Robert Doemyer, Katherine Covell: Movies & TV. Amazon.com. Retrieved
2009-07-25.
[30] The Thing That I Call Doug. EDGE. Retrieved 200907-25.
[31] Mindjack Magazine: Coercion by Douglas Rushko.
Mindjack.com. 1999-10-01. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
[32] A Conversation with Douglas Rushko. Zeek. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
[33] Smith College: The Community Responds to Tragedy.
Smith.edu. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
[34] frontline: the persuaders. PBS. 2004-11-09. Retrieved
2009-07-25.
[35] National Advisory Council - NAMLE - National Association for Media Literacy Education - Advancing Media Literacy Education in America. NAMLE. Retrieved
2009-07-25.
[36] Newitz, Annalee (2008-09-11). DIY Currencies - Dual
Perspectives. Portfolio.com. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
[37] rushko (2009-05-11). Life Inc: The Movie. Boing
Boing. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
[38] WFMUs Beware of the Blog: New Podcast: The Media
Squat with Douglas Rushko. Blog.wfmu.org. 2009-0325. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
376
CHAPTER 109. DOUGLAS RUSHKOFF
[39] Organization of the Media Ecology Association.

Media-ecology.org. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
[40] Who is the CCLE?". Cognitiveliberty.org. Retrieved
2009-07-25.
[41] Technorealism FAQ. Technorealism.org. 1998-03-12.
[42] About Meetup. Meetup.com. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
[43] The Hyperwords Company.
trieved 2009-07-25.
Hyperwords.net.
Re-
[44] Past MEA Award Recipients. Media-ecology.org.

2001-02-26. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
[45] Archives: 1998-1999. The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved
2009-07-25.
[46] Cyberia Summary - Douglas Rushko - Magill Book Reviews. Enotes.com. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
[47] Boyd, Andrew. Truth is a Virus . Culture Jamming 101
. 2002. Retrieved on May 3, 2009.
[48] Barbrook. Firstmonday.org. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
[49] Douglas Rushko : Children Of Chaos (Playing The Future) : Lost In Translation. Spikemagazine.com. 199902-22. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
[50] Screenager. World Wide Words. 1998-01-10. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
[51] Faith=Illness, Rushkos blog
[52] Douglas Rushko Interview // wishtank magazine.
Wishtank.org. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
[53] You are Facebooks product, not its customer // Wired.
wired.com. 2011-09-11. Retrieved 2011-09-11.
[54] Why I'm quitting Facebook // CNN. CNN.com. 201302-25. Retrieved 2013-02-25.

Ocial Website
Works by Douglas Rushko at Open Library
Douglas Rushko interviewed on the TV show Triangulation on the TWiT.tv network
Chapter 110
Phil Salin
Phillip Kenneth Salin (19501991) was an American
economist and futurist, best known for his contributions
to theories about the development of cyberspace and as
a proponent of private (non-governmental) space exploration and development.
making processes used in private enterprise.

The authors examine strategies for privatization of the Shuttle and conclude that policy support for the commercial launch industry must
be continued. NASA must also be reoriented
toward its basic research function, and more
government services should be bought from the
private sector.
Salin was born in Hollywood, California and raised in

San Rafael, California. Salins father was Lothar Salin,
a printer and public interest activist in San Rafael, and
part of the General Semantics movement. His grandfather was Edgar Salin, an historian/economist/philosopher
at Basel, Switzerland and a leader of the so-called Historical School of political and social philosophy. Salin
earned a Bachelor of Arts in Economics from UCLA
in 1970, and a Master of Business Administration from
Stanford University. He did postgraduate studies with
James G. March at Stanford University.
In 1984 Salin founded the American Information Exchange (AMIX), a network for the buying and selling
of information, goods and services. Salin pioneered the
concepts of buying and selling which are now considered
standard ecommerce.[4] AMiX did not patent their inventions. Therefore the inventions of buying and selling electronically - ecommerce - entered public domain and became the basis for other enterprises such as eBay, PriceIn the 1980s, Salin applied his economics expertise to
line and Amazon.
the problem of access to outer space. He cofounded
Starstruck, a private space launch company. On Febru- AMIX struggled to create the infrastructure required to
ary 28, 1984, Salin testied to the US House Space Sci- establish an online exchange in an era before the web and
ence and Applications Subcommittee of the Committee the ready availability of online tools, higher bandwidth
on Science and Technology, stating that NASA had sub- and graphic interfaces. It has an opportunity to connect
stantially underestimated the cost of its launches and thus to the young Internet in 1991-92, but opted to continue its
was massively subsidizing them, harming other competi- modem-based system using a proprietary IBM PC softtors such as the Atlas and Delta rockets. NASAs pub- ware front-end instead, feeling that most of its potential
lished cost and price of $71 million per launch contrasted users would not be on the Internet yet. AMIX folded
with Salins calculated costs of $200 to $250 million per in 1993 after Salin died and it was unable to raise additional venture capital. In 1999 Doc Searls told Salon
launch.[1]
about the challenges Salin faced, Phil had to create his
In 1987, Salin and James C. Bennett published The Priown Internet. In hindsight, it couldn't be done ... The
[2]
vate Solution to the Space Transportation Crisis. A
time really is now. It wasn't then, much as we wanted it
[3]
NASA bibliography on the Shuttle described it as:
to be. [5]
The authors of this lengthy article assert
that confused and short-sighted decisions dominated by political expediency have been made
about the U.S. space program for the past 30
years. Overly large and ambitious systems
have been chosen, resulting in the present crisis
in space transportation. The history of commercial aircraft development oers an alternative example of producing a range of sizes
and capabilities for a wide variety of users
and shows that the space transportation industry could benet from applying the decision-
Salin recognized that the growth in the power of computers and telecommunications, and the reduction in costs
would reduce the transaction costs of exchanging knowledge, with strong attendant benets to humankind. Salin
opposed patents on software because of the limitations
on free speech and the restrictions patents posed to the
growth of knowledge by stopping competition between
ideas. He submitted a comment to the US Patent Oce
to this eect.[6]
Politically, Salin was a libertarian and Austrian
economist.[6][7] He was a science ction fan, and
his major inuences and favorite writers included Robert
377
378
A. Heinlein, Ayn Rand, Friedrich Hayek, Karl Popper,
Ludwig von Mises and other Austrian economists and
political philosophers.[6] He enjoyed fantasy, collected
comic books, and read voluminously in all areas of
fantasy and science ction. He was also a fan of classical
music.
Salin died of stomach cancer in December 1991.[8]
110.1 References
[1] Chris Peterson (JanuaryFebruary 1985), Shuttle Pricing
and Space Development, L5 News (National Space Society), retrieved 2012-07-24
[2] Bennett, James, and Salin, Phillip (August 1987), The Private Solution to the Space Transportation Crisis, Space Policy (3): 181205
[3] Compiled by Roger D. Launius and Aaron K. Gillette (December 1992). Toward a History of the Space Shuttle:
An Annotated Bibliography. NASA. Retrieved 201207-24.
[4] ["AMiX Software. your guide to the information marketplace 1992. AMiX user manual]
[5] Christopher Ott, For your information, Salon, August 3,
1999.
[6] Phil Salin (July 14, 1991). Freedom of Speech in Software.
[7] June Morrall (March 27, 2007). Hotels in Outer Space
& Phil Salin & the Rocket Co. in RWC.
[8] [death certicate: San Mateo County]

A collection of Salins papers
CHAPTER 110. PHIL SALIN
Chapter 111
Marshall Savage
Marshall Thomas Savage, born 1955, is an advocate of
space travel who wrote The Millennial Project: Colonizing
the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps and founded the Living
Universe Foundation, which was designed to make plans
for stellar exploration over the next 1,000 years.
In his book are futurist inspirational quotes such as this:
Teetering here on the fulcrum of destiny
stands our own bemused species. The future
of the universe hinges on what we do next. If
we take up the sacred re, and stride forth into
space as the torchbearers of Life, this universe
will be aborning. If we carry the green rebrand from star to star, and ignite around each
a conagration of vitality, we can trigger a Universal metamorphosis. Because of us, the barren dusts of a million billion worlds will coil
up into the pulsing magic forms of animate
matter. Because of us, landscapes of radiation
blasted waste, will be miraculously transmuted:
Slag will become soil, grass will sprout, owers
will bloom, and forests will spring up in once
sterile places. Ice, hard as iron, will melt and
trickle into pools where starsh, anemones, and
seashells dwell a whole frozen universe will
thaw and transmogrify, from howling desolation to blossoming paradise. Dust into Life; the
very alchemy of God.[1]
111.1 See also

Space colonization
John S. Lewis
Gerard K. O'Neill
Robert Zubrin
K. Eric Drexler
111.2 References
[1] http://lifeboat.com/ex/quotes#savage
379
Chapter 112
Peter Schwartz (futurist)

in Stuttgart, Germany.[1] The family soon moved to Norway, where they lived until he was ve. At this point, they
emigrated to America, and found a new home in Camden,
New Jersey. Schwartz grew up and attended school there.
He won a National Merit scholarship, and was able to attend Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) on full scholarship. He served as RPIs May commencement speaker
for the class of 2009.[2][3]
According to Stewart Brand, Schwartz was a member of
Students for a Democratic Society. After graduating in
1968 with a B.S. in aeronautical engineering, Schwartz
taught high school in Philadelphia and worked in the innovative student housing program at UC Davis. In 1972
he became an employee at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI), where he began to develop his unique method
of scenario planning, and rose to director of the Strategic
Environment Center.[1] In 1982, he moved to London to
work for Royal Dutch Shell as head of scenario planning.
In 1985, while giving a speech at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory of UC Berkeley, he met his future wife,
Cathleen Gross. He moved to live with her in Berkeley,
California in 1987. They married and had one son, Benjamin Books Schwartz, born in 1990.
112.2 Writings
Peter Schwartz at WarGames 25th anniversary showing, by
Marcin Wichary, 2008
Peter Schwartz (born 1946) is an American futurist, innovator, author, and co-founder of the Global Business
Network (GBN), an elite corporate strategy rm, specializing in future-think and scenario planning. As of October 2011, he now serves as Senior Vice President for
Global Government Relations and Strategic Planning for
Salesforce.com.
112.1 Personal history

Schwartz was born in 1946 to Klara and Benjamin
Schwartz, Hungarian Jews who had been in concentration camps and were living in a displaced persons camp
Schwartz has written several books, on a variety of futureoriented topics. His rst book, The Art of the Long View
(Doubleday, 1991) is considered by many to be the seminal publication on scenario planning, was voted the best
all time book on the future by the Association of Professional Futurists and is used as a textbook by many business schools. Inevitable Surprises (Gotham, 2003) is a
look at the forces at play in todays world, and how they
will continue to aect the world. He also wrote The
Long Boom (Perseus, 1999) with co-authors Peter Leyden and Joel Hyatt, which is a book about the future of
the global economy. His book When Good Companies Do
Bad Things (Wiley, 1999), is an argument for corporate
responsibility in an age of corruption. Chinas Futures
(Jossey-Bass, 2001), is a vision of several dierent potential futures for China. He also co-authored the Pentagon's
An Abrupt Climate Change Scenario and Its Implications
380

for United States National Security.
He has also worked as a consultant on several movies,
including Minority Report, Deep Impact, Sneakers, and
WarGames. He serves on the board of directors for the
Long Now Foundation.[4] He also serves in the boards of
the Center for New American Security and the Aisia Internet Coalition In 2007, Schwartz moderated a forum
titled The Impact of Web 2.0 and Emerging Social Network Models as part of the World Economic Forum in
Davos. He serves on the Research Innovation and Enterprise Council of Singapore and in 2014 was appointed
an International Distinguished Fellow of the Prime Ministers Oce. He was also voted into the Futurists hall
of fame by the Association of Professional Futurists in
2012.
112.3 Global Business Network

Schwartz founded the Global Business Network (GBN) in
1988 in his Berkeley basement with several close friends
including Napier Collyns, Jay Ogilvy and Stewart Brand.
Schwartz called GBN an information hunting and gathering company, and describes it as a high level networking and corporate research agency.[1] In 2001, it was
bought by premier strategy consulting rm the Monitor
Group, although it continued to operate as a distinct entity. The Monitor Group was acquired by Deloitte in
2013 which elected to shut down GBN.
He left the company in October 2011, to work at
Salesforce.com as Senior Vice President for Global Government Relations and Strategic Planning.
112.4 References
[1] Knight, Margaret (December 1999). 2020 Visionary.
Rensselaer Alumni Magazine. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
[2] 2009 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Commencement
Honorands Announced.
[3] Commencement honorands announced.
[4] Peter Schwartz. The Long Now Foundation. Retrieved
2008-09-10.

Peter Schwartz in Global Business Network
Peter Schwartz in Monitor Talent
Peter Schwartz in the Long Now
Peter Schwartz Author Prole
381
Chapter 113
Ismail Khudr Al-Shatti

Ismail Khudr Al-Shatti is among the prominent personnel in the political arena of Kuwait and GCC. He is currently serving as the head of advisory committee for the
prime minister of Kuwait. He is the former deputy prime
minister of Kuwait; before which he had functioned as
minister, Ministry of Communications. Al-Shatti has
held many key positions in the administrative bodies of
Kuwait and is a well accepted think tank in futuristic and
scientic decision makings of national and international
levels. Though a proven multifaceted personality, he is
generally regarded as one of the pioneers of Futures Studies in the region.
Kuwaiti government and a member of Blairs advisory

council.[2] According to the Daily Telegraph, the organisation Global Muslim Brotherhood Daily Watch found
Al-Shatti was a leading member of the Islamic Constitutional Movement (ICM), the Kuwaiti branch of the
Muslim Brotherhood. [2]
113.2 References
Having got excellent academic records in scientic and

technological sectors, he brought revolutionary ideas into
practice while handling administrative responsibilities.
Al-Shatti earned his PhD in Civil Engineering from
Southampton University, UK. He is an engineer in Industrial Engineering by his masters and Chemical Engineering by bachelors degree. He worked as Dean of
Faculty of Technological Studies. He has have published
many scientic papers in Chemical Engineering and Futures Researches. Al-Shatti has also been a noted journalist and a columnist in local and Arabic Newspapers
and magazines such as Al-Watan,Al Qabbas, Al sharq al
Awsat, Al Hayat, and Al Kuwait Magazine. He has been
the editor in chief of Al Mujtamaa Magazine for Twelve
years.
Al-Shatti was the CEO of Dar Al Mashora for consulting Services and Gulf Institute for Futures and Strategic
Studies. He has a lifetime membership of the World Futures Society, has been the Arabian Regional Coordinator
of World Futures Society since 1989, member of Millennium Project of the American Council for the United Nations University and was a Planning Committee Member
and Chairman of Gulf Node.
113.1 Membership of Tony Blairs

Faith Foundation
As of 2014, Al-Shatti holds membership of International Religious Advisory Council of the Tony Blair Faith
Foundation.[1] In April 2014, he was an adviser to the
382
[1] http://www.tonyblairfaithfoundation.org/about-us/
who-we-are/advisory-council.html
[2] Robert Verkaik; Robert Mendick (13 April 2014). Tony
Blairs advisers and their 'ties to extremist group". The
Telegraph. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
Chapter 114
Arthur B. Shostak
Arthur B. Shostak (born May 11, 1937), is an American
sociologist and futurist, and former professor of sociology
at Drexel University. His research areas include futuristics, the history and future of the American work force,
organized labor, industrial sociology, the management
and social implications of modern technology.
The Air Controllers Controversy: Lessons from the

PATCO Strike (1986)
114.1 Biography
For Labors Sake: Labor Gains and Pains as Told by

28 Creative Inside Reformers (1994)
Born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1937,[1] Shostak received his Bachelor of Science degree in Industrial and
Labor Relations at Cornell University in 1958.[1] In
1961, he received his Ph.D. in Industrial Sociology at
Princeton[1] and began teaching at Wharton School of
Finance and Commerce at the University of Pennsylvania until 1967.[2] He became professor of sociology at
Drexel where he taught courses on the eects of technology, industrial and urban sociology, and race and ethnic
relations.[1] In 1975 he began serving as an adjunct sociologist with the National Labor College and AFL-CIO
George Meany Center for Labor Studies until 2000.[2]
Alongside professorship, he was director of the Drexel
University Center for Employment.[2] He was also a longtime participant in the World Future Society of futurists
where he headed the Philadelphia chapter until 2003.[3]
In 2003, Shostak retired from Drexel.[4]
Impacts of Changing Employment: If the Good Jobs

Go Away (1996)
Robust Unionism: Innovations in the Labor Movement (1991)

Guidelines from Gomberg: No-Nonsense Advice for
Labor and Management (1992)
Private Sociology: Unsparing Reections, Uncommon Gains (1996)

CyberUnion: Empowering Labor through Computer
Technology (1999)
Utopian Thinking in Sociology: Creating the Good
Society (2001)
The CyberUnion Handbook: Transforming Labor
through Computer Technology (2002)
Viable Utopian Ideas:
(2003)
Shaping a Better World
Culture Clash/ Media Demons (2004)

Trade Towers/War Clouds (2004)
114.2 Work
Making War/Making Peace (2004)
Shostaks articles and books investigate a wide range of

topics, all of which are mostly future oriented. Such topics include childhood and adolescent education, globalization, foreign policy, war and peace, information technology, bio, nano, and space technology, labor movements, and utopias.
114.2.1
Mopping Up/ Making Up (2004)

Turning Point: The Rocky Road to Peace and Reconstruction (2004)
Moving On: Far Ahead (2004)
Getting Personal: Staying Ahead (2004)
America: Moving Ahead (2004)
Selected Bibliography
Futuristics: Looking Ahead (2004)
Blue-Collar Stress (1980)

Men and Abortion: Lessons, Losses, and Love (1984)
383
Anticipate the School You want: Futurizing K-12 Education (2008)
384
114.3 References
[1] Arthur B. Shostak Collection: A Guide. University of
Texas Arlington Library.
[2] Drexel University Expert File. Drexel University.
[3] Ask About the Future. Anne Arundel Community College.
[4] Dr. Arthur Shostak Retires. Drexel Link Newsletter.
Dec 1, 2003.
CHAPTER 114. ARTHUR B. SHOSTAK
Chapter 115
Jason Silva
For the Chilean footballer, see Jason Silva (footballer).
115.1.2 Public speaking
Jason Silva (born February 6, 1982) is a VenezuelanAmerican television personality, lmmaker, and performance philosopher. He resides in Los Angeles, California and New York City.
An active and prolic speaker, Silva has recently spoken at Google, The Economist Ideas Festival, the prestigious DLD Digital Life Design Conference in Munich,
TEDGlobal, the Singularity Summit, the PSFK Conference, and the Festival of Dangerous Ideas.[2]
Silva earned a degree in lm and philosophy from the

University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida. He,
along with Max Lugavere, produced and starred in a
video documentary/performance piece entitled Textures
of Selfhoodan experimental lm about hedonism and
spirituality. The Party-Philosophers and Intellectual
Hedonists, as named by Angeleno Magazine, borrowed
the name for the lm from the Hedonistic Imperative,
a website promoting the end to suering by philosopher
David Pearce.
The Atlantic describes Silva as A Timothy Leary of the
Viral Video Age.[1]
In September 2012, he appeared at the Festival of Dangerous Ideas, where he presented a speech entitled We
Are The Gods Now.[5]
115.1.3
Brain Games
In 2011, Silva became the host of Brain Games on the

National Geographic Channel. The show set a record
as the highest rated series launch in Nat Geos history,
with an average of 1.5 million viewers for the rst two
episodes.[6]
115.1 Career
115.1.1
At TEDGlobal this past June 2012, Jason premiered

Radical Openness, a new short video.[3] In September
2012, Silva presented his Radical Openness videos at the
opening keynote at Microsoft TechEd Australia.[4] Radical Openness was also featured in his presentation at La
Ciudad de las Ideas conference on November 10, 2012.
Current TV
From 2005 to 2011, Silva was a presenter on Current TV.

He co-hosted the show Max and Jason with Max Lugavere and they became a prolic hosting and producing
duo, with stories ranging from illegal immigration and
counterfeit IDs, to proling a brave new singer songwriter
right before signing a publishing deal, to a taped philosophical sit-down with director Darren Aronofsky. Their
story on counterfeit IDs earned them a featured appearance and interview on Anderson Cooper 360. Their franchise, Max and Jason Style was one of the hallmarks of
their work on Current TV. They covered issues in a distinctly unique way - often juxtaposing telegenic images
and a heightened lmmaking aesthetic with bold and intelligent content.
115.1.4 Shots of Awe

In May 2013, Jason started a YouTube channel on the
TestTube Network called Shots of Awe, wherein he uploads short, inspirational videos that explore topics such
as the emergence of life, the evolution of intelligence, and
the advancement of technology.[7]
115.1.5 Other
Silva has been featured in The Atlantic,[1] The
Economist,[8] Vanity Fair,[9] Forbes,[10][11] Wired,[12] and
many others.
He left the network in 2011 to become, according to The In 2011 he became a fellow at the Hybrid Reality
Atlantic, a part-time lmmaker and full-time walking, Institute, examining the symbiosis between man and
talking TEDTalk.
machine.[13]
385
386
CHAPTER 115. JASON SILVA
On August 15, 2012 he appeared on CBS This Morn- [16] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NlClW6-Ozms&

list=UUiL3S6IS15fYdcNS8HOn2cw&index=11
ing.[14]
On September 24, 2012 he appeared on Australian
ABC program Q&A alongside Tanya Plibersek, Kelly
O'Dwyer, Mark Carnegie & Elliot Perlman.[15]
[17] http://www.mewo-kunsthalle.de/ausstellungen/kino.
html
[18] Silva, Jason. Joe Rogan Experience Podcast. Retrieved
His lm ATTENTION: The Immersive Power of Cin29 June 2013.

ema[16] is part of the exhibition 'KINO und der kinamatograsche Blick' ('CINEMA and the cinamatographic [19] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KhyHzxLvIIM
gaze'), 20 March - 2 June 2013, at MEWO Kunsthalle in
Memmingen (Germany).[17]
He has appeared multiple times as a guest on the Joe Rogan Experience podcast.[18]
On March 18, 2014 he was a guest in an episode of
SourceFed's Tabletalk.[19]
Jason Silvas Ocial Web Site.

Jason Silvas YouTube channel.
Jason Silvas Vimeo.
115.2 References
[1] A Timothy Leary for the Viral Video Age. The Atlantic.
Retrieved 17 August 2012.
[2] Jason Silva Bio. CAA Speakers. Retrieved 17 August
2012.
[3] Silva, Jason. Radical Openness. Retrieved 17 August
2012.
[4] Silva, Jason. Radical Openness. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
[5] Silva, Jason. We Are The Gods Now. Retrieved 29 June
2013.
[6] Silva, Jason. Brain Games is National Geographics
Highest-Rated Series Premiere Ever. Retrieved 29 June
2013.
[7] Silva, Jason. Shots of Awe. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
[8] Jason Silva speaking at the Ideas Economy Conference
in Innovation. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
[9] Why We Could All Use a Heavy Dose of Technooptimism. Vanity Fair. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
[10] Radical Openness: A Trip Through Our Next Frontier.
Forbes. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
[11] Four Steps To Finding Inspiration, From An Idea DJ.
Forbes. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
[12] Jason Silvas Captivating Videos Deliver a Dose of
Techno-Optimism". Wired. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
[13] Hybrid Reality Fellows. Hybrid Reality Institute. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
[14] Jason Silva: Wonder junkie. CBS. Retrieved 17 August
2012.
[15] Q&A - Tanya Plibersek, Kelly O'Dwyer, Mark Carnegie,
Elliot Perlman & Jason Silva. Australian Broadcasting
Corporation. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
Chapter 116
Matthew Simmons
Matthew Roy Simmons (April 7, 1943[4] August 8,
2010) was founder and chairman emeritus of Simmons
& Company International, and was a prominent gure in
the eld of peak oil. Simmons was motivated by the 1973
energy crisis to create an investment banking rm catering to oil companies. He served as an energy adviser to
U.S. President George W. Bush[5] and was a member of
the National Petroleum Council and the Council on Foreign Relations.
would be at least $200 per barrel (in 2005 dollars).[12]

Simmons would have lost this bet by a very wide margin:
2010 average oil prices did not even reach $100. The
world-wide economic collapse created demand destruction that greatly decreased the demand for oil, causing
prices to fall.
116.2 Ocean Energy Institute
Simmons, who lived in Houston, Texas, died at his vacation home in North Haven, Maine, on August 8, 2010, at In 2007, Simmons founded the Ocean Energy
the age of 67.[6][7] The cause of death was ruled acciden- Institute.[11] The Institute researches and develops
tal drowning with heart disease a contributing factor.[8] energy sources from the oceans such as wind energy,
Simmons was the author of the book Twilight in the mastizing internal fusion energy, solar are energy, and
Desert: The Coming Saudi Oil Shock and the World Econ- energy produced from burning cow atulence.
omy, published in 2005.[7] His examination of oil reserve
decline rates helped raise awareness of the unreliability
of Middle East oil reserves. He gave numerous presenta116.3 Appearances and interviews
tions on peak oil and water shortages.[9]
Simmons believed that the Club of Rome predictions are Simmons made contributions to the lms Peak Oil Immore accurate than usually acknowledged.[10]
posed by Nature, The Power of Community: How Cuba
Simmons was the founder of the Ocean Energy Institute Survived Peak Oil (2006), The End of Suburbia, Crude
in Maine.[11] His vision was to make Maine a leader in Impact, and Crude Awakening: The Oil Crash, and appeared on World Energy Television World Energy Video
energy from oshore wind and ocean forces.
Interview, August 2008
116.1 Saudi Arabian oil reserves
116.3.1 Deepwater Horizon oil spill conjectures
In his book, Simmons argues that production from Saudi

Arabia and especially from Ghawarthe worlds largest
Simmons made several controversial comments and preoil eldwill peak in the near future, if it has not done so
dictions regarding the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and
already. Simmons bases his case on hundreds of internal
BP's solvency, including:
documents from Saudi Aramco, professional journals and
other authoritative sources.
Talking with Bloomberg TV's Mark Crumpton,
Lizzie O'Leary and Julie Hyman about BPs oil leak
116.1.1 Oil price wager
in the Gulf of Mexico, Simmons said, If it were
my family I'd evacuate now, while you still have
Main article: SimmonsTierney bet
time.[13]
In August 2005, Simmons bet John Tierney and Rita Simon, the widow of Julian Simon, $2500 each that the
price of oil averaged over the entire calendar year of 2010
387
During a June 9, 2010, interview with Fortune,[14]

Simmons claimed that BP would have about a
month before they claim Chapter 11.
388
On June 9, 2010, Simmons was interviewed by
Barrons journalist Tieman Ray. Simmons disclosed
that he personally held an 8,000 share short position in BP stock. As BPs stock price went lower,
Simmons was beneting nancially amid fears of
bankruptcy.[15]
During a July 7, 2010, interview on CNBC[16] Simmons claimed that scientists were reporting the ow
rate from the oil spill was spewing 120,000 barrels
a day into the Gulf and that there have been estimates that we have lost oxygen for 40% of the Gulf
of Mexico. He further claimed that the relief wells
will not stop the oil spill.
A week later, during a July 15, 2010 interview with
KPFK Pacica Los Angeles,[17] Simmons asserted
that the relief wells and the capping process on the
Macondo wellhead are publicity stunts and that the
real vent is up to ten miles (16 km) away. He said
that an enormous pool of crude oil is accumulating
below the sea oor, releasing poisonous gases and
waiting to be whipped up by a hurricane.
Previously, on May 26, 2010, Matthew Simmons
was a guest on 'The Dylan Ratigan Show' on
MSNBC, where he explained his reasons for believing that the Deepwater Horizon oil spill involved
not only the leak being monitored by BPs videocamera-equipped ROVs remotely operated vehicles, but another, much bigger leak, several miles
away.
CHAPTER 116. MATTHEW SIMMONS
116.5 Death
Simmons was found dead on August 8, 2010, in his hot
tub.[19] An autopsy by the state medical examiners ofce the next day concluded that he died from accidental
drowning with heart disease as a contributing factor.[20]
116.6 See also

Richard Heinberg
Jeremy Leggett
Dale Allen Pfeier
Peak oil
SimmonsTierney bet
Cornucopian
116.7 References
[1] Tamsin Carlisle. Maverick of the oil industry. TheNational. Retrieved August 16, 2010.
[2] Obituary: MATTHEW ROY SIMMONS 19432010.
Houston Chronicle. August 26, 2010. Retrieved August
26, 2010.
[3] Story Capsules: Simmons Family. Retrieved August 16,
2010.
[4] Texas Voter Registration rolls.
2010.
116.4 Wikileaks cable mention

The Guardian reported that Simmons was mentioned in
a leaked U.S State Department cable dated November
2007:
COMMENT: While al-Husseini believes that Saudi ocials overstate capabilities in the interest of spurring foreign investment, he is also critical of international expectations. He stated that the IEAs expectation that Saudi
Arabia and the Middle East will lead the market in reaching global output levels of over 100 million barrels/day
is unrealistic, and it is incumbent upon political leaders
to begin understanding and preparing for this inconvenient truth. Al-Husseini was clear to add that he does
not view himself as part of the peak oil camp, and does
not agree with analysts such as Matthew Simmons. He
considers himself optimistic about the future of energy,
but pragmatic with regards to what resources are available and what level of production is possible. While he
fundamentally contradicts the Aramco company line, alHusseini is no doomsday theorist. His pedigree, experience and outlook demand that his predictions be thoughtfully considered.[18]
Retrieved August 13,
[5] Matthew Simmons, Noted Energy Banker, Dies at 67 NYTimes.com

[6] Energy expert Simmons dies in North Haven. Kennebec
Journal.
[7] Utah native Matthew Simmons, energy investment
banker, dies in Maine. Deseretnews.com (2010-08-09).
[8] Tom Fowler. Energy insider issued wake-up call: Financier believed world was near peak oil production.
Houston Chronicle. August 10, 2010.
[9] Matthew R. Simmons Presentations. Ocean Energy
(formerly at Simmons-Co International).
[10] Simmons, Matthew. Revisiting The Limits to Growth:
Could The Club of Rome Have Been Correct, After All?.
GreatChange.org, 30 Sept 2000.
[11] Ocean Energy Institute Blog
[12] Tierney, John.The $10,000 Question. NY Times. 23 August 2005. Retrieved 7 June 2007
[13] Matt Simmons Warned Us Against BP Oil Spill In Gulf
Of Mexico Now He Is Dead. UFO Blogger.
[14] Tseng, Nin-Hai. Matt Simmons, Dr. Doom of the Gulf

Coast spill. Fortune. 9 June 2010. Retrieved 11 July 2010
[15] Ray, Tiernan. (2010-06-15) BP: Simmons Still Sees
Bankruptcy; Massive Hole at the Well Bore? (Updated) Stocks To Watch Today Barrons.com.
Blogs.barrons.com. Retrieved on 2012-05-20.
[16] Francis, Melissa and Kudlow, Larry. Nuke the Oil Well?.
CNBC: The Call. 7 July 2010. Retrieved 11 July 2010
[17] KPFK
[18] Guardian: US embassy cables: Saudi oil company oversold
ability to increase production, embassy told
[19] Matt Simmons Has Died. Business Insider (2010-08-09).
[20] Matthew Simmons. Obituary. Legacy.com (2010-0809). Retrieved on 2012-05-20.

Matthew Simmons, Twilight in the Desert: The Coming Saudi Oil Shock and the World Economy 2005
ISBN 0-471-73876-X, The book has been translated into German and Chinese.

Articles
Matt Simmons discusses global trends on World Energy Television World Energy Video Interview, August 2008
Simmons investigates latest data EVWorld interviews Matthew Simmons, Feb. 2008.
Matthew Simmons calls on regional oil producers to
curb output MEED.
Matt Simmons discusses global trends on World Energy Television World Energy Video Interview
Global Crude Supply: Is the Oil Peak Near? World
Energy Magazine, by Matthew Simmons.
Fixing Corrupt Investment Research: Its Not That
Hard World Energy Magazine. Matthew Simmons.
The Case for a Coming Gas Shortage World Energy
Magazine. Matthew Simmons.
Is the Petroleum Pricing System Out of Control?
World Energy Magazine. Matthew Simmons.
The Coming Saudi Oil Crisis
Revisiting The Limits to Growth: Could The Club
of Rome Have Been Correct, After All? PDF
389
General
Ocean Energy Institute Simmons last project, intended to eventually harvest massive reserves of
wind energy oshore from Maine, using synthesis
of ammonia fuel to be shipped by tanker.
ANOTHER DAY IN THE DESERT. A RESPONSE TO THE BOOK, TWILIGHT IN THE
DESERT at the Wayback Machine (archived October 16, 2006) // Integrity in Investment Research Jim Jarrells criticism of Twilight
ASPO USA Peak Oil conference at Boston University, 27 October 2006
Financial Sense Newshour: Matthew Simmons, 5
audio interviews: 6 August 2005 7 April 2007.
The Economist: Face Value: Review of Matthew
Simmons in The Economist
Radio Broadcast: True News broadcast on June 28,
2010
Chapter 117
Richard Slaughter
Richard Slaughter is a scholar and writer in the eld of
futures studies, applied foresight and social innovation.
He is the co-director of Foresight International, and has
guest edited the journals Futures[1] and foresight.[2] His
work has centred on developing the theory and practice of
futures in education; the transition from empirical to critical futures work; bringing Integral theory into futures,
and working with others to stimulate eective responses
to what he regards as a global emergency created, in
part, by the conuence of peak oil and global warming.
In 2009 the special issue of Futures on Integral Futures
that was edited by Slaughter was voted one of the most
important futures works of 2008 by the Association of
Professional Futurists.[1]
117.2 References
[1] Futures and integral futures. Foresight. 1975-04-15.
[2] Guest editorial from: foresight, Volume 11, Issue 5.
foresight. Emerald. 1975-04-15. Retrieved 2013-12-24.
[3] Ten Foresight Monographs. richardslaughter.com.au.
2013-08-25. Retrieved 2013-12-20.
Founded in 1999 at the Swinburne University of Technology, the Australian Foresight Institute was designed
as a specialized research and post-graduate teaching unit.
A research program on Creating and Sustaining Social
Foresight was funded and supported by the Pratt Foundation and produced a series of monographs.[3]
The institute was disestablished in 2005, with the teaching program subsumed into Swinburne University of
Technologys Faculty of Business and Enterprise, with
the new name of The Strategic Foresight Program.
117.1 Selected works

Birds in Bermuda. Bermuda Bookstores Ltd.,
Hamilton, Bermuda: ix + 158pp (1975) With photographs by the author.
Recovering the Future. Grad. School of Environ.
Science, Monash University, Melbourne: iv + 189
pp (1988) ISBN 0-86746-667-7
Studying the Future, Bicentennial Futures Education
Project. Commission For the Future, Melbourne:
xiv + 82 pp (1989) ISBN 0-642-14281-5
390
Foresight International
Jose Ramos, From Critique to Cultural Recovery
AFI, 2003.
Chapter 118
John Smart (futurist)

to create the next level of complexity in their evolutionary development.[2] A similar perspective is found in
Buckminster Fullers writings on ephemeralization.
In the developmental singularity hypothesis,[3] also
called the transcension hypothesis, Smart proposes that
STEM compression, as a driver of accelerating change,
must lead cosmic intelligence to a future of highlyminiaturized, accelerated, and local transcension to
extra-universal domains, rather than to space-faring expansion within our existing universe. The hypothesis proposes that once civilizations saturate their local region
of space with their intelligence, they need to leave our
visible, macroscopic universe in order to continue exponential growth of complexity and intelligence, and disappear from this universe, thus explaining the Fermi Paradox.[4] Developments in astrobiology make this a testable
hypothesis.[5] A related proposal may be found in the selfish biocosm hypothesis of complexity theorist James N.
Gardner.
John M. Smart (born 10 September 1960) is a futurist

and scholar of accelerating change. He is founder and
president of the Acceleration Studies Foundation, an organization that does outreach, education, research, and
advocacy with respect to issues of accelerating change.[1]
Smart has an MS in futures studies from the University
of Houston, an MS equivalency (two years of med
school and USLME-I) in medicine from UCSD School
of Medicine, and a BS in business administration from
U.C. Berkeley. He also did graduate studies at UCSD
under systems theorist James Grier Miller.
118.1 Ideas
Smart is the principal advocate of the concept of STEM
compression, (formerly MEST compression) the idea
that the most (ostensibly) complex of the universes extant systems at any time (galaxies, stars, habitable planets,
living systems, and now technological systems) use progressively less space, time, energy and matter (STEM)
Smart has been criticized by some in the futures community as reductionist[6] and a techno-optimist.[7] His writings do discuss risks, abuses, and social regulation of
technology, but usually as a secondary theme, subject to
inevitable acceleration. In his defense, he claims universal and human-historical accelerating change (see Carl
Sagan's Cosmic Calendar) do not appear to be simply a
product of evolution but of some universal developmental
process, one apparently protected, in a general statistical sense, by poorly understood immune systems in
complex systems. In his public presentations[8] he calls
for better characterization and use of existing processes
of intelligence, immunity, and interdependence development in biological, cultural, and technological systems.
He has critiqued systems scholars such as Jonathan Huebner, who claim that the rate of global innovation appears
to be slowing down. His counterthesis is that innovation
is increasingly conducted by and within technological systems, and is thereby becoming more abstract and dicult
to measure by human social standards.[9]
An advocate of foresight and acceleration-awareness
in education, Smart has proposed a developmental categorization of futurist thinking,[10] maintains a list of
global futures studies programs,[11] and has authored an
open source required undergraduate course in foresight
391
392
development,[12] modeled after required foresight courses
at Tamkang University in Taiwan. He has argued that just
as history (hindsight) and current events (insight) are core
general education requirements, the methods and knowledge base of futures studies (foresight), deserve inclusion
in the modern undergraduate curriculum.
118.2 See also

118.3 References
[1] About Page, Accelerating.org, retrieved 2 March 2007
[2] Understanding STEM, STEM+IC, and STEM Compression in Universal Change, Accelerationwatch.com, retrieved 20 Dec 2008
[3] Intro to the Developmental Singularity Hypothesis (DSH),
Accelerationwatch.com, retrieved 2 Mar 2007
[4] Ray Kurzweil, The Singularity is Near, 2005, p. 358.
[5] Smart, J., Answering the Fermi Paradox: Exploring the
Mechanisms of Universal Transcension, J. of Evol. And
Technology, June 2002
[6] Carrico, D., Smarts Laws on Technology, Amor Mundi,
16 May 2006
[7] Eckersley, R.. (2006) Techno-Utopia and Human Values,
KurzweilAI.net retrieved 2 Mar 2007
[8] Smart, J. Slide Presentations Archive, Accelerating.org,
retrieved 2 Mar 2007
[9] Smart, J. (2005) Measuring Innovation in an Accelerating World, Technological Forecasting & Social Change,
V72N8
[10] Smart, J. Futurist (denition): (Twelve) Types of Futures
Thinking, Accelerationwatch.com, retrieved 2 Mar 2007
[11] Futures Studies (ASF list): Global Graduate Programs
and Resources
[12] Evo Devo Futures Studies I: Introduction to Foresight Development, Accelerating.org, retrieved 2 Mar 2007

Acceleration Watch (formerly Singularity Watch)
- Personal web site, includes extensive, print and
web-published writings on accelerating change,
evolutionary development, the technological singularity, and futures studies.
Biography page at KurzweilAI.net
Stanford Singularity Summit (includes A/V of presentations by Smart and several relevant contemporaries)
CHAPTER 118. JOHN SMART (FUTURIST)

SYNCD.org - John Smart about accelerating change
and the unbounded complexity and potential of the
inner space
Interview with John Smart on Developmental Singularity Hypothesis and STEM compression
Chapter 119
Sohail Inayatullah
Sohail Inayatullah is a futures studies researcher and 119.1.4 Other aliations
a visiting professor at the Graduate Institute of Futures
Studies at Tamkang University in Taipei, Taiwan[1][2][3]
Inayatullah is a member of the World Future Society and
has a blog there.[17] He is also a Fellow of the World
Futures Studies Federation.[18] He is on the board of
the Futures Foundation and the advisory board of the
119.1 Academic career
Lifeboat Foundation.[2]
119.1.1
Academic contributions
119.2 References
Inayatullah is most famous for introducing and pioneering the futures technique of causal layered analysis, that
uses a four-layered approach to bring about transformative change.[4][5] He introduced the idea in a widely cited
paper for Futures.[6] He also edited and wrote the introductory chapter for the Causal Layered Analysis (CLA)
Reader.[7] He has also described the idea for a popular audience in an article for The Futurist [4] and a TEDx talk.[8]
Inayatullahs work on CLA was examined in a book by
Jose W. Ramos in 2003.[9]
119.1.2
Academic positions
[2] Dr. Sohail Inayatullah. Lifeboat Foundation. Retrieved

July 2, 2014.
[3] Sohail Inayatullah. School of International Futures. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
[4] Inayatullah, Sohail (JanuaryFebruary 2014). Causal
Layered Analysis Dened. The Futurist (World Future
Society) 48 (1). Retrieved July 2, 2014.
[5] Causal Layered Analysis. Scenarios for Sustainability
Recipes. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
In addition to his role at Tamkang University, Inayatullah is an Adjunct Professor, Centre for Policing, Intelligence and Counter-Terrorism, Macquarie University,
Sydney,[10] and Adjunct Professor at the University of
the Sunshine Coast (Faculty of Social Sciences and the
Arts).[2][3][11]
119.1.3
[1] Faculty, Graduate Institute of Futures Studies.

Tamkang University. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
Role in journals and web publications
[6] Inayatullah, Sohail (October 1998). Causal layered analysis: Poststructuralism as method. Futures 30 (8): 815
829. doi:10.1016/S0016-3287(98)00086-X. Retrieved
July 2, 2014.
[7] The Causal Layered Analysis (CLA) Reader: Theory
and Case Studies of an Integrative and Transformative
Methodology. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
[8] Inayatullah, Sohail (May 12, 2013). Causal Layered
Analysis: Sohail Inayatullah at TEDxNoosa. Retrieved
July 2, 2014.
Inayatullah is co-editor (along with Clement C. P. Chang [9] Ramos, Jose W. (2003). From critique to cultural recovand Jian-Bang Deng) of the Journal of Futures Studies,
ery: critical futures studies and casual layered analysis.
one of the top journals in futures studies.[12] He is also
Australian Foresight Institute. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
associated editor of New Renaissance[2][13] and is on the
editorial boards of Futures,[14] Development, Peace and [10] Sohail Inayatullah. Macquarie University. Retrieved
July 2, 2014.
Democracy in South Asia, and foresight.[2][15]
Inayatullah also co-runs the website Metafuture.org with [11] Professor receives global futurist award. January 19,
Ivana Milojevic.[16]
2011. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
393
394
[12] Editors. Journal of Futures Studies. Retrieved July 2,

2014.
[13] Articles by Sohail Inayatullah. New Renaissance Magazine. Renaissance Universal. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
[14] Futures Editorial Board. Futures, Elsevier. Retrieved
July 2, 2014.
[15] Editorial team. foresight, Emerald Publishing Group.
Retrieved July 2, 2014.
[16] Futures Studies by Sohail Inayatullah, Ivana Milojevic,
and global futurists. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
[17] Sohail Inayatullahs blog. World Future Society. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
[18] WFSF Fellows. World Futures Studies Federation. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
CHAPTER 119. SOHAIL INAYATULLAH
Chapter 120
Dirk HR Spennemann
(1996) and the Vice Chancellors Award for Teaching Excellence, Charles Sturt University (1995).
Professor Spennemann is a member of the Association of
Professional Futurists, the World Futures Studies Federation, the World Futures Society, the British Interplanetary
Society and Australia ICOMOS
Dirk Spennemann is the editor of the journals Studies in
German Colonial Heritage (ISSN 1834-7797) and Studies
in Contemporary and Emergent Heritage (ISSN 18344208) and a co-editor of the Micronesian Journal of the
Humanities and Social Sciences (ISSN 1449-7336).
120.1 Publications (selected)

Space Heritage:
The ethics of treading on Neil Armstrongs footsteps
(2004)
The Naval heritage of project Apollo (2005)
Heritage sites of the US Space Program in Australia
(2005, with Linda Kosmer)
Dirk HR Spennemann
Dr. Dirk HR Spennemann is Associate Professor in

Out of this world (2006)
Cultural Heritage Management at the School of Environmental Sciences, Charles Sturt University in Albury,
Technological heritage on Mars (2007, with Guy
Australia. His main research interest rests in the area of
Murphy)
futures studies focussing on heritage futures by examin Extreme Cultural Tourism (in press)
ing issues such as the conceptual understanding of emergent heritage(s), the recognition of heritage sites and objects of future heritage value such as Space Heritage and Heritage Futures & Robotics:
Robotics; and the relationship between cultural heritage
values and the inuences of management processes as
On the cultural heritage of robots (2007)
they play out between heritage professionals and the general public.
Of Great Apes and Robots (2007),
Professor Spennemann is the recipient of the Governors
Humanities Award for Excellence in Research and Publi- Space Tourism:
cation, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
(2004)[1] and the Partnership Steward Ship Award for
Orbital, Lunar and Interplanetary Tourism (in press)
Cultural Resources, Pacic West Region, US National
[2]
Park Service (2001) as well as the Vice Chancellors
Award for Research Excellence, Charles Sturt University Conference Papers:
395
396
Technological heritage on Mars (Paris) (2006, with
Guy Murphy)
SpaceScapes: Past, Present and Future Extraterrestrial Landscapes in the Human Imagination (Caen,
France) (2007)
Orbital, Lunar and Interplanetary Tourism: Opportunities for Dierent Perspectives in Star Tourism (La
Palma, Spain) (2007)
Space-related publications (or their abstracts) can be accessed via the SpaceArchaeology Wiki
120.2 See also

Dirk HR Spennemann - ocial site
120.3 References
[1] CNMI Humanities Council Annual Report 2005
[2] Johnstone Centre Research in Natural Resources and
Society 'Research Alive' no 11 (2001)
CHAPTER 120. DIRK HR SPENNEMANN
Chapter 121
Alex Steen
Alex Steen is an American futurist[1] who writes and at industry events like the AIGA[7] and IDSA[8] naspeaks about sustainability and the future of the planet.
tional conferences, O'Reillys Emerging Technologies
(eTech),[9] FOO Camp and the Business Expo Bright
Green held during the Copenhagen Climate Summit.[10]
Steen has keynoted three dierent South by Southwest
121.1 Biography
conferences (SxSW).[11][12] Steen has also spoken at
universities including Harvard, Yale, Oxford, Stanford
From 2003-2010, Steen was Executive Editor at
and the London School of Economics.[13][14]
the website Worldchanging. Worldchanging practiced
solutions-based journalism. The nonprot announced
the goal of its work was to highlight new solutions to what
the editorial team saw as the planets most pressing prob- 121.3 See also
lems, rather than to spread news of those problems or cri Worldchanging
tiques of their causes.
The site won or was nominated for a number of awards
and prizes, including: 2005 won the Utne Independent
Press Award; 2006, nalist for a Webby for Best Blog;
2007 nalist for a Webby for Best Magazine, as well as
for Bloggie awards for Best Group Weblog and Best Writing for a Weblog; won the Green Prize for Sustainable
Literature for its book; won Organic Design Award; Prix
Ars Electronica nominee; 2008 named a Webby Ocial
Honoree.
Viridian design movement

Bright green environmentalism
121.4 References
In November 2006, Steen published a survey of global

innovation, Worldchanging: A Users Guide for the 21st
century (ISBN 978-0810930957) with a foreword by Al
Gore, design by Stefan Sagmeister and an introduction by
Bruce Sterling. A second, updated edition was published
in 2011 with a foreword by Van Jones and an introduction
by Bill McKibben
In 2012, Steen released Carbon Zero: Imagining Cities
That Can Save the Planet,[2] a book which explored the
innovations and policy changes a North American city
would need to make to become carbon neutral.
In 2013, he became Planetary Futurist in Residence at
the design company IDEO.[3]
[1] Rachlin, Natalia (2009-12-08). Trade Fair Oers Ideas

to Combat Climate Change. The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-23.
[2] http://grist.org/cities/
how-cities-can-lead-the-climate-fight-introducing-alex-steffens-climate-zer
[3] http://www.thelavinagency.com/speaker-alex-steffen.
html
[4] Alex Steen sees a sustainable future | Video on.
Ted.com. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
[5] Purt, Jenny (October 13, 2011). MIC: Guardian Sustainable Business. The Guardian (London).
[6] Bright Green: Notes from the Road: Design Indaba and
Doors of Perception. Worldchanging. March 19, 2007.
Retrieved October 18, 2011.
[7] AIGA Design Conference 2007.
Designconference2007.aiga.org. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
121.2 Public speaking

Steen is a frequent public speaker and has spoken
at TED,[4] Poptech, Design Indaba, Amsterdams PicNic, The Royal Geographical Society[5] and New Delhis
Doors of Perception.[6] As well as keynote addresses
397
[8] designBytes: 10.30.06 | Industrial Designers Society of

America. IDSA. Retrieved 2012-03-10.
[9] ETech 2009: Sustaining the American Family "
O'Reilly Conferences. En.oreilly.com. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
398
[10] Technologies for Sustainable Growth Bright GreenProduktside DI Organisation for erhvervslivet. Brightgreen.dk. April 28, 2009. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
[11] Alex Steen and Bruce Sterling | South by Southwest Interactive 2005. Itc.conversationsnetwork.org. March 15,
2005. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
[12] Alex Steen. Sxsw Eco. Retrieved 2012-03-10.
[13] OOS News | Sustainability Leaders Blog. Yalesustainabilityleaders.wordpress.com. Retrieved October 18,
2011.
[14] The Hidden Future of Cities - Video and audio - News
and media - Home. .lse.ac.uk. Retrieved 2012-03-10.

Alex Steens website
Lavin Agency page for Alex Steen
Alex Steens 2011 TED talk on carbon-zero cities
Video of Steens 2006 talk at the TED conference
CHAPTER 121. ALEX STEFFEN
Chapter 122
Will Steger
Will Steger (born August 27, 1944 in Richeld, Minnesota[1] is a prominent spokesperson for the understanding and preservation of the Arctic and has led some of
the most signicant feats in the eld of dogsled expeditions; such as the rst conrmed dogsled journey to the
North Pole (without re-supply) in 1986, the 1,600-mile
south-north traverse of Greenland - the longest unsupported dogsled expedition in history at that time in 1988,
the historic 3,471-mile International Trans-Antarctic Expedition - the rst dogsled traverse of Antarctica (1989
90), and the International Arctic Project - the rst and
only dogsled traverse of the Arctic Ocean from Russia to
Ellesmere Island in Canada during 1995.[2]
in the sciences, and for public service to advance international understanding in 1995. This was the rst time the
society presented this award in all three categories and
this award had not been given since 1995.
Steger co-founded the Center for Global Environmental

Education (CGEE)[3] at Hamline University in 1991 following the successful International Trans- Antarctov Expedition which reached 15 million students worldwide. In
1993, he founded the World School for Adventure learning [4] at the University of St. Thomas (Minnesota). In
2006, due to his high growing concern of climate change,
Will Steger established the Will Steger Foundation to
educate and empower people to engage in solutions to
climate change.[5] In 2014, Steger launched the Steger
Wilderness Center, his nal phase of his larger mission
to keep the planet sustainable for future generations.[6]
Geographic. He authored four books and his publications, photographs and interviews are distributed globally:
Over the Top of the World, Crossing Antarctica, North
to the Pole, and Saving the Earth.[9]
Steger received recognition and numerous honors for

record setting explorations and interactive educational
initiatives: Explorers Club Finne Ronne Memorial Award
1997, National Geographic Societys First Explorer-inResidence 1996,[8] For his climate change eorts, he
has been recognized with the Lindbergh Foundations
Lindbergh Award 2006, Governor Tim Pawlenty's Minnesota Climate Change Advisory Group 2006, Explorers
Club Lowell Thomas Award 2007, and the National GeSteger had been invited to testify before Congress on po- ographic Adventure Lifetime Achievement Award 2007.
lar and environmental issues based on his rst-hand expe- Stegers highly acclaimed articles and photographic imrience in the Polar Regions and environmental expertise. ages are appreciated worldwide, including in National
122.1 Awards
ments
and
Accomplish-
Each year, Steger gives more than 100 invited presentations on his eyewitness perspective. Between 2006
and 2008 Steger spoke to more than 640,000 people at
public and private events, primarily through the activities of the Will Steger Foundation. Steger especially
loves speaking to business leaders and to policymakers. His recent audiences around the country have included Goldman Sachs, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, SUPERVALU (United States), Target Corporation, UnitedHealth Group, Toro, Great River Energy,
and Xcel Energy.
Steger holds a Bachelor of Science in geology, Mas- 122.2 Explorer-in-Residence

ter of Arts in education and Honorary Doctorate from
Emeritus
University of St. Thomas (Minnesota), in addition to
Honorary Doctorates from Westminster College (Utah), Will Steger holds many titleseducator, author, photogNorthland College (Wisconsin) and Franklin Pierce Uni- rapher, and lecturer. But polar explorer is perhaps his
versity.[7]
best known and hardest-won. Steger rst reached the
Will Steger joins Amelia Earhart, Robert Peary, Roald North Pole in 1986, leading a team of six (Paul Schurke,
Amundsen and Jacques-Yves Cousteau in receiving the Brent Boddy, Richard Weber, Geo Carroll and Ann
National Geographic Society's John Oliver La Gorce Bancroft) by dogsled. He returned again in 1995, while
Medal for accomplishments in geographic exploration, crossing the Arctic Ocean from Russia to Ellesmere Is399
400
land, Canada, with a team of ve by dogsled and specially
adapted canoes.
Steger has also kayaked thousands of miles of northern
rivers, including the Peace, MacKenzie, and Yukon.
122.3 References
[1] Will Steger. Facebook. Retrieved 2009.
[2] Our Mission and Vision. Will Steger Foundation. Will
Steger Foundation. Retrieved June 2014.
[3] Center fro Global Environmental Education. Hamline
University. Hamline University. Retrieved June 2014.
[4] World School St. Thomas Magazine. University of St.
Thomas. University of St. Thomas. Retrieved June 2014.
[5] Our Mission and Vision. Will Steger Foundation. Will
Steger Foundation. Retrieved June 2014.
[6] http://www.willsteger.com/steger-wilderness-center
[7] Will Steger. Will Steger. Steger Wilderness Center. Retrieved June 2014.
[8] Will Steger Polar Explorer l Explorer-in Residence
Emeritus. National Geographic. National Geographic.
Retrieved June 2014.
[9] Will Steger. Will Steger. Steger Wilderness Center. Retrieved June 2014.
CHAPTER 122. WILL STEGER
Chapter 123
Mark Stevenson
123.2 Early career
Stevenson began his career working for Ovum, an information technology think tank. There, he co-authored
reports on e-commerce and smart card technology and
edited material related to CASE (computer-aided software engineering).[5]
After leaving Ovum, Stevenson worked as a freelancer,
consulting primarily in the eld of cryptography.
Throughout this period, Stevenson was also a semiprofessional musician. As a founding member of the
band Clear, he co-wrote both music and lyrics, sang and
played bass. The bands sole album, Coming Around,
had the unique distinction of being funded by a company
founded by the members but owned in part by the bands
fans. The album, recorded in 2003, was produced by
Andy Metcalfe at the studios of Glenn Tilbrook; it was
mastered at Abbey Road.
123.3 Comedy
After leaving Clear, Stevenson took to comedy. His
stand-up material was primarily focused on science. He
has appeared at many comedy clubs, festivals and other
Mark Stevenson at the 2011 Skoll World Forum.
venues. And although his current duties as businessMark Stevenson (born 1971) is a London-based British man and author preclude a full-time career in comedy,
author, businessman, public speaker and futurologist, as he still occasionally makes appearances at clubs and on
[6]
well as a former semi-professional musician and come- programs.
dian. He is founder of Flow Associates, a cultural learning agency[1] and the cultural change practice We Do
Things Dierently. He is also a Fellow of the Royal So- 123.4 Writing
ciety for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and
Commerce.[2] Stevensons rst book, An Optimists Tour In early 2011, Stevenson released a book entitled An Opof the Future, was released in the United Kingdom in Jan- timists Tour of the Future (published by Prole Books in
uary 2011 (February 2011 in the United States).[3]
January 2011 in the UK and by Avery in February 2011
123.1 Education
in the United States), which explores how invention and

innovation can help overcome several of humanitys current problems.[7] The book has since been translated into
10 languages.[8]
Stevenson graduated from the University of Salford in Stevenson is also a playwright, having co-authored (with
1992 with a rst-class honors degree in Information Jack Milner) Octopus Soup, a play in casting phase as of
Technology.[4]
September 2014.
401
402
123.5 Current Activities

Following the success of his book, Stevenson is in high
demand as a consultant and speaker on issues related to
cultural change and technology trends. In addition to his
role as one of the co-founders of the consultancy We Do
Things Dierently he also runs The League of Pragmatic
Optimists (aka LOPO), which has chapters in the UK,
Spain, New Zealand and Finland.
Mr. Stevenson is working on a new book, (also) titled
We Do Things Dierently, whose format as a travelogue
will be similar to that of his rst book, but with a theme
centered around the concept of institutional change. It
will be published late 2015 by Prole Books.
He fulls a number of advisory roles notably to The
Virgin Earth Challenge, Trillion Fund and Mass Challenge.[9]
123.6 References
[1] http://flowassociates.com/wordpress/who-we-are/
[2] http://www.thersa.org/fellowship/journal/features/
features/reasons-to-be-cheerful
[3] Kohn, Marek (7 January 2011). An Optimists Tour of
the Future. Financial Times. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
[4] http://uk.linkedin.com/pub/mark-stevenson/0/334/448
[5] http://www.waterstones.com/waterstonesweb/products/
beth+barling/heather+stark/mark+stevenson/ovum+
evaluates3a+on-line+commerce/3332411/
[6] http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00w190t
[7] Turney, Jon (15 January 2011). An Optimists Tour of
the Future by Mark Stevenson review. The Guardian.
[8] http://anoptimiststourofthefuture.com/
[9] http://markstevenson.org/
CHAPTER 123. MARK STEVENSON
Chapter 124
Alastair M. Taylor
For others of a similar name, see Alistair Taylor (disam- 1930 the family moved to California, where he attended
biguation).
Hollywood High School and then the University of SouthAlastair MacDonald Taylor (March 12, 1915 Oc- ern California, from which he graduated summa cum
laude in 1937. The topic of his Masters thesis at USC
was The Decline of Scottish Monasticism in the Fifteenth Century. At age 22 he collaborated with T.
Walter Wallbank to begin writing Civilization Past and
Present. The rst world-history textbook in the United
States, and a best-seller since its initial appearance in
1942, it has been published in many editions for over six
decades and is familiar to generations of students.
In 1942 Taylor returned to Canada to enlist in the armed
forces, but was recruited to the National Film Board in
Ottawa, where he worked for pioneering documentary
lmmaker John Grierson, making lms for the war eort.
Taylor himself directed two short lms focusing on the
situation of Canadian workers in the domestic wartime
economy.
Between 1944 and 1952 Taylor worked for the United
Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration in
Washington, D.C. and then for the UN Secretariat in New
York. At UNRRA he was a speechwriter for Herbert
Lehman, former governor of New York state, and then
for Fiorello La Guardia, former mayor of New York
City. Taylor became the Ocial Spokesman of the
Security Councils United Nations Commission for Indonesia, which oversaw the peace settlement between the
Netherlands and its former colony. In this capacity he
Alastair M. Taylor
spent several months in Indonesia in 1949 and 1950 and
tober 15, 2005) was a Canadian historian, lmmaker, also attended the Dutch-Indonesian Round Table ConferUnited Nations ocial, professor of geography and po- ence in The Hague, Netherlands.
litical studies, and interdisciplinary thinker. He coTaylor received his doctorate from Balliol College, Oxauthored the rst world-history textbook published in the
ford, in 1955. His dissertation was the basis for his
United States. He played an active role in, and became
book Indonesian Independence and the United Nations
the leading chronicler of, the diplomatic intervention by
(1960), with a foreword by Lester B. Pearson. Upon
the United Nations to secure the independence of Indoneits publication, this work was hailed as a brilliant study
sia. He was also among the rst to apply systems theory
of the protracted negotiations that led to Indonesias
to the historical development of human societies.
independence[1] and as the fullest, most accurate, and
least biased[2] treatment in print of the UNs role.
In 1960 Taylor joined the faculty of Queens University
at Kingston, Ontario, where he taught in both the Geography and Political Studies departments until 1980. At
Taylor was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, in Queens, in the early 1960s, he developed his systems1915, the youngest son of Scottish immigrants. In
124.1 Biography
403
404
theory model of the historical evolution of human societies, which he designated Time-Space-Technics (TST).
TST understands human societies as instances of open
natural systems equilibrating with their environments in a
hierarchy of integrative levels. It identies an evolutionary sequence of world-views that organize societal systems at the dierent levels. Taylor named these worldviews Mythos, Theos, Logos, and Holos. TST
focuses on the interplay and tension between what Taylor
called material technics and societal technics, and attempts to identify factors responsible for fracturing a systems equilibrium and quantizing it to a dierent level of
societal organization (either more or less complex). Taylor published a number of articles about the TST model
and in his last years was preparing a book-length exposition of his ideas. He believed that modern society stands
at a critical juncture: although industrial society has become culturally and environmentally unsustainable, we
have the opportunity to replace it with new values and institutions appropriate to a sustainable global civilization.
124.2 Selected bibliography

Civilization Past and Present, with T. Walter Wallbank (Chicago: Scott, Foresman, 1942 and subsequent editions).
The World in Turmoil, 1914-1944, with T. Walter
Wallbank (Chicago: Scott, Foresman, 1944).
Indonesian Independence and the United Nations
(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1960; London: Stevens, 1960).
Toward a Field Theory of International Relations,
General Semantics Bulletin 35 (1968): 9-43.
Evolution-Revolution, General Systems Theory,
and Society, in Rubin Gotesky and Ervin Laszlo
(eds.), Evolution-Revolution (New York: Gordon
and Breach, 1971).
Integrative Principles in Human Societies, in
Henry Margenau (ed.), Integrative Principles of
Modern Thought (New York: Gordon and Breach,
1972).
Western Perspectives: A Concise History of Civilization, with T. Walter Wallbank and Nels M. Bailkey
(Glenview, Illinois: Scott, Foresman, 1973).
Process and Structure in Sociocultural Systems,
in Erich Jantsch and Conrad H. Waddington
(eds.), Evolution and Consciousness: Human Systems
in Transition (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley,
1976).
CHAPTER 124. ALASTAIR M. TAYLOR

The Historical Evolution of Mankinds Inner and
Outer Dimensions, in Ervin Laszlo and Judah Bierman (eds.), Goals in a Global Community, vol. I
(New York: Pergamon Press, 1977).
Poles Apart: Winners and Losers in the History of
Human Development, with Angus M. Taylor (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre,
1992).
Time-Space-Technics: The Evolution of Societal
Systems and World-views, World Futures: The
Journal of General Evolution 54 (1999): 21-102.
124.3 Filmography
A Man and His Job (National Film Board of Canada,
1943)
Main Street, Canada (National Film Board of
Canada, 1945)
124.4 Notes
[1] Irene Tinker, Annals of the American Academy of Political
and Social Science 336 (July 1961), p. 201.
[2] Robert Van Niel, American Historical Review 66 (April
1961), p. 741.
124.5 References
Entry for Alastair MacDonald Taylor in Canadian
Whos Who (Toronto: University of Toronto Press,
2002)

Time-Space-Technics page at BEST Futures website
Chapter 125
Robert Theobald
For the U.S. rear admiral, see Robert Alfred Theobald.
Robert Theobald (June 11, 1929 November 27, 1999)
was a private consulting economist and futurist author.
In economics, he was best known for his writings on the
economics of abundance and his advocacy of a Basic Income Guarantee. Theobald was a member of the Ad Hoc
Committee on the Triple Revolution in 1964, and later
listed in the top 10 most inuential living futurists in The
Encyclopedia of the Future.
Robert Theobald died of esophageal cancer at his home

in Spokane, Washington, shortly after returning from
Australia.
125.2 Quotes
Whats startling to me is that when I started
talking about ideas like these 30 years ago, they
were so new and strange that people looked at
me as if I had two heads. In retrospect, I think I
was looked on as something of a cultural clown
- a crazy who was fun to listen to. The reaction I get now worries me a lot more, because
what most people say is Bob, today you're right,
but we're not going to do anything about it."'
125.1 Life and work

Robert Theobald was born in India in 1929, the son of
a British businessman. He moved to England at age 16
(1945), and received his higher education in economics at
Cambridge, then lived for three years in Paris. Eventually
he continued his studies at Harvard University, in the late
1950s.[1]
As an economist and futurist, Theobald had a global or
planetary perspective. He wrote books, prepared and appeared on broadcasts, and lectured around the world to
governments, businesses, and organizations.
My goal is to create a situation of full

unemployment--a world in which people do not
have to hold a job. And I believe that this kind
of world can actually be achieved.
125.3 Bibliography
Theobald questioned and criticized conventional condence in economic growth, in technology, and in the culture of materialism - all of which he considered to be
damaging to the environment while failing to provide opportunity and income for many of the worlds people.[2]
He warned against trying to maintain, and to spread or
mimic worldwide, the American standard of living of the
late 20th century.[3]
The Rich and the Poor; a study of the economics of

rising expectations (1959)
The Challenge of Abundance (1961)
Free Men and Free Markets (1963)
The Triple Revolution (with others) (1964)
The Guaranteed Income (edited) (1966)
Despite his criticism of some aspects and eects of technology, Theobald saw tremendous potential in communications technology like on-line, personal computers
(which in the 1980s he termed micro-computers), seeing these as tools for pooling the thoughts and opinions
of very large numbers of individuals spread widely, geographically.
An Alternative Future for America (1968)
Theobald was an expositor and popularizer of such nowaccepted concepts as networking, win/win, systemic
thinking, and communications era.[4]
Futures Conditional (edited) (1972)
405
Alternative Future for America II: Essays and

Speeches (1970)
Tegs 1994 (1970)
Economizing Abundance (1970)
Habit and Habitat (1972)
406
The Failure of Success (with Stephanie Mills)
(edited) (1973)
Beyond Despair (1976)
At the Crossroads (with others) (1984) Produced to
mark the 20th anniversary of The Triple Revolution
An Alternative Future for Americas Third Century
(1976)
Avoiding 1984: Moving Toward Interdependence
(1982)
The Rapids of Change: Social Entrepreneurship in
Turbulent Times (1987)
Reworking Success: New Communities at the Millennium (1997) ISBN 0-86571-367-7
125.4 Literature
Deveson, Anne (2003). Resilience. Allen & Unwin.
ISBN 1-86448-634-1.
Whiting, John (1971). The Economics of Human
Energy in Brooks Adams, Ezra Pound and Robert
Theobald. M.A. in Area Studies ( United States).
University of London.

Robert Theobald Home Page This page works, but
all links are fouled. E-mail bobstilger(at)gmail.com
to help.
Anne Deveson. Robert Theobald Obituary. The
Australian Newspaper, 15/12/99. Archived from
the original on 2007-09-30.
"Robert Theobald - Portrait Of A Political Instigator". Interview by Alan AtKisson. In Context Quarterly, Fall/Winter 1991, p. 26.
Scott London. Social Entrepreneurship: An Interview with Robert Theobald (1996)". Retrieved
2007-07-15.
John Whiting: The Economics of Human Energy in
Brooks Adams, Ezra Pound and Robert Theobald
125.6 References
[1] London, Scott 1996 preface & interview with Robert
Theobald for Insight & Outlook radio program, (copyright
updated 2010 by Scott London)
[2] Robert Theobald, 70, Futurist Dies, obituary, November 30, 1999, Seattle Times, Seattle, Washington.
CHAPTER 125. ROBERT THEOBALD
[3] London, Scott 1996/2010

[4] Satin, Mark 1979 New Age Politics, p. 308. New York:
Delta/Dell.
Chapter 126
Meredith Thring
Meredith Wooldridge Thring (17 December 1915 126.3 Work
15 September 2006) was a British inventor, engineer,
futurologist, professor and author.
Thring was a visionary who changed from science to engineering because he wanted to make the world a better place.[1] In his 1977 book How to Invent, he wrote
One can envisage a society in which man lives in nearequilibrium with his environment, with the minimum use
of raw materials by fuel economy, complete recycling
of all metals, no throw-away goods, all consumer goods
built to last many decades, and near zero pollution..[2]
Thring was born in Melbourne, but moved to England In the same book he describes domestic and gardening
when he was four years old. His school was Malvern Col- tools, Intermediate Technology for less developed counlege. He obtained a double rst class degree in Math- tries and robots to take the place of people in dangerous
ematics and Physics at Trinity College, Cambridge in situations. However, these were not just imagining. At
1937. He then joined the British Coal Utilisation Re- the University of Sheeld and Queen Mary College he
search Association, becoming Head of its Combustion was actively involved in robotics, and after his retirement
Research Laboratory. In 1940, he married Margaret founded a charity called Power Aid to help developing
Hooley (died 1986), and they had two sons and one countries.[3] In 1969 he predicted a future in which facdaughter.
tories would be largely automatic, controlled by a central
In 1946 Thring became Head of the newly formed computer, and supposed that this would reduce the huPhysics Research group of the British Iron and Steel Re- man working week to 10 or 20 hours.[4]
search Association. In 1950 he moved to the University He studied combustion and other forms of energy genof Sheeld, becoming Professor and Head of the Depart- eration, and was one of the founders of the International
ment of Fuel Technology and Chemical Engineering in Flame Research Foundation in 1955. This knowledge of
1953. In 1964 he took up the position of Head of the energy was shown in his 1974 book Energy and HumanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering at Queen Mary ity which called essentially for a more rational and susCollege of the University of London, where he remained tainable approach, with control of pollution. He was also
until his retirement in 1981. He died in Exmouth, Devon. known as a teacher, and for his belief that engineers had
an ethical obligation to improve life for all, but notably
the underprivileged and disabled.[5]
126.2 Honours
126.4 Books
Thring was awarded the Student Medal of the Institute

of Fuel in 1938, and the Hadeld Medal of the Iron and
Steel Institute. From 1962 to 1963 he was President of
the Institute of Fuel. In 1964 he was awarded a doctorate ScD degree from University of Cambridge. He was
a Fellow of the Institute of Physics, the Institute of Fuel,
the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, the Institution
of Electrical Engineers and the Institution of Chemical
Engineers. He was one of the rst Fellows of the Royal
Academy of Engineering.
407
The domestic open re: a survey of research prior to

1937 M.W. Thring (London : Combustion Appliance Makers Assn.) 1938.
The inuence of port design on open-hearth furnace
ames J.H. Chesters & M.W. Thring (London : Iron
and Steel Institute) 1946.
Air Pollution. Based on papers given at a conference
held at the University of Sheeld, September 1956.
408
CHAPTER 126. MEREDITH THRING

Edited by M. W. Thring (London: Butterworths Scientic Publications) 1957
GB Patent 572380 (1945) Crucible and the like furnaces
Pilot plants, models, and scale-up methods in chemical engineering R. E. Johnstone & M. W. Thring
(New York : McGraw-Hill) 1957.
GB Patent 579324 (1946) Combustion of solid fuel
The science of ames and furnaces M.W. Thring

(London, Chapman & Hall) 1952.
Nuclear propulsion edited by M.W. Thring (London
: Butterworths) 1960.
Pulsating combustion : the collected works of F.H.
Reynst edited by M.W. Thring (Oxford : Pergamon)
1961.
The science of ames and furnaces, 2nd edition
M.W. Thring (London, Chapman & Hall) 1962.
The principles of applied science M. W. Thring (Oxford, Pergamon) 1964.
Engineering: An outline for the intending student M.
W. Thring, 1972 ISBN 0-7100-7403-4
GB Patent 579823 (1946) Carbonization of coal and

combustion of the carbonised residue
GB Patent 587821 (1947) Transportable heating
unit
GB Patent 587823 (1947) Controlling the air supply
in furnaces and like heating appliances
GB Patent 610950 (1948) Recording gas constituents
GB Patent 760430 (1956) Control of combustion
processes
GB Patent 803528 (1958) Smoke-consuming domestic stoves
Man, machines and tomorrow M.W. Thring, 1973

ISBN 0-7100-7555-3
GB Patent 818718 (1959) Rotary regenerative heat

exchangers
Energy and Humanity M. W. Thring & R. J.

Crookes, 1974 ISBN 0-901223-60-3
GB Patent 842024 (1960) Utilising the waste heat

of furnace gases and in cleansing thereof
Machines, masters or slaves of man? M.W. Thring,

1974, ISBN 0-901223-53-0
GB Patent 870446 (1961) The generation of electricity
Strategy for Energy M. W. Thring, 1975 ISBN 085070-550-9

How to invent M.W. Thring, 1977. ISBN 0-33322026-9
The engineers conscience M.W. Thring & E. R.
Laithwaite, 1980 ISBN 0-85298-433-2
Robots and telechirs : manipulators with memory,
remote manipulators, machine limbs for the handicapped M.W. Thring, 1983 ISBN 0-85312-274-1
Quotations from G.I.Gurdjies Teaching: A Personal Companion M. W. Thring, 1998 ISBN 1898942-13-7
GB Patent 877779 (1961) Devices to facilitate the

lighting of domestic res
GB Patent 895534 (1962) Electric-arc steel furnaces
GB Patent 896639 (1962) Open-hearth furnaces
GB Patent 985625 (1965) Continuous casting of
metals
GB Patent 1023817 (1966) Sampling and analysis
of steel
GB Patent 1127443 (1968) Fire detection and ghting apparatus
126.5 Patents
126.5.1
British Patents
GB Patent 535576 (1941) Gas producers

GB Patent 549142 (1942) Refractory material
GB Patent 553753 (1943) Electrostatic gas cleaner
GB Patent 1111869 (1968) Continuous steelmaking

GB Patent 1131233 (1968) Automatic equipment
for detecting res
GB Patent 2167542 (1986) Furnace for industrial
waste
126.6. REFERENCES
126.5.2
US Patents
US Patent 2515545 (1950) Controlling the combustion rate and composition of the combustion gases in
the burning of coal
US Patent 2663272 (1953) Controlling the air supply in furnaces and like heating appliances
US Patent 3171877 (1965) Apparatus for Continuous Steel Making
US Patent 3201622 (1965) Generation of Electricity
US Patent 3312230 (1967) Dish-Washing Machines
US Patent 3522859 (1970) Walking Machine
US Patent 3764667 (1973) Process for producing
pigment-quality titanium dioxide
126.6 References
[1] Rob Thring (his son) The Independent, 30 September
2006
[2] M. W. Thring & E. R. Laithwaite (1977) How to Invent
ISBN 0-333-22026-9
[3] Frank Fitzgerald, The Guardian, 10 November 2006
[4] The Times 11 September 1969 Robots that will remove
drudgery
[5] Roy Crookes Combustion Institute, British Section Newsletter March 2007
The Guardian Obituary: Meredith Thring, November 10 2006

The Independent Obituary: Professor M. W. Thring,
30 September 2006
409
Chapter 127
Jody Turner
127.2 Career
Turner began her professional career as a visual communications designer, working 15 years+ from San Francisco to New York City, including tenure as communications designer with Nikes trend resource team. Subsequent design and trend insight work included consulting with Starbucks international retail brand teams and a
full-time role instigating a trend library for The Gap/Old
Navy with Ivy Ross. In 2003, Turner met Reinier Evers of Trendwatching.com at a round table in France, and
cites this encounter as critical to launching her career as
a trend hunter futurist.[5] That same year Turner founded
her company Culture of Future (CoF).
Turner speaks at international conferences across the
Americas, Europe, the Middle East, Australia, and within
developing nations. She is a regular speaker at the Sustainable Brands Conference in Istanbul. In 2009 she
was awarded a World Brand Congress Brand Leadership
Award in Mumbai [6] and has worked on numerous global
projects focused on empowering women and girls, including the Nike Foundation Girl Eect[7] out of London, and
the Forbes Girl Quake project with Denise Restauri.[8]
In 2010, Turner mentored then-Creative Studies design
student Veronika Scott, and assisted her in the founding of American humanitarian project the Empowerment
Futurist Jody Turner
Plan. The organization provides employment and training to homeless women as they hand-make sleeping-bag
Jody Turner is a U.S. West Coast-based entrepreneur coats distributed to the homeless of Detroit, as well as
and futurist known for her international brand anthropol- globally via disaster relief programs.
ogy insight and trend futurism research, writing[1] and
Turner is a strategic insights writer for Fast Company
keynote presenting.[2][3]
Magazine,[9] the Stanford Social Innovation Review,[10]
GOOD Magazine[11] and Shareable.net.[12]
127.1 Biography
127.3 Boards & Associations
Born in the U.S. and raised in part overseas, Turner settled on the West Coast (USA) as a young adult. Turner
received a Liberal Arts degree from The Evergreen State
College[4] Olympia, Washington, a self-generating curriculum school, where her studies centered on the understanding of current-to-future human endeavors in design
and culture.
410
Content curator for the San Francisco impact entrepreneur and investor conference SoCap14
SEEDtime Mentor for Business Innovation Culture,
Singapore
On the Board of Directors for the Empowerment
127.4. REFERENCES
Plan, a Detroit-based project aimed at easing homelessness by employing homeless women to create
coats that transform into sleeping bags, distributed
free of charge to those who need one.
Member of the Advisory Board for the Architecture
and Design Museum (A+D), Los Angeles
Member of the Advisory Board for Cria Global, the
organization charged with creating the social legacy
guidelines for the Rio 2016 Olympics.
Member of the Advisory Board for Women 2.1
Summit, Ghana, Africa
Collaborator with Hyper Island strategic digital
business leadership institution
127.4 References
[1] Jody Turner for IDEO in Fast Company Co.Design
[2] Jody Turner speaks at TedX Helsinki on Opportunity
[3] Jody Turner on Dr. Phil Show
[4] The Evergreen State College
[5] Jody Turner for GOOD Magazine
[6] Brand Leadership Award in Mumbai reception clip
[7] The Nike Foundation Girl Eect
[8] Denise Restauri on Forbes
[9] Jody Turner for Fast Company
[10] Stanford Social Innovation Review
[11] Jody Turner for GOOD Magazine
[12] Shareable.net content publisher
411
Chapter 128
Michael Vassar
Michael Vassar (born February 4, 1979) is an American
futurist, activist, and entrepreneur. He is the co-founder
and Chief Science Ocer of MetaMed Research.[1] He
was president of the Machine Intelligence Research Institute[2] until January 2012.[3]
Vassar advocates safe development of new technologies
for the benet of humankind. He has held positions
with Aon, and the Peace Corps. He was a founder and
Chief Strategist at SirGroovy.com, an online music licensing rm. He has co-authored papers on the risks
of advanced molecular manufacturing with Robert Freitas, and has written the special report Corporate Cornucopia: Examining the Special Implications of Commercial MNT Development[4] for the Center for Responsible
Nanotechnology Task Force.
128.1 Notes
[1] About Us | MetaMed MetaMed. Retrieved 4 January
2013.
[2] Team | Singularity Institute Retrieved 27 January 2012.
[3] http://intelligence.org/2012/02/05/
singularity-institute-progress-report-january-2012/
[4] Corporate Cornucopia: Examining the Special Implications of Commercial MNT Development The Lifeboat
Foundation. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
128.2 References
Calling All Transhumanists - The Singularity Summit 2009
The Singularity Institute for Articial Intelligence
Lifeboat Foundation Bios: Michael Vassar
10 Questions with SIAI President Michael Vassar
Accelerating Future Interview with Michael Vassar
Lecture,"The Darwinian Method, at Singularity
Summit 2010
412
Chapter 129
W. Warren Wagar
nine stories in various magazines and anthologies. He
wrote four articles for The Futurist, contributed to a discussion on terrorism in the JanuaryFebruary 2002 issue,
served on the editorial board for Futures Research Quarterly, and spoke at several World Future Society conferences.
Wagar published 18 books.
129.2 Work on H. G. Wells

Wagars work on H. G. Wells began with his doctoral dissertation, which was published as H. G. Wells and the
World State (1961), a study of Wellss political philosophy. He subsequently collected a volume of Wells essays and extracts in H. G. Wells: Journalism and Prophecy
(1963), edited a critical edition of Wellss The Open Conspiracy (2001) and nally published H.G. Wells: Traversing Time, which traces Wellss philosophies on utopia,
war, romance, education, and modernism, focusing on his
nonction and general ction as well as his science ction.
For these, and many essays on Wells in such scholarly
journals as Science Fiction Studies and The Wellsian, Wagar was made a vice-president of the H. G. Wells Society.
W. Warren Wagar, 2003
129.3 Single works
Walter Warren Wagar (June 5, 1932 Baltimore, Maryland November 16, 2004 Vestal, New York), better 129.3.1 The City of Man
known as W. Warren Wagar, was an American historian
and futures studies scholar.
The City of Man (1963) sees the imminent collapse of
world civilization, which he regarded as an excellent opportunity: There is no more opportune moment for radical change than in the aftermath of a world catastrophe.
129.1 Life
A specialist in alternative society futures and an expert in
the work of pioneering science ction writer H.G. Wells,
Wagar served as history professor at Binghamton University, State University of New York, for 31 years, after
graduating from Yale University. His courses on the history of the future and World War III earned him the title
of Distinguished Teaching Professor at Binghamton.
129.3.2
A Short History of the Future
In A Short History of the Future (1989), a narrative account of the imagined events of the next 200 years, Wagar foresaw the Soviet Union enjoying another 200 years
of existence. In the second edition of the book he ruefully recounted how the rst edition had only just gone to
Wagar began writing science ction in 1984, publishing press when the Soviet Union collapsed.
413
414
129.4 Quote
129.5 Editions
Wagar, W. Warren (1963). The City of Man;
Prophecies of a World Civilization in TwentiethCentury Thought. Boston: Houghton Miin.
(Entry at World Cat)
Wagar, W. Warren (1982). Terminal Visions: The
Literature of Last Things. Bloomington: Indiana
University Press. ISBN 0-253-35847-7.
Wagar, W. Warren (1999). A Short History of the
Future, 3rd ed. University Of Chicago Press. ISBN
0-226-86903-2.
Wagar, W. Warren (2004). H.G. Wells: Traversing Time. Middletown, Conn: Wesleyan University
Press. ISBN 0-8195-6725-6.
Wells, H. G.; W. Warren Wagar (2002). The Open
Conspiracy: H.G. Wells on World Revolution: edited
and with a critical introduction by W. Warren Wagar.
Westport, Conn.: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-97539-8.
129.6 Literature
Reisner, Mel (May 1, 1983). College Professors
Doomsday Classes Are Filled. Los Angeles Times.
129.7 References
[1] The World-View of the Coming World Civilization,
page 53, The Next 25 Years: Crisis & Opportunity, World
Future Society, Washington D.C, 1975

Photographs of Wagar and his family
W. Warren Wagar at the Internet Speculative Fiction
Database
129.9 See also

The H. G. Wells Society
CHAPTER 129. W. WARREN WAGAR
Chapter 130
Kevin Warwick
Kevin Warwick (/wrk, wr-/; born 9 February 1954)
is a British engineer and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research) at Coventry University in the United Kingdom.[8]
He is known for his studies on direct interfaces between
computer systems and the human nervous system, and has
also done research in the eld of robotics.[9][10] Warwick
has both his critics and supporters, some of whom describe him as a maverick, whereas others see his work
as not very scientic and more entertainment. Conversely some regard him as an extraordinarily creative
experimenter, his presentations as awesome and his
work as profound.[11][12][13]
Achievement Medal, the IET Mountbatten Medal and in

2011 the Ellison-Clie Medal from the Royal Society of
Medicine.[16]
130.2 Research
Warwick carries out research in articial intelligence,

biomedical engineering, control systems and robotics.
Much of Warwicks early research was in the area
of discrete time adaptive control. He introduced the
rst state space based self-tuning controller[17] and
unied discrete time state space representations of
ARMA models.[18] However he has also contributed in
mathematics,[19] power engineering[20] and manufactur130.1 Biography
ing production machinery.[21] Kevin presented the Royal
Institution Christmas Lectures, entitled 'The Rise of
Kevin Warwick was born in 1954 in Coventry in the Robots in the year 2000.
United Kingdom. He attended Lawrence Sheri School
in Rugby, Warwickshire. He left school in 1970 to join
British Telecom, at the age of 16. In 1976 he took his 130.2.1 Articial intelligence
rst degree at Aston University, followed by a PhD and a
research post at Imperial College London.
Warwick heads an Engineering and Physical Sciences ReHe held positions at the University of Oxford, Newcastle search Council supported research project which invesUniversity, University of Warwick and University of tigates the use of machine learning and articial intelliReading before moving to Coventry University in 2014. gence techniques to suitably stimulate and translate patWarwick is a Chartered Engineer, a Fellow of the terns of electrical activity from living cultured neural networks to utilise the networks for the control of mobile
Institution of Engineering and Technology and a Fel[22]
low of the City and Guilds of London Institute. He is robots. Hence a biological brain actually provides the
behaviour process for each robot. It is expected that the
Visiting Professor at the Czech Technical University in
Prague, the University of Strathclyde and the University method will be extended to the control of a robot head.
of Reading and in 2004 was Senior Beckman Fellow at
the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA. He
is also on the Advisory Boards of the Instinctive Computing Laboratory, Carnegie Mellon University[14] and the
Centre for Intermedia, University of Exeter.[15]
Previously Warwick was behind a genetic algorithm

called Gershwyn, which was able to exhibit creativity in
producing pop songs, learning what makes a hit record by
listening to examples of previous hit songs.[23] Gershwyn
appeared on BBCs Tomorrows World having been sucBy the age of 40 he had been awarded higher doc- cessfully used to mix music for Manus, a group consisting
torates (D.Sc.) by both Imperial College and by the of the four younger brothers of Elvis Costello.
Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague Another Warwick project involving articial intelligence
for his research output in completely separate areas. is the robot head, Morgui. The head contains 5 senses
He was presented with the 'Future of Health Technol- (vision, sound, infrared, ultrasound and radar) and is beogy Award' in Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ing used to investigate sensor data fusion. The head was
He was made an Honorary Member of the Academy X-rated by the University of Reading Research and Ethics
of Sciences, St.Petersburg. He has received the IET Committee due to its image storage capabilities anyone
415
416
CHAPTER 130. KEVIN WARWICK
under the age of 18 who wishes to interact with the robot were involved in designing a humanoid robot to dance and
must apriori obtain parental approval.[24]
then complete an assault coursea nal competition beWarwick has very outspoken views on the future, partic- ing held at the Science Museum, London. The project,
ularly with respect to articial intelligence and its impact entitled 'Androids Advance' was supported by EPSRC
as an evening news item on Chinese
on the human species, and argues that humanity will need and was presented
[35]
television.
to use technology to enhance itself to avoid being overtaken by machines.[25] He points out that many human
limitations, such as sensorimotor abilities, can be overcome with machines, and is on record as saying that he
wants to gain these abilities: There is no way I want to
stay a mere human.[26]
130.2.2
Bioethics
Warwick contributes signicantly to the public understanding of science by giving regular public lectures,
taking part in radio programmes and through popular
writing. He has appeared in numerous television documentary programmes on articial intelligence, robotics
and the role of science ction in science, such as How
William Shatner Changed the World, Future Fantastic
and Explorations.[36] [37] He also appeared in the Ray
Kurzweil inspired lm Transcendent Man along with
Colin Powell, William Shatner and Stevie Wonder. He
has also guested on a number of TV chat shows, including
Late Night with Conan O'Brien, Frst & sist, and Richard
& Judy.[37] Warwick has appeared on the cover of a number of magazines, for example the February 2000 edition
of Wired.[38]
Warwick heads the University of Reading team in a

number of European Community projects such as FIDIS
looking at issues concerned with the future of identity,
ETHICBOTS and RoboLaw which consider the ethical
aspects of robots and cyborgs.[27] Warwick is also working with Daniela Cerqui, a social and cultural anthropologist from the University of Lausanne, to address the main
social, ethical, philosophical and anthropological issues In 2000 Warwick presented the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures entitled The Rise of the Robots. The lecrelated to his research.[28]
tures were well received by some and were even felt to
Warwicks areas of interest have many ethical implica- be inspirational.[39] Meanwhile in a letter Simon Colton
tions, some due to his Human enhancement experiments. complained about the choice of Warwick, prior to his apThe ethical dilemmas in his research are highlighted as a pearance. He claimed that Warwick is not a spokesman
case study for schoolchildren and science teachers by the for our subject (Articial Intelligence) and allowing him
Institute of Physics[29] as a part of their formal Advanced inuence through the Christmas lectures is a danger to
level and GCSE studies. His work has also been directly the public perception of science.[40] In light of Warwicks
discussed by The Presidents Council on Bioethics and claims that computers could be creative, Colton, who is
the Presidents Panel on Forward Engagements.[30] He is a Reader in Computational Creativity, also said the AI
a member of the Nueld Council on Bioethics Working community has done real science to reclaim words such
Party on Novel Neurotechnologies.[31]
as creativity and emotion which they claim computers will
[41]
His paper entitled Future issues with Robots and Cyborgs never have. Subsequent letters were generally positive,
is ranked as the top paper, in terms of downloads per day, Ralph Rayner wrote With my youngest son, I attended
in the journal Studies in Ethics, Law and Technology.[32] all of the lectures and found them balanced and thoughtprovoking. They were not sensationalist. I applaud Warwick for his lectures.[42]
130.2.3
Deep brain stimulation
In 2005 Warwick was congratulated for his work in attracting students to the eld by members of parliament in
Along with Tipu Aziz and his team at John Radclie Hosthe United Kingdom in an Early day motion for making
pital, Oxford, and John Stein of the University of Oxford,
the subject interesting and relevant so that more students
Warwick is helping to design the next generation of Deep
will want to develop a career in science.[43]
brain stimulation for Parkinsons disease.[33] Instead of
stimulating the brain all the time, the aim is for the device to predict when stimulation is needed and to apply 130.2.5 Robotics
the signals prior to any tremors occurring to stop them
before they even start.[34]
Warwicks claims that robots that can program them-
130.2.4
Public awareness
selves to avoid each other while operating in a group

raise the issue of self-organisation, and as such might
be the major impetus in following developments in this
area. In particular, the works of Francisco Varela and
Humberto Maturana, once in the province of pure speculation now have become immediately relevant with respect to synthetic intelligence.
Warwick has headed a number of projects aimed at exciting schoolchildren about the technology with which he
is involved. In 2000 he received the Engineering and
Physical Sciences Research Council Millennium Award
for his Schools Robot League. In 2007, 16 school teams Cyborg-type systems not only are homeostatic (meaning
130.2. RESEARCH
that they are able to preserve stable internal conditions
in various environments) but adaptive, if they are to survive. Testing the claims of Varela and Maturana via synthetic devices is the larger and more serious concern in
the discussion about Warwick and those involved in similar research. Pulling the plug on independent devices
cannot be as simple as it appears, for if the device displays sucient intelligence and assumes a diagnostic and
prognostic stature, we may ultimately one day be forced
to decide between what it could be telling us as counterintuitive (but correct) and our impulse to disconnect
because of our limited and intuitive perceptions.
Warwicks robots seemed to have exhibited behaviour
not anticipated by the research, one such robot committing suicide because it could not cope with its
environment.[44] In a more complex setting, it may be
asked whether a natural selection may be possible, neural networks being the major operative.
The 1999 edition of the Guinness Book of Records
recorded that Warwick carried out the rst robot learning experiment across the internet. One robot, with an
Articial Neural Network brain in Reading, UK, learnt
how to move around. It then taught, via the internet, another robot in SUNY Bualo New York State, USA, to
behave in the same way. The robot in the US was therefore not taught or programmed by a human, but rather by
another robot based on what it itself had learnt.[45]
Hissing Sid was a robot cat which Warwick took on a
British Council lecture tour of Russia, it being presented
in lectures at such places as Moscow State University.
Sid, which was put together as a student project, got its
name from the noise made by the Pneumatic actuators
used to drive its legs when walking. The robot also appeared on BBC TVs Blue Peter but became better known
when it was refused a ticket by British Airways on the
grounds that they did not allow animals in the cabin.[46]
417
vices based on his proximity. The main purpose of this
experiment was said to be to test the limits of what the
body would accept, and how easy it would be to receive a
meaningful signal from the chip.[50]
The second stage involved a more complex neural interface which was designed and built especially for the experiment by Dr. Mark Gasson and his team at the University of Reading. This device consisted of an internal electrode array, connected to an external gauntlet
that housed supporting electronics. It was implanted on
14 March 2002, and interfaced directly into Warwicks
nervous system. The electrode array inserted contained
100 electrodes, of which 25 could be accessed at any one
time, whereas the median nerve which it monitored carries many times that number of signals. The experiment
proved successful, and the signal produced was detailed
enough that a robot arm developed by Warwicks colleague, Dr Peter Kyberd, was able to mimic the actions
of Warwicks own arm.[49]
By means of the implant, Warwicks nervous system was
connected onto the internet in Columbia University, New
York. From there he was able to control the robot arm
in the University of Reading and to obtain feedback from
sensors in the nger tips. He also successfully connected
ultrasonic sensors on a baseball cap and experienced a
form of extra sensory input.[51]
A highly publicised extension to the experiment, in which
a simpler array was implanted into the arm of Warwicks
wifewith the ultimate aim of one day creating a form
of telepathy or empathy using the Internet to communicate the signal from afarwas also successful in-so-far as
it resulted in the rst direct and purely electronic communication between the nervous systems of two humans.[52]
Finally, the eect of the implant on Warwicks hand function was measured using the University of Southampton
Hand Assessment Procedure (SHAP).[53] It was feared
that directly interfacing with the nervous system might
cause some form of damage or interference, but no measurable eect nor rejection was found. Indeed, nerve tissue was seen to grow around the electrode array, enclosing the sensor[54]
Warwick was also responsible for a robotic magic chair

(based on the SCARA-form UMI RTX[47] arm) which
Sir Jimmy Savile used on BBC TVs Jim'll Fix It. The
chair provided Jim with tea and stored Jim'll Fix it badges
for him to hand out to guests.[48] Warwick even appeared
on the programme himself for a Fix it involving robots.[37] As well as the Project Cyborg work, Warwick has been
involved in several of the major robotics developments
within the Cybernetics Department at Reading. These
include the seven dwarves, a version of which was sold
130.2.6 Project Cyborg
in kit form as Cybot on the cover of Real Robots magazine.
Probably the most famous piece of research undertaken
by Warwick (and the origin of the nickname, Captain
Cyborg,[2][3][4] given to him by The Register) is the set
130.2.7 Implications of Project Cyborg
of experiments known as Project Cyborg, in which he had
a chip implanted into his arm, with the aim of becoming Warwick and his colleagues claim that the Project Cya cyborg".[49]
borg research could lead to new medical tools for treatThe rst stage of this research, which began on 24 May
1998, involved a simple RFID transmitter being implanted beneath Warwicks skin, and used to control
doors, lights, heaters, and other computer-controlled de-
ing patients with damage to the nervous system, as well

as opening the way for the more ambitious enhancements
Warwick advocates. Some transhumanists even speculate
that similar technologies could be used for technology-
418
facilitated telepathy.[55] Warwick himself asserts that his 130.2.9 Other

controversial work is important because it directly tests
the boundaries of what is known about the human ability Warwick was a member of the 2001 Higher Education
to integrate with computerised systems.
Funding Council for England (unit 29) Research AssessA controversy arose in August 2002, shortly after the ment Exercise panel on Electrical and Electronic EngiSoham murders, when Warwick reportedly oered to im- neering and was Deputy chairman for the same panel
[69]
In March 2009, he was cited as
plant a tracking device into an 11-year-old girl as an anti- (unit 24) in 2008.
abduction measure. The plan produced a mixed reaction, being the inspiration of National Young Scientist of the
with support from many worried parents but ethical con- Year, Peter Hateld.
cerns from a number of childrens societies. As a result,
the idea did not go ahead.
Anti-theft RFID chips are common in jewellery or clothing in some Latin American countries due to a high ab- 130.3 Awards and recognition
duction rate,[56] and the company VeriChip announced
plans in 2001 to expand its line of available medical information implants,[57] to be GPS trackable when combined Warwick was presented with The Future of Health Technology Award, was made an Honorary Member of the
with a separate GPS device.[58][59]
Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, was awarded the
University of Malta medal from the Edward de Bono Institute and in 2004 received The Institution of Electrical
130.2.8 Turing Test
Engineers (IEE) Achievement Medal.[70]
Warwick participated as a Turing Interrogator, on two occasions, judging machines in the 2001 and 2006 Loebner
Prize competitions, platforms for an 'imitation game' as
devised by Alan Turing. The 2001 Prize, held at the Science Museum in London, featured Turings 'jury service'
or one-to-one Turing tests and was won by A.L.I.C.E.[60]
The 2006 contest staged parallel-paired Turing tests at
University College London and was won by Rollo Carpenter. Kevins ndings can be found in a number of articles with co-author Huma Shah including Turing Test:
Mindless Game? A Reection on the Loebner Prize
a paper presented at the 2007 European conference on
computing and philosophy (ECAP),[61] and Emotion in
the Turing Test a chapter in a new Handbook on Synthetic Emotions and Sociable Robotics: New Applications
in Aective Computing and Articial Intelligence.[62] He
co-organised the 2008 Loebner Prize at the University of
Reading; a report on the contests 'theatre of two Turing
tests can be found here.[63]
In 2012 he co-organized, with Huma Shah, a series of
Turing tests which were held at Bletchley Park. The tests
strictly adhered to the statements made by Alan Turing in
his papers, according to Warwick. Warwick himself took
part in the tests as a hidden human.[64] Results of the tests
were discussed in a number of academic papers.[65][66]
One paper, entitled Human Misidentication in Turing
Tests, became one of the most downloaded papers in the
Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Articial Intelligence.[67] In June 2014 Warwick helped Shah stage a
version of the Turing test to mark the 60th anniversary
of Alan Turings death. The event was held at the Royal
Society, London. Warwick regarded the winning chatbot, "Eugene Goostman", as having passed the Turing
test for the rst time by fooling a third of the events
judges into not making the right identication, and called
this a milestone.[68]
In 2008 Warwick was awarded the Mountbatten

Medal.[71] In 2009 he received the Marcellin Champagnat award from Universidad Marista Guadalajara and
the Golden Eurydice Award.[72] In 2011 he received
the Ellison-Clie Medal from the Royal Society of
Medicine.[73] In 2014 he was elected to the membership
of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts.[74]
He has received Honorary Doctor of Science degrees from Aston University,[75] Coventry University,[76][77] Bradford University,[78][79] University of Bedfordshire,[76] Portsmouth University[80] and Kingston
University.[81] He also received an Honorary Doctor
of Technology degree from Robert Gordon University.[82][83]
130.4 Criticism
Warwick was criticized in connection with a chatterbot
competition held in 2014, where he claimed that software program Eugene Goostman had passed the Turing
test on the basis of its performance. The software successfully convinced about 30% of judges that it was a
13-year-old non-native English speaker, on the basis of
a ve-minute text chat. Critics stated that the softwares
claim to be a young non-native speaker weakens the spirit
of the test, as any grammatical and semantic inconsistencies could be excused as a consequence of limited
English prociency.[84][85][86][87] Critics also noted that
the softwares performance had been exceeded by other
programs several times in the past.[84][85] Additionally,
Warwick was criticized for providing exaggerated, hyperbolic descriptions of the event and its signicance to the
press.[85]
130.6. SEE ALSO
419
130.5 Publications
2009, Cardi University, 125th Anniversary Lecture; Orwell Society, Eton College.[90]
Warwick has written several books, articles and papers.

A selection of his books:
2010, Robert Gordon University launch of Research

Institute for Innovation Design and Sustainability
(IDEAS)[91]
Warwick, Kevin (2001). QI: The Quest for Intelligence. Piatkus Books. ISBN 0-7499-2230-3.
Warwick, Kevin (2004). I, Cyborg. University of
Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-07215-4.
Warwick, Kevin (2004). March of the Machines:
The Breakthrough in Articial Intelligence. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-07223-5.
Kevin Warwick (30 August 2011). Articial Intelligence: The Basics. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0415-56483-0. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
Lectures (inaugural and keynote lectures):
2011, Ellison-Clie Lecture, Royal Society of

Medicine; Inaugural research conference keynote,
Anglia Ruskin University.[92]
2012, IET Pinkerton Lecture, Bangalore.;[93]
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
UKRI 50 years Anniversary Lecture, Edinburgh.[94]
2014, Sir Hugh Cairns Memorial Lecture, Society
of British Neurological Surgeons, London.[95]
He is a regular presenter at the annual Careers Scotland
Space School, University of Strathclyde.
He appeared at the 2009 World Science Festival[96] with

Mary McDonnell, Nick Bostrom, Faith Salie and Hod
1998, Robert Boyle Lecture at the University of Ox- Lipson.
ford,
2000, Royal Institution Christmas Lectures. These
lectures were repeated in 2001 in a tour of Japan,
China and Korea.
2001, Higginson Lecture at Durham University,
Hamilton institute inaugural lecture.
130.6 See also

Ray Kurzweil and The Age of Intelligent Machines
Stelarc
2003, Royal Academy of Engineering/Royal Society of Edinburgh Joint lecture in Edinburgh,
Neil Harbisson
2003, IEEE (UK) Annual Lecture in London;

Pittsburgh International Science and Technology
Festival.[88]
Project Avatar
2004, Woolmer Lecture of the Institute of Physics

and Engineering in Medicine at University of York;
Robert Hooke Lecture (Westminster)
Steve Mann
130.7 References
2005, Einstein Lecture in Potsdam, Germany
[1] WARWICK, Prof. Kevin. Whos Who 2014, A & C

Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 2014; online edn, Oxford University Press.(subscription required)
2006, Bernard Price Memorial Lecture tour in

South Africa; Institution of Mechanical Engineers
Prestige Lecture in London.
[2] Captain Cyborg accepts another degree from puny humans, The Register, 26 July 2012
2007, Techfest plenary lecture in Mumbai; Kshitij

keynote in Kharagpur (India); Engineer Techfest
plenary lecture in NITK Surathkal (India); Annual
Science Faculty lecture at University of Leicester;
Graduate School in Physical Sciences and Engineering Annual Lecture, Cardi University.
2008, Leslie Oliver Oration[89] at Queens Hospital;
Techkriti keynote in Kanpur.
2008, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, guest lecture
Four weddings and a Funeral for the Microsoft
Research Chair.
[3] Captain Cyborg Is Back! Kevin Warwick Predicts the Future Slashdot
[4] The Return of Captain Cyborg, The Guardian, 29 April
2004
[5] List of articles mentioning Captain Cyborg at The Register
[6] List of publications from Google Scholar
[7] Kevin Warwick at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
[8] http://www.coventry.ac.uk/primary-news/
new-deputy-vice-chancellor-for-research-at-coventry-university/
420
[9] Delgado, A.; Kambhampati, C.; Warwick, K. (1995).

Dynamic recurrent neural network for system identication and control. IEE Proceedings - Control Theory and
Applications 142 (4): 307. doi:10.1049/ip-cta:19951873.
[10] Zhu, Q. M.; Warwick, K.; Douce, J. L. (1991). Adaptive
general predictive controller for nonlinear systems. IEE
Proceedings D Control Theory and Applications 138: 33.
doi:10.1049/ip-d.1991.0005.
[27] Warwick, K. (2010). Implications and consequences of

robots with biological brains. Ethics and Information
Technology 12 (3): 223. doi:10.1007/s10676-010-92186.
[28] http://www.kevinwarwick.com
[29] PEEP Physics Ethics Education Project: People
[30] Introduction
[11] Hamill, Sean (19 September 2010). Professors selfexperiments in cybernetics have provoked debate in the
eld. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
[12] Edgar, James (10 June 2014). "'Captain Cyborg': the man
behind the controversial Turing Test claims. The Daily
Telegraph. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
[13] Jonker, C. and Nelis, A., Human Robots and Robotic
Humans, Chapter 7 in Engineering the Human, B-J.
Koops, C. Luthy, A. Nelis, C. Sieburgh, J. Jansen and M.
Schmid editors, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, Page
85, 2013.
[14] Ambient Intelligence Lab (AIL) Ambient Intelligence.
Cmu.edu. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
[15] Advisory Board English University of Exeter. Humanities.exeter.ac.uk. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
[16] The Pinkerton Lecture 2012. The Institution of Engineering and Technology. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
[31] Neurotechnology About the Working Party | Nueld

Council on Bioethics. Nueldbioethics.org. Retrieved
26 May 2013.
[32] Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology. Bepress.com.
Retrieved 26 May 2013.
[33] HuntGrubbe, Charlotte (22 July 2007). The blade runner
generation. The Times (London). Retrieved 7 May 2010.
[34] Wu, D; Warwick, K; Ma, Z; Gasson, M. N.; Burgess, J.
G.; Pan, S; Aziz, T. Z. (2010). Prediction of Parkinsons disease tremor onset using a radial basis function
neural network based on particle swarm optimization.
International Journal of Neural Systems 20 (2): 10916.
doi:10.1142/S0129065710002292. PMID 20411594.
[35]
[36] Kevin Warwick at the Internet Movie Database
[17] Warwick, K. (1981). Self-tuning regulatorsa state

space approach. International Journal of Control 33 (5):
839. doi:10.1080/00207178108922958.
[37] Kevin Warwick
[18] Warwick, K. (1990). Relationship between strm control and the kalman linear regulatorcaines revisited.
Optimal Control Applications and Methods 11 (3): 223.
doi:10.1002/oca.4660110304.
[39] Today: Friday 6 March 2009. BBC News. 6 March

2009.
[19] Warwick, K. (1983). Using the Cayley-Hamilton

theorem with N-partitioned matrices.
IEEE
Transactions on Automatic Control 28 (12): 1127.
doi:10.1109/TAC.1983.1103193.
[20] Warwick, K, Ekwue, A and Aggarwal, R (eds). Articial
intelligence techniques in power systems, Institution of
Electrical Engineers Press, 1997
[21] Sutanto, E and Warwick, K: Multivariable cluster analysis for high speed industrial machinery, IEE Proceedings
Science, Measurement and Technology, 142, pp. 417
423, 1995
[22] Rise of the rat-brained robots tech 13 August 2008.
New Scientist. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
[23] BBC News|Entertainment|To the beat of the byte, 1 July
1998
[24] Radford, Tim (13 July 2003). University robot ruled too
scary. The Guardian (London).
[38] Cover Browser. Wired.
[40] Cyber don shrugs o attack on credibility

[41] AISB Cyborg O His Christmas Tree by Simon
Colton. Doc.ic.ac.uk. 22 December 2001. Retrieved
26 May 2013.
[42] Letter: A Christmas cheer | General. Times Higher Education. 12 January 2001. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
[43] Housing Revenue Account Subsidy Scheme And Wales.
Edms.org.uk (4 November 2010). Retrieved 23 April
2011.
[44] Warwick, K: I, Cyborg, University of Illinois Press,
2004, p 66
[45] Warwick, K: I, Cyborg, University of Illinois Press,
2004
[46] "-BA criticised over denying boarding to robotic cat. Airline Industry Information. 22 October 1999.
[25] Kevin Warwick,Professor of Cybernetics. BBC News.
[47] UMI. Inside the UMI RTX Robot Arm. Retrieved 23

October 2012.
[26] Kevin Warwick, FAQ, http://www.kevinwarwick.com/

faq.htm (last question)
[48] Delaney, Sam (31 March 2007). Now then, now then.
The Guardian (London). Retrieved 7 May 2010.
130.7. REFERENCES
[49] Warwick, K.; Gasson, M.; Hutt, B.; Goodhew, I.; Kyberd, P.; Andrews, B.; Teddy, P.; Shad, A. (2003).
The Application of Implant Technology for Cybernetic
Systems. Archives of Neurology 60 (10): 136973.
doi:10.1001/archneur.60.10.1369. PMID 14568806.
[50] Wired Magazine 8.02 (February 2000), 'Cyborg 1.0: Interview with Kevin Warwick'. Retrieved 25 December
2006.
[51] Warwick, K, Hutt, B, Gasson, M and Goodhew, I:"An
attempt to extend human sensory capabilities by means
of implant technology, Proceedings IEEE International
Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Hawaii,
pp.16631668, October 2005
[52] Warwick, K, Gasson, M, Hutt, B, Goodhew, I, Kyberd, P,
Schulzrinne, H and Wu, X: Thought Communication and
Control: A First Step using Radiotelegraphy, IEE Proceedings on Communications, 151(3), pp.185189, 2004
[53] Kyberd, P, Murgia, A, Gasson, M, Tjerks, T, Metcalf,
C, Chappell, P, Warwick, K, Lawson, S and Barnhill,
T: Case studies to demonstrate the range of applications of the Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure,
British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 72(5), pp.212
218, 2009
[54] Gasson, M.; Hutt, B.; Goodhew, I.; Kyberd, P.; Warwick, K. (2004). Invasive neural prosthesis for neural signal detection and nerve stimulation. International Journal of Adaptive Control and Signal Processing.
doi:10.1002/acs.854.
421
[65] Warwick, K and Shah, H: Good Machine Performance

in Turings Imitation Game, IEEE Trans. on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games, DOI:10.1109/
TCIAIG.2013.2283538, 2013
[66] Warwick, K and Shah, H: Eects of Lying in Practical
Turing Tests, AI & Society, DOI: 10.1007/s00146-0130534-3, 2014
[67] http://www.tandfonline.com/action/
showMostReadArticles?journalCode=teta20#
.U9Zuc2fjhY0
[68] Turing Test success marks milestone in computing history. University of Reading. 8 June 2014. Retrieved 8
June 2014.
[69] http://www.rae.ac.uk/ Current ocial RAE website for
2008 exercise
[70] http://conferences.theiet.org/achievement/winners/
achievement/achieve-medals-winners.cfm
[71] Media-Newswire.com Press Release Distribution (20
November 2008). Press Release Distribution PR
Agency. Media-Newswire.com. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
[72] ICTthatmakesthedierence.eu. ICTthatmakesthedierence.eu. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
[73] The Royal Society of Medicine > Courses > EllisonClie Lecture. Rsm.ac.uk. 11 October 2011. Retrieved
26 May 2013.
[55] George Dvorsky (26 April 2004). Evolving Towards

Telepathy. Betterhumans. Archived from the original
on 6 July 2007.
[74] http://www.euro-acad.eu/members?utf8=%E2%9C%
93&land=United+Kingdom&klass=&filter=w&sort=
&way=
[56] missingbyline (missingdateline). missingtitle. Arizona

Daily Star. Check date values in: |date= (help)
[75] High prole graduates celebrated by Aston University
[57] VeriChip. Implantable Verication Solution for SE

Asia. Inforlexus.
[58] Julia Scheeres (25 January 2002). Kidnapped? GPS to
the Rescue. Wired News.
[59] Julia Scheeres (15 February 2002). Politician Wants to
'Get Chipped'". Wired News.
[60] http://www.alicebot.org
[61] European Computing and Philosophy Conference
[62] Handbook of Research on Synthetic Emotions and Sociable Robotics: New Applications in Aective Computing
and Articial Intelligence, IGI Global
[63] Can a machine think? results from the 18th Loebner
Prize contest University of Reading. Rdg.ac.uk. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
[64] Warwick, K, Shah, H and Moor, J: Some Implications of
a Sample of Practical Turing Tests, Minds and Machines,
23(2), pp.163177, 2013
[76] Achievements. Kevinwarwick.com.

2000. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
30 December
[77] http://www.coventry.ac.uk/primary-news/
new-deputy-vice-chancellor-for-research-at-coventry-university/
?theme=main
[78] Press Releases Media Centre University of Bradford
Retrieved 18 July 2014
[79] Professor Kevin Warwick discusses his honorary degree
A.I. and singularity on YouTube (22 July 2010). Retrieved 23 April 2011.
[80] Honorary graduates announced | UoP News. Port.ac.uk.
[81] https://www.reading.ac.uk/sse/about/news/
sse-newsarticle-2014-02-06.aspx
[82] UK (27 July 2011). Worlds First Cyborg Honoured by
University | July 11. Rgu.ac.uk. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
[83] Honorary degree number four for Professor of Cybernetics University of Reading. Reading.ac.uk. 2 August
422
[84] No, A Computer Did Not Just Pass The Turing Test BuzzFeed, 9 June 2014

Interview with Kevin Warwick in IT-BHU Chronicle
[85] https://www.techdirt.com/
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=
articles/20140609/07284327524/
self-experimenters on-line Scientic American
no-supercomputer-did-not-pass-turing-test-first-time-everyone-should-know-better.
article
shtml
[86] Turing Test Success Marks Milestone in Computing History, University of Reading, 7 June 2014
[87] Scientists dispute whether computer 'Eugene Goostman'
passed Turing test, The Guardian 9 June 2014
[88] Pittsburgh International Science and Technology Festival.
ANNUAL REPORT 2003
[89] BHR University Hospitals. Inaugural Leslie Oliver Oration. Bhrhospitals.nhs.uk. Retrieved 26 September
2009.
[90] Events. Kevinwarwick.com. Retrieved 26 September
2009.
[91] Launch of IDEAS|May 10|Robert Gordon University
Events. Rgu.ac.uk (13 May 2010). Retrieved 23 April
2011.
[92] November 2011 Bulletin Vol 8 No 10. Issuu.com. 20
October 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
[93] The Pinkerton lecture IET Conferences. Theiet.org.
[94]
[95] http://www.sbns.org.uk/index.php/conferences/
sbns-spring-meeting-2014-kings/
[96] Battlestar Galactica Cyborgs on the Horizon. World
Science Festival. 12 June 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2009.

RTE Radio 1 debate with Kevin Warwick on Human
Enhancement podcast link
Ananova story, with pictures of the chip and operation (dead link, see Archived March 13, 2005 at the
Wayback Machine)
IET Robotics Network
Interview with Kevin Warwick in The Future Fire 1
(2005)
Video of Kevin Warwick speaking at WhatTheHack
Interview with Kevin Warwick in mbr:points 1
(04.02.2008)
Interview with Kevin Warwick on cyborgs, viruses,
Cyborg Rights and cyborg-identity (1 December
2008)
Kevin Warwick at LIFT 08
Chapter 131
Ben Way
Benjamin Peter Bernard Way (born 28 September
1980) is a serial entrepreneur and best selling[1] author[1]
best known for his appearance on Secret Millionaire, The
Startup Kids and as a cast member on Start-Ups: Silicon
Valley, he started his rst company at the age of 15.[2]
He went on to raise 25 million in his teens[3] making
him one of the rst dot com millionaires.
company Horsesmouth,[15] language learning company

FriendsAbroad[16] which was sold to Babbel.[17] During
this time he was also chief innovation ocer for Brightstation Ventures a $100m technology VC fund[8] started
by Dan Wagner and Shaa Wasmund.[18]
In 2012 he moved to San Francisco.[19]
131.1 Early life

Way grew up in a village in Devon, his parents divorced[4]
when he was young. He has also had a sister, Hermione
Way who is a journalist and appeared on a reality TV
show with him, they were separated from each other at
an early age.[5] Way was diagnosed with dyslexia at a
young age and was told by his teachers he would never
read or write[2] however Way describes his Dyslexia as
an advantage.[6]
131.2 Business history
131.3 Business ventures

Way is involved in a large number of startup companies that are listed on the Rainmakers Global website,
such as GoDine, the restaurant booking service; FuelMyBlog, the blogging product review service; Truevoo, the
iPhone apps store review service; an SME advice service called Smarta; and a graduate recruitment company called BraveNewTalent.[20][21] In 2009 Rainmakers opened a United States (US) branch and consequently
became involved in a number of US startups, including
Trac Spaces, the ad management platform, and BoostCTR, the Google adwords optimizer. He is also one of
the founders of Alpha Concierge Matchmaking, which
describes itself as the worlds most exclusive matchmaking app.[22]
Way started his rst company 'Quad', a computer consultancy, at age 15.[7] At the age of 19 he raised 25 million
from Jersey based venture capitalist to create an online
shopping comparison technology called Pulsar.[8] However, after a dispute with the investors in 2001 he was diluted out of the business and lost everything. It is reported
comthat he was in the under thirties Sunday Times Rich List Way was also involved in a number of green start-up
[20]
panies,
such
as
SellMyMobile
and
SellCell,
and
is a
2001 on the same day he could not buy a tube ticket.[9]
cofounder with Paul Williams of Freetricity, a renewable
He won New Business Millennium Young Entrepreneur energy provider based in the UK and the US.[23]
Of The Year in 2000 which was given to him by Gordon
founder of Viapost,[24] an online postal
Brown.[8] After receiving this award he went on to ad- Way is the
[25]
The POIP service allows printing of docvise both the White House[10] and the UK government[11] company.
uments
over
the
internet which are then sent by Royal
on technology as well as joining the internet incubaMail.
[12]
tor NetB2B2 PLC as a non-executive.
After this he
headed up technical and environmental investments and He is involved in his sisters production company
Newspepper,[26][27] a citizen journalism site that covers
due-diligence for the Rotch Property Group.[13]
He currently runs The Rainmakers, which he started a large number of UK tech sector events.
in 2004[14] an innovation and incubation company, Way and Hermione Way developed GoIgnite, a health
through this he got involved with a number of and lifestyle smartphone app and hardware for the Bravo
start up companies, including the online mentoring TV reality television show they both appeared in.[28]
423
424
131.4 Television, lm, and media
CHAPTER 131. BEN WAY

startup culture in San Francisco and the USA.[41]
In 2013 he wrote a book called Jobocalypse: The End of

In 1999 Way was featured on Britains Richest Kids on Human Jobs and How Robots will Replace Them.[1]
ITV.[29] After this he appeared on a number of television
shows including Big Breakfast,[30] partly due to some unusual restrictions on his personal life.[31]
131.5 Supported charities and orIn 2006, he appeared on the Channel 4 TV show Secret
Millionaire where he gave away 40,000 in a philanthropic act after spending two weeks in Hackney as a
volunteer. 20,000 was given to a youth organisation,
10,000 to a young entrepreneur, and another 10,000 as
a thank you to one key member of the Hackney community. He subsequently appeared in the follow-up program
Secret Millionaire Changed My Life.[32]
ganizations
He has been involved with a number of charitable organizations, most notably his support of the Pedro Club[42]
and a youth club from Hackney which he gave money to
through the Secret Millionaire. He is also the patron of
Social Firms[43] an organization dedicated to getting employment for people with disabilities.
In 2008 has appeared on a Channel Four, 3 Minute Wonder on Robotics[33] and as a Web Guru on Sky News.[34] He has acted as a judge on behalf of a number of charities including Anne Frank Awards[44] and Unlimited
Awards[45] as well as having been an advisor to the charities Edge[46] and Nesta.[47]
131.6 Awards
New Business Millennium Young Entrepreneur Of
The Year[48]
Young Gun 2007[49]
131.7 Politics
Way stood as a Liberal Democrat candidate in Bayswater
Ward in the City of Westminster.[50]
Way is an advocate for immigration reform after having
his own immigration challenges [51] while moving to the
USA, and works with Mayor Bloombergs Partnership for
a New American Economy[51] and the White House.[51]
Ben Way meeting Gordon Brown in 2007.
He has written for a number of publications including The

Telegraph,[35] City AM[36] and a chapter in How to be a
Teenage Millionaire.[37]
Ben appeared on ITVs Take Me Out dating show on 20
February 2010, on which he declared his personal wealth
as 10m, also taking Daisy Gigg out on a date.
In 2012 he appeared as one of the main cast on Bravos
TV Show Start-Ups: Silicon Valley[38] with his sister
Hermione Way working on an mHealth innovation called
Ignite and raising $500,000 for it from investors including Esther Dyson.[39]
He was one of the Entrepreneurs featured in the highly
successful[40] documentary The Startup Kids about the
131.8 Bibliography
Way, Ben (21 June 2013).
Jobocalypse.
Createspace. ISBN 978-1482701968.
131.9 References
[1] Amazon Best Seller - Article. Jobocalypse.com. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
[2] Up and running: four Bransons in the making describe
how they got started - Article. TES. Retrieved 2013-0915.
[3] Amelia Hill (20 November 2006). Liz Taylor adored it.
Now a reality show is rescuing the Pedro Club | Media |
131.9. REFERENCES
The Observer. London: Guardian. Retrieved 2013-0915.

[4] Ben Way - Entrepreneurs Story. YouTube. 2008-0620. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
[5] "'Start-Ups Stars Ben And Hermione Way - Business Insider. businessinsider.com. Retrieved 2014-04-24.
[6] Secret Millionaire and British entrepreneur ben way talks
about his life,technology and failure. yhponline.com.
[7] Up and running: four Bransons in the making describe
how they got started - Article. TES. Retrieved 2013-0915.
[8] Your Business (2007-10-02). Prole: Ben Way. London: Telegraph. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
[9] Diving back in: What second-time entrpreneurs learned
from the rst time around. Growing Business. Retrieved
2013-09-15.
[10] Ben Way. Growing Business. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
[11] Starting-Up in America. YouTube. Retrieved 2013-0915.
[12] No clues at netb2b2 Todays Top Stories. Netimperative.com. Retrieved on 29 April 2011.
[13] The Entrepreneur: The Ben Way story. Tycoonentrepreneur.blogspot.com. 2008-03-18. Retrieved 201309-15.
[14] How I made my rst million: Schoolboy entrepreneur
Ben Way. Thisismoney.co.uk. 2009-05-16. Retrieved
2013-09-15.
[15] First pro-social networking site urges the Facebook generation to develop the 'M Factor'. SourceWire (16 January
2008). Retrieved on 2011-04-29.
[16] Simon Murdoch puts 250,000 into language learning
venture | News | New Media Age. Nma.co.uk (28 October 2004). Retrieved on 2011-04-30.
[17] Babbel acquires FriendsAbroad in cash deal.
TechCrunch. 2008-11-06. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
[18] Leadership Week: MT meets entrepreneur Shaa Wasmund Leadership, business and management news, tips
and features from MT and Management Today magazine.
Managementtoday.co.uk (18 July 2008). Retrieved on
2011-04-29.
425
[23] Will Nichols (29 October 2012). In the Green Room

with Freetricitys Paul Williams. Business Green Plus. Incisive Media Investments Limited. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
[24] Send physical post direct from your pc / online. Viapost.
[25] ViaPosts big idea for snail mail: 'Post-over-Internet Protocol' : Tech Digest. Techdigest.tv. Retrieved on 29 April
2011.
[26] Internet Video Production. Newspepper. Retrieved
2013-09-15.
[27] Europe | TechCrunch. Uk.techcrunch.com. Retrieved
2013-09-15.
[28] Meet Ignite, The Personal Health Startup Launching Out
Of Bravos Silicon Valley Reality Show. TechCrunch.
2012-09-27. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
[29] Tom The Teenage Whizzkid (From The Argus).
Archive.theargus.co.uk. Retrieved on 29 April 2011.
[30] Win a dream date with teen e-babe! (milk and cookies
for two in Paris)., revolutionmagazine.com, 2 September
2000
[31] Booze and sex ban violates rights 24 Oct 2000 Computing News, archived from the original on 17 February
2012, retrieved 29 April 2011
[32] The Secret Millionaire. Channel 4. Retrieved on 29 April
2011.
[33] Generation Next. Channel 4. Retrieved on 29 April 2011.
[34] Web Guru Ben On Sky.Com News | Ben Way | Rainmakers | Entrepreneur | SkyNews.com | Sky News Blogs.
Blogs.news.sky.com. Retrieved on 29 April 2011.
[35] Way, Ben. (19 November 2007)Make a dierence, when
you can. Telegraph. Retrieved on 2011-04-29.
[36] p. 16 of CityAM newspaper on 14 November 2005, JPG
image
[37] What can I buy? | Using the site | Help. WHSmith. Retrieved on 29 April 2011.
[38] Dickinson, Boonsri (2012-04-05). Meet The 7 Stars Of
The New Silicon Valley Reality Show. SFGate. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
[19] London Facebook sta will update status to millionaire Technology - News - London Evening Standard. Thisislondon.co.uk. 2012-02-02. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
[39] Tiku, Nitasha (2012-12-11). If Bravo Moves Randi

Zuckerbergs Startup Show to 6pm Central, Does It Make
a Sound? | Betabeat | The Lowdown on High Tech.
Betabeat. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
[20] Portfolio. Rainmakers Global. Rainmakers. September

2013. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
[40] The Startup Kids on iTunes Top 10 list. Newsoceland.com. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
[21] The Spectator. The Spectator (2 December 2008). Retrieved on 2011-04-29
[41] Full cast and crew for The Startup Kids (2012)".
IMDb.com. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
[22] Would You Pay A $299 Subscription Fee To Access Alphas Dating World?". Will Schmidt. Tech Cocktail. Feb
[42] Liz Taylor adored it. Now a reality show is rescuing the Pedro Club | Media | The Observer. Observer.guardian.co.uk. Retrieved on 29 April 2011.
426
[43] News: Ben Way. Social Firms UK. 2008-12-02. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
[44] Judging panel. Anne Frank Awards. Retrieved on 29
April 2011.
[45] What are UnLtd Awards?. UnLtd. Retrieved on 29 April
2011.
[46] raising the status of practical, techical and vocational
learning. Edge. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
[47] Sue Norris (25 January 2007). From garage tinkerer to
the next big thing | Technology. London: The Guardian.
[48] Entrepreneur Ben Way on a meeting of minds with telecoms boss Chris Moss | Money. The Guardian. Retrieved
on 29 April 2011.
[49] Ben Way: The Rainmakers. Growing Business Young
Guns. Retrieved on 28 October 2013.
[50] CITY OF WESTMINSTER. ELECTION OF CITY
COUNCILLORS. BAYSWATER WARD. DECLARATION OF RESULT OF POLL, Date of Election: 4 May
2006
[51] Ben Way (15 September 2013). Future Immigration: Guilty until proven innocent, my story.. TWnow.
TWnow. Retrieved 22 September 2013.

Rainmakers Global
Hackney Post article on Ways return to entrepreneurship
CHAPTER 131. BEN WAY
Chapter 132
Alfred Webre
Alfred Lambremont Webre (born May 24, 1942) is
an American author, lawyer, futurist, peace activist, environmental activist, and a space activist who promotes
the ban of space weapons.[2][3] He was a co-architect of
the Space Preservation Treaty and the Space Preservation
Act that was introduced to the U.S. Congress by Congressman Dennis Kucinich and is endorsed by more than
270 NGOs worldwide.[4][5]
He helped draft the Citizen Hearing in 2000 with Stephen
Bassett and serves as a member of the Board of Advisors.
Webre is also the congressional coordinator for The Disclosure Project,[6] and is a judge on the Kuala Lumpur
War Crimes Commission.[3]
132.1 Biography
Webre was born May 24, 1942, on a US Naval Air Station. One of his parents is Cuban and Alfred Webre was
raised in Cuba.[7]
132.1.1
Education
tice for investment banking, corporate, and public sector

clients. In 1970, he joined the New York City Environmental Protection Administration as the General Counsel
and Assistant Administrator. He designed and enforced
environmental standards for air, water, noise pollution,
and solid waste management. In 1973, he went to work
as a consultant for the Ford Foundations Public Interest Environmental Law Program in New York City. He
was in charge of evaluation and program recommendations in public interest environmental law program for
grantees including Natural Resources Defense Council
and Environmental Defense Fund. In 1977, he joined
SRI International in Menlo Park, California, as a futurist
for the Center for the Study of Social Policy. His responsibilities were the studies in alternative futures, innovation diusion, and social policy applications for clients including the Carter White House Extraterrestrial Communications Study, the National Science Foundation, U.S.
Congress (Oce of Technology Assessment), the U.S.
Department of Energy, and the State of California (Energy Plan).
132.1.3 Later career
Webre entered Yale University in 1960 and graduated in

1964 with a Bachelor of Science in Industrial Administration Honors. Webres interest in law brought him to
continue his education and to graduate from Yale Law
School, where Webre had national scholarship, with a
Juris Doctor in International law in 1967.[8] While studying at Yale Law School, he was also an Assistant in Instruction at the Economics Department of the U.S. Federal Taxation at Yale University (19651967). In 1967
1968, Webre traveled to Montevideo, Uruguay and became a Fulbright Scholar in Economic Integration.[8] In
1993, he entered the University of Texas at Brownsville
and graduated with a Master of Education in Counseling
in 1997.[8]
Webre was a member of the Governors Emergency Taskforce on Earthquake Preparedness for the state of California between 1980 & 1982. Between 19821987, he
was a Non Governmental Organization (NGO) Delegate
at the United Nations in New York. He was involved
with the Communications Coordination Committee for
the United Nations, with the UNISPACE Outer Space
Conference (Vienna) and involved with the United Nations Second Special Session on Disarmament. In 1983,
Webre joined the New York State Legislative Institute as
Senior Fellow. He spent time on issues of public policy
studies and legislative initiatives for the New York State
legislature as well as the development of Graduate School
of Political Management. In 1986, he became President
of Legal Access Worldwide (L.A.W.) an international legal access and litigation management rm. In 1987, We132.1.2 Early career
bre produced and hosted The Instant of Cooperation,
Webre became an associate with Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen the rst live radio broadcast between USA and the then
& Hamilton, in New York City, in 1968. His responsi- Soviet Union, carried live by Gosteleradio and NPR satelbilities were international nance, tax, and litigation prac- lite on WBAI-FM.
427
428
CHAPTER 132. ALFRED WEBRE
From 2002 to 2011, he was the host of The Monday Brown Bagger, a public aairs radio talk show
on Coop Radio CFRO 102.7 FM in Vancouver, British
Columbia.[9] He is a founding director of Canadas No
Weapons in Space Campaign (NOWIS) established in
2002.[10] In 2004, he created the Campaign for Cooperation in Space (CCIS), an international organization
where he works with others to prevent the weaponization of space and promote the transformation of the war
economy into a peaceful, cooperative space exploration
industry.[11]
space weapons. Through the help of former Congressman

Dennis Kucinich, the Space Preservation Act was originally introduced into the 107th Congress on October 2,
2001 (HR 2977) and included provisions banning extraterrestrial weapons, as well as chemtrails and other
exotic weapons systems.[17] A revised Space Preservation Act (HR 3657) eliminating the prohibitions on spacebased extraterrestrial, chemtrails, and exotic weapons
systems was introduced to the 108th Congress on January
23, 2002. ICIS continues to lobby for a Space Preservation Treaty conference where leaders of the world would
gather to ban space weapons. Former Canadian Defence
Minister Paul Hellyer believes that this treaty would help
put a cap on the war industry and open the door for international cooperation in outer space exploration. The end
result would then be to transform the war based economy into a peace based economy.
Until November 2010, Webre was an international war

crimes correspondent for Irans Press TV.[12] Alfreds investigative journalism has been featured on mainstream
television networks such as TruTV, and PressTV.[13] In
2011, Webre was interviewed by Gov. Jesse Ventura in
a TruTV Conspiracy Theory episode on the BP Gulf Oil
Spill.[14]
The ICIS board was made up of various prominent individuals such as former astronauts Edgar Mitchell and Dr.
Brian O'Leary, and formerly the late Arthur C. Clarke,
132.1.4 Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Com- General Counsel Daniel Sheehan and John McConnell
mission
who is the founder of International Earth Day.[18] Alfred Webre resigned from the board of directors of ICIS
Webre is a judge on the Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Com- on January 1, 2011 to focus on a treaty to ban HAARP,
mission, which is an NGO organized in Malaysia to in- which he alleges to be a weapon.[11]
vestigate alleged war crimes, particularly in the Middle
East.[3] This body holds no ocial standing nor the ability to enforce its decisions.
132.3 Exopolitics
132.1.5
Statements on Canada
In an interview with Irans Press TV in December 2012,

Webre stated that Canadian Prime Minister Stephen
Harper is an out and out Zionist who is engaging in the
same repressive policies within Canada that Israel follows within its own territories against the Palestinian people. Webre then described a conspiracy between Vancouver police and serial killer Robert Pickton to commit
ritual Satanic murders with high-ranking politicians and
claimed that the Queen of England abducted 10 Aboriginal children in 1964. Concluding his comments, Webre
described Canada as the ultimate Zionist state under the
British Crown and under Israel.[15][16]
The term exopolitics, in the meaning of political relations

within the scope of the universe, was discussed as early
as in 1977 by Timothy Leary.[19] Webre believes that
there is intelligent extraterrestrial life in our universe.[2]
He is the author of the online e-book, Towards a Decade
of Contact (2000) (which contains his rst discussion of
exopolitics) and the book Exopolitics: Politics, Government, and Law in the Universe (2005).[20] The exopolitics model functionally maps the operation of politics,
government and law in an intelligent universe, and provides an operational bridge between models of terrestrial
politics, government and law, and the larger models of
politics, government and law in the proposed society of
the greater universe.
Webre believes that as exopolitics posits, the truest con132.2 Institute for Cooperation in ception of our human circumstance may be that we are on
an isolated planet in the midst of a populated, evolving,
Space (20012011)
highly organized inter-planetary, inter-galactic, multidimensional universe society.[2] He believes that we live
Main article: Institute for Security and Cooperation in on a planet that has been quarantined (the Zoo HypothSpace
esis) and that we are now being given an opportunity to
join the rest of the spiritually evolved universe society in
Alfred Webre and Dr. Carol Rosin founded the Institute peace, thus an opportunity to avoid environmental global
[2]
for Cooperation in Space (ICIS) in 2001, as an outgrowth self-destruction or global self-destruction through war.
of the former ISCOS, Institute for Cooperation and Secu- On March 10, 2007, Webre launched the Exopolitics Rarity in Space.[10] The ICIS mission is to educate decision- dio program, hosted by 1480 KPHX (which at the time
makers and the grassroots about why it is important to ban was the Air America Radio aliate, and Nova M Radio
132.5. REFERENCES
agship station, in Phoenix) until the fall of 2008; the
program remained in production until March 2009 and
is distributed via podcast on its own website.[21] Guests
on the program have generally advocated similar views
to Webre, and many are well known within the UFO research/enthusiast (and to a lesser extent the New Age)
community.[22]
In 2011, the Australian publication Veritas Magazine
asked Webre to review the rst decade of Exopolitics (approximately 20002010). The rst decade of Exopolitics
includes approximately 30 nations releasing their secret
extraterrestrial and UFO les; exopolitics being nominated for word of the year in 2005; exopolitical organizations active in approximately 40 nations.[23]
In April 2012, Webre launched ExoUniversity.org, an educational entity oering online education in exo-sciences,
psi-sciences, and exopolitics, with an Earth Day forum
entitled An Introduction to Time Travel with an Emphasis on Teleportation.[24]
132.3.1
Books
Exopolitics: Politics, Government, and Law in the

Universe. ISBN 978-0-9737663-0-1
The Levesque Cases. ISBN 978-0-9694459-0-6
The Age of Cataclysm. (co-author Phillip H. Liss).
Berkeley Publishing (1974) ASIN B000NUOKA8
132.3.2
Videos
Fastwalkers Winter 2006

Star Dreams Initiative May 2006
Radio interviews
Binnall of America Part 1 and Part 2 December
17, 2005
Journeys With Rebecca August 29, 2005
Jerry Pippin April 23, 2005
Jerry Pippin March 1, 2005
429
[2] Khadilkar, Dhananjay (February 17, 2007). He believes

in UFOs. Do you?". Daily News & Analysis. Retrieved
March 27, 2007.
[3] Lumpur, Kuala (February 7, 2007). Blair, Bush in 'war
crimes trial'". BBC News. Archived from the original on
February 22, 2007. Retrieved March 27, 2007.
[4] About Dennis Kucinich. Archived from the original on
February 12, 2007. Retrieved March 30, 2007.
[5] Advisory Board. Archived from the original on January
23, 2011. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
[6] David, Leonard (May 9, 2001). DO NOT PUBLISH: UFO Group Demands Congressional Hearing.
Space.com. Retrieved March 27, 2007.
[7] Alfre Webre (September 22, 2007). Season 2 episode 8
(stream or MP3). Phoenix, Arizona: Exopolitics Radio.
Event occurs at ca 8 min. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
[8] About the host. Exopolitics Radio. Retrieved March
28, 2007.
[9] Co-op Radio CFRO 102.7FM. Archived from the original on February 3, 2007. Retrieved March 29, 2007.
[10] http://www.peaceinspace.com
[11] http://www.ecologynews.com
[12] http://www.presstv.ir/detail/145339.html
[13] http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/138328.html
[14] http://www.trutv.com/shows/conspiracy_theory/index.
html
[15] Canada and its out and out Zionist prime minister have
become the latest target of Irans Press TV by Tristin Hopper, National Post, January 18, 2013.
[16] Canadian politicians involved in Aboriginal women
killings: Alfred Lambremont Webre, Press TV, December 20, 2012.
[17] http://www.fas.org/sgp/congress/2001/hr2977.html
[18] ICIS Board of Directors & Advisors. Archived from the
original on April 14, 2007. Retrieved March 28, 2007.
[19] Timothy Leary, Changing my mind, among others: lifetime writings, a collection of eassays, Prentice-Hall,
1982, ISBN 0-13-127829-0
[20] http://www.universebooks.com
132.4 See also

List of peace activists
132.5 References
[1] Berkeley 2002 Resolution Sweeps Through Canada.
Peace Journalism. May 23, 2005.
[21] http://www.exopoliticsradio.com
[22] Progressive Talk Phoenix 1480 AM, Nova M Network
Launch 'Exopolitics Radio' Weekly Extraterrestrial Politics Talk Show. Yahoo News. March 13, 2007. Retrieved March 23, 2007.
[23] http://www.theveritasmagazine.com/
closing-the-gap-with-our-cosmic-neighbours-2.html
[24] http://www.exouniversity.org
430

Hellyer, Paul (May 15, 2003). Missile Defense: It
Was Wrong Then and Its Wrong Now. Globe &
Mail. Retrieved April 10, 2012.

Ocial website
CHAPTER 132. ALFRED WEBRE
Chapter 133
Jan Westerbarkey
twin brother Peter he was the eldest of three children.
Since the isolated house had no television and distant
neighbors, he experimented with electronics as a child.
Westerbarkey was educated at the Evangelisch Stiftisches
Gymnasium Gtersloh and then at WHU-Otto Beisheim
School of Management in Koblenz. He lives in Gtersloh.
133.2 Career
After graduation Westerbarkey worked for the family
business, HVAC company Westaex. In addition to
his current role as CEO of Westaex[4] he is a popular
motivational speaker and has been keynote speaker at several events. He has been married since 1993, and has one
child.

Jan Westerbarkey on Twitter
GDI EDIFACT
133.4 References
[1] Westaex Firmenhistorie. Westaex.com. Retrieved
2010-01-25.
Jan Westerbarkey
Jan Georg Westerbarkey (born 27 October, 1961) is a

German economist and businessman, best known as executive chairman of Westaex [1] He is the author of several articles. He is a strong supporter of EDIFACT and
Enterprise_2.0,[2] Westerbarkey was also involved with
the founding of the World Information Day on November 12, based on the UN/CEFACT standard.[3]

Westerbarkey was born in Gtersloh, in the German
state of North Rhine-Westfalia, to Sturmi Westerbarkey
and Karin Westerbarkey ne Mller. Along with his
431
[2] Westaex Case. Slideshare.net. Retrieved 2010-03-10.

[3] Social Media OWL, 11 Aug 2012, Nicht mit zweierlei
Mass messen, retrieved 4 Feb 2013
[4] PR Journal, 25 Aug 2012 Interview with Jan Westerbarkey Retrieved 4 Feb 2013
Chapter 134
Robert Anton Wilson

For other people named Robert Wilson, see Robert to remove himself from the Catholic inuence. While
Wilson (disambiguation).
working as an ambulance driver Wilson attended New
York University, studying engineering and mathematics.
He lectured at the Free University of New York on 'AnRobert Anton Wilson (born Robert Edward Wilson, January 18, 1932 January 11, 2007) was an archist[4]and Synergetic Politics when it was founded in
American author novelist, psychologist, essayist, editor, 1965.
playwright, poet, futurist, civil libertarian[1] and selfdescribed agnostic mystic. Recognized as an episkopos,
pope, and saint of Discordianism, Wilson helped publicize the group through his writings and interviews.
He worked as an engineering aide, a salesman, a copywriter, and as associate editor of Playboy magazine from
1965 to 1971. Wilson adopted his maternal grandfathers name, Anton, for his writings, at rst telling himWilson described his work as an attempt to break self that he would save the Edward for when he wrote
down conditioned associations, to look at the world in the Great American Novel and later nding that Robert
a new way, with many models recognized as models or Anton Wilson had become an established identity.
maps, and no one model elevated to the truth.[2] His In 1979 he received a Ph.D. in psychology from Paideia
goal being to try to get people into a state of general- University in California,[5] an unaccredited although
ized agnosticism, not agnosticism about God alone but California-approved institution that has since closed.[6][7]
agnosticism about everything.[3]
Wilson reworked his dissertation, and it found publication in 1983 as Prometheus Rising.
Wilson married freelance writer and poet Arlen Riley in
1958. They had four children, including Christiana Wilson Pearson and Patricia Luna Wilson. Luna was beaten
to death in an apparent robbery in the store where she
worked in 1976 at the age of 15, and became the rst person to have her brain preserved by the Bay Area Cryonics
Society.[8] Arlen Riley Wilson died in 1999 following a
series of strokes.[9][10]
134.1 Early life

Is, is. isthe idiocy of the word
haunts me. If it were abolished, human thought
might begin to make sense. I don't know what
anything is; I only know how it seems to me
at this moment.
Robert Anton Wilson, The Historical Illuminatus, as spoken by Sigismundo Celine.
Wilson, born Robert Edward Wilson in Methodist Hospital, in Brooklyn, New York, spent his rst years in
Flatbush, and moved with his family to Gerritsen Beach
around the age of 4 or 5, where they stayed until he turned
13. He suered from polio as a child, and found generally eective treatment with the Kenny Method (created
by Elizabeth Kenny) which the American Medical Association repudiated at that time. Polios eects remained
with Wilson throughout his life, usually manifesting as
minor muscle spasms causing him to use a cane occasionally until 2000, when he experienced a major bout with
post-polio syndrome that would continue until his death.
134.2 The Illuminatus! Trilogy
Main article: The Illuminatus! Trilogy

Among Wilsons 35 books,[11] and many other works,
perhaps his best-known volumes remain the cult classic
series[12] The Illuminatus! Trilogy (1975), co-authored
with Robert Shea. Advertised as a fairy tale for paranoids, the three booksThe Eye in the Pyramid, The
Golden Apple, and Leviathan, soon oered as a single volumephilosophically and humorously examined,
among many other themes, occult and magical symbolism
and history, the counterculture of the 1960s, secret sociWilson attended Catholic grammar school, likely the eties, data concerning author H.P. Lovecraft and author
school associated with Gerritsen Beachs Resurrection and occultist Aleister Crowley, and American paranoia
Church . He attended Brooklyn Technical High School about conspiracies and conspiracy theories. The book
432
134.2. THE ILLUMINATUS! TRILOGY
433
James Joyce, and Ezra Pound.[15] Although Shea and Wilson never partnered on such a scale again, Wilson continued to expand upon the themes of the Illuminatus! books
throughout his writing career. Most of his later ction
contains cross-over characters from The Sex Magicians
(Wilsons rst novel, written before the release of Illuminatus!, which includes many of his same characters) and
The Illuminatus! Trilogy.
Illuminatus! won the Prometheus Hall of Fame award for
science ction in 1986, has many international editions,
and found adaptation for the stage when Ken Campbell
produced it as a ten-hour epic drama. It also appeared as
a Steve Jackson role-playing card game called Illuminati
and a trading-card game called Illuminati: New World
Order. Eye N Apple Productions and Rip O Press produced a comic book version of the trilogy.
134.2.1 On the Illuminati

Richard Metzger interviewed Robert Anton Wilson near
the end of his life, and asked him about the Illuminati.
His answer was:
The Eye in the Pyramid, rst volume of the rst edition of Illuminatus!, 1975
was intended to poke fun at the conspiratorial frame of

mind.[13]
Wilson and Shea derived much of the odder material from
letters sent to Playboy magazine while they worked as
the editors of the Playboy Forum.[14] The books mixed
true information with imaginative ction to engage the
reader in what Wilson called "guerrilla ontology" which
he apparently referred to as "Operation Mindfuck" in Illuminatus! The trilogy also outlined a set of libertarian
and anarchist axioms known as Celines Laws (named after Hagbard Celine, a character in Illuminatus!), concepts
Wilson revisited several times in other writings.
Among the many subplots of Illuminatus! one addresses
biological warfare and the overriding of the United States
Bill of Rights, another gives a detailed account of the
John F. Kennedy assassination, in which no fewer than
ve snipers, all working for dierent causes, prepared to
shoot Kennedy in Dallas, Texas, and the books climax
occurs at a rock concert where the audience collectively
face the danger of becoming a mass human sacrice.
Illuminatus! popularized Discordianism and the use of
the term "fnord". It incorporates experimental prose
styles inuenced by writers such as William S. Burroughs,
Richard Metzger: You have studied the Illuminati for years. Have you come to any conclusion about their aims?
Robert Anton Wilson: Usually when people ask me that question, I give them some kind
of a put-on, but I can't think of a good and original put-on that I haven't done several times before. So I'll tell you the truth, for once. After investigating the Illuminati and their critics for the last 30 years, I think the Illuminati
was a short lived society of free thinkers and
democratic reformers that formed a secret society within Freemasonry, using Freemasonry
as a cover so they could plot to overthrow all
the kings in Europe and the Pope. I'm very
happy that they succeeded in overthrowing all
the kings, I just wish that they had completed
the job and gotten rid of the Royal family in
England too, but they did pretty well on the
continent. I'm sorry they haven't nished o
the Pope yet, either, but I think they're still
working on the project and I wish them luck.
Disinformation: the interviews.
Richard Metzger.[16]
By
434
134.3
CHAPTER 134. ROBERT ANTON WILSON
Schrdingers Cat Trilogy,

The Historical Illuminatus
Chronicles, and Masks of the
Illuminati
Main articles: Schrdingers Cat Trilogy, The Historical

Illuminatus Chronicles and Masks of the Illuminati
Wilson wrote two more popular ction series. The
rst, a trilogy later published as a single volume, was
Schrdingers Cat. The second, The Historical Illuminatus
Chronicles, appeared as three books. In-between publishing the two trilogies Wilson released a stand-alone novel,
Masks of the Illuminati (1981), which ts into, due to
the main characters ancestry, The Historical Illuminatus
Chronicles timeline and, while published earlier, could
qualify for the fourth volume in that series.
Schrdingers Cat consists of three volumes: The Universe
Next Door, The Trick Top Hat, and The Homing Pigeons.
Wilson set the three books in diering alternative universes, and most of the characters remain almost the same
but may have slightly dierent names and dierent careers and background stories. The books cover the elds
of quantum mechanics and the varied philosophies and
explanations that exist within the science. The single volume describes itself as a magical textbook and a type of
initiation. The single-volume edition omits many entire
pages and has many other omissions when compared with
the original separate books.
The Historical Illuminatus Chronicles, composed of The
Earth Will Shake (1982), The Widows Son (1985), and
Natures God (1991), follows the timelines of several
characters through dierent generations, time periods,
and countries. The books cover, among many other topics, the history, legacy, and rituals of the Illuminati and
related groups.
Masks of the Illuminati, featuring historical characters in
a ctionalized setting, contains a great deal of occult data.
Intermixing Albert Einstein, James Joyce, Aleister Crowley, Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin,
and others, the book focuses on Pan and other occult
icons, ideas, and practices. The book includes homages,
parodies and pastiches from both the lives and works of
Aleister Crowley and James Joyce.
screenplays, not yet produced: Reality Is What You Can

Get Away With: an Illustrated Screenplay (1992) and The
Walls Came Tumbling Down (1997).
Wilsons book Cosmic Trigger I: The Final Secret of the
Illuminati had been adapted as a theatrical stage play
by Daisy Eris Campbell,[17] daughter of Ken Campbell
the British theatre maverick who staged Illuminatus! at
the Royal National Theatre in 1977. The new play is
scheduled to open on 23 November 2014 in Liverpool
before transferring to London and Brighton.[18] Some of
the costs are to be met through crowdfunding.[19] Wilsons book is itself dedicated to Ken Campbell and the
Science-Fiction Theatre Of Liverpool, England.[20]
134.5 The Cosmic Trigger series

and other books
In the nonction and partly autobiographical Cosmic Trigger I: The Final Secret of the Illuminati (1977) and its
two sequels, as well as in many other works, Wilson
examined Freemasons, Discordianism, Susm, the Illuminati, Futurology, Zen Buddhism, Dennis and Terence
McKenna, Jack Parsons, the occult practices of Aleister
Crowley and G.I. Gurdjie, Yoga, and many other
esoteric or counterculture philosophies, personalities, and
occurrences.
Wilson advocated Timothy Leary's 8-Circuit Model
of Consciousness and neurosomatic/linguistic engineering, which he wrote about in many books including
Prometheus Rising (1983, revised 1997) and again in
1990 with Quantum Psychology (which contain practical techniques intended to help one break free of ones
"reality tunnels"). With Leary, he helped promote the
futurist ideas of space migration, intelligence increase,
and life extension, which they combined to form the word
symbol SMILE.
Wilsons 1986 book, The New Inquisition, argues that
whatever reality consists of it actually would seem much
weirder than we commonly imagine. It cites, among other
sources, Bells theorem and Alain Aspect's experimental
proof of Bells to suggest that mainstream science has a
strong materialist bias, and that in fact modern physics
may have already disproved materialist metaphysics.
Wilson also supported the work and utopian theories

of Buckminster Fuller and examined the theories of
Charles Fort. He and Loren Coleman became friends,[21]
as he did with media theorist Marshall McLuhan and
134.4 Plays and screenplays
Neuro Linguistic Programming co-founder Richard BanA play by Wilson, Wilhelm Reich in Hell (published as a dler, with whom he taught workshops. He also admired
book in 1987 and rst performed at the Edmund Burke James Joyce, and wrote extensive commentaries on the
and
Theatre in Dublin, in San Francisco, and in Los Ange- author and on two of Joyces novels, Finnegans Wake[22]
Ulysses,
in
his
1988
book
Coincidance:
A
Head
Test.
les) included many factual and ctional characters, including Marilyn Monroe, Uncle Sam, and Wilhelm Reich Although Wilson often lampooned and criticized some
himself. Wilson also wrote and published as books two New Age beliefs, bookstores specializing in New Age ma-
134.6. PROBABILITY RELIANCE
435
but they're governed by such a heavy body
of taboos. They're so fearful, and so hostile, and so narrow, and frightened, and uptight and dogmatic... I wrote this book because
I got tired satirizing fundamentalist Christianity... I decided to satirize fundamentalist materialism for a change, because the two are
equally comical... The materialist fundamentalists are funnier than the Christian fundamentalists, because they think they're rational!
...They're never skeptical about anything except the things they have a prejudice against.
None of them ever says anything skeptical
about the AMA, or about anything in establishment science or any entrenched dogma.
They're only skeptical about new ideas that
frighten them. They're actually dogmatically
committed to what they were taught when they
were in college...[25]
134.6 Probability reliance

In a 2003 interview with High Times magazine, Wilson
described himself as model-agnostic" which he said
terial often sell his books. Wilson, a well-known author in

occult and Neo-Pagan circles, used Aleister Crowley as a
main character in his 1981 novel Masks of the Illuminati,
included some elements of H. P. Lovecraft's work in his
novels, and at times claimed to have perceived encounters with magical entities (when asked whether these
entities seemed real, he answered they seemed real
enough, although not as real as the IRS but easier to
get rid of, and later decided that his experiences may
have emerged from just my right brain hemisphere talking to my left).[23] He warned against beginners using
occult practice, since to rush into such practices and the
resulting energies they unleash could lead people to go
totally nuts.[24]
Wilson also criticized scientic types with overly rigid belief systems, equating them with religious fundamentalists in their fanaticism. In a 1988 interview, when asked
about his newly published book The New Inquisition: Irrational Rationalism and the Citadel of Science, Wilson
commented:
I coined the term irrational rationalism
because those people claim to be rationalists,
consists of never regarding any model or

map of the universe with total 100% belief
or total 100% denial. Following Korzybski, I
put things in probabilities, not absolutes... My
only originality lies in applying this zetetic attitude outside the hardest of the hard sciences,
physics, to softer sciences and then to nonsciences like politics, ideology, jury verdicts
and, of course, conspiracy theory.[26]
Wilson claimed in Cosmic Trigger: Volume 1 not
to believe anything, since belief is the death of
intelligence.[27] He described this approach as Maybe
Logic.
Wilson wrote about this and other topics in articles for
the cyberpunk magazine Mondo 2000.[28]
134.7 Economic thought

Robert Anton Wilson favored a form of Basic Income
Guarantee; synthesizing several ideas under the acronym
RICH. His ideas are set forth in the essay The RICH
Economy found in The Illuminati Papers.[29] In an article critical of capitalism Anton Wilson self identies as
a "libertarian socialist" when he said that I ask only one
thing of skeptics: dont bring up Soviet Russia, please.
That horrible example of State Capitalism has nothing to
do with what I, and other libertarian socialists, would offer as an alternative to the present system.[30]
436

Robert Anton Wilson and his wife Arlen Riley Wilson
founded the Institute for the Study of the Human Future in
1975.
From 1982 until his death, Wilson had a business relationship with the Association for Consciousness Exploration, which hosted his rst on-stage dialogue with his
long-time friend Timothy Leary[31] entitled The Inner
Frontier.[32][33][34] Wilson dedicated his book The New
Inquisition to A.C.E.'s co-directors, Je Rosenbaum and
Joseph Rothenberg.
Wilson speaking at the Phenomicon
Wilson also joined the Church of the SubGenius, who

referred to him as Pope Bob.[35] He contributed to their
literature, including the book Three-Fisted Tales of Bob,
and shared a stage with their founder, Rev. Ivan Stang,
on several occasions. Wilson also founded the Guns and
Dope Party[36] and its corresponding Burning Man theme
camp.
As a member of the Board of Advisors of the Fully Informed Jury Association, Wilson worked to inform the
public about jury nullication, the right of jurors to nullify a law they deem unjust.[37] He supported and wrote
about E-Prime, a form of English lacking all be verbs
(words such as is, are, was, were etc.).[38]
A decades-long researcher into drugs and a strong opponent of what he called the war on some drugs, Wilson
participated as a Special Guest in the week-long 1999 Annual Cannabis Cup in Amsterdam,[39] and used and often
promoted the use of medical marijuana.[40] He participated in a protest organized by the Wo/Mens Alliance
for Medical Marijuana in Santa Cruz in 2002.[41]
134.9 Death

Church of the SubGenius also picked up on the story,
linking to Rushkos appeal.[44][45] As his webpage reported on October 10, these eorts succeeded beyond expectation and raised a sum which would have supported
him for at least six months. Obviously touched by the
great outpouring of support, on October 5, 2006, Wilson left the following comment on his personal website,
expressing his gratitude:
Dear Friends, my God, what can I say.
I am dumbfounded, abbergasted, and totally
stunned by the charity and compassion that has
poured in here the last three days.
To steal from Jack Benny, I do not deserve
this, but I also have severe leg problems and I
don't deserve them either.
Because he was a kind man as well as a
funny one, Benny was beloved. I nd it hard
to believe that I am equally beloved and especially that I deserve such love.
Whoever you are, wherever you are, know
that my love is with you.
You have all reminded me that despite
George W. Bush and all his cohorts, there is
still a lot of beautiful kindness in the world.
Blessings,
Robert Anton Wilson
[46]
On January 6, 2007, Wilson wrote on his blog that according to several medical authorities, he would likely
only have between two days and two months left to
live.[47] He closed this message with I look forward without dogmatic optimism but without dread. I love you
all and I deeply implore you to keep the lasagna ying.
Please pardon my levity, I don't see how to take death
seriously. It seems absurd. He died peacefully ve days
later, on January 11 at 4:50 a.m. Pacic time.[48] After
his cremation on January 18, and his family-held memorial service on February 18, his family scattered most of
his ashes at the same spot as his wifeso the Santa
Cruz Beach Boardwalk in Santa Cruz, California.[49][50]
A tribute show to Wilson, organized by Coldcut and
Mixmaster Morris and performed in London as a part
of the Ether 07 Festival held at the Queen Elizabeth
Hall on March 18, 2007, also included Ken Campbell,
Bill Drummond and Alan Moore.[51]
134.10 Works
On June 22, 2006, Hungton Post blogger Paul Krassner 134.10.1 Bibliography
reported that Robert Anton Wilson was under hospice
care at home with friends and family.[42] On October Fiction
2, Douglas Rushko reported that Wilson was in severe nancial trouble.[43] Slashdot, Boing Boing, and the
The Sex Magicians (1973)
134.10. WORKS
The Illuminatus! Trilogy (1975) (with Robert Shea)
The Eye in the Pyramid
The Golden Apple
Leviathan
Schrdingers Cat Trilogy (19791981)
The Universe Next Door
The Trick Top Hat
The Homing Pigeons
Masks of the Illuminati (1981)
The Historical Illuminatus Chronicles
The Earth Will Shake (1982)
The Widows Son (1985)
Natures God (1988)
Autobiographical and philosophical trilogy
Cosmic Trigger Trilogy
437
Sex, Drugs and Magick: A Journey Beyond Limits
(1988) revision, with new introduction, of Sex and
Drugs: A Journey Beyond Limits
Quantum Psychology (1990)
Everything Is Under Control: Conspiracies, Cults and
Cover-ups (1998) (with Miriam Joan Hill)
TSOG: The Thing That Ate the Constitution (2002)
Essay collections
The Illuminati Papers (1980) collection of essays and
new material
Right Where You Are Sitting Now (1983) collection
of essays and new material
Coincidance: A Head Test (1988) essays and new
material
Email to the universe and other alterations of consciousness (2005) collection of essays and new material
Cosmic Trigger I: The Final Secret of the Illuminati (1977)

Editor
Cosmic Trigger II: Down to Earth (1992)
Semiotext(e) SF (1989) (anthology, editor, with
Cosmic Trigger III: My Life After Death (1995)
Rudy Rucker and Peter Lamborn Wilson)
Plays and screenplays
Chaos and Beyond (1994) (editor and primary author)
Wilhelm Reich in Hell (1987)

Reality Is What You Can Get Away With (1992; re- 134.10.2 Discography
vised editionnew introduction added1996)
A Meeting with Robert Anton Wilson (ACE) cassette
The Walls Came Tumbling Down (1997)
Religion for the Hell of It (ACE) cassette
Non-ction
Playboys Book of Forbidden Words (1972)
Sex and Drugs: A Journey Beyond Limits (1973)
The Book of the Breast (1974)
Revised as Ishtar Rising (1989)
Neuropolitics (1978) (with Timothy Leary and
George Koopman)
Revised as Neuropolitique (1988)
The Game of Life (1979) (with Timothy Leary)
Prometheus Rising (1983)
H.O.M.E.s on LaGrange (ACE) cassette

The New Inquisition (ACE) cassette
The H.E.A.D. Revolution (ACE) cassette and CD
Prometheus Rising (ACE) cassette
The Inner Frontier (with Timothy Leary) (ACE) cassette
The Magickal Movement: Present & Future (with
Margot Adler, Isaac Bonewits & Selena Fox) (ACE)
Panel Discussion cassette
Magick Changing the World, the World Changing
Magick (ACE) Panel Discussion cassette
The New Inquisition (1986)
The Self in Transformation (ACE) Panel Discussion

cassette
Natural Law, or Don't Put a Rubber on Your Willy

(1987)
The Once & Future Legend (with Ivan Stang, Robert

Shea and others) (ACE) Panel Discussion cassette
438
What IS the Conspiracy, Anyway? (ACE) Panel Dis- 134.10.4 Documentary

cussion cassette
Maybe Logic: The Lives and Ideas of Robert An The Chocolate-Biscuit Conspiracy album with The
ton Wilson, a documentary featuring selections from
Golden Horde (1984)
over 25 years of Wilson footage, released on DVD
in North America on May 30, 2006.[52]
Twelve Eggs in a Basket CD
Robert Anton Wilson On Finnegans Wake and Joseph
Campbell (interview by Faustin Bray and Brian Wallace) (1988) 2 CD Set Sound Photosynthesis
Acceleration of Knowledge (1991) cassette
Secrets of Power comedy cassette
Robert Anton Wilson Explains Everything: or Old
Bob Exposes His Ignorance (July 30, 2005) Sounds
True ISBN 1-59179-375-0, ISBN 978-1-59179375-5
134.10.3
Filmography
Actor
Tneis da Realidade, Os (a.k.a. Who Is the Master
Who Makes the Grass Green?) (1996) Edgar Pra
(Portugal)
Manual de Evaso LX94 (September 16, 1994)
Edgar Pra(Portugal)
Writer
Wilhelm Reich in Hell (2005) (Video) Deepleaf Productions
Himself
Children of the Revolution: Tune Back In (2005)
Revolutionary Child Productions
The Gospel According to Philip K. Dick (2001) TKO
Productions
23 (1998) (23 Nichts ist so wie es scheint) Claussen
& Wbke Filmproduktion GmbH (Germany)
134.11 See also

134.12 References
[1]
[2] Patricia Monaghan: Robert Anton Wilson. Booklist,
May 15, 1999 v. 95 i. 18 p. 1680
[3] Robert Anton Wilson. Contemporary Authors Online,
Gale, 2007. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center.
Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2007
[4] Berke, Joseph (29 October 1965). The Free University of New York. Peace News: 67. as reproduced
in Jakobsen, Jakob (2012). Anti-University of Londin
Antihistory Tabloid. London: MayDay Rooms. pp. 67.
[5] Robert Anton Wilson. St. James Guide to Science Fiction Writers, 4th ed. St. James Press, 1996. Reproduced
in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Michigan.: Thomson Gale. 2007.
[6] Martin van der Werf: Lawsuit U. The Chronicle of
Higher Education, August 4, 2006
[7] Prometheus Rising Robert Anton Wilsons Prometheus
Rising on the credibility of the previously existing Paideia
University
[8] Patricia Luna Wilson at cryonics.org
[9] Robert Anton Wilson obituary mentioning Arlens death
[10] The Beltane Celebration
[11] The author of 35 books on subjects like extrasensory perception, mental telepathy, metaphysics, paranormal experiences, conspiracy theory, sex, drugs and what he called
quantum psychology... New York Times obituary.
Borders (1989) Co-Directions Inc. (TV documentary)
[12] "...an author of The Illuminatus! Trilogya mindtwisting science-ction series about a secret global society
that has been a cult classic for more than 30 years... from
Robert Anton Wilson, 74; Wrote Mind-Twisting Novels"; [Obituary (Obit)] Dennis Hevesi. New York Times.
(Late Edition (East Coast)). New York, N.Y.: Jan 13,
2007. pg. A.16
Fear In The Night: Demons, Incest and UFOs (1993)

Video Trajectories
[13] Paul De Groot (Sep 14, 1985). Conspiracys his specialty. Edmonton Journal. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
Twelve Eggs in a Box: Myth, Ritual and the Jury System (1994) Video Trajectories
[14] The Illuminatus saga stumbles along by Robert Anton

Wilson
Everything Is Under Control: Robert Anton Wilson

in Interview (1998) Video Trajectories
[15] Conspiracy Digest Interviews printed in Illuminatus Papers, 1980
Arise! The SubGenius Video (1992) (V) (a.k.a.

Arise! SubGenius Recruitment Film #16) The SubGenius Foundation (USA)
439
[16] Disinformation: the interviews. By Richard Metzger. Accessed 26 July 2011.
[39] Paul Krassner: The High Life, LA Weekly, December

17, 1999
[17] The Cosmic Trigger driving Miss Daisy. Liverpool Condential. 23 January 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
[40] In Santa Cruz, an Ocial Handout of Medicinal Pot.

Los Angeles Times, September 18, 2002.
[18] The Play - What is it About?". Cosmic Trigger Play website. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
[41] For medical use only. Deseret News. Sep 17, 2002. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
[19] Cosmic Trigger Play crowdfunding campaign.

Indiegogo. 23 May 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
[42] Robert Anton Wilson The Hungton Post

[43] Robert Anton Wilson Needs Our Help
[20] Cosmic Trigger I: The Final Secret of the Illuminati (First

Edition, Twenty-fourth Printing ed.). New Falcon Publications. 2013. p. dedication. ISBN 1-56184-003-3.
[21] 23 Skidoo Cryptomundo
[22] Bray, Faustin / Wallace, Brian (interviewers)/ Wilson,
Robert Anton (speaker) (1988). Robert Anton Wilson On
Finnegans Wake and Joseph Campbell (Audio CD). Mill
Valley: Sound Photosynthesis. ISBN 1-56964-801-8.
[23] Maybe Logic: The Lives and Ideas of Robert Anton Wilson
[24] Robert Anton Wilson. Robert Anton Wilson Explains
Everything. 2000
[25] 1988 interview
[26] Krassner, Paul. A Paul Krassner Interview With R. A. W
High Times, March 2003 issue.
[44] Illumninatus! Author Needs Our Help Slashdot

[45] Robert Anton Wilson needs our Help BoingBoing
[46] Robert Anton Wilson Home Page
[47] Do Not Go Gently Into That Good Night
[48] RAW Essence
[49] RAW Data: Robert Anton Wilson Cosmic Meme-Orial
[50] Robert Anton Wilson Meme-orial Procession on
YouTube
[51] Coldcut, Mixmaster Morris, Ken Campbell, Bill Drummond and Alan Moore (March 18, 2007). Robert Anton Wilson tribute show. Queen Elizabeth Hall, London:
Mixmaster Morris. Retrieved August 28, 2009.
[52] Maybe Logic
[27] Wilson, Robert Anton. Cosmic Trigger: Volume I. Tempe,

Arizona. New Falcon Publications. 1977. pg ii.
[28] CybeRevolution Montage, Mondo 2000 no. 7, 1989
[29] The RICH Economy by Robert Anton Wilson from The
Illuminati Papers
[30] Robert Anton Wilson. Is Capitalism a Revealed Religion?" From the Realist issue number 27, pg. 10
[31] Lesie, Michele (1989) High Priest of LSD To Drop In,
The Plain Dealer
[32] Local Group Hosts Dr. Timothy Leary by Will Allison
(The Observer Fri. Sept. 29th, 1989)
[33] Two 60s Cult Heroes, on the Eve of the 80s by James Ne
(Cleveland Plain Dealer October 30, 1979)
[34] Timothy Leary: An LSD Cowboy Turns Cosmic Comic by
Frank Kuznik (Cleveland Magazine November 1979)
[35] Winterstar 2001
[36] Nocenti, Annie; Baldwin, Ruth (2004). The High Times
Reader. Nation Books. p. 472. ISBN 978-1-56025-6243.
[37] Interview of Robert Anton Wilson, (conducted August
1997) Paradigm Shift, Vol. 1 No. 1 (July 1998). Retrieved January 11, 2007.
[38] Andrea Shapiro: Taking the High Road. Santa Fe New
Mexican, December 5, 2003

Ocial website , now maintained by his family
RAW Data 2.0, Wilsons blog, now maintained by
his daughter, Christina
RAW Data, Wilsons rst blog
Guns and Dope Party, Political party created by
Wilson and Olga Struthio
Maybe Logic The Lives and Ideas of Robert Anton
Wilson
Right Where You Are Sitting Now Podcast Extensive two-hour Robert Anton Wilson tribute podcast,
featuring audio clips, and interviews with friends of
Wilson
A collection of RAW audio/video from his publisher
A collection of RAW audio/video from his publisher
Robert Anton Wilson at the Internet Movie
Database
Riggenbach, Je (August 15, 2011). Robert Anton
Wilson. Mises Daily (Ludwig von Mises Institute).
Robert Anton Wilson Fans
440
Robert Anton Wilson at the Internet Speculative
Fiction Database
Robert Anton Wilson at Find a Grave
Cosmic Trigger Play website
134.14. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
441
134.14 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

134.14.1
Text
Futures studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futures%20studies?oldid=634835244 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, The Anome,

Michael Hardy, Ronz, Reddi, Jerzy, Robbot, Tomchiukc, Gandalf61, Pmcray, Geeoharee, Bnn, Curps, Alison, Pasquale, Florian Blaschke,
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List of futurologists Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20futurologists?oldid=632234677 Contributors: Lquilter, Ronz,
Lumos3, Paranoid, Naddy, Sternthinker, Gangle, Wronkiew, Pasquale, Vipul, Viriditas, Yonkie, Drbogdan, FayssalF, SchuminWeb, Babel41, Snappy, Dreammaker182, Stephenb, Dialectric, Gareth fr, Number 57, Pelister, Poochy, Pegship, Garion96, Graemecodrington,
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Dbprell, Libby norman, Caramelsunday, Lemmyramone, Skyrion, Oglebing, EleanorAva, Smith2200, Delcydrew, Globjulia, Jeraphine
Gryphon, USPnetworks, Anton Kole, Ilhnttr, WCS100, LudwidNDes, Akhil Ravindra Kumar, Lagoset, Aweingarten, Riggsed and Anonymous: 55
Nayef Al-Rodhan Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayef%20Al-Rodhan?oldid=633377790 Contributors: Klemen Kocjancic, Mdd,
Woohookitty, Rjwilmsi, Bgwhite, Afasmit, Khazar, CmdrObot, PKT, Headbomb, Mack2, R'n'B, Maurice Carbonaro, Katharineamy,
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EmausBot, HiW-Bot, Globjulia, Lukeno94, Frietjes, Helpful Pixie Bot, ChrisGualtieri, The Vintage Feminist, Virginiageneva, NicoP2010,
Secheron1203, Janepharper, Interelisa, Henry2123 and Anonymous: 8
Daniel Barben Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Barben?oldid=603175322 Contributors: Bearcat, Zachlipton, Mandarax,
Rjwilmsi, Malcolma, SmackBot, Epbr123, Waacstats, Addbot, Yobot, Elke Saur and Anonymous: 2
Ravi Batra Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi%20Batra?oldid=633460064 Contributors: Edward, Jusjih, Bearcat, Loremaster,
Quarl, Icairns, Jayjg, Rich Farmbrough, Pjacobi, Vapour, Cretog8, Cmdrjameson, Thanos6, Dhartung, Bobrayner, Weyes, Graham87,
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NG, Bowmerang, Helpful Pixie Bot, Plankto, BG19bot, Cornelius383, NewAmericanAge, BattyBot, The Vintage Feminist, VIAFbot,
Dwscomet and Anonymous: 34
442
Gaston Berger Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston%20Berger?oldid=632972555 Contributors: Deb, SlaveToTheWage,

FeanorStar7, Plrk, Lockley, Diogenes zosimus, Bluebot, Namiba, Albertod4, Magioladitis, Waacstats, JaGa, STBot, Dabomb87, Fadesga,
JeBeDu., Addbot, Lightbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Andreasmperu, Xqbot, Omnipaedista, Kwiki, RjwilmsiBot, ZroBot, Checkingfax, Sviato,
ChrisGualtieri, VIAFbot and Anonymous: 8
Adrian Berry, 4th Viscount Camrose Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian%20Berry%2C%204th%20Viscount%20Camrose?
oldid=598693589 Contributors: Gene Nygaard, Canley, JLaTondre, MartinCollin, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Tryde, Cydebot, Oxonian2006,
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and Anonymous: 9
Jim Carroll (author) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Carroll%20(author)?oldid=611376608 Contributors: Paul A, Bearcat,
Jorge Stol, Nikkimaria, Ckatz, Makeemlighter, Fabrictramp, Rettetast, Katharineamy, Chiswick Chap, CutOTies, Leonard^Bloom,
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Anthony, Saimdusan, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Gnfnrf, Fayenatic london, John b cassel, Bastillegalore, RogDel, RjwilmsiBot and Anonymous: 6
Said E. Dawlabani Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Said%20E.%20Dawlabani?oldid=622364760 Contributors: Kku, Mdd, Bgwhite,
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Chuck de Caro Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck%20de%20Caro?oldid=633549927 Contributors: Edward, Topbanana, Oddharmonic, Bender235, BD2412, RussBot, NawlinWiki, Hawkeye7, SmackBot, Nobunaga24, Midnightblueowl, Johnpaulparker, CmdrObot, Cydebot, Alaibot, Chickenicker, Postcard Cathy, Magioladitis, Billmckern, Waacstats, MetsBot, JaGa, Anaxial, CommonsDelinker, Skeptic2, Jevansen, Hqb, HarrietteG, Resurgent insurgent, Breawycker, Richard David Ramsey, Addbot, Scott MacDonald,
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Patrick Dixon Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%20Dixon?oldid=621158570 Contributors: Jeandr du Toit, Charles
Matthews, HarryHenryGebel, Gidonb, Kappa, GChriss, Ynhockey, Melaen, Redvers, NicM, Woohookitty, Rjwilmsi, Eubot, Shell Kinney,
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Omnipaedista, NES Wii, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, Cinemantique, VIAFbot and Anonymous: 21
Richard C. Duncan Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20C.%20Duncan?oldid=629489846 Contributors: GTBacchus, One
Salient Oversight, Mysidia, Shiftchange, Brianjd, Holdek, Advancedatheist, MartinVillafuerte85, Edison, Chris Capoccia, TastyCakes,
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446
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Anonymous: 15
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bot, SidelinedAV8R, Somerwind, ZroBot, Lemeza Kosugi, Dolovis, Mrmatiko, Ankit Maity, W163, Alborzagros, SBaker43, Hazard-Bot,
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Jerry Fishenden Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry%20Fishenden?oldid=626271225 Contributors: Tabletop, SmackBot, Reedy,
Ohconfucius, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Ckatz, Cydebot, Waacstats, Fabrictramp, Katharineamy, Michaeldsuarez, Martarius, Yobot, Hzj,
1exec1, Materialscientist, FrescoBot, Reconsider the static, Rabbithead0, Tabletalker, RjwilmsiBot, ClueBot NG, ChrisGualtieri, Jonmeowcats and Anonymous: 23
Betty Sue Flowers Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty%20Sue%20Flowers?oldid=592376771 Contributors: Blainster, Jareha,
TiMike, Seegoon, Searchme, Arthur Rubin, Fang Aili, SmackBot, Classiclms, Aelfthrytha, SMasters, Oo7565, Cydebot, Prolog, Postcard
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11
FM-2030 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM-2030?oldid=615964638 Contributors: Sjc, Nate Silva, William Avery, Frecklefoot,
JakeVortex, Beans, Tregoweth, Docu, Ehn, Uriber, Wik, HarryHenryGebel, Lumos3, Jni, Everyking, Neilc, Loremaster, D6, Sfeldman,
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Hmainsbot1, Kolinzo, Eelizabethb and Anonymous: 57
Jacque Fresco Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacque%20Fresco?oldid=635076859 Contributors: Bob Jonkman, Docu, Francs2000,
Capbat, Lumos3, Sunray, Cape cod naturalist, Rosarino, Chris Howard, D6, Rich Farmbrough, Cacycle, Bender235, El C, Tom, Giraedata,
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447
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Benjamin M. Friedman Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20M.%20Friedman?oldid=610517521 Contributors: Aecis,
Thunderbrand, Brendan Moody, OpenToppedBus, Caerwine, Rlove, D rholambda, Bluebot, TheLeopard, Nbarth, RJBurkhart, Will Beback, Mauro Bieg, Hu12, Eastlaw, CmdrObot, Cydebot, Dsp13, Waacstats, STBot, Johnpacklambert, Nice poa, Rei-bot, Ravensrock18,
Hwansokcho, Addbot, Lightbot, Luckas-bot, Katach, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, MrtsCpt and Anonymous: 11
George Friedman Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Friedman?oldid=631104929 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Magnus
Manske, Breakpoint, EdH, Bearcat, Robbot, Popsiq, Goethean, Alison, RJFJR, Morning star, Wikiklrsc, BD2412, Mendaliv, Koavf,
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Helpful Pixie Bot, Lowercase sigmabot, Meatsgains, VIAFbot, Velociraptor 11235813, Monkbot, Peter Koroly, Shaqpower and Anonymous: 51
Buckminster Fuller Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster%20Fuller?oldid=632301562 Contributors: Tobias Hoevekamp,
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Tom, WereSpielChequers, The Parsnip!, D420182, URBOSAUR, Oxymoron83, Faradayplank, Lightmouse, LutterworthPublicity, Kumioko (renamed), Lebanese blond, Maelgwnbot, Acolesjr, Fuddle, Poochesplace, Denisarona, Sportdirektor, RS1900, Martarius, ClueBot,
Venske, GorillaWarfare, Brian Tjoe-Nij, Oikoumenikos, Wikievil666, The Thing That Should Not Be, All Hallows Wraith, MikeVitale,
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Alexbot, Jusdafax, Estirabot, 842U, William P. Coleman, IamNotU, Thingg, NotTires, Canihaveacookie, Timsnowhere, Jonatan18, Indopug, Alastair Carnegie, DumZiBoT, Soccersam908879, XLinkBot, AgnosticPreachersKid, AngelHerraez, Manyanswer, The Mole of
Production, Good Olfactory, Basilicofresco, JBsupreme, Lilipatina, Stuart lyster, DOI bot, Betterusername, M.nelson, Edgy01, Blethering
Scot, Leszek Jaczuk, Switzpaw, IdealisticRealist, Nouveau482, AnnaFrance, Keepcalmandcarryon, Getmoreatp, 5 albert square, Mdnavman, Tassedethe, Stidmatt, Numbo3-bot, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Jarble, Ben Ben, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Themfromspace, Fraggle81,
DisillusionedBitterAndKnackered, Prontosunray, Sulair.speccoll, Snowgrove, Lolipod, Jcrosse, AnomieBOT, Idnapper, Citation bot, Bob
Burkhardt, Eumolpo, ArthurBot, Mbruck, Schmidtre, Xqbot, Happyhuman, Solarch, Capricorn42, 4twenty42o, Jmundo, Srich32977, J04n,
Golftdi1, Omnipaedista, RibotBOT, PM800, Crazylax222, Tsukamasa, Raglegumm1998, Rockmybumapple, Edward130603, FrescoBot,
Marcnpalmer, MLKLewis, DrRom, Ezrahilyer, Kataramai, ClickRick, OgreBot, Citation bot 1, Kateybee, Elmgreen11, LittleWink, Skyerise, Drinkybird, Rimshot MCO, RedBot, MastiBot, Cullen328, Number1tutor, Inlandmamba, Jauhienij, Ambarsande, Wordizm, Uberhill, Elspethaw, Jroybal, Vrenator, Warrah, 000masa000, Skiman514, Mean as custard, RjwilmsiBot, NameIsRon, Elium2, Steve03Mills,
448
EmausBot, Look2See1, Super48paul, GoingBatty, Five2, Wikipelli, PBS-AWB, Lemeza Kosugi, Arssenev, Akerans, A930913, Bumblesnug, Zap Rowsdower, Defjavid, OpenlibraryBot, L Kensington, Pun, Vanished 1850, ChuispastonBot, OliverWDwyer, Wakebrdkid,
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Ibogianeclinic, BattyBot, Woody2012, Jdunnington101, Anthrophilos, RichardMills65, Pratyya Ghosh, Ellenoralps, JYBot, Kgb.lasvegas,
IAlkimia, DevinLeeO, PatriciaRavasio, Mogism, Synergeticist, Sampa, VIAFbot, Frosty, Jamesx12345, Aloneinthewild, Alaskanriley,
Donfbreed2, Mitchkabob, Triceratropes, Do You Do The Nasty?, CJBradley, Jean Lanoix, Nopatanswer, Lucas Bendix, JosephSpiral, Dcolson55, HasteurBot, MeltzerSeltzer, OccultZone, Scottsadventure, GuineaPigC77, Buckykatz, Maxvit75, Tomdeva, Tymon.r and Anonymous: 613
Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai%20Fyodorovich%20Fyodorov?oldid=617529228 Contributors: Docu, HarryHenryGebel, Paranoid, JackofOz, Ausir, Ezhiki, Irpen, D6, Eric Forste, Dfx, Water Bottle, Ghirlandajo, FlaBot, Kmorozov, Crosstimer, RussBot, Alex Bakharev, Voyevoda, Gabrielbodard, Varano, Caerwine, , Abune, That Guy, From That Show!,
Roberto Cruz, Vald, Hmains, Esr, LoveMonkey, MikePerry, Rwammang, Gregbard, Cydebot, Languagehat, Nick Number, Bernardboase, Achero, Magioladitis, Ishikawa Minoru, Tarotcards, Robert1947, AlleborgoBot, SieBot, Vojvodaen, Editor2020, Good Olfactory,
Addbot, Victor-435, Dranorter, Lightbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Xqbot, Ulf Heinsohn, Omnipaedista, Pereant antiburchius, LucienBOT,
Gourami Watcher, , Full-date unlinking bot, Rememberway, Helpful Pixie Bot, DBigXray, Khazar2, VIAFbot, Petrovst
and Anonymous: 30
Dennis Gabor Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis%20Gabor?oldid=622826136 Contributors: Magnus Manske, Andre Engels,
Unukorno, Michael Hardy, Tim Starling, Pit, Dominus, Menchi, Mic, Skysmith, G-Man, Grin, Evercat, TonyClarke, Tpbradbury, Maximus Rex, Grendelkhan, Joy, Phil Boswell, Robbot, Timrollpickering, Wikibot, Adam78, Ancheta Wis, Duncharris, D3, ChicXulub,
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Idioma-bot, VolkovBot, TXiKiBoT, Blake the bookbinder, Jimmyeatskids, JhsBot, Duncan.Hull, Pasztilla, SieBot, A. Carty, PolarBot,
James.Denholm, Bigdaddy1981, Baxter9, OKBot, LonelyMarble, Jobas, Squash Racket, All Hallows Wraith, Jo Lorib, DragonBot,
Jusdafax, Sun Creator, Cardinalem, Alexander Tendler, Good Olfactory, Chasnor15, Addbot, LaaknorBot, Lightbot, ,
Luckas-bot, Yobot, Fraggle81, Dzied Bulbash, AnomieBOT, Citation bot, ArthurBot, Dangshei, Xqbot, Erud, Siperzen, Davshul, Jeffwang, Omnipaedista, Colt .55, LucienBOT, Light Warrior, Listor1989, BenzolBot, Citation bot 1, Figiu, Yutsi, Full-date unlinking bot,
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Ninmacer20, The Elixir Of Life, Khazar2, VIAFbot, Jonarnold1985 and Anonymous: 125
Hugo de Garis Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo%20de%20Garis?oldid=629801349 Contributors: Gbleem, Conti, Hike395,
Stet, Wik, Gherson, Fuelbottle, Bjklein, Mboverload, Eequor, Deus Ex, VoX, ConradPino, Loremaster, D6, Rich Farmbrough, Narsil, Peak
Freak, Bender235, El C, Stephane.magnenat, Schaefer, Max rspct, GregorB, Graham87, Rjwilmsi, Angusmclellan, ErikHaugen, Ground
Zero, Common Man, GangofOne, Gap, Wavelength, RussBot, Gaius Cornelius, Shanel, Neural, LaszloWalrus, Deodar, Tony1, Arthur
Rubin, Victor falk, Lundse, SmackBot, Endroit, Janm67, Cassivs, Themadchopper, alyosha, Clicketyclack, George100, Kris Schnee,
Paddles, Keraunos, Trevyn, John254, Storkk, Ph.eyes, TAnthony, Waacstats, STBot, R'n'B, Johnpacklambert, RJBurkhart3, Vanished
user jwf9j23o12e09j2ri, Master shepherd, Mnemopis, Profhugodegaris, COBot, Anchor Link Bot, Chris Bainbridge, PhilDWraight,
XLinkBot, DOI bot, Lemonroof, Tassedethe, Lightbot, Legobot, Vikom, FrescoBot, Citation bot 1, RjwilmsiBot, Will Beback Auto,
James Pioneer, Helpful Pixie Bot, Khannea, BattyBot, ChrisGualtieri, VIAFbot, Akro7 and Anonymous: 77
Jennifer Gidley Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer%20Gidley?oldid=624111130 Contributors: Goethean, Drbreznjev, M Alan
Kazlev, Afterwriting, SmackBot, Saimdusan, Zyxw, Edgar181, Hgilbert, Ohconfucius, Ckatz, Studerby, Edwardx, Waacstats, ImageRemovalBot, EPadmirateur, Tnxman307, Pgallert, Yobot, Wfsf, D'oh! and BattyBot
George Gilder Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Gilder?oldid=632447022 Contributors: Edward, Rainer Wasserfuhr,
Zoicon5, Grendelkhan, AaronSw, Dimadick, Tom harrison, Snowdog, Curps, FeloniousMonk, Duncharris, Toytoy, Johngelles, D6, Discospinster, Guettarda, Iain Cheyne, Physicistjedi, Pearle, Jeltz, Calton, Kenyon, Kzollman, Rjwilmsi, Ground Zero, GangofOne, Kiscica,
Calsicol, Rgilder, Jaxl, Tony1, Caerwine, Arthur Rubin, Rms125a@hotmail.com, Georey.landis, T. Anthony, SmackBot, Bwithh, GaeusOctavius, Colonies Chris, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Smallbones, Matchups, Stevenmitchell, Robosh, JoshuaZ, Arbustoo, Dicklyon,
Billy Hathorn, CmdrObot, Toufeeq, Corlet, Cydebot, Crowish, Crana, Headbomb, Fluxbot, Vendettax, Pipedreamergrey, Matthew Fennell, KConWiki, Sue Gardner, WLU, STBot, RJBurkhart3, JayJasper, ChrisChantrill, M Ellen T, Housewares, Maverick3, Bjkeefe, Kumioko (renamed), Maelgwnbot, SevenOfDiamonds, Martarius, All Hallows Wraith, XLinkBot, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Chimeric Glider,
CountryBot, AnomieBOT, Ulric1313, Citation bot, BBiiis08, Srich32977, Omnipaedista, Adam9389, Citation bot 1, RLCampbell, Kinnaman, John of Reading, Ponydepression, Helpful Pixie Bot, IrishStephen, Calabe1992, BigJim707, MrBill3, VIAFbot, CoeeWithMarkets,
George Gilder, MagicatthemovieS, HenryV1415, Joshuaelul, JaconaFrere and Anonymous: 66
William Gilpin (governor) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Gilpin%20(governor)?oldid=627084097 Contributors: Tedernst, Fred Bauder, Bearcat, Decumanus, Bender235, Cmdrjameson, Buaidh, Ksnow, HenryLi, Tabletop, SCEhardt, NekoDaemon,
Scott Mingus, MattWright, RussBot, Gaius Cornelius, Gilliam, Hmains, Chris the speller, EncMstr, Americasroof, CmdrObot, Basawala, MWaller, JustAGal, RobotG, Waacstats, Sagabot, Johnpacklambert, RJBurkhart3, Aboutmovies, Lightmouse, Kumioko (renamed),
Richtig33, Snocrates, Alexbot, Jusdafax, Addbot, Lightbot, Frodefrid, Jfrlkb, Materialscientist, Former3L, Full-date unlinking bot, RjwilmsiBot, BlueNeuron, ClueBot NG, Fraulein451, VIAFbot, OccultZone and Anonymous: 10
Darla Jane Gilroy Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darla%20Jane%20Gilroy?oldid=631304299 Contributors: YUL89YYZ, Mandarax, JustAGal, Waacstats, Rockysantos, Yobot, Sabotage1, , Justlettersandnumbers and Anonymous: 1
Ben Goertzel Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Goertzel?oldid=633211510 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Dhart, Rich Farmbrough, Vsmith, AdamAtlas, John Vandenberg, Andrew Gray, Woohookitty, Linas, KYPark, Lockley, XLerate, Kri, Bgwhite, RussBot,
449
Rsrikanth05, Cardsplayer4life, SmackBot, Gilliam, Chris the speller, Janm67, STL Dilettante, Gregbard, Cydebot, Gioto, Waacstats,
Mange01, Swliv, Martarius, XLinkBot, RogDel, Addbot, YowiePower, Legobot, Yobot, Themfromspace, Pcap, Adamawp, Eumolpo,
Shvahabi, Eugene-elgato, FrescoBot, Full-date unlinking bot, RjwilmsiBot, Dewritech, ZroBot, ClueBot NG, Rajdye, BG19bot, Wilhelm666666, Caspar42, VIAFbot, Thinkhart, DavidLeighEllis, Jwratner1, Welcome1To1The1Jungle, Filmfan24 and Anonymous: 39
M. G. Gordon Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.%20G.%20Gordon?oldid=635030480 Contributors: Oddharmonic, Ukexpat,
YUL89YYZ, Angusmclellan, Rwalker, Open2universe, SmackBot, CmdrObot, Odie5533, Alaibot, Waacstats, Wikip rhyre, Aboutmovies,
ImageRemovalBot, Mickeymick, SamuelTheGhost, Scog, Kbdankbot, Gargoyle2008, Lightbot, Yobot, PigFlu Oink, Full-date unlinking
bot, RjwilmsiBot and Anonymous: 1
Walter Greiling Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Greiling?oldid=619560182 Contributors: Magnus Manske, Elya, Graham87, Nothere, Hans Dunkelberg, Frank Murmann, Friedrichheinz, Addbot, Pelz, Neu1, John of Reading, Frietjes and Anonymous:
5
Genco Gulan Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genco%20Gulan?oldid=634196669 Contributors: Paul A, Bender235, FeanorStar7,
Bgwhite, RussBot, Shirt58, Freshacconci, Magioladitis, CommonsDelinker, MoiraMoira, KylieTastic, Kolja21, VolkovBot, Gerakibot,
Arjayay, Addbot, LaaknorBot, Tassedethe, JackieBot, LilHelpa, Xqbot, FrescoBot, RedBot, Sideways713, TjBot, EmausBot, ChereGrin,
ZroBot, Elifmet, Widr, Theopolisme, BG19bot, Tboii99, YFdyh-bot, JYBot, SupperNope, Mogism, Fausto zonaro, Ycelebi, Arslankral2,
LinE94, Heredotos, Arslankral4, Tony Fair, OccultZone, Ezgeey, Gencogulan, Filedelinkerbot, , Vieque, Leonardanchie
and Anonymous: 43
Ray Hammond Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray%20Hammond?oldid=633524503 Contributors: Mattstan, Pinball22, Mandarax,
Bgwhite, Gholam, Courcelles, Cydebot, Deadbeef, Waacstats, Martarius, Adrianwn, Addbot, Push the button, RjwilmsiBot, Comatmebro
and Anonymous: 4
Arthur Harkins Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Harkins?oldid=622638056 Contributors: FeanorStar7, SmackBot, Tryggvi bt, Sharnak, Gregbard, Cydebot, STBot, RJBurkhart3, GrahamHardy, SummerWithMorons, Abductive, RjwilmsiBot, ClueBot NG,
Qetuth, ChrisGualtieri and Anonymous: 5
Robert A. Heinlein Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20A.%20Heinlein?oldid=633902151 Contributors: The Epopt, Eloquence, Dan, Mav, Bryan Derksen, The Anome, Malcolm Farmer, Ed Poor, BenBaker, Eclecticology, Shsilver, Ray Van De Walker,
SimonP, Ewlloyd, Ellmist, Isis, Olivier, Nknight, Edward, Michael Hardy, TimShell, Kwertii, Liftarn, Gabbe, SGBailey, Mic, Bcrowell,
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Uri, Rossami, Cimon Avaro, Jiang, Lukobe, Hike395, LazLong, Bemoeial, Ww, Denni, Zoicon5, Tpbradbury, Kaare, Dd-b, Matithyahu,
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450
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Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Legobot II, Rsquire3, Notacupcakebaker, Kjaer, Peasrbest, Delta-2030, AnomieBOT, Galoubet, JackieBot,
KhayPrower, Onesius, ArthurBot, Tikiparrot, Xqbot, Khajidha, Ajq194, Asavaa, Srich32977, Enders Shadow Snr, Mario777Zelda, Cresix, Coosbane, HsiehLi, RightCowLeftCoast, Sillyone2, Sector001, FrescoBot, Adam9389, Owenmadison, Grzjcnk, Hchc2009, Abductive,
Skyerise, Mediatech492, Alexei Panshin, TobeBot, Lotje, Inferior Olive, Onel5969, Deadch33se, Barc777, Sadhu44, EmausBot, Jdg71,
And we drown, Bezerek, JCI5555, Ncsr11, Lithistman, Ethaniel, Rhmfantti, Medeis, May Cause Dizziness, Doug Shaver, L Kensington, Hilde27, Alexandria177, Ihardlythinkso, Chrisddickey, MacStep, FeatherPluma, Meteoriteman7, ClueBot NG, Loginnigol, Hekeheke,
Mathew105601, Oddbodz, Helpful Pixie Bot, Curb Chain, The End of an Era, BG19bot, Snow Rise, PeteyL0rr, Polmandc, Ninmacer20,
Luke 19 Verse 27, SilverFox183, Chestermalcolm, Ali or nothin, Eb7473, GertBySea, ASeeker7, Dexbot, Hmainsbot1, Pstuut, SoTotallyAwesome, Epicgenius, Bettyboop330, Pdecalculus, ArmbrustBot, Hamoudafg, Pietro13, Two kinds of pork, Cypherquest, Editorfun,
LazloFeelo, SoBanal,SoBanal and Anonymous: 506
Hazel Henderson Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel%20Henderson?oldid=619516978 Contributors: Edward, Charles Matthews,
HarryHenryGebel, Bearcat, Goethean, Rich Farmbrough, Bender235, Joel Russ, Buaidh, Adrian.benko, Woohookitty, Fingers-of-Pyrex,
Zzyzx11, Caerwine, SmackBot, Georg-Johann, Beetstra, ShelfSkewed, Mary Mark Ockerbloom, Waacstats, Cgingold, CliC, Jon-mikel,
Roslidh, Alexbot, Billhector, Addbot, IdealisticRealist, Lightbot, Xqbot, FrescoBot, Oracleofottawa, RjwilmsiBot, Otm shank, Monkelese,
VIAFbot and Anonymous: 14
David H. Holtzman Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20H.%20Holtzman?oldid=632277655 Contributors: HarryHenryGebel,
Alansohn, King of Hearts, Welsh, SmackBot, Elonka, Robosh, CmdrObot, Hebrides, MarshBot, Marokwitz, Waacstats, Infrangible,
STBot, R'n'B, SunriseLLC, Technowonk, HaberdasherToTheFuture, Narnett, FrankTheNerd, Kageskull, Gwguey, Edittman, Mgrail,
RjwilmsiBot, Werieth, Abesottedphoenix and Anonymous: 15
David Houle (futurist) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Houle%20(futurist)?oldid=626790585 Contributors: Bgwhite,
Tony1, Lambiam, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Robosh, JustAGal, DGG, Lamro, Yobot, Arousta, Khazar2, Dobie80 and Anonymous: 4
James Hughes (sociologist) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Hughes%20(sociologist)?oldid=633555857 Contributors:
Gdvorsky, Sir Paul, Charles Matthews, Babbage, Alan Liefting, Everyking, Loremaster, Toh, Xen0phile, Woohookitty, Rjwilmsi, MZMcBride, Bgwhite, Snappy, Varano, Gaudio, Samuel Blanning, SmackBot, Jwillbur, Aeln, Robosh, Aleenf1, Cydebot, Bobblehead,
Widefox, Zigzig20s, JAnDbot, Jaysweet, Waacstats, Cecelia Hensley, L Trezise, DGG, James hughes, STBot, Johnpacklambert, Reedy
Bot, Skier Dude, Juliancolton, Ronsgirl14, Curuxz, Mygerardromance, XLinkBot, Addbot, TomAdmirer, Yobot, Reddude52, Citation
bot, Bellerophon, Altdotme, FrescoBot, LittleWink, RjwilmsiBot, AvicBot, ZroBot, H3llBot, Meclee, Don of Cherry, BattyBot, Mrinesi
and Anonymous: 30
Deane Hutton Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deane%20Hutton?oldid=603910462 Contributors: Kingturtle, Longhair, Stemonitis,
Josh Parris, Joe Decker, ZanderSchubert, Hawkeye7, Pietdesomere, SmackBot, Chris the speller, Ohconfucius, Optimale, MarshBot, Waacstats, Dw smith, STBot, R'n'B, Brendan Cosman, Sn jof, EmanWilm, AprilHare, M.O.X, Fluernutter, Tassedethe, Yobot, AnomieBOT,
FrescoBot, Mark Arsten, Barque, VIAFbot and Anonymous: 6
Erich Jantsch Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich%20Jantsch?oldid=631983823 Contributors: Michael Hardy, Joy, Lumos3,
Goethean, PaulFord, John Vandenberg, M Alan Kazlev, YurikBot, SmackBot, RJBurkhart, Will Beback, Nicolesc, Waacstats, STBot,
Johnpacklambert, RJBurkhart3, Canavalia, Fadesga, Addbot, Lightbot, TaBOT-zerem, Omnipaedista, LivingBot, RjwilmsiBot, BG19bot,
ChrisGualtieri, SD5bot, VIAFbot, Leahmacvie and Anonymous: 4
Mitchell Joachim Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell%20Joachim?oldid=632628010 Contributors: Nsaa, Ricky81682, Clubmarx, Feydey, Wavelength, RussBot, TDogg310, Back ache, Amalthea, SmackBot, Chris the speller, Mojo Hand, E. Ripley, Waacstats,
ClueBot, XLinkBot, MystBot, Addbot, Yobot, Gilo1969, FrescoBot, Ecogram, Full-date unlinking bot, Arided, RjwilmsiBot, James1200,
Philososlav, MIT bot 2010, Sundayday2011, Allreviewall, Kakya, MITclubfact, Bioworks1, Filterzooni, GSDecogroup, Gsdalumnistat,
Glockoma85, Wkibot, Ergijer88, Lagoset, Netcloudnet and Anonymous: 22
Laurence F. Johnson Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence%20F.%20Johnson?oldid=610964183 Contributors: Bearcat, Jeremykemp, Cacycle, Cormaggio, Maustrauser, Jaraalbe, Luk, SmackBot, Drttm, MarkSutton, Agathoclea, Tillman, Spartaz, Waacstats,
Fabrictramp, David Eppstein, Sagabot, Jevansen, Philip Trueman, WikipediaIsSofaKingdom, Drpickem, Yobot, LilHelpa, FrescoBot,
Drljohnson, Full-date unlinking bot, Diannaa, RjwilmsiBot, Roycekimmons, The Nut, Aer374, ProjectManhattan and Anonymous: 7
Bertrand de Jouvenel Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand%20de%20Jouvenel?oldid=632464226 Contributors: HarryHenryGebel, Guy Peters, Williamb, DNewhall, Qutezuce, Bender235, Jumbuck, Grenavitar, Velho, FayssalF, RussBot, Yonidebest, Calvin08,
Intangible, Swijtink, Colonies Chris, Ohconfucius, Cedric du Zob, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Lapaz, Tazmaniacs, Apollon, Hannes H.
Gissurarson, StuHarris, Tawkerbot2, Albertod4, Biruitorul, Chrisdab, Skomorokh, Epeeeche, Wikidudeman, Waacstats, JaGa, STBot,
RJBurkhart3, Adavidb, Inwind, TXiKiBoT, Monegasque, PixelBot, XLinkBot, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Tassedethe, Luckas-bot, Yobot,
LilHelpa, Xqbot, Srich32977, Omnipaedista, 3ig-350125, Veteris, HRoestBot, RjwilmsiBot, Gruntledky, Helpful Pixie Bot, Khazar2,
Bill Joy Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Joy?oldid=632092053 Contributors: The Cunctator, Mav, Ed Poor, Youssefsan,
MadSurgeon, LionKimbro, Hephaestos, Edward, Alan Peakall, Lexor, Phoe6, Dori, (, Alo, Egil, Kricxjo, Julesd, Jimregan, Astudent,
Pizza Puzzle, Ehn, Magnus.de, Wernher, Bevo, Joy, Tellarin, Bearcat, Chocolateboy, David Gerard, Wizzy, Mintleaf, Just Another Dan, Esrogs, Tansm, Beatnick, Bact, Loremaster, DNewhall, Mikko Paananen, Bornslippy, Mh, D6, Moverton, Rich Farmbrough, Mprove, ArnoldReinhold, Gronky, MarkS, CanisRufus, Neilrieck, Mike Schwartz, Smalljim, Slambo, Anthony Appleyard, M7, Andrew Gray, Sligocki,
Stephen Turner, Gbeeker, Ajensen, BuddhaBubba, Firsfron, Benbest, Mat813, SqueakBox, Graham87, Qwertyus, Tim!, Harro5, Ysangkok,
Born2cycle, Jaraalbe, YurikBot, Family Guy Guy, Hydrargyrum, DouglasHeld, Jpbowen, Mattgrommes, BOT-Superzerocool, Varano,
Wknight94, Yonidebest, Ninly, Fie, Modify, Snalwibma, SmackBot, Amcbride, Sakhalinrf, Zyxw, Anastrophe, JFHJr, Thumperward,
Janm67, MalafayaBot, OrphanBot, Vanished User 0001, Sardina, Mwtoews, Metamagician3000, AngryDill, Cubrilovic, Cosmix, Charivari, STL Dilettante, Doczilla, Beefyt, WilliamJE, Colonel Warden, Raysonho, Ponijs, Cosy, Chrisahn, Cydebot, Maziotis, Chrisw404,
Epbr123, Hervegirod, Bramgopal, Rees11, Exteray, Bondolo, NapoliRoma, Davedonohue, Raid0422, Waacstats, KConWiki, William
James Croft, Gwern, STBot, HOT L Baltimore, RJBurkhart3, Jspiegler, Theyranos, LeinadSpoon, NerdyNSK, SparsityProblem, Sd31415,
Heyitspeter, Jrodor, VolkovBot, Imanheim, Michelle Roberts, Mercurywoodrose, UnitedStatesian, Urbanrenewal, James McBride, Rknasc,
451
Flyer22, Talkingtomypocket, NorthernLad79, Superush, Martarius, LukeShu, DragonBot, Malachirality, Alexbot, M4gnum0n, DumZiBoT, John0101ddd, Let99, Avoided, Ghettoblaster, LaaknorBot, Lightbot, Legobot, Yobot, Amirobot, DavidHarkness, AnomieBOT,
HughesJohn, ArthurBot, Gnr2008, Thore Husfeldt, Omnipaedista, FrescoBot, W Nowicki, Xxcom9a, Mono, Amar2556, JOptionPane,
RjwilmsiBot, Scottdavidmeyer, DASHBot, BobbieCharlton, Shearonink, HiW-Bot, ZroBot, Ventureeditor, W163, Adelson Velsky Landis, ClueBot NG, Helpful Pixie Bot, Virajviraj, Bkouhi, Exploding Toenails, Jr4112, WolfTictin, Shirudo, VIAFbot, Phpirate, Cloudjpk,
Eyesnore, Rolf h nelson, -1, Vieque, Winston Grep and Anonymous: 113
Anthony Judge Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20Judge?oldid=613951368 Contributors: Tjfulopp, Mdd, Mandarax, KYPark, SmackBot, Levineps, Cydebot, Alaibot, Epbr123, Waacstats, Robert Daoust, LucasBos, Robert Pollard, GreenRoot, Full-date unlinking bot, RjwilmsiBot, Werieth and Anonymous: 3
Robert Jungk Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Jungk?oldid=610530401 Contributors: Magnus Manske, Kaihsu, Folks
at 137, Fastssion, Gugganij, Ot, Burgundavia, Karl-Henner, D6, Eric Shalov, Kaszeta, Bjelli, Sietse Snel, Remuel, Martg76, RJFJR,
Kusma, Eddie2, Tibetibet, Olessi, GangofOne, Tony1, Caerwine, SmackBot, Lestrade, Eskimbot, RJBurkhart, Will Beback, Mr. Random,
Gobonobo, Kricket, HennessyC, Cydebot, Thijs!bot, Hydro, Waacstats, Sagabot, Johnfos, TXiKiBoT, Ponyo, Dirk P Broer, Birnecker,
JosephaKraetner, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Xqbot, Omnipaedista, FrescoBot, Aschmair, RjwilmsiBot, SporkBot,
Jeraphine Gryphon, Mddkpp, IjonTichyIjonTichy and Anonymous: 13
Herman Kahn Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman%20Kahn?oldid=632247744 Contributors: Ray Van De Walker, Olivier, Leandrod, Edward, Kchishol1970, Lexor, Nixdorf, Ihcoyc, Ronz, Hashar, Mulad, Dpbsmith, David.Monniaux, JorgeGG, David Gerard, Levin,
Fastssion, Orpheus, Edcolins, Georgesch4, Klemen Kocjancic, D6, Sfeldman, Eb.hoop, Guanabot, Geeves, MeltBanana, Bender235, Elwikipedista, El C, Tom, Perceval, Mdd, PaulHanson, Philip Cross, Bbsrock,
, BDD, Priceyeah, Adrian.benko, Lucienve, Before
My Ken, Wikiklrsc, GregorB, DocRuby, Marudubshinki, Rjwilmsi, Mick gold, Tyoda, Stilgar135, Mbutts, Ground Zero, Quuxplusone,
GangofOne, Mikalra, Peter G Werner, RussBot, Rowan Moore, Bamjd3d, Xihr, BitQuirky, SpuriousQ, O^O, Neilbeach, Mark O'Sullivan,
Welsh, Petri Krohn, Alexburnsdisinfo, Jonathan.s.kt, Miwunderlich, SmackBot, Hkhenson, Hux, Lestrade, Bwithh, BowChickaNeowNeow, Chris the speller, Colonies Chris, MaxSem, Mr.Z-man, Thomas Connor, Kendrick7, JzG, Norm mit, MiniRSVP, Cumulus Clouds,
Cydebot, Avaya1, Waacstats, KConWiki, LorenzoB, Beagel, Saganaki-, Goldsztajn, STBot, RJBurkhart3, Maurice Carbonaro, JeersonM,
J Readings, Vkt183, GrahamHardy, Hepcat65, Larklight, Macdonald-ross, Int21h, Fullobeans, Sphilbrick, Arsenic99, Danausplexippus,
All Hallows Wraith, Der Golem, Cherjam, Doprendek, Egmontaz, Good Olfactory, Addbot, AkhtaBot, OlEnglish, Zorrobot, Luckas-bot,
Yobot, Jackie, AnomieBOT, Xqbot, GrouchoBot, DKCwiki, FrescoBot, Surv1v4l1st, Edwardito, LucienBOT, MikeGoodman59, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, Yelenickj, , 2tuntony, StatPak, Helpful Pixie Bot, CitationCleanerBot, Smmmaniruzzaman, Ninmacer20,
VIAFbot, Aloneinthewild, Inter&anthro, Monkbot and Anonymous: 75
Michio Kaku Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michio%20Kaku?oldid=634199312 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, The Anome, Amillar, Fnielsen, XJaM, DopeshJustin, TakuyaMurata, Skysmith, Ronz, Julesd, Sir Paul, Jiang, Reddi, N-true, Jay, WhisperToMe, Ramonthomas, Northgrove, RedWolf, Ajd, Timrollpickering, Webhat, David Gerard, Average Earthman, Gamaliel, Nomad, FriedMilk,
Jason Quinn, Wiki Wikardo, Neilc, Isidore, D3, Sigfpe, Gzuckier, Kuralyov, Speedeep, Lumidek, Ukexpat, Jfpierce, D6, Freakofnurture, EugeneZelenko, Avriette, Vsmith, Florian Blaschke, Cyclopia, Jwalling, Kwamikagami, Shanes, Brainy J, Tubachuck, Alansohn,
Guy Harris, Cjthellama, SlimVirgin, Hoary, VivaEmilyDavies, Rianjs, H2g2bob, Bsadowski1, Alai, Dismas, Falcorian, Marasmusine,
Velho, Jak86, Woohookitty, LOL, Kosher Fan, Orz, Wikiklrsc, Damicatz, GregorB, SDC, Waldir, Emerson7, Mandarax, SqueakBox,
Jan.bannister, Graham87, Cuchullain, BD2412, Calicocat, Rjwilmsi, Angusmclellan, Section31, XP1, Changcho, Samaraphile, Yamamoto
Ichiro, Kasparov, Billjeerys, FlaBot, Ageo020, Latka, M0nster0, Deyyaz, YurikBot, Huw Powell, RussBot, Anders.Warga, Newmac,
Buzzert, The1physicist, Romans1423, Thane, Romanc19s, Mipadi, DJ Bungi, Hwasungmars, Jpbowen, Moe Epsilon, Rwalker, Cardsplayer4life, Wknight94, Breandan u c, Takethemud, Capt Jim, Calaschysm, Bhumiya, Ageekgal, Theda, Markscpu, Tsiaojian lee, NatsukiGirl, SmackBot, Musungu jim, GaiJin, ZeroEgo, Kintetsubualo, GaeusOctavius, Aberrantgeek, Bluebot, Norum, Mattythewhite,
Crazilla, Miguel1626, OrphanBot, Rrburke, Savidan, Dreadstar, Tvs emory, LGNR, Kukini, Will Beback, Drhundertwasser, Nishkid64,
Wideangle, Giovanni33, Kuru, Guat6, Slightly, JHunterJ, Grumpyyoungman01, Astuishin, Anoyce, Kanon6996, Ryulong, Novangelis,
Malomeat, MikeWazowski, HelloAnnyong, Grblomerth, Jayson23, Joseph Solis in Australia, JoeBot, Aeternus, Stereorock, Tawkerbot2,
Wolfdog, Tonyhansen, Ale jrb, NickW557, Myasuda, C33, Cydebot, Matrix61312, Studerby, Quibik, Dougweller, DumbBOT, Dragonare82, Docmgmt, Thijs!bot, Qwyrxian, Markus Pssel, Headbomb, JustAGal, Seaphoto, Voyaging, Danny lost, Darklilac, ClubCX,
Credema, Tillman, Michio kaku, Rico402, Wl219, Robertholtz, MikeLynch, Deective, MER-C, Michiokaku, Nhlarry, Db099221,
Nicholas Tan, Hamsterlopithecus, Demophon, Lawyerdude, Zengar Zombolt, PacicBoy, Bothar, Nyq, Wikidudeman, Zerocity, Number301, KConWiki, Cgingold, IkonicDeath, Wigners friend, Heliac, Patronik, Cocytus, MartinBot, Kefka691, Sagabot, Jarus, R'n'B,
Levin-bj84, Johnpacklambert, Crispincowan, RJBurkhart3, J.delanoy, Patentlawyer, Snowfalcon cu, Maurice Carbonaro, Leandar, Seanhud, Katalaveno, Naniwako, Belovedfreak, Anchovee, CF90, Jeremyjensen, Caninedoubletake, VolkovBot, Johnfos, Mphillips2005,
TXiKiBoT, Jpcohoon, Mosmof, JhsBot, Rairden, Abdullais4u, Bentley4, Jamroga, Gabrielsleitao, Vchimpanzee, The Devils Advocate,
Seraphita, SieBot, Trackinfo, Simaloko, Lightmouse, Jasonfward, Aliaalhamid, Ascidian, Jma2120, StewartMH, RS1900, Twinsday, Martarius, ClueBot, WurmWoode, Bobathon71, All Hallows Wraith, Cube lurker, Yoshi Canopus, Ottawahitech, Strudo318, Solar-Wind,
Auntof6, Wmlschlotterer, Pilotakeover, Denen, Fire 55, AndyFielding, Leroyinc, Marine7, Islandia(at)Home, Timeportal, David Chiam,
Johnuniq, XLinkBot, Dthomsen8, SlimX, NellieBly, Anticipation of a New Lovers Arrival, The, Addbot, AkhtaBot, DA19, Theaura,
Tyw7, Ben Wraith, Fermi08, Lightbot, OlEnglish, Totorotroll, Starburst997, Zorrobot, Moocowsrule, Jarble, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot,
Themfromspace, AnomieBOT, Cptnono, FEAR6655, Glenfarclas, Mugginsx, Materialscientist, The High Fin Sperm Whale, Citation bot,
Lolololololro, Quebec99, Sellyme, Mlpearc, Gap9551, AbigailAbernathy, Julle, GrouchoBot, Armbrust, Omnipaedista, Kylelovesyou,
Moxy, Forral, Gordonrox24, Shadowjams, A. di M., Pauswa, Dougofborg, RightCowLeftCoast, CES1596, FrescoBot, Stefano89, MeddlingScribe, Bjrn Ro, Endofskull, Drakken98, Citation bot 1, Dorval28, Pinethicket, The Egyptian Liberal, Wikibetter, LittleWink,
Vehement, TPee, Olibroman, RedBot, MastiBot, Fixer88, , Intelligentelf, Tjmoel, Ifritnile, SkyMachine, TobeBot, Trappist the monk,
Adamgajlewicz, DriveMySol, 122589423KM, Sirjohnhenry, BBC Cookoo, IRISZOOM, Ripchip Bot, DoRD, Ceram89, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Trinkinator99, JaeDyWolf, Tommy2010, Italia2006, Hhhippo, ZroBot, Illegitimate Barrister, Sarsbar, Fernirm, ,
Will.perdikakis, Ewa5050, Seniortrend, Wayne Slam, David J Johnson, L1A1 FAL, L Kensington, Shrigley, Globalreach1, CatFiggy, Scientic29, ChuispastonBot, Vilagos, RockMagnetist, Ninjalectual, DASHBotAV, Hmt3, Xanchester, ClueBot NG, Engineer92, Cmjdm,
Innity Warrior, MelbourneStar, Krbolton90, AveVeritas, Tubzi, Jpaulanderson, WikiPuppies, Danim, Beorhtwulf, Helpful Pixie Bot,
Bibcode Bot, BG19bot, Juro2351, Tabbycas, Bienebear, Rakagni, Rossetti29, Cadiomals, 23haveblue, Eternal Prince of Persia, Brad7777,
Michellekaku, Jayeshhybd, BattyBot, Nilagia, Enazaz1, Foxhound012, Khazar2, Dobie80, Jfgoofy, Rosemariereed63, Lugia2453, VIAFbot, Kevin12xd, IPhonak, Nsrpwstxz0, HCK12345, Itnairem, Backendgaming, Arrowtongu, Howie3709, Dwiggins21, E3, DaleandBill,
Vinny Lam, Leglish, Linuxjava, Wataimi, Justinrleung, Joerivera1217, Joe6Pack, Nbcomix, Monkbot, Jonarnold1985, Testcount and
Anonymous: 412
452
Sergey Kapitsa Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey%20Kapitsa?oldid=624585120 Contributors: Dale Arnett, JackofOz, Ghirlandajo, Woohookitty, Will Orrick, Urod, GregorB, TexasAndroid, Fram, GiantSnowman, Thijs!bot, Phanerozoic, Athkalani, Connormah,
WWGB, VolkovBot, Cezarika1, Sk741, VZakharov, Gabal, All Hallows Wraith, MessinaRagazza, Addbot, Bonye, Greyhood, Yobot,
AnomieBOT, Buttery austral, Aliotra, Masterknighted, Full-date unlinking bot, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, ZroBot, JeanneMish, Brandmeister, Bob305, Amp71, Allecher, Melberg, Henry McClean, Vgirly, Paoloplava, Makecat-bot, Kondormari, ArmbrustBot and Anonymous: 13
Daria Khaltourina Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daria%20Khaltourina?oldid=629018626 Contributors: Bgwhite, Miblo, MaNeMeBasat, Sadads, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Phanerozoic, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Mr. Stradivarius, Drmies, Ottawahitech, Piledhigheranddeeper, AnomieBOT, Citation bot, INeverCry, Elekhh, Yunshui, EmausBot, Antonu, Satualm, ClueBot NG, Lord Chamberlain, the
Renowned, Snotbot, BG19bot, Bmusician, Rusnak1987, Northamerica1000, Rigamarolekids, Klilidiplomus, Aloneinthewild and Anonymous: 5
Anne Lise Kjaer Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20Lise%20Kjaer?oldid=615833448 Contributors: Paul A, Rich Farmbrough, Woohookitty, Ground Zero, SmackBot, Magioladitis, Waacstats, Rettetast, WereSpielChequers, XLinkBot, Chzz, Yobot, Libby
norman, RjwilmsiBot, Werieth, Medeis, Soaholm, Kgurvis, BattyBot and Anonymous: 2
Andrey Korotayev Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey%20Korotayev?oldid=626250067 Contributors: Michael Hardy, Bearcat,
David Gerard, Bender235, Kelly Ramsey, SteinbDJ, Ghirlandajo, Bobrayner, Woohookitty, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Kalogeropoulos, Chris
Capoccia, Alex Bakharev, Welsh, SmackBot, Delldot, Kintetsubualo, Hmains, Afasmit, JesseRafe, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Robosh,
CmdrObot, Cydebot, Thijs!bot, Phanerozoic, Athkalani, Korotayev, Magioladitis, Waacstats, David Eppstein, Schmloof, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, KylieTastic, Squids and Chips, VolkovBot, AlnoktaBOT, Notionis, McM.bot, Nihil novi, France3470, Martarius, Niceguyedc,
Auntof6, Masterpiece2000, Excirial, Athkalani2000, Addbot, LaaknorBot, Lightbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Ptbotgourou, Amirobot,
KamikazeBot, Citation bot, LilHelpa, Xqbot, DSisyphBot, Rusnak1961, GrouchoBot, Omnipaedista, Erik9, FrescoBot, LucienBOT,
BenzolBot, Jonesey95, Tom.Reding, RedBot, Elena Emanova, FoxBot, Oracleofottawa, Mishae, RjwilmsiBot, Ripchip Bot, EmausBot,
WikitanvirBot, Tamanrasset444, ZroBot, Mutamarrid, ChuispastonBot, Athkalany, BG19bot, Rusnak1987, Razboynik, Lihoborka1,
Kiberj2393, YFdyh-bot, Hamelen and Anonymous: 109
Thorkil Kristensen Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorkil%20Kristensen?oldid=604032880 Contributors: Deb, Thorwald, SmackBot, AllanJenkins, Robosh, Joseph Solis in Australia, Cydebot, Dancter, Alaibot, Dr. Blofeld, Lilac Soul, Aboutmovies, Martinkrusemrk,
Martinkruse07, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, RjwilmsiBot, VIAFbot and Anonymous: 3
Ray Kurzweil Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray%20Kurzweil?oldid=634830034 Contributors: Paul Drye, Vicki Rosenzweig, Espen, Enchanter, William Avery, SimonP, DavidLevinson, Olivier, Stevertigo, Hfastedge, Frecklefoot, Edward, Michael Hardy, Lquilter,
Tregoweth, DavidWBrooks, ZoeB, J-Wiki, Cherkash, Timwi, Rainer Wasserfuhr, Ike9898, Buridan, Northgrove, Paranoid, ChrisO, Tualha, Academic Challenger, Desmay, Rebrane, Aetheling, Alphaxer0, MikeCapone, Rolot, Stirling Newberry, Xyzzyva, WiseWoman,
Orpheus, Acampbell70, Bnn, Ds13, Everyking, Ssd, Fjarlq, Gzornenplatz, Tagishsimon, Edcolins, Avaragado, Chowbok, Utcursch,
Alexf, Gdm, Beland, Piotrus, Tubedogg, Nickptar, Asbestos, Robin klein, Grm wnr, Eliazar, Chmod007, ELApro, D6, Mattman723,
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453
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Jaron Lanier Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaron%20Lanier?oldid=629456847 Contributors: Edward, Shyamal, Tregoweth, Hyacinth, Tlogmer, Altenmann, Babbage, David Gerard, Ancheta Wis, Jacoplane, Everyking, Beardo, Neilc, Lockeownzj00, Paulscrawl,
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Master, Mike Schwartz, Viriditas, Seth Finkelstein, PochWiki, JesseHogan, Diego Moya, Refux, Kocio, Hu, Jtrainor, BDD, Kinema,
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Khazar2, VIAFbot, Duckduckstop, Brttb, Deuxentre, Altomaxx, Clover00542 and Anonymous: 151
Ervin Lszl Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ervin%20L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3?oldid=626248034 Contributors: Joy, Bearcat,
Goethean, Alensha, Btphelps, Eep, CALR, QTxVi4bEMRbrNqOorWBV, Mdd, Dmitry Brant, Rjwilmsi, FlaBot, YurikBot, KissL, Mccready, Clocke, Garion96, SmackBot, McGeddon, Masoninman, KyraVixen, Outriggr, Ashpaa, Escarbot, Kuteni, D1doherty, Waacstats,
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William Lederer Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Lederer?oldid=608506142 Contributors: Dominus, Phil Boswell,
Rlquall, Klemen Kocjancic, Xezbeth, AKGhetto, TheParanoidOne, Geo Swan, Hu, Phyllis1753, Woohookitty, FlaBot, RussBot, Kirill Lokshin, Anomalocaris, Tony1, Stevouk, SmackBot, Impaciente, Hmains, ERcheck, RFD, RJBurkhart, John, Mingus ah um, Haus,
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Dancerexpress, Kumioko (renamed), Foofbun, Addbot, Yobot, FrescoBot, Blargh29, Aardvarkzz, 42and5, ZroBot, VIAFbot and Anonymous: 14
James Lovelock Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Lovelock?oldid=633451408 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Kpjas, Vicki
Rosenzweig, Mav, Youssefsan, Schewek, R Lowry, Infrogmation, Lexor, Gabbe, Lquilter, William M. Connolley, Jdforrester, Wik,
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Anonymous: 180
Archibald Low Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald%20Low?oldid=588878462 Contributors: PBS, MaGioZal, DragonySixtyseven, Mdd, GraemeLeggett, Gaius Cornelius, JLaTondre, SmackBot, Hmains, Greenshed, STL Dilettante, RMHED, Iridescent,
454
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Mina Loy Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mina%20Loy?oldid=621029832 Contributors: Gh, Smack, Charles Matthews, Wik,
Gamaliel, JillandJack, Tothebarricades.tk, D6, Rich Farmbrough, Carptrash, Causa sui, Prsephone1674, Filiocht, Lokifer, Conny, Chino,
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Cadan001, Fightinphils2, VIAFbot, Cmwalter, Gbeey, Ouroborosian, OccultZone, Vanished user 31lk45mnzx90 and Anonymous: 42
Elza Maalouf Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elza%20Maalouf?oldid=632209872 Contributors: Kku, Woohookitty, Rjwilmsi, Unforgiven24, GoodDay, Kevinkells, Will Beback, Robosh, Cydebot, Waacstats, Aboutmovies, Gbawden, ImageRemovalBot, Dawlco,
Tassedethe, Yobot, FrescoBot, RjwilmsiBot, Tabby2, BG19bot and Anonymous: 1
Tom Mandel (futurist) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Mandel%20(futurist)?oldid=632534725 Contributors: HarryHenryGebel, Vanished user 19794758563875, Gaius Cornelius, MCB, SmackBot, Joaquin Murietta, ARK, GoodDay, Disavian, Violncello,
Christian Roess, Waacstats, Macevoy, Sagabot, Lotje, RjwilmsiBot, Helpful Pixie Bot, VIAFbot, Malerooster and Anonymous: 7
Marshall McLuhan Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall%20McLuhan?oldid=634620955 Contributors: Matthew Woodcraft,
The Cunctator, Mav, Bryan Derksen, The Anome, Ted Longstae, Little guru, SimonP, Merphant, Modemac, KF, DennisDaniels,
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Cnilep, Koenraad Cl, Smobri, Triwbe, AlexWaelde, Oxymoron83, Curious melroy, Android Mouse Bot 3, Kneedles, Maelgwnbot, Wetwarexpert, ImageRemovalBot, Martarius, Morninj, ClueBot, SummerWithMorons, Mcluhanprophecy, DFRussia, AuxBuissonets, LAgurl,
All Hallows Wraith, Gawaxay, Mild Bill Hiccup, Bwark, Trivialist, 718 Bot, DragonBot, ChrysJazz, ZHUMAS214, Estirabot, Rhododendrites, Nguyenmas214, M.O.X, Elizium23, Newsroom hierarchies, Thingg, BobJones77, Apparition11, Yellow-bellied sapsucker, CartoonRabbit, XLinkBot, C. A. Russell, SilvonenBot, Judithtzgerald, Alexius08, MagnesianPhoenix, MystBot, Albambot, Klundarr, Addbot, Zapplepie, Willking1979, Felipetesc, DimisNasis, Lucy8, CanadianLinuxUser, Kos42, MrOllie, LaaknorBot, NailPuppy, Jgurreri,
SpBot, LinkFA-Bot, Cola cola colo, Lightbot, OlEnglish, GoneAFK, Iawas, Luckas-bot, Yobot, OrgasGirl, FactoryBoy, Roltz, Tcp1234a,
Forcewhispers, AnomieBOT, Nietzschekeen, Havemeyer, Profangelo, Ulric1313, ArthurBot, AndrewFW, Xqbot, Rais229, BerryMAS214,
Jenni gmas229, Simanicmas229, Zviki1, Personalcomputer, GrouchoBot, Omnipaedista, Papercutbiology, Moxy, AlanNShapiro, Shadowjams, Dan6hell66, Datandrews, MarkkuP, Iamasalamander, LOUCHAN, Vicharam, Jun Nijo, MMBBTT, VegasScorpion, Drinkybird,
A8UDI, Crysb, Zebraspot, Natinja, TheBearPaw, RjwilmsiBot, Skadinadace, Javaweb, EmausBot, ImprovingWiki, WikitanvirBot, Fldlt, EclecticEnnui, Virbonusdicendiperitus, Cobaltcigs, Gilbert Lapointe, The Alzabo, VonDrais, George Dance, BelindaEdgeworth, Taylor.v.berry, ChuispastonBot, Questforneutrality, T. Matthew Phillips, ClueBot NG, Matthewvetter, Helpful Pixie Bot, Bireszter, Gase12,
Csortanb, Detriment626, Wassenberg, Xtqfh, Juxtapozzz, Wvchick, Bosysivka, Turnofphrase, Imsxby, Nprutzer, AlexRUofT, Marcoadria,
Jeremy112233, SashiRolls, Jaandier, Maxronnersjo, JYBot, Winkelvi, ShelSingh, DevinLeeO, Dexbot, Fromthevaults, Cerabot, JaanBook,
VIAFbot, Duro6, RBlackmore69, Normash, PedroPola, Ahmed J Al-Ubaidi, Filedelinkerbot, Mr.MarshallMan72 and Anonymous: 545
Erwin McManus Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin%20McManus?oldid=626994205 Contributors: Delirium, Dimadick, Brian
Kendig, MarkS, Mrholybrain, Doctorkb, Mandarax, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Eleazar, Sherool, Hornplease, Welsh, Christiandude, Typer 525,
SmackBot, Threeafterthree, Djchuang, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Taram, Mellery, Cydebot, DumbBOT, Alaibot, Brian0324, WWB, Waacstats, Lyonscc, Skier Dude, Kraftlos, DaveDV, Nihiletnihil, MOPmember, SwedishRockKid, ErwinMc, FactSeekR, Falcon8765, Somethingwitty, Countrysweet, Chadl2, Xnatedawgx, JJ Williams, GBHeron, Blue Shrimp, Gwguey, Astans5759, DumZiBoT, XLinkBot,
Simonmaltz, , Look2008, Good Olfactory, Benweatherhead, Jb0007, Spokemain, Daystrips, Slivermanderer, Usernow, Iknowitnow, Awakenhumanity, Yobot, Citation bot, Globalx, Eagles247, Full-date unlinking bot, Drakyous, Difu Wu, RjwilmsiBot, In ictu oculi,
Tomasmann2010, Kierstens Rhapsody, Alisahduran, Hannakoenig, BG19bot, Jfhutson, Breadied, Christidwell, Eb7473, Tinytim1961,
Spirit of Eagle, VIAFbot, Joelschnell, Habronattus and Anonymous: 60
455
Danila Medvedev Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danila%20Medvedev?oldid=627082596 Contributors: Rainer Wasserfuhr, Paranoid, Bender235, Woohookitty, Benbest, DiamonDie, Rjwilmsi, Joe Decker, Vald, Michael C Price, Fayenatic london, Blacksun1942,
Magioladitis, Waacstats, SockPuppetForTomruen, DumZiBoT, Addbot, Volucer, Ironholds, Luckas-bot, Zhitelew, Yobot, AnomieBOT,
Pereant antiburchius, Sandegud, RjwilmsiBot, Grungobungo, ChuispastonBot, BattyBot and Anonymous: 4
Theodore Modis Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore%20Modis?oldid=633546989 Contributors: Edward, Michael Devore,
Bovlb, Piotrus, Kelly Ramsey, Rajah, JadziaLover, RJFJR, Gene Nygaard, Commander Keane, M Alan Kazlev, Rjwilmsi, ABot, RussBot,
Stormbay, Muralidharanl, A314268, Bill, Brentt, SmackBot, Steve carlson, Pgk, Khukri, Robosh, Waacstats, MetsBot, DGG, Sagabot,
TimothyRias, NittyG, Coachaxis, Ironboy11, Slatteryz, RjwilmsiBot, VIAFbot and Anonymous: 8
Richard Moran (author) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Moran%20(author)?oldid=623678565 Contributors: Djsasso,
Iceb, Joe Decker, Bgwhite, Whitejay251, Nikkimaria, SmackBot, Robocoder, Sumahoy, DIDouglass, Brucemacbruce, Pmussler,
NickW557, Cydebot, Miller17CU94, Fireice, Waacstats, Sagabot, Just Jim Dandy, GlassFET, Richard Moran, JabbaTheBot, Loren.wilton,
Romanscribe, Wyndairn, Tassedethe, Yobot, AnomieBOT, FrescoBot, Mean as custard, RjwilmsiBot, Ramoran, NODROG07, Gdmw,
BattyBot, VIAFbot, Jmval, Stuzeemedia, Ao123, AJ!!739113 and Anonymous: 20
Hans Moravec Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Moravec?oldid=623003115 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Edward, Michael
Hardy, Dominus, David Latapie, Gutza, Wernher, HarryHenryGebel, Demerzel, Pmcray, ShaunMacPherson, Wolfkeeper, Dmb000006,
Ssd, Enkrates, D3, Sam Hocevar, Binesh@hex21.com, D6, Constantine, Jonathan Drain, Viriditas, Jag123, Famousdog, Andrewpmk,
Schaefer, SqueakBox, Graham87, A Train, Rjwilmsi, Nihiltres, Ewlyahoocom, Allander, Chobot, YurikBot, MGodwin, RussBot, Nicke
L, Varano, Marketdiamond, JDspeeder1, SmackBot, Imzadi1979, alyosha, GoogleMe, Rsquid, Jaksmata, Alexisb, CmdrObot, Thijs!bot,
Gioto, Jwisser, Wookiepedian, Waacstats, KConWiki, Timmy12, STBot, RJBurkhart3, Gardener of Geda, Jamelan, Alcmaeonid, CharlesGillingham, Martarius, Editor2020, DumZiBoT, XLinkBot, Pgallert, Addbot, Lightbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Goodmorningworld, Omnipaedista, Pereant antiburchius, Altdotme, Samwb123, Full-date unlinking bot, Compvis, Rebekah Hamrick, RjwilmsiBot, WikitanvirBot,
Wingman4l7, Vanished 1850, ClueBot NG, Shajure, Scampioen, Quiname, Madavloc, VIAFbot, Monkbot and Anonymous: 41
Gerry Morgan Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry%20Morgan?oldid=616423789 Contributors: Mdd, BD2412, SmackBot, Hu12,
Fouadbajwa, Chris uvic, Waacstats, Altzinn, DumZiBoT, Yobot, Soc8675309, Dewritech and Anonymous: 4
Takuya Murata Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takuya%20Murata?oldid=606652539 Contributors: Quadell, Viriditas, Canadian
Paul, MChew, ExcaliburPrime1, Nekohakase, Alaibot, Waacstats, Meadowtsukuru, Yobot, ChrisGualtieri and Anonymous: 1
John Naisbitt Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Naisbitt?oldid=622849881 Contributors: Rsabbatini, GTBacchus, Kingturtle, Zoicon5, Xtreambar, Diagonalsh, Xezbeth, Bender235, S.K., Mike Schwartz, Mrzaius, Leonardo Alves, Rjwilmsi, Agrumer, Ccson,
FlaBot, Antilog, Babel41, RussBot, Shell Kinney, Alex Bakharev, Harro, Tony1, Otto Normalverbraucher, SmackBot, Verne Equinox,
DoctorW, SashatoBot, Rexhammock, Kuru, Merchbow, JHunterJ, Rpab, Mudgen, CmdrObot, Ale jrb, Cydebot, PamD, Carolmooredc,
Spencer, Eurobas, JamesBWatson, Ccxsen, Papaverite, ***Ria777, Waacstats, Prestonmcconkie, Sagabot, Johnpacklambert, JayJasper,
Goelam, Borisyeltsin, Jamelan, Twilightsunshine, FreeTruman, Pengyanan, Oglebayjoy, Snocrates, Masterpiece2000, Dana boomer, JackMullins, Thanatoyz, Addbot, Some jerk on the Internet, SpBot, Lightbot, Luckas-bot, DKong27, Calmer Waters, Full-date unlinking
bot, Crysb, RjwilmsiBot, Alph Bot, WikitanvirBot, ZroBot, Freilernaisbitt, Monterey Bay, Erik Lnnrot, Williamsomersetjones, ChrisGualtieri, DevinLeeO and Anonymous: 29
Nicholas Negroponte Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas%20Negroponte?oldid=634628388 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Eloquence, Olivier, Edward, Sannse, Jiang, Mydogategodshat, Viajero, Flambergius, Wernher, Bevo, Johnleemk, Rossumcapek, Osfameron,
Stirling Newberry, Sina, Jacoplane, Everyking, Varlaam, Viksit, MusiCitizen, Nova77, Metlin, Jawed, CanSpice, Ttyre, Mschlindwein,
Kevyn, D6, H0riz0n, Shermozle, Bender235, Clement Cherlin, Martey, Slicky, Cherlin, Erickaakcire, BSveen, Alansohn, Ninio, Juri,
Wiccan Quagga, Ksnow, VivaEmilyDavies, Mcsee, Dorit, Stefanomione, Kbdank71, KYPark, Jtmichcock, Chobot, YurikBot, NTBot,
RussBot, FrenchIsAwesome, Markpeak, Gaius Cornelius, Jugander, Madcoverboy, Arawn, Fgrose, Square87, PTSE, Mateo LeFou, Tom
Morris, Nationalparks, SmackBot, Classiclms, Davepape, Pollox, Sakhalinrf, Zyxw, Eskimbot, Teeeim, Gilliam, Slaniel, Ohnoitsjamie,
Autarch, ARK, Pegua, Sumahoy, Tbolende, Benjamin Mako Hill, Threeafterthree, Rshangle, Yorker, Stevenmc, Mallaccaos, Ryulong,
Hu12, JMK, JForget, Randhirreddy, Cydebot, Aristophanes68, Kozuch, Acmcie, Thijs!bot, Emyr42, Grow, Davewho2, Pipedreamergrey,
Artist In Flight, CharlieNisser, IDD55, Meeples, Nynaeve22, Hroulf, Waacstats, Pvmoutside, KConWiki, Tedster212, DerHexer, Qohen,
AVRS, Sagabot, Toyota prius 2, CommonsDelinker, RJBurkhart3, Negroponte, Senu, McSly, Ryan Postlethwaite, DadaNeem, Moukas,
James Kidd, Alienlifeformz, TXiKiBoT, Skopelos-slim, GidsR, Katimawan2005, Xenovatis, Nabeelo, SieBot, Billninio, Oxymoron83,
Lightmouse, Djadvance, Martarius, ClueBot, VsBot, Aashish.59, VandalCruncher, Rockfang, No3mie, Badmoon36, Siddhisaraiya, Deannerz, Addbot, Tassedethe, Lightbot, Zorrobot, Agora, Legobot, Yobot, Themfromspace, AnomieBOT, Doristein, Cho229, Ulric1313,
Erud, Panthos304, Omnipaedista, MGA73bot, DrilBot, Dmrcambridge, Micheldene, Full-date unlinking bot, Edsu, Sean864, ZWSteinberg, RjwilmsiBot, Luiscarlosrubino, Kevjonesin, ClueBot NG, Neukoln, IronOak, GermanUser2045, Chnomblis, Khazar2, DevinLeeO,
VIAFbot, Jazlink, Concord hioz and Anonymous: 105
Richard Neville (writer) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Neville%20(writer)?oldid=623993448 Contributors: JackofOz, Dunks58, Tirin, Philip Cross, Ianblair23, LoopZilla, Kgrr, Tyrenius, NickelShoe, SmackBot, Ian Rose, Colonies Chris, Lester, SilkTork, Dl2000, Treybien, Casliber, Pemboid, RobotG, Misarxist, Sagabot, Miroj, Sterry2607, YSSYguy, ClueBot, Kathleen.wright5, Old
Aylesburian, Lightbot, Yobot, Eduen, Marcus1979, Srich32977, BorisAndDoris, Helpful Pixie Bot, The Banner Turbo, VIAFbot, Fpr 00
and Anonymous: 15
Peter Newman (environmental scientist) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Newman%20(environmental%20scientist)
?oldid=622444338 Contributors: Mark, Ww, Robert Weemeyer, Adam McMaster, Klemen Kocjancic, D6, Longhair, Mdd, Solarcaine, Gene Nygaard, SpNeo, Vclaw, Wavelength, SatuSuro, Emersoni, Chriswaterguy, Jonathan.s.kt, SmackBot, Gnangarra, Ericbritton,
RJBurkhart, Will Beback, Novel-rsts, FatalError, Ian peters, CmdrObot, Teratornis, Ebyabe, Demophon, Waacstats, Sagabot, DadaNeem,
Inwind, Johnfos, Christylizzie, Eyedubya, Jacketman03, Denisarona, Dev3a, Tide rolls, Fightcorruption, Greenwashwatch, Time4this, Miracleworker5263, Crusoe8181, Elekhh, RjwilmsiBot, Donner60, Helpful Pixie Bot, ChrisGualtieri, VIAFbot and Anonymous: 11
Ghanem Nuseibeh Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanem%20Nuseibeh?oldid=620225855 Contributors: Paul W, Klemen Kocjancic, FeanorStar7, SmackBot, The Gnome, Cydebot, Conquistador2k6, Nick Number, Waacstats, Antidotto, Addbot, Aaroncrick, Paalappoo, Ghanemnuseibeh, RjwilmsiBot, John of Reading, Mar4d, Crispulop and Anonymous: 6
David Passig Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Passig?oldid=615420476 Contributors: Alan Liefting, D6, BD2412, Avalon,
SmackBot, SMasters, Neddyseagoon, Epbr123, Waacstats, Fabrictramp, Rettetast, UnCatBot, TravisAF, Addbot, Yobot, Reenem,
Watchthat, Drpassig, AvicBot and Anonymous: 5
456
Aurelio Peccei Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelio%20Peccei?oldid=631049360 Contributors: Rmhermen, SimonP, Edward,

Fruggo, Gidonb, Timrollpickering, Neutrality, Rich Farmbrough, CeeGee, Stefanomione, MC MasterChef, Vegaswikian, Fred Bradstadt,
Saint-djc, Alma Pater, Korny O'Near, Rockero, Meegs, Attilios, SmackBot, Hmains, TimBentley, Jeekc, RJBurkhart, Will Beback, Ian
Spackman, Ken Gallager, DonCalo, Cydebot, Thijs!bot, Nick Number, C6H12O6, .anacondabot, Geniac, Waacstats, STBot, EH101,
PDFbot, Rougieux, Typ932, Monegasque, ClueBot, Alexbot, Vegas949, Addbot, Luckas-bot, Jean.julius, Materialscientist, Brightgalrs,
Omnipaedista, Takako0227, Trust Is All You Need, DefaultsortBot, Full-date unlinking bot, RjwilmsiBot, ZroBot, SporkBot, TYelliot,
ClueBot NG, Wikifreak2000, Helpful Pixie Bot, Mark Arsten, ChrisGualtieri, VIAFbot, Trackteur and Anonymous: 26
Mark Pesce Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Pesce?oldid=611061557 Contributors: Mpesce, Giorgiop5, Kwamikagami,
BenM, Angr, Woohookitty, Sburke, JFG, Marudubshinki, Graham87, Kane5187, Rjwilmsi, Gareth McCaughan, Million Little Gods,
Mccready, Jpbowen, Morgan Leigh, Wknight94, Karora, SmackBot, Davepape, Hmains, Lentisco, Gregoryptm, Ryulong, Kencf0618,
CmdrObot, Cydebot, Lossenelin, 3Easy, Deective, Skomorokh, Snakecake, VoABot II, Waacstats, Steven Walling, KConWiki, Acmilan10italia, Ethel the aardvark, Sfmammamia, Martarius, ClueBot, Der Golem, XLinkBot, Kbdankbot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Nagualdesign,
FrescoBot, Adam9389, Marcapneb, Full-date unlinking bot, RjwilmsiBot, GoingBatty, Robbiemorrison, BG19bot, TBMforeverNowhere,
VIAFbot, RhondaFree and Anonymous: 19
Orrin H. Pilkey Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orrin%20H.%20Pilkey?oldid=603267684 Contributors: Edward, AnonMoos, Ukexpat, Vsmith, Tabletop, NawlinWiki, LaszloWalrus, RonCram, Closedmouth, SmackBot, Colonies Chris, Ale jrb, DumbBOT, Alaibot,
Epbr123, Elhector, Waacstats, Rgoodermote, Childhoodsend, MrChupon, Keilana, Jccort, Step37, ClueBot, Boing! said Zebedee, Excirial,
TheRedPenOfDoom, Plehar, Wowiamcool108, Fish131313, Thatguyint, Glane23, Yobot, Materialscientist, NorwalkJames, Rlhune, HJ
Mitchell, Calmer Waters, , Clarkcj12, Suusion of Yellow, Stroppolo, TheArguer, MMS2013, Sharkpat, Thehawk14, Aeonx, CrazyNomnom, ClueBot NG, Helpful Pixie Bot, Opilkey, Peggyjones55, Ihatesherqueen, Hallows AG, Vincent Liu, Beaches2go, Callate, DanielTom
and Anonymous: 29
Fred Polak Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20Polak?oldid=628459252 Contributors: Mdd, Etacar11, Bluemoose, Ligtvoet,
FlaBot, SmackBot, Brossow, Commander Keane bot, Afasmit, Will Beback, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, A12n, Waacstats, Robert Daoust,
STBot, Ruudvanderhelm, Raptor66, SieBot, Addbot, Lightbot, Tekstman, Yobot, AnomieBOT, ThaddeusB, Omnipaedista, Abductive,
Vawedo, RjwilmsiBot, ATX-NL, Jecarterlolz, VIAFbot and Anonymous: 3
Faith Popcorn Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith%20Popcorn?oldid=627057510 Contributors: William Avery, Ronz, Jeq,
David Gerard, CSTAR, Discospinster, Uppland, Ashley Pomeroy, Sburke, Dmol, Markhoney, Korny O'Near, BlackAndy, T. Anthony,
SmackBot, New World Man, Suidafrikaan, Meskarune, Niczar, George100, CmdrObot, Mattisse, Pinaki ghosh, Postcard Cathy, Dsp13,
Waacstats, Froid, STBot, Hufeland, Mattnad, Robertknyc, JabbaTheBot, Blaireaux, Miniapolis, ImageRemovalBot, Afoxland, Mickand,
Jonathanmoyer, TFBCT1, Doniago, Yobot, Citation bot, Gotophilk, O2riorob, Talkcheap, Benchylunch, Full-date unlinking bot, RjwilmsiBot, ClueBot NG, Chagedorn1, Widr, Helpful Pixie Bot, VIAFbot and Anonymous: 30
Joanne Pransky Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanne%20Pransky?oldid=599860095 Contributors: HarryHenryGebel, Hadal,
Chowbok, Quadell, Klemen Kocjancic, RJFJR, Etacar11, Graham87, FreplySpang, Rjwilmsi, Peter Grey, Rbarreira, SmackBot, Bluebot, JonHarder, BillFlis, Cydebot, Nadav1, Missvain, Borgarde, T@nn, Waacstats, Hdynes, MetsBot, Guillaume2303, Yobot, Patchy1,
AvicAWB, Henriettapussycat and Anonymous: 4
Robert Prehoda Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Prehoda?oldid=621399455 Contributors: Auric, Mporter, Koavf,
SmackBot, Racklever, Waacstats, Technopat, RjwilmsiBot and Anonymous: 3
Donald Prell Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20Prell?oldid=630576840 Contributors: Klemen Kocjancic, Rwwww,
Hmains, Waacstats, Aboutmovies, Juliancolton, TallNapoleon, Bayscribe, Dictioneer, Sirswindon, Kumioko (renamed), Gene93k, Finn
Froding, Howenow, RjwilmsiBot, BattyBot, InigmaMan, Adirlanz and Anonymous: 4
Renzo Provinciali Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renzo%20Provinciali?oldid=597928585 Contributors: HarryHenryGebel,
Rjwilmsi, Gaius Cornelius, Golfcam, Retired username, Ian Spackman, Mwarf, Lemmio, Waacstats, Sagabot, MystBot, Addbot, Fulldate unlinking bot, RjwilmsiBot and VIAFbot
Paul Raskin Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Raskin?oldid=605612559 Contributors: Alan Liefting, Rjwilmsi, Joe Decker,
OrionK, JonHarder, Phuzion, Clarityend, Trialsanderrors, Ken Gallager, Alaibot, Sagabot, OStewart, J.delanoy, ClueBot, Addbot,
Tassedethe, OpenFuture, Jacksieber, Thecheesykid, Birdog3344, ChrisGualtieri, Comatmebro, YFdyh-bot, Tellusinstitute and Anonymous: 8
Ricardo Barretto Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo%20Barretto?oldid=570141303 Contributors: RussBot, KConWiki, Wilhelmina Will, Mstroh, AnomieBOT, 069952497a, Melonkelon, Rtbarretto and Professordad42
Raymond Spencer Rodgers Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20Spencer%20Rodgers?oldid=620304758 Contributors:
Alan Liefting, Woohookitty, Rjwilmsi, Wavelength, Pigman, SmackBot, Skb8721, Waacstats, Niceguyedc, Lightbot, RjwilmsiBot, GoingBatty, VIAFbot and Anonymous: 1
Michael A. Rogers Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20A.%20Rogers?oldid=596571669 Contributors: Rich Farmbrough,
Woohookitty, Malcolma, Moe Epsilon, SmackBot, Magioladitis, Waacstats, Johnpacklambert, Skier Dude, JL-Bot, Doc9871, Squandermania, OlEnglish, Jarble, Yobot, Gaius Claudius Nero, AnomieBOT, Citation bot, Green Cardamom, FrescoBot, Vchurch10014, Ramesh
Ramaiah, VIAFbot, Ruby Murray, Melonkelon and Anonymous: 2
Jol de Rosnay Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%ABl%20de%20Rosnay?oldid=596330186 Contributors: Magnus Manske,
Kku, HarryHenryGebel, Lumos3, Khalid hassani, Wmahan, Neutrality, Joyous!, Gene Nygaard, Staatenloser, Pruneau, Ground Zero, Korg,
Calvin08, Bluebot, Afasmit, HoodedMan, JoeBot, Thijs!bot, Waacstats, Sagabot, Mtys, Zil, Rdal333, MrR64, Addbot, Lightbot, Yobot,
Brooklyn Eagle, Omnipaedista, RjwilmsiBot, Slytherining Around32, VIAFbot, Francois Plaze and Anonymous: 10
Douglas Rushko Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas%20Rushkoff?oldid=630897761 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Magnus
Manske, Edward, Gabbe, Ylbissop, Fuzheado, Pedant17, Hyacinth, Sabbut, Nricardo, Bearcat, Goethean, Altenmann, David Hoeer,
JustinHall, Peter L, Muness, Joeboy, Tom harrison, Gamaliel, CryptoDerk, Loremaster, OwenBlacker, RayBirks, Dave Harris, Jackdavinci,
Kate, Pyrop, Vsmith, Xezbeth, Orlady, Remuel, Jcornelius, Guy Harris, Babajobu, Greenghoulie, GVOLTT, Astanhope, SqueakBox,
Rjwilmsi, Robotwisdom, Jweiss11, TheRingess, CalJW, President Rhapsody, Theotherjoey, Sherool, RussBot, Chris Capoccia, Bhoeble,
NawlinWiki, Paki.tv, Cardsplayer4life, Arthur Rubin, Back ache, SmackBot, Hmains, Keegan, Myxsoma, JohnKlax, Ourhomeplanet, Tborg, DantheCowMan, Metamagician3000, Will Beback, Guat6, Testerer, Grumpyyoungman01, Redeagle688, Noleander, Hu12, Cowicide, Sophruhig Vita@comcast.net, Bifgis, Zmjezhd, Cydebot, Cbsol, Ebyabe, JohnInDC, Thijs!bot, Cyberpuke, Missvain, Binarybits,
457
East718, Chesdovi, Am86, Rickard Vogelberg, Rettetast, Giachen, Johnpacklambert, Metrique, Bongomatic, Liquidizer, Ptedjamulia,
Datachurch, Graham Wellington, Martin451, Faulknerfan, ClueBot, Kai-Hendrik, Keyofz, All Hallows Wraith, Pwitham, Brewcrewer, Strjela, SchreiberBike, Atallcostsky, Jax 0677, Addbot, Mortense, Chzz, MuZemike, SesquipedalianOvertones, Aviados, Legobot, Yobot, The
Earwig, Patrick Nagel, Killiondude, Havemeyer, AloysiusLiliusBot, Bluerasberry, Joarsolo, Jerey Mall, Aukikco, BenzolBot, Rushko,
Skyerise, TobeBot, Anon1945, Lotje, Venndiagram8, RjwilmsiBot, Superosborne, John of Reading, H3llBot, OpenlibraryBot, SuperCmag,
Thejpro, EnglishTea4me, Helpful Pixie Bot, Jeraphine Gryphon, Onegibi, Laureanoralon, Karin Anker, Lucaswiman, VIAFbot, Andyfelts,
Crimsonbeard86, Bored pedant and Anonymous: 68
Phil Salin Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil%20Salin?oldid=630066040 Contributors: Academic Challenger, Mboverload, Rich
Farmbrough, Bender235, Pearle, Recury, Mandarax, Cornellrockey, RussBot, Greateco, ChrisHibbert, FrozenPurpleCube, SmackBot,
Hmains, Cayla, Rampart, Rockpocket, Alaibot, Dsp13, Dcooper, Waacstats, Sagabot, Aboutmovies, Martarius, Gnuish, Onthegogo,
RjwilmsiBot, Deltavelocity, Pergamit, BattyBot and Anonymous: 2
Marshall Savage Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall%20Savage?oldid=607884627 Contributors: Ams80, DavidWBrooks,
Alan Liefting, Wronkiew, TiMike, WpZurp, C1k3, A2Kar, CharlesC, RussBot, David Coutts, Caerwine, Nikkimaria, SmackBot, Dacoutts, Robosh, Mr.Z-bot, Dravecky, Yobot, Philippe Nicolai-Dashwood, Skyerise, RjwilmsiBot, Senator2029 and Anonymous: 6
Peter Schwartz (futurist) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Schwartz%20(futurist)?oldid=630441782 Contributors: Edward, Kusunose, Rajah, Danski14, Woohookitty, Rjwilmsi, RussBot, Epolk, LaszloWalrus, SmackBot, Bluebot, Catchpole, Colonies
Chris, Disavian, RCX, GheoFabulousDuk, CmdrObot, Juhachi, Cydebot, Dancter, Waacstats, Gwern, Sagabot, R'n'B, Erkan Yilmaz,
HEL, Extransit, Nancymurphy, AlleborgoBot, Vlsergey, Morphling89, Richard David Ramsey, Techguy95, Blucking, Addbot, Lightbot,
AnomieBOT, Xqbot, HRoestBot, Loic.jaouen, RjwilmsiBot, VIAFbot and Anonymous: 26
Ismail Khudr Al-Shatti Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail%20Khudr%20Al-Shatti?oldid=633777571 Contributors: Bgwhite,
RussBot, SmackBot, Xdamr, Waacstats, CommonsDelinker, John Carter, S. M. Sullivan, Msrasnw, Iohannes Animosus, Bae gab1978,
Bbb23, AnomieBOT, RjwilmsiBot, GoingBatty, Justlettersandnumbers, Manuk23, Mark Arsten, ChrisGualtieri, DoctorKubla, Mohsenali93 and Anonymous: 2
Arthur B. Shostak Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20B.%20Shostak?oldid=587043940 Contributors: DASonnenfeld,
Yobot, Bunnyhop11, Biophily, Shire Reeve, BattyBot and Anonymous: 1
Jason Silva Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason%20Silva?oldid=634668885 Contributors: Rainer Wasserfuhr, Bobo192,
QTxVi4bEMRbrNqOorWBV, PaulHanson, Tawker, Jaraalbe, DVdm, Wavelength, Grafen, SmackBot, InverseHypercube, Chris the
speller, Colonies Chris, Torrmoz, Bejnar, Guat6, Orsoni, Dougweller, Alaibot, Fisherjs, Nick Number, Seaphoto, Fru1tbat, Epeeeche,
VoABot II, Waacstats, Tvoz, Johnpacklambert, Alexandroid, Jsilvamishkin, BOTijo, Alejandroid, SchreiberBike, Jonas79, Addbot,
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BrianHostein, ThreeTouch, Wassup234, Singularitarian82, Lovethesetrees, Frankoali, Magnolia677, Inanygivenhole, SpanglishArmado,
Why should I have a User Name? and Anonymous: 38
Matthew Simmons Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%20Simmons?oldid=630205414 Contributors: Edward, Michael Hardy,
Samw, Rei, Owen, Alan Liefting, Wwoods, Niteowlneils, Tomruen, Shiftchange, Bender235, Rajah, Bkdelong, Eagleamn, Gorgeousp,
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Thing That Should Not Be, Periander6, XLinkBot, RogDel, CrackerJack7891, Addbot, CurtisSwain, Ruidoso, Innocent Byproduct, Xuofce, Lightbot, Yobot, Materialscientist, Abce2, Koerbagh2, Masterknighted, Tinton5, Lingust, Bill Thrace, Jackhidary, Kgrad, RjwilmsiBot, Slon02, EmausBot, AldoTheApacheUS, NotAnonymous0, Undercopz, Hullre, Demosthenes20XX, Larryyr, Info2012, Jjonestar,
ClueBot NG, Wakeupsanfrancisco, Petrarchan47, Lanceelliott, Declaration1776, Editearth, Pctn and Anonymous: 98
Richard Slaughter Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Slaughter?oldid=625418883 Contributors: Chris Blackall, Eequor,
RJFJR, Gene Nygaard, Lendorien, Foofy, SmackBot, Saimdusan, Oscarthecat, ThomasHoughton, Jaygary, DumbBOT, Waacstats, DadaNeem, Magichands, Someguy1221, Moonriddengirl, Redmarker, Drmies, Lightbot, Yobot, WikiDan61, Citation bot, FrescoBot, RjwilmsiBot, Kall, Lowercase sigmabot, ChrisGualtieri, Ruby Murray, Ravindra H K, Ecarvajalmartinez, Bhuvan T, Web Suvin, Simon Criss
and Anonymous: 7
John Smart (futurist) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Smart%20(futurist)?oldid=628054696 Contributors: Breakpoint,
GTBacchus, Denni, Auric, Piotrus, Kelly Ramsey, Viriditas, Schaefer, M Alan Kazlev, Jecowa, Kingka, SmackBot, Bluebot, Robosh,
JohnSmart, Magioladitis, Waacstats, Gwern, Sagabot, Mild Bill Hiccup, YowiePower, Yobot, StPernar, PigFlu Oink, RjwilmsiBot, ClueBot
NG, Technetium Siamendes, Jonny Nixon, BreakfastJr and Anonymous: 11
Sohail Inayatullah Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohail%20Inayatullah?oldid=619621829 Contributors: Vipul, DadaNeem and
BattyBot
Dirk HR Spennemann Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk%20HR%20Spennemann?oldid=609328005 Contributors: Paul A,
Longhair, SmackBot, Whispering, CmdrObot, Alaibot, Waacstats, Heritagefutures, JL-Bot, Mollyduker, Mollysuker, FrescoBot, RjwilmsiBot, ClueBot NG, Princessannabelleiii, Tilly805 and Anonymous: 5
Alex Steen Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Steffen?oldid=629699549 Contributors: SimonP, Aaron, Edward, Phil
Boswell, Jmabel, HaeB, Loremaster, Joel Russ, Rjwilmsi, SouthernNights, Scroll1, Wavelength, Severa, Tribaal, Arthur Rubin, SmackBot,
KVDP, SmartGuy Old, Earthsky, Derek R Bullamore, TenPoundHammer, Ohconfucius, Beetstra, Orsoni, Cydebot, Acs4b, Heroeswithmetaphors, Fayenatic london, RebelRobot, Waacstats, Cgingold, Schmloof, STBotD, DASonnenfeld, Sgeureka, Malik Shabazz, Mike
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VIAFbot, PeterWesco, Epicgenius and Anonymous: 83
Will Steger Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will%20Steger?oldid=624301612 Contributors: Rmhermen, Moncrief, Alan Liefting, Iceberg3k, Tomruen, D6, User2004, Bender235, Pearle, Hektor, Simon Shek, Jayann, Wavelength, TexasAndroid, Epolk, Friday,
The.dharma.bum, Alex25, Gadget850, Arthur Rubin, Facius, RJBurkhart, Will Beback, Waggers, THF, Cydebot, QuiteUnusual, Appraiser,
Waacstats, Sagabot, RJBurkhart3, Century0, Cirruscumulus, LPLT, Jgmillar, FranceRivet, Just Jim Dandy, DeathNomad, Ghostnavi,
458
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DavidLeighEllis, Will Steger Foundation and Anonymous: 31
Mark Stevenson Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Stevenson?oldid=629673551 Contributors: Bearcat, Rich Farmbrough,
Zachlipton, Woohookitty, XLerate, Malcolma, Tony1, TimBentley, CmdrObot, Epbr123, Waacstats, Yobot, FrescoBot, Sailsbystars, ClueBot NG, Christopher0671, Cntras, Batterycharger99, UAwiki and Anonymous: 7
Alastair M. Taylor Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastair%20M.%20Taylor?oldid=616970150 Contributors: Scales, Ospalh, Cydebot, Epbr123, Waacstats, Good Olfactory, EchetusXe, Locobot, RjwilmsiBot, Cupcake62, VIAFbot, Aloneinthewild and Anonymous:
3
Robert Theobald Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Theobald?oldid=585262309 Contributors: Raul654, Timrollpickering,
Gazpacho, Wikkrockiana, Rich Farmbrough, Marudubshinki, Rjwilmsi, Babel41, Conscious, MadMax, SmackBot, Andrwsc, Cydebot,
Meredyth, Seasaltskin, GirasoleDE, Lightbot, Citation bot, Omnipaedista, Full-date unlinking bot, Unterguggen, Helpful Pixie Bot, Bobstilger, VIAFbot and Anonymous: 8
Meredith Thring Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meredith%20Thring?oldid=623808105 Contributors: Timrollpickering, RussBot,
Malcolma, Chris the speller, Ohconfucius, Cuddy Wifter, Karenjc, Cydebot, Grahamec, Biruitorul, Waacstats, Chemical Engineer, Jthring,
Steven J. Anderson, MessinaRagazza, Rgrddr, JustinSpurlin, Tassedethe, Lightbot, Yobot, FrescoBot, Full-date unlinking bot, Oracleofottawa, RjwilmsiBot, Helpful Pixie Bot, Mark Arsten, VIAFbot, Cfri and Anonymous: 3
Jody Turner Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jody%20Turner?oldid=622175457 Contributors: Mhking, Bgwhite, Malcolma, SmackBot, S Marshall, Waacstats, Aboutmovies, Trivialist, Laurinavicius, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Erik9bot, FrescoBot, HonouraryMix, Groundoor711, Mean as custard, GoingBatty, Delcydrew, BG19bot, Erikamgeorge and Anonymous: 4
Michael Vassar Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Vassar?oldid=626307539 Contributors: Alan Liefting, Nickptar,
PamD, Waacstats, Gwern, Randaly, Id4abel, Arjayay, Addbot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Glennonymous, Skyerise, RobinK, JamesMazur22,
Mycroft65536, Integral64, EmausBot, ChuispastonBot, BG19bot, BattyBot, Daenerys83 and Anonymous: 10
W. Warren Wagar Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.%20Warren%20Wagar?oldid=618430244 Contributors: Loremaster, Bender235, RussBot, JLaTondre, Attilios, SmackBot, Robosh, Xstryker, Cydebot, Bookgrrl, Fkr, Skomorokh, Waacstats, Wax Tablet, JaGa,
Jtir, Sagabot, RJBurkhart3, RSRScrooge, Hans Dunkelberg, Full-date unlinking bot, RjwilmsiBot, Helpful Pixie Bot, VIAFbot, Igor Topilsky, Monkbot and Anonymous: 11
Kevin Warwick Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Warwick?oldid=632608788 Contributors: Tobias Hoevekamp, Dan,
Kingturtle, IMSoP, Cherkash, Charles Matthews, Guaka, Shantavira, Phil webster, Chopchopwhitey, Blainster, Giftlite, Fudoreaper,
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Jonarnold1985, Captain.Cyborg, KWcyborg and Anonymous: 137
Ben Way Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Way?oldid=617290800 Contributors: Jeq, Matt Crypto, SoWhy, Jh51681,
Davidbod, TacoJim, Smalljim, WikiLeon, PaulHanson, Xmp, SCEhardt, SqueakBox, CapitalLetterBeginning, SmackBot, OrphanBot,
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RobotG, DShamen, Waacstats, J2thawiki, Poetdancer, Markedwardt, MartinBot, STBot, WhiteLightning, Bilbobee, Benpbway, Bonadea,
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uop psdn, Leighhales, Shadowjams, FrescoBot, Davidgrundy, Uno999, Linkbots, SpacemanSpi, Vicenarian, Mryarp, LittleWink,
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Soulparadox, Mogism, SaraTet, Melonkelon, Freeranging intellect, Akampling and Anonymous: 117
Alfred Webre Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20Webre?oldid=631230000 Contributors: Edward, Lexor, Ahoerstemeier,
Davidcannon, David Gerard, Dbenbenn, Sam Hocevar, WpZurp, D6, Rich Farmbrough, Pierre2012, Ben@liddicott.com, Nickfraser,
Scm83x, SDC, Rjwilmsi, Severa, Gaius Cornelius, Jpbowen, Tony1, SmackBot, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Msr69er, Racklever, Nima
Baghaei, TKD, Disavian, JHunterJ, Meco, Iridescent, Qwyrxian, Nhl4hamilton, Waacstats, R'n'B, Aboutmovies, Black Kite, Just Jim
Dandy, Mbgrax, Digidietze, Maelgwnbot, Cyfal, Hyperionsteel, Randy Kryn, Startswithj, RODERICKMOLASAR, Auntof6, XLinkBot,
Addbot, Lightbot, OlEnglish, Yobot, Againme, AnomieBOT, Phoenix B 1of3, FrescoBot, Citation bot 1, I dream of horses, Skyerise, Sealpoint33, Trappist the monk, Joe Speedboot, RjwilmsiBot, DASHBot, John of Reading, ZroBot, H3llBot, Staszek Lem, Snotbot, Kevin
Gorman, Exopolitica, Theopolisme, Jeraphine Gryphon, MrBill3, BattyBot, DoctorKubla, Rationalthinker1, VIAFbot, Dave Braunschweig
and Anonymous: 19
Jan Westerbarkey Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Westerbarkey?oldid=544953869 Contributors: Waacstats, FergusM1970,
Axpde, JackieBot, EmausBot and Vsop.de
459
Robert Anton Wilson Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Anton%20Wilson?oldid=630501259 Contributors: AxelBoldt,

Lee Daniel Crocker, Eloquence, Vicki Rosenzweig, Dan, Bryan Derksen, Koyaanis Qatsi, Fubar Obfusco, William Avery, Shii, BenZin, N8chz, Olivier, Buzz, Spi, Mike dill, Michael Hardy, Dante Alighieri, Nixdorf, Gabbe, Wapcaplet, Kalki, Zanimum, Cyp, Docu,
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Martarius, Duncanthaw, ClueBot, Saddhiyama, Mr1001nights, TheOldJacobite, Masterpiece2000, PixelBot, Leonard^Bloom, Candle of
Hope, Neupert, Thehelpfulone, Vanished User 1004, DumZiBoT, Lama Ding Dong, Wednesday Next, Corvleone, Dthomsen8, Good
Olfactory, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Wingspeed, Chamal N, JuliusAaron, Pope ragnarok II, Grin700, SpBot, Lightbot, Avono, JEN9841,
Yobot, JJARichardson, Mrm7924, Ningauble, Eduen, AnomieBOT, LlywelynII, ArthurBot, Drilnoth, Lookitsconnor, Radicalchangegroup, Srich32977, Mentalbox, Omnipaedista, Runningninja, FrescoBot, Adam9389, PigFlu Oink, Skyerise, Ataridemagogue, Hedonix,
Baphomet777, EmausBot, BaalShemRa, ZroBot, , Matkatamiba, JohnnyLurg, Levdr1, Herbxue, Helpful Pixie Bot, Curb Chain,
Jeraphine Gryphon, JohnChrysostom, Ackount, CitationCleanerBot, Markarise, Angela MacLean, MWise7, Mfbjr, Wiki.correct.1, American In Brazil, Abcd df, FrankRadioSpecial, Melquiades Babilonia, Monkbot, Acepostman, Zizeksucks, Kino-reporter and Anonymous:
266
134.14.2
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Contents

Probability and predictability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Shaping alternative futures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Weak signals, the future sign and wild cards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Trend analysis and forecasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Application of foresight to specic elds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fashion and design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Energy and Alternative Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Futurists and foresight thought leaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.10.1 Periodicals and Monographs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.12 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.14 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Futurists and futurology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Neuroscience and international relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Philosophy of human nature: Emotional Amoral Egoism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

International relations theory: Symbiotic Realism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Diplomacy and geostrategy: Neo-statecraft and Meta-geopolitics . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Philosophy of history: Sustainable History and the Dignity of Man . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Theory of knowledge: Neuro-rational Physicalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Global security paradigm: The Multi-Sum Security Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Inevitable Transhumanism": Politics of Emerging Strategic Technologies . . . . . . . . . .

Geopolitics: Meta-Geopolitics of Outer Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.10 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Adrian Berry, 4th Viscount Camrose

Articles & Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10 Jim Carroll (author)

11.3.1 Revolution in the USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.1 The manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.3 Veterans Aairs

12.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13.2 Positions on specic prophecies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.1.1 Early years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.1.2 World War II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.1.4 Sri Lanka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.1.5 Television series host . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.1.7 Later years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.2 Science ction writer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.2.2 The Sentinel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.2.3 The Big Three . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.2.4 2001 series of novels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.2.5 2001: A Space Odyssey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.2.6 2010: Odyssey Two . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.2.7 Rendezvous with Rama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.3 Science writer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.3.1 Space travel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.4 The Geostationary communications satellite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.5 Undersea explorer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.6.2 Paranormal phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.7 Themes, style, and inuences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.8 Awards, honours and other recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.8.1 Named for Clarke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.9 Selected works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.9.2 Short story collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15.1 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15.3 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16 Stephen Euin Cobb

16.1.2 Short Stories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .