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at
HARVARD
COLLEGE
LIBRARY
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THE
..
^ASHTADHYAYI^OF PANINL
TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH
BY
fcJRfSA
CHANDRA VASU,
High
Vakil,
Court,
M-W.
B. A,,
P.
-:-0-0-o-:
JtUahabab:
Indian Press.
^
i
891.
Digitized by
1
Digitized by
fEtbntrg
THE BEQUEST OF
CflVUcJ&i
PROFESSOR OF SANSKRIT
lSSo-t9S<
Digitized by
Ju^vfotyrf/ft*-
<$
/w^***
Digitized by
/.>
COLLEGE UBRAR?
r^OMTiIICSTATEOF
CHAHLEC f.OC.ttVELL LANMAN
HAfT.'ASD
UASCH15.1941
JMlahabai:
PRINTED BY THE INDIAN PRESS.
\
Digitized by
\
PREFACE.
+
advent of
the
Since
her
of
which
its train,
in
ancient literature,
philosophies and
in
which
is
has
some
embodied
Among
benign Government
our
pros-
upon
conferred
of the
the various
highest
blessings
none can be
us,
Our schools
Sanskrit.
and colleges are annually turning out hundreds, nay thousands of scholars,
who have entered upon the study of Sanskrit literature, and have thus
Very few of them,
learnt to appreciate the beauties of this language.
however, have the opportunity of studying the language, with that depth and
fulness, as
it
was and
is
To pro-
of
it
in
which
locked up the highest aspirations of the ancient Aryan hearts vis. 9 the
absolutely necessary to
it is
Grammar elaborated by
have
The Grammar
Panini.
is
reckoned as one of the VedArtgas, or the helps to the study of the Vedas; and
it is
all
The four
that a student
Not only
is
who
is
modelled on the rules laid down by that great Grammarian, whose aphorisms
are being constantly quoted in
all
classical authors
intellectual powers.
In fact
has
fulfilled
the
same purpose' in
it
It
artistic
arrangement,
to cultivate his
of Euclid
intellect,
India.
and
who wants
No one who
Max
Professor
is
in itself
no Grammar
in
who
any
language, that could vie with the wonderful mechanism of his eight books of
Grammatical rules."
The
style of these sutras is studiedly brief, but then this brevity is its
greatest recommendation.
guity in the
sfltras,
many
obscurity
and ambi-
VjOOQIC
>i
ever learn through other methods, with twice that labour. Unfortunately,
however, for our college and school students, and also for that vast majority
of our English reading countrymen, whose number
is
on the increase,
daily
and who depend for their knowledge of what is contained in Sanskrit books,
on English translation of Sanskrit authors, no translation of this important
work exists in English. To supply this want, I have undertaken to translate
P&nini's aphorisms, as explained by the Commentators Jay&ditya and V&mana
and issue one chapter every
month. Though, it is not a close translation of the whole of KisikA,
it may be regarded as a free rendering of the most important portions of that
vritti
book. I have closely followed on the foot-steps of those authors, translating their
commentary, explaining
it
where necessary
The
For a beginner,
and great, and
like
am
difficulties,
making
short,
my work
the whole,
fully
in
my humble
many
may have
K&iki, is
as lay
in
on
and
a help
power. I shall
feel
much
this
work as
But
who
will be
that
well-known translation
Guide to P&nini
of
Mr. Iengar's
Kielhorn's ParibhdshenduSekhara.
my own,
of quotation.
When
I first
the work when completed, will not occupy more than 1200 pages.
The
it
will
Indices, which
But from
same, namely, Rs. 14 (payable by two instalments), for subscribers, who have
already got their names registered, or who will do so within the 31st January
1892, and Rs. 20 for non-subscribers.
OCS
14M November,
1891.
^RfSA
CHANDRA VASIH
THE
;.
ASHTADHYAYI OF PANINL
Salutation to the
Supreme
Now an
The term *pf " now"
out that a dissertation
and Philology.
is
'
is
restrictive rule/
Spirit.
explanation of words.
in the sfttra indicates
mnfchK or
'
'
Grammar
This
definition,'
qR^WT or the
faffr
a head or governing
rule,
'
key to interpretation/
'
srf^J
'extended
or
by analogy.9
The Praty&Mra
The above
The
The
final
final
Sfttras.
not
the
visarga,
the
above
list.
contained in the
The
or 73.
JJMJI4H is
letter
which
as given below :
^i^i'^ir^i^ii^i^iH^iifr^i^jii^i^ ig^?
*
The same
letter [ is
made use
of as"
first
V{ litter
Hjj^q* or an indicatory
sj f ^[
There
letter
arises consequently
Introduction.
r^ and
^ when
Grammar
P&nini's
latter sfttra,
"The
precise
terpretation! for
meaning of an ambiguous term is ascertained from ineven though it contain* an ambiguous term, must never-
rule,
Accordingly
in Sutra
the term
i.
I.
69,
is
we
f\ is formed by means
of the
of the
first
*T% except
and that,
s&tra
^
\
\\
3h^
BOOK
Chapter First.
Rf^iHhf
ii
1.
*n,
letters qqr,
^ and %fr
are vpddhi
The s&tra consists of three words vriddhi , &t and aich. *ni(
means the long ^T, the final ^[ being indicatory only, and is for the sake of
the praty&h&ra aich, and the praty&h&ra^ means the letters 'and *ft .
letters.
The
indicatory
^ in
form *jt having two m&tr&s or prosodial measure, is to be taken. This ^ also
joins with the succeeding vowels i and sfrbythe rule of OTT(L 1.70) or that
" which precedes or succeeds w," and indicates that these vowels must be taken
Thus
Hj|<jp:
HfM* " optional", from f^[r " option"; *JWre " the son of Upagu", from the
word ^r^J: meaning " a sage called Upagu." Similarly in ^ifoOq: "belonging to
:
occurs in
in
radical,
is
sfttras like
and
is
fffiq^l^K^Mifo (VII. 2.
2.
is
Each one
called a guna
*r,
s and
*fr
affix
initial
vriddhi
of the
of the Parasmaipada".
fn^
1.)
The word
or secondary
"he
4.
>
GunaVriddhi Paribhasha
H ;. V'i
[Bk.
moves";
m%
roots 3T,
ft and
I.
Ch.
I.
\i
.-
Here the
initial
vowels of the
^ and *fr
before
The
Guna
*$T 3*135*
mi
^5: 13*1-35*,
T^rfSril
(??%:, g*i:) n
the absence of any ..special rule, whenever guna or vriddhi is enjoined about any expression by
using the terms guna or vriddhi, it is to be understood
to come in the room of the ik vowels only (i, u, ri\ and
li long and short,) of that expression.
3.
This
letters, in
comeu-
is
Iijl
a paribh&sh&
sfitra,
and
guna and
3.
84 declares:
is
guna
expression which
word
The
the
is
is
is
sfitra.
"
Vrddhi
their
is {, *ft,
*tf^
the specification of no
of the base/
to be gunated,
is
and
The
rule
then
being,
T,of *y is
Thus sft+Wfrs8
^for^fis
*jrf respectively.
leads."
vjriddhi,
is
is
to
be supplied to complete
the sense.
The word
qualified
114) J*FS*TTTO
416)
'ik' is
^rT^T
&c
&c,
(VII. 3- 86);
jfT^yrcfr
(VII. 3.
(VII. 4.1 1)
^Bftftlfc^:
ingia or base,
These
there
(VII-
(VI. 4. 156).
word
is
gfa
^ (VII. 3,
stitras will
83),
be explained
^ijvii^i
W^'
and
qualifies the
(VII. 3* 84)-
The word ik' has been used in the sfttra: to' show that the long *n, ^5 or
the diphthongs andf^ or the consonants, are Hot to take gunaox vpddhtby this
'
lA.ttf
Bk;
l.
rule,
Ch\-
I.
4. ]
J;
1/
Here **rpn%
is
**
ft.
At this
t^+^+ ^=^4.^4.
^ beings,
"5,
and there
the long
is
*n
in the
praty&h&ra
no guna substitution
of otfj.
Thus
w+
*T,
is
ik, is
(HI. 3.
nr
not an
f^
So
also
^rjr
fKt
of
But
this is
guna
substitute of
wrong, the
letter
no change in
-5.
i).
Here had
wrong. But
- tiP*ML
it
is
Here, there
no guna
is
The repetition of the words guna and Vfiddhi ir. this sutra,
by
(though
^j^Rf or the supplying of a word from the previous sfitra,
two preceding sutras) is for the
these words followed from the
purpose of indicating that, this is a restrictive rule applicable only there,
where guna or vfiddhi has been ordained by the employment of the words
term vriddhi, qft does not take the place of the vowel f of f%\, but
the final*. Thus f*+sfr+^*ft:.
Similarly rule VII.
substitute.
The
the
sf
qqr is
it
1.
85, declares
a vriddhi
letter
1.
that of the
word
it
qf*P![,
replaces
*tt is the
^ of <rfat and
not of f .
Thus we have
87.
is
?f,
6.
[Bk.
I.
Ca
I.
4.
take place,
(IIL 4. 114)
causes a portion of the root to he
which
affix follows,
elided.
This
an
is
exception to
sfttra 3.
Ardhadhituka terminations.
all
By
is
to be gunated
The
),
s&rvadh&tuka 5
all
affixes
affixes,
Though by
it is
is
to be gunated before
v/
cause the 5Tfa topping off or ellipses' of a portion or a member of the original C
dhitu Thus the termination *?nfir is a first person singular termination of /
the future tense
off
and
is
is
the
of fsr
'
%T\
of
1.
134,
sfttra II. 4.
the
if of
74.
is
Thus
added.
vOfcgt
At
*p{.
Ardhadhituka
this
affix
ya
stage,
*pzj (IIL
is
suffix
by force
1.
134)
dropped and we
cause here on account of the Irdhadhatuka affix *p(, a portion of the root, \ *
namely, *, has been elided ; therefore no guna takes place. Thus we have J
have sffa^+ST.
been gunated.
feftcgq:
or of an
3j has
As
affix.
been
is
in sr*+T*IT5ft+TffT-5TflraT.
sfitra, in
an
order to indicate
an anubandha
Here the indicatory letter
elision of
Similarly in
added to the root ft^ "to injure." Thus ft^+fircj (III. 2. 75.)
-ft^+^fl. 3- 2. and 3.)- ftv + * (VI. 1. 67.) Here theaffix ^ is elided, but
nevertheless, the guna substitute must take place in ft^ . Thus we have
ft^+ -*J (VII. 3. 86 and 1. 1. 62)
(VIII. 2. 39).
the
affix finj is
-^
tuka
affix
-<fcw(IH.
1.
22).
elision of
ttTO-rft^-tft+ft
(II. 4.
74.).
Bk
I.
Ch.
I.
5. ]
affix finj
^r,
however takes place, and we have tWfr+f+pir (VII. 3. 94)- ffctifit, the
augment f^ being added by sfitra VII. 3. 94.
The word "ika^" of the previous sfitra is understood in this sfitra also.
The ik
affixes; the
other vowels
because ST
in the
3.18)
is
present
^+*T
sfitra
(VI. 4. 27.)
-*pt: (VII.
affixes,
So
3. 52).
when
has an indica-
it
or ^.
Thus the
tuka
letters.
and VII.
2. 116.
is
*nj
5.
tory
of
and
3. 84,
wm
they
f*$ the real terminations being, n and
do not cause guna. Therefore, when these terminations are added to a root, the
ik of the root is not gunated. Thus with the root fa "to collect" we have
fofr
or
famr%
TI,
is
"to hear,"
*pr:,
^m%
4t
being
^r,
nf*\*(
^TCJ
&c
*f
&c.
"to fear"
U*j[
all
*fftf: t
>ftfrnt.
being
55*/
^r,
"to bear"
The
Sec.
not gunated.
force of this case termination here is that of QfjKf or cause, that is the
guna or vriddhi which would otherwise have been caused, does not take place,
Thus all &rdbadh&tuka and s&rvadh&tuka affixes
if an affix is ftr^ , ftrjr, fiF
cause gunation of Hit final ik of the inflective base (VII. 3. 84.) Thus the
.
S&rvadh&tuka
affix
?j\
*r ) in the following
The
operation
66.)
If
directed,
on the expression
is
to cause the
immediately preceding
it
(I.
the force of the locative case in the present s&tra were also that as
8.
explained in
I. I.
[Bk.
would be this
indicatory
Ch..
I.
An
. 5.
affix
substitution of the
having an
vowel
not be
immediately preceding it
will
covered by it
"collected
it
of
fiff.
This however
firf
is
guna subs-
ftj+W;
iky
prevented by explaining
" broken.
Pfa":
'
Similarly the
the
is
affix,
*J3^
is
real
being
suffix
*r,
no gunation or vriddhing.
Similarly by I. 2. 4,
by an indicatory
all
nation <r^isft^,and we have faj*r :" they two collect," similarly fanPq,
"they collect," * + ?Rr ye : "cleansed," *p\fct "they cleanse."
The
in general.
fJSj^;
Thus by
III
1.
30, th^-root
The force
of
is
gr^"
to desire"
2. 116).
The
all
vowels )'
indicatory
not included in
3T5J is
^~9ff%+snH3ST'ni%" he
have 3rrft+
is
is
^ does
ik.
f.
not]
Thus we!
desires."
As MR*j*ifirl
Here
of the guna
*
The indicatory ^f of the verbal tense affixes *>.,
-
is
an exception to
III. 4.
this rule
of fF?
This
is
is
5T^ , f*T^
g^ , 5J^ t
an inference deduced from
,
mn<h
f|^.
^frf: Q
of feo^
^Mf^zfWiaj% 5T3Jf^
Hl^i <H&
T nW:
ll
Ibigitized by
Vj^OQ
Bk.
I.
Ch.
I.
Sanyoga defined.
6, 7. ]
The
roots $>ft
and
iffi
when added to any root and so th^aflhfsg^ causes guna. But these
when applied to the verbs didhi and N vest, never cause vriddhi or
;
(VI. i- 77).
consonants except
person, singular
/
'
is
441P)
(VII. 2. 35).
this
The augment f^
the prohibition therefore,
jf%*.
'i
rule,*
This f
coming
is in
#WntU
it
walk.'
^ftTC:
II
K>m ff
<rf
guna substitute
of
f^
*sr:
*Nt*r
II
^gr nqfiggypt:
The
sfitra consists of
all
three words,
trvftr:
9
So
which
that
is
the
the
s&tra
number shows
may be
2
of two or
The
plural
more consonants,
[BK.
ANUNASIKA DEFINED.
10
Why do we
If
CH.
I.
8/
will
* would
final
23 " there
of the final
is elision
If
and by
called sanyoga,
2.
in
HHH%
29, the
VIII. 2.
the syllable
initial
*r
w^
would be
elided.
Trim,
m^Hium
That which
8.
is
or nasal.
This defines the word anunasika. The sutra consists of four words
"
ysr mouth" Hllti^ r " nose" *r^ " utterance or pronunciation" and^npnfiW:
" nasals."
Though
the words
$& + mftw
and not
(II. 4. 2) will
jf<SHlff>* l
compound
of jj(jHII*l<h
mN*H
by the
rule of
com-
form might be
jiSHH^H^H may
be regarded
utterance."
The pure nasal is anusvara, while anunasikas are different from this, in as
much as, that in pronouncing these, the breath passes through the nose and
the mouth.
The vowels
and the
air to vibrate
pharynx,
we
is
If,
we
'
anunAsika.
As
y,
sf, nr,
qpst *rf
VIII. 67.
Thus
qj f *qr #
In the Vedas,
1 1).
^ and H
Thus
is
anunasika.
is
will
Bk.
I.
Ch.
I.
Savarna letters.
9 ]
Why have we
the nose.
the consonants
q?,
II
In order to exclude
*r*i%
ii
consists of four
The
<ujit4
of the
*fc
'
palate/ 3.
w^f ,(head^
Th^raa^ or
The
first
is
1.
T belong
'
I.
class."
lips/ 6,
from q? to
same
to this class.
mflfW
MJIKMi:
'
nose.
"inter-
of the organs.
The
twenty-five letters
is
a complete
contact of the root of the tongue with the various places, such as throat,
dome
palate,
f^fj^ or slight
2.
contact.
The letters *, r, 5C, * belong to this
" In pronouncing these semi-vowels the two organs, the
class of contacts.
active
4.
this class.
them
consonantal
or complete opening.
all vivyita.
5*
Hf^or contracted.
when
the vowel *r
is in
operation of grammar.
The
Abhyantara prayatna
is
the
mode
of articulation preparatory* to
is
the
mode
of articulation
The
already
given.
By
that
we
get,
th
2. the
c\Lc>
semi-vowel
or
1 or
sparsas and ushmans,
1.
*P
*
[BK.
SA VARNA LETTERS.
12
Cll.
I.
I.
9.
The
surds or aghoslia
letters, 2.
sonants or ghosha
The aghosha
letters.
are also
The second
Aspirated (mahiprina).
1.
The vowel
bAhya prayatna
is
into
Unaspirated (alpaprAna).
2.
*T (ucIAtta), grave *T
Each one of these three may
The acute
Then
Thus:*T,
lastly
B^ 4,
4, 4, #, MT,
letter 51
it
*TT,
*d,
may be
4K
*ft,
*ft,
? and gj have
4*,
4,*,
*f\,
The
The diphthongs
The antastha or
semi-vowels with the exception of r have two forms each vis., nasalised and
un-nasalised. The semi-vowels have no homogeneous letters corresponding
homogeneous
Thus then the homogeneous or savarna letters must
All letters of a varga or 'class' are
to them.
to each other.
satisfy
JPT5T
or
Mj|*4
equal.
If
Secondly their
must be
or quality
mm
savarna-hood.
nunciation being
TOST
two condi-
pronunciation
is different,
<jr<S
'
palate,'
the q^ra* of
but
still
There
is
is
that of
the
same
% being
vivrita.
*>., sprishta,
yet their
one being guttural and the other palatal, are not savarna.
^ and
3f,
which though
having different *TTCT are still called savarna by virtue of the v&rttika of
K&tyiyana ; " the homogeneousness of 3; and of, one with another, should
The word savarna occurs in sfitras like*?*?: 97$ tf$: (VI. 1. IOI).
Why do we say "the place of pronunciation"? So that there may
not be homogeneous relationship between mm<i and <| whose prayatna is the
same but whose ftsya is different. What is the harm if we make them savarna?
Then
in
words
like snff
4.
<r
would be
elided,
if
it
be held homo-
follows.
Digitized by
GoCK
Bk. I.Ch.
Pragrihya defined.
io, ii ]
13
llftr,
TTOSn&T
?i%:
90 H
Xl^Tfe
gWroji^rr*ft ^rspsft
I1
3T* ^&T,
^m m*5*kft t
*nr*r.
to,
VIII. 4. 65.
Wfe)
equal.
There can
consonants,
and
be no homogeneity or savarna relationship between vowels
though their 3TTCT and TOoT may be the same. Thus f and tfhave the same
This
sfttra lays
SJTW namely m*
down an exception
'palate/
vivjita,
but
?till
they
are not to be called savarna. Thus in y^cT, jfimfagi &c, the letters *r and f
in the first example, and f and ^r in the second not being homogeneous
letters ; there is no combination or sandhi, which would otherwise have
taken place.
if
XT
11.
*r or
s is
do not ad-
I or
in
If
a vowel, and the next word begins with a vowel, the two vowels
This
is
called sandhi.
But pragrihyas
are exceptions to this sandhi, "they are certain terminations, the final vowels
of which are not liable to
any sandhi
rules."
(VI.
1.
125).
Thus:
qrfr
(f^)i^
(3T^), or
I?
(^).
cook" 7%^fi% "you two cook." Here according to the general rule of
sandhi, the final f of 3rft and the initial f of f4t ought to have coalesced into
an I, but it is not so, because ^ft is the nominative dual of WkQhy (
14
Pragrihya.
1.
Of course
ber they
will
{,
H and e ?
Ch.
I.
I.
12,
13.
78).
in
[Bk.
not apply.
it
( 1. s. )
^H
12.
noun
*re^ are
Htr^r
11
9?^:,
*t<j> (
in f, 3T or
makes
ij
will
be pra-
this addition,
terminations ending in f,
or ^ and preceded by
of whatever number they may be, will be pragrihya.
As a matter of fact,
In the
^^ mwi
all
there are only two such terminations satisfying the above conditions name*
and sp. The rule may therefore be put in the following words of
Dr. Max Mullen " The terminations of^pftand^pj^nom. plur. masc. andnom.
dual of the pronoun ^^r are pragrihya." As^pftspsr: "Those horses,"
ly ^Pfl"
"thissami
tree."
Why do we
-Hgj^ = ^TJ^T f
^r,
Because
in the
example m%j%
^nr^
i*
11
1^ n
13.
case-affixes), is
The
it
v^rfk n
affix
$r,
jhi^i*
11
a pragrihya.
of
nouns sometimes
Bk.
Ch.
I.
I.
replace the
Thus
This
tlt'U'ftlJt^'jdt
Of
final
5 is a
;
1.
39.)
being ^.
pragrihya.
while in imitation of
called ft (VII.
as given above
wn?s
is
as, stffa,
15
Pragrihya.
14. ]
wra* )
is
this,
we have
in secular
writing phrases
A particle 1. 4.
56 consisting of a single
vowel, with the exception of the particle *n?s is a Pragrihya.
14.
not
(I.
4. 56)
a simple vowel without any consonant, are pragrihya and therefore are
As * %$. "Oh, Indra" gr sf%5" " O arise."
of
called nip&ta
'
which consist
e. g. jj in JJF?r#
two or more
letters,
^rr^ which
diminutive particle
qfrmj^
is
"little hot,
As a
4uyn
pragrihya, has
not a
when
tepid"
(2)
four
as a prefix to verbs,
significations:
it
TH'togo/srpTT
'
to
it
inceptive ( *rffifafa) "from," " ever since," as qjM**H ; " ever since his birth, *?
(4) as showing the limit exclusive (*nrr*T), "till" "until" as qrr-HijunHiq
s
and
is
When
it is
a pragrihya, as
think so."
The word
JZ^KT* in this
when used
as ftmtf,
e. g. *jt,
of
it
It
means
7, f &c.
in this sutra.
other words
will also
^r^ means a
words
it, fir,
f%
in
&c^
Pragrihya.
See
[Bk.
sfttra VI. 1. 1.
Ch.
I.
--
I.
15
3*fln[
to
18.
means
a monosyllable.
Why
do we say " a nipta?" Because if the single vowel is not a particle, but something else, an affix &c, then it will not be a pragrihya, as the final
*T in n^TT " he did," is the affix of third person perfect tense, and is liable to
sandhi
as TOftff.
afani v% h
frtfc
*r ^r^pnr
11
sftc^, (
^hnfir
The
final
ifr
sfttra consists
of one
word
15.
This
% f*nrro
<j?i<m!
11
nqxfk
uw*
11
of a particle is a pragrihya.
*ffr^ the final
^ is
a surplusage.
The
words "pragrihya" and " nipita" are to be supplied from the preceding sfttras
The meaning
is
are pragrihya.
letters,
end
in 9ft
away."
RAMI
MjUhK:
*T
CT3i?*fCTrar4TO ItPT
*T
mwwHt
T"IW^at H*fa
49) before
is pragrihya.
or non-vedic literature,
This
sfttra
optional rule.
rule of sandhi)
is
either
it
it
is
an
so that
is
^T iff
makes the
rule
merely for the sake of showing respect to the particular sage, the rale would have stood
wi:
jRf:
II
n 93
**T. ST^RT
17.
11
^^rf*
11
**:
I. 2. 25.
g^^ m^n^cnnHi^
^JT
f^ ^ll^^^l^l^^ H$H I
particle s* before itt\ according to
*Flfir
The
Sikaly a is a Pragrihya.
This
to the
same
of the single
sfttra consists
tfishi
S&kalya,
srsj is
rule.
word
meaning ?
According
Thus * tf%
or ftft.
Di ^
Bk.
I.
Ch.
Pragrihya.
i8, 19.]
I.
^ IM6
The
vtfk
17
WWW, *: TOF? )
particle
long nasal
4.
two separate
sfitras
This
sutra (VII.
11
1.
changed into a
Wi
There
is
39) which declares that "in the Vedic Sanskrit, the case-affixes
letter
5 (1. s.),
letter,
changed into a
where a
case-affix is
Thus the
letter
or *jt, or
*n$
or
& or
prior.
This
is
*?tffr$r#
Similarly ?frft+f*ftft
It is
in
such
are pragrihya.
It is
though used
in the sense of
39) $l (*)
may
rf
locative.
be employed to
*rf*T+5T=S^T;^ 'in the fire/ as, fipn *jifnrtrVMHI >Wl3 H XWR *J<Ki1*fl
(Rig Veda V. 37. 5). Here mjhi though in the locative case, its final
,
ss
pragrihya.
4414.1*1
fs
not
homogeneous
the
prior)
Here t is
*nfr 'with wisdom
T
the sense of the instrumental case and is not pragrihya. Thus tpft + fft
The f and
1^ +
in
*****
(letter
Digitized by
G00gle
IS
Ghu
The word trf
is
[Bk.
defined.
of
case-affix is elided
but
we
in* order
Thus
in
and we get
though the
cannot say that the long fbf v&pt has the sense,
we
shall
*Fro
have sandhills,
is
the horse
**
locative case
described already, give the sense of the locative, even alone, though they
be placed anywhere
in -a sentence.
^rera^iq
fRT: H W*H\ *J*1lO
and
dM
*0 n tr^rfn u
ii
>TPFfr
\n
si^t*
'to give*
This defines the word ghu. Four verbs have the form of
by the
ji
J^RRT! *nrf^f II
20.
it
of
(pflrva-pada);
selves
way
20, 21.
I.
case-affix is elided,
Here, therefore,
for 3?
Ch.
df the locative.
final
I.
application of VI.
i.
45,
and two,
or assume
JT,
The ghu
5^
In the
changed into ur by
H of sri%
is
VIII. 4. 17.
"to cut" and |r " to clean" not being called 5, rules MIL
~ *rir 'what is cut,* as, frt
4. 46 and 47 do not apply to them. Thus *r +
"
Hf%:. So also*rort " washed as, n?rt J^r " a bright face." But with tf " to
give," &c. *r + ^f> =*^ +n (VII. 4. 46) frT: "given ;" so also we have sy+fr
Similarly
-JPfPJ (VII.
4.
The word 5
47).
21.
single letter,
This
*|T "end,"
is
is
an
1.
sfttra
VI.
4.
66,
III.
&c.
4.
45.
An operation
aaupon an
atidea\sfttra
occurs in
should be performed on a
upon a final.
initial or
and consists
"like " Jptfr^L "in one;" the literal translation being ''beginning
end-like in one."
The
affix
*$ has
locative,
and the
(
\
Bk.
Ch.
I.
I.
22, 23.
Gha
19
defined.
is
"on
the beginning,"
performed on a single
letter,
as upon an
by VII.
3.
a base
ending, in short
one
letter only,
Why
If
Thus
letter,
stead,
is *J
Him 3*1
The
22.
is
in the
affixes tarap
called
*.
This sfitra defines tj affixes. They are two, CRT and ipr, the ^ in
them being f^. The special use of these affixes will be described later on.
These affixes are useful in forming the comparative and the superlative
degrees respectively of adjectives, adverbs, &c.
Thus
affixes ?TT
and
11
ftu&1
11
be treated of in
its
23.
certain
proper place.
by adding
the
?PT to the
1f^n
will
word ymfl
'
39),
class, 1
and
and
cfati
20
Sankhya.
This
sfttra defines
[Bk.
the
I.
Ch.
$ 23.
I.
These are certain words, besides the ordinary numerals, having some %
The words like ?g ' many/ and *n!T 'class , and those
that have the affixes
and *rf?r after them, belong to this class. The letters
* and of ^5 and *(% arefrtfy or indicatory, the actual affixes being
and
1
peculiarity of declension.
The word sankhyA means " numerals f and this class contains,
among others, the Sanskrit numerals. The words formed by adding
are
generally compound pronouns, e.g.m*$ 4tso much/' *rr*<| " as much," ^TPR[
affix ^rf%, e. .
##
action.
So
*rarar:,
vrjw*
When
SJ + ^T(V.
3.
so also ciT^g^ir,
srn^r
m^gr
<*ft*w
srfiter,
kRw: ^
and
qj
ifT&
technically so called.
Varti
affix
first
affix
qr^
^3$: "
we have qjj^**^
'
"purchased for
4} baskets" (a dvigu).
1.
28.
is
u/
Bk.
Ch.
I.
I.
bought with."
^Pj
So
1.
the affix
also
^rtwff^
affixes
sense
the
is
compounds
of Qv\,
both
above --compound of
the
In
21.
that of the
V.
Thu$ ^rffap^nd
$urpa."
called
Shat.
-24, 25.]-
of ardha, like
v$&m ^11
tnjrft
11
*-*r-3ren
11
(*w)
tc,
11
24.
sfitra
group sankhyi.
word sankhy&
is
The numerals
seven/ %TZ%
!It
and
tive
accusative
in
TfJ
eight/
'
qualifies
it
end
that
one of the
is
is
in
or
^.
are called
TOTJ,
^ which
'
qr
or
5f
nine/
peculiarities of
sankhyd which
^*
is
five/
'six,'
ten/
^ words
terminations (VII.
plural
the
also feminine.
The
is in
I.
nomina-
Thus s^
22).
forfcr,
The word *jp?j in the sfitra shows that the letters *r and H must bo
i.e., must belong to the words as originally enunciated and not
.added afterwards as affix &c. Thus in *Wlfl 'hundreds/ ^ftfrftj 'thousands/
of eights the H is not radical, but an augment, and therefore they are
) ^JtlHIH
aupade&ika
'
'
not ^[ and the nominative and accusative plural terminations are not elided;
^ as sranj + f = ^Rnfir &c
,'
sfir
ffrf:
11
^**wi
^t(5i
r\i\
11
*tt
4**4i
w iv**
5f?r,
11
*&ft
wt,
^)
11
25.
11
affix
it,
sfitra
words formed by
^nfr.
khy4 ; by
this
reading/
srrf^T
<T*^
tion
by
VII.
1.
see
words
siitra 22,
Therefore
how many/
in
^ffir
by including
Here
'
Rfir
has lost
its
plural termina-
22.
26.
Nishdia,
'
s^
By
The
affixes
Nishtha.
22
This
defines the
The
They beiag
nishtha
[Bk.
The
WMHUpIl
3?f
(7,
the affix
Sf),
The word
fTCPPft (fern.).
by IV.
is,
an
#p^
nisfijha
i 6, to indicate that
having an indicatory
affix
The words
sarva,
Ganapitha where a
we know
from
*k
'
it,
all/
many/ *p*
Jfr.'half/
'
of
list
'
and the
To know what
sarvan&ma
faj?
'
all,
^r two/ sro
'
wt
'other/
'all/
*p*m
it/
%K%
So
'that/ *rgf
also
'
it/
other or inferior/
^rr
z^H
'he,
So
also
means 'own.'
^r when
So
also
it
east,' 'prior/
qr
*F3T when
it
it/
'
subsequent/
^TT
inferior, subsequent,'
does not
she,
names.
affix
as *nPT 'which
Thus
given.
is
finr
are the
rest*
all
who/ ipf^'this/
*n^
2. 14.
'all,'
'1/^5
VIL
sarvan&ma or pronouns.
Thus
must be added.
(f)
occurs in sutra
of
II
27.
called
of
affixes
g^TJ.
in ktavatu
fRTC^ (masc.)i
to say, the
is
$ 26, 27.
all
vowel of uk pratyahira
I.
ft^fatre liable to
I. 1. 5.
that
affixes,
Of.
I.
Thus
though ending
the plural of
^t being ^,
u$*HI; the
also
^h*,
Tyrant*
e object of
its
'
h\Rh;
in
the Gen.
3.
71) which
it
if it
pi.
of pronominals,
(whilst its declension does not differ from that of qrc), is its taking the
*n*^ (V.
in *r,
sarvanima words.
augment
fV
Bk.
ch.
I.
as &f^(.
^ II. 3.
27,
I.
28]
S ARYAN AMA.
23
There are two Vf in the above list, namely ^gp and ^having the
same meaning, and both ending in *q\ But the final if of one is ud&tta,
and of the other anud&tta. Some give/one **sr ^mly and not the other;
and say that both have anud&tta accent The word H*r Is a sarvanima, when
it is synonymous with the word g%
all / and not when it means ' equality/
7Vx 6*^
*****
When
it
has the
sense of
latter
equality/
is
it
'
will
be declined
I.
3. io,
e.
For example,
is
As
H% be
the
regularly formed.
name
'
of
when
a person
give to Sarva (a
Similarly
when these
)
)
r
Here
in the
compound
qjft*i%
'
Above-all
'
ifxf:
its
meaning. A,w,
'"''
'
ft<W*U*ft fTyrf^"
f%3jt <IHlti)
II
'"
II
V^fh
fiim^T,
^rafaflft
^5hiH
The above words are optionally sarvan&ma when they occur in a hahuvrihi compound signi28.
fying direction
This
is
(II.
% 26.)
an exception to
sfltra
29 which follows.
As a
general rule
(see sfitra 29), in bahuvrihi compounds, these words sarv^ &c. are declined
like ordinary nouns.
The
eg. ^rrjjKtir or
it
may form
its
may form
'
tflrei^.
like ordinary
if
like
where he
or of equals/
then
among
/.
this,
in special
a pronominal,
i. e.
Sarvanama.
24
Why do we
say
"when
[Bk.I.Ch.1.
signifying a direction" ?
The next
ig.
sfitra will
enjoin that in bahuvrihi compounds! these words are not treated as pronoim-
in
Therefore,
if
in the
therelsprohibition in
Why
(II. 2.
26), there is
all
do we say "
is
a semblance of bahuvrihi \
The
is
Thus
5* +
jgk
1.
9.
where words
treated like a bahuvrihi, for the purposes of the elision of the case-affix of
the
first
In compounds like
this, therefore,
^to"& %ft
'
Thus
in the
dvandva compound.
east9
The
Thus {RiUJIiU^fruJIJl
dvandva by
'
may be no option
is
and
absolute and
invariable.
fnT
TOmfT SPTFa
29.
II
sarva-
in sarva &c.
This
sfitra
In bahuvrihi
.
LiOOQ 16
Bk. I.Ch.
15
Sarvanama.
30.]
I.
'
general rule.
A4W4I4
" to
him who
by
is
itself
we have
is
So
beloved of both."
also t^TOra,
So
also
33H &c*
q^.
3. 70).
that
may apply
the prohibition
which are no longer bahuvrthi, but whose original components were once
bahuvrthi.
4fe4l~<HI
but when these two words are further compounded into a dvandva compound,
the present rule
ifa
still
applies.
g<flanma
11
As, q<ll*t<H*HMHl
v
: II
11
In Instrumental Determinative Compounds the words sarva &c. are not sarvanAma.
30.
This
is
a class of compounds
last
There
is
when
pound
tritiyS,
is
called
it
is
in the third
tatpurusha.
When,
com-
a samftsa,
be declined
dative of
*jjjt,
of
when standing by
The tptiya-samasa
trittya-samasa ordained
itself,
is
<$&;
so also
affix, is
II. 1.
be
This compound
tliJujjjq,
uvtH^H
though the
l
pftrva,
sadpa,
sama, &c." and has not reference to the trittya-samasa in general, such as one
ordained by II. 1. 32, " that which ends with the 3rd case-affix when it denotes
the agent or the instruments
compounded
4
diversely with
what ends
in
Sarvanama.
26
kfit affix."
me/
%n 'done by
thee,'
I.
ch.
31, 32.
I.
with
II. 1.
we
31,
purva
find that
is
Bk.
seem
is
so com-
to apply.
to
has already been mentioned in the previous sutra, the primary object of the
But here, the word *i*u has been repeated, to show that
phrases like H\hn itro* though not a compound, but used in construc-
necessary word.
even
in
tion with
<jj is
is
to say, the
prohibition extends even to phrases, which bear the sense of the instrumental
5*5
*wi%, 1)
fnr
11
^1
in the
q^ifa
11
5*|f
(w^WSf, **wmif3if
11
tF^
11
*Hi$ft tj^fiw^iPi
*t *hi*1
h wf^f
11
31.
are
II. 2.
26 the
not sarvanAma.
^uflNHtR" means,
word
qpfir
f<TT in this
ordinary word.
compound
is
'
The
the others'.
^m unq/
i
in the
of the priors
sftrta
we
have:
and the
indicates that
it
iUjfrHtH
posteriors.
closes the
UHl
list
of
fom*T
sift
11
11
^n
tRrrf^ n
famm,
*rf%f
qt&(tfr,
ally sarvan&ma
when
tion j as follows.
This
tion *r*
later on,
is
which
a proviso to
is
sfttra 31,
and which
fti
Bk-
Ch.
"I.
I.
Sarvanama.
$ 33, 34-]
%^,
either qr^r^^RT: or
that
^J
*T%%
affix
*>M*: -
the
The
(V. 3. 71).
<*cK<hri*i*>l; in
There the
what follows
it,
of pronominals
sutra 31
of
absolute.
is,
^r
(*4n^)
the pronominals and
This
the plural.
option allowed
thedvandva compounds
ist pi. to
dvandva compounds
Thus, gnir:+
is,
<fr.
Thus
word may
may be
J7
affix
indeclinables.
?far:
11
*m ^rr
to spt *r
And
srfSrnr
^r
t<3ft*fti fairer
q$wni<ir
also
'
V|r:
3frf?tt% or 3faq*ir: , %% or
The words " optionally
The
in this sutra.
%TTs
fifr* or fitTOT:
II
when
ending
word
in the affix
Sfa has
the option in
will
declension
be
its
ca p
.,
is
what
is
pi. it
may be
declined like
5f?r,
be
which
pi.
may
The
word ubhaya, has been formed by the addition of the affix TO, and it is
already enumerated in the list of pronominals, therefore, by the present
sutra
its
nom.
The
pi.
if
18
Sarvanama.
34.
The words
[Bk.
pftrva
I.. 35:
para
prior)'
Ch.
I.
after,
them
They
in the
in the list of
sarvani-
list, i. e.,
used in any other sense than the one which has been determined or fixed for
them, they are not sarvanimas, nor are they so when they are used as appellatives (H^rf ).
ma,
as,
f%HJT ?%
*l 1*4*7:
word
When
it is
it is
not a sarvan&-
similarly in
^fTH ^TO
it
a proper noun.
these seven words are sarvan&ma, they are declined like sarva,
The
clever/
is
grarr
is
'
may be
prftptavibhisft.
That there
is
a 'specification' (niyama), or
tacit implication, of
ed by the word
itself, is
is
to
be describ-
relation in time
or place (avasthi)
is
if
with reference to the inhabitants of Ceylon, but with reference (as every one
*^ or 4tI<|:
Thus,
;
*FJ^ or
*nrn 5 *P^
or
^ or
*ncn
*!%*& or
4jtj<i:.
'
wealth*
is
.--
\
it
does not
always a sarvan&ma,
in
'
or >ft 'property'
it
has been
BK.
CH.
I.
AVYAYA
36, 37. ]
I.
J9
DEFINED.
Thus *% j*tc or
optionally so.
own ,cows'.
But when
nom. pi. As
y*T:
'
one's
own sons/
itXT.
it is
or **r TUT:
'one's
the
it
means
^rHnft
kinsmen
'
'
or
'
W:
'
articles* of
11
11
property
xi^Tft
is
war^-^ff-
11
^ra^pr, vtinufSr
( fkflT^r, sift,
alone
II
^r^nr*
11
<n/nn^
*^T3fh%
^ ^*m*i*
*f%TT^r nrrd
11
^Nw
11
^r ft^5 ^forprtr<ftg^8nwH^*ii
The word aatara being always a sarvanAma, when meaning " outer 11 or "a lower garment," is
36.
is
always sarvanA-
'
The word
Hj^di
when used
when
qrsrfit
it is
'
With
he
optionally so.
never a sarvanima,
it is
above sense
in the
But,
e. g., *T IH<rt<!<nf
lives
this
Vart
m^KU
As,
it is
jfr
Vart
mft
'
is,
therefore,
jft*
a city,'
is
not to
The words
formed by the
affix tffa
such
ns, fi^ffcr
and
<??fhr,
are optionally declined as sarvan&ma before the case-affixes having an indicatory SF (fl^), which are the singular terminations of dative, ablative, genitive
and
ffrn
11
^roffn%
*i4**4ifisr
?rf**^.
ftmnwiui^Ktaiftf *rcfer
11
The words
svar heaven,* &c., and the particles (1. 4. 56) are called indeclinables.
This defines avyaya or indeclinables. The words ** &c. must be
37.
** heaven/
'
in
concealment*
4j4|{
3$$
'
'
high, aloft
'
$A%
low,
down/
jjS^g
slowly/
^n^
Avyaya
30
rightly, separately, aside,
[Bk.
I.
Ch. L
3&
*iTT5 ' at the same time, at once/ ^TO?L 'near, far from, directly/ **T5 * sepfrrately, apart/ |0H ' yesterday/ ** ' to-morrow/ for by day/ JX^t 'byjiight
'
little/
f^t
outside,' qrft
'
self/ ?*ir
not,* %?fr
'
exclamation/ sp^r
'
'
gladly/ 3*OT*
lon
'
&&%
& ,onS
slightly, a little/ *nc^ ever/ sn^
'
in vain/
this reason,
for
'
'
srfcir
by reason
by
at night,
'
of/
'
silently/
'
truly,
*&%
1
night, spj
f^r
half/ ^*r
'
'
negative
really'
$*
enclitic like, as
ft^ 'crooked-
awry, over/ MJ*HI , ^-fl^UJ 'except, without' &4l4i, 5T3T 'long/ ^p{ 'expletive
particle,'
'ease/'^RT ' perpetually,' *TfSTT 'suddenly, hastily/ f^jr ' with-
ly,
out,' sfpfr
^*
'
exclamation/
vfrq^, *fcnr
a low
air/ $tar
'
'again,
farot or fa*J5
'
l$*^
repeatedly'
or
44I$<M
(interjection) 'oblation
pardon/
formerly/
'
'
'at
RrfRW
'
falsely/
'
frequently,
the
same
yjr
'aloft in the
'in
vain/ jn'
almost/ g*?j
time,'
^JT^f^^
4
reverence/
*pft^!T^ ' repeatedly/ HT^PJ or htJ^ ' with' *FVg,
ff*^ 'without/ Rr^ 'fie I' ipf 'thus/ iffir^ ' with fatigue/ JRtf^ ' alike/
'
violently
'
'
do not'
So, also the words formed by the affixes ktvi tosun, kasun, by the kpit
affixes
ending
in
So, also the words formed by the affixes beginning with aflter
with STHJ^ (V 3. 47), by the affixes beginning with
ending
(V. 3. 1) and
(V.
indeclinables.
4. 42)
and
m^by
*W|U(<|:
(V. 4. 68),
by the
affixes frenf*,
g^, *jp
the affixes having the sense of the affix ffe?, or by the affixes %pr
38.
8^
Bk.
Ch.
I.
I.
Avyaya
39, 40.]
3*
TaddhiUs or secondary
and asarva-vibhaktib.
in the
affixes
are certain affixes, by which nouns are derived from other nouns, such as,
from H% we have HPTT. , sfcrva-vibhaktis are those words which take all
case-terminations, asarva-vibhaktis are those which do not take all vibhaktit
Thus
declined in
is
are formed
by taddhita
affixes
iff
'
So
in the locative.
is
used
TO Vt
also
TO*
^*r &c-
*irr, *er%*r>
v?it*Rt:
^u
11
xi^TPf
^,
11
jmj^srj:
erora*
The words formed by those krit or pri(III. 1. 93) which end with 1 or in 5, *fr, $ and
39.
mary affixes,
*ft
Secondaiy
affixes.
Those
2. Those by
The former
1.
Words formed by
which end in H
krit affixes
ed by the pratyahara i%) are avyayas. Thus the affix jj (technically JJ^)and
*j (technically UJJJ^T, III. 3. 10) are affixes which end in ^. The words formed
by the addition
,0*
i
'
VdK% remembering'
*
Thus,
yas
jflifoK ,'
relishing'
it
in the following
'
'^Hnrrf/
(III.
vt src% <fUi*ivM
TO
W^ ^ *$
'ftf,'
and not
(d. s.),
in sutra 24,
derivative.
^n^:
(Rig Veda
(g. s.)
(Rig Veda
is
I.
III.
36. 10).
25. 21,
jfa:
having made
first
sjSr
3).
*m
^ + %^
jjm *tor%
>fa* *****%
'
3[r*
?irfhr
HI. 4. 11 ff.
be(*
aupadesika/
Sn^il^^T:
i
and
f^fKr.
ll
11
^H^ibw:i
Ttfpft
11
gjT,
*ri**n^r :
y*far*rei,
qMvw^3<i< Hqfii
i
*JT*J%
11
^Tg^-^^i: , (fosPPT)ll
to give/
fcr ftrftnj
'
frp[
fix.
n;,
'STTO^rtr/
26).
4.
Tw^**Tsgf*wtf
Thus
are avyayas.
be indeclinables.
D
11
3ltlzed
)y
31
Sarvanamasthana.
and kasun
As
Thus
in
I.
Ch.
I.
$ 40, 41.
40.
4. 16)
Bk.
(III.
are indeclinables.
'
'
'
1. 12).
41.
(II.
is also indeclinable.
The Avyayibhava or adverbial or indeclinable compounds are formed
by joining an indeclinable particle with another word. The resulting compound,
in which the indeclinable particle forms generally the first element, is again
1. 5)
indeclinable,
like adverbsT^iiTThe
Thus
sjrfafft'
'
o rdinaryjermi nations of S
'after
The word ^ in the sutra shows that here ends J.he definition of
avyaya. The avyayas, therefore, are all those words which are comprised
above
in the
five sutras.
What is the object gained by making the avyayibhava compounds avyayas? Three objects are gained, by making these compounds, indeclinables,
the caseviz., we can apply to them ( ) the rule relating to the elision
1
(5J5 ) of
affixes
and feminine
words
upftgni
gender and number of the latter, zmf*H JJWF* JJ5THT: HdlSct (2) the rule relating
to^ccent when an avyaya is compounded with the word mukha, f$^T ^T)# **#
sutras VI. 2. 167
final
&
Thus,
168:
53^ yST
and the
first
word
called ST^rC.
thus **rTO:3rrr:
yppn being
pajha
retains
into ^, this
snfTCWT:
its
natural accent
(3)
been enunciated under the svarThese sutras properly, therefore, belong to the ganaall
their repetition here in the Ashtadhy&yt indicates that these rules are
vowel to take the udatta accent, but the preceding word being an avyaya,
do not apply
to them.
Thus
is
II.
all
case is
Bk.
Ch.
I.
Sarvanamasthana.
42, 43. ]
I.
38
fir ^sbn*rcn*re
The
42.
11
jr
affix
11
ftr
or
^hnroira*
15CW
vfq$i
fix,
(VIL
I.
n&masthAna.
This
defines
word sarvan&masth&na.
the
The
of
f
vowe l
**sv\\W
'
is
(VI. 4. 8)
and adds a
5^
So alscTapfrft
fruits.'
T^ftr ,
^f%:
sivjpt.
if
is
f$r
1.
fc>^P<1
that
and
<fr
u ^lft
The
used
lengthens_Jhejgenultim ate
it
Thus the
72).
replaces
It
fir is servile,
(VIL
the
is
affixes
of 9T5T
plural
trc*.
occurs in
^rffir
'
fruit' is
Here, there
H^pf
f^
affix
The
'
sfitra
is
So
no
also
VI. 4. 8.
srj^raaf^Pi n
first five
below
Singular
Dual
Accusative
f%a?iJ
Instrumental
*<fl*ll
Dative
**3*ft
19
Ablative
^pft
*9
Genitive
s&
Locative
iaa*ft
The above
Plural
WIT
Nominative
ft
5[
of
^, the ? of ft^
&c. are indicatory. All these vibhaktis are included in the pratyahara gj formed
by taking the
first
vibhakti
and the
sq, j^ &n&
by to
and feminine genders. In
the declension of nouns, it will be seen, that some nouns have two bases, one
before these sarvanamasthana and the other before the rest D
b v ^"^
the
first five
and are
terminations ($,
*ft,
'9'
34
Samprasaranjl
[Bk.
Sbg.
Plural.
Nominative CPTT
K\A\<i \
Accusative
Kttrft
But
1%:
nouns there
in the neuter
11
%fir
IIMM:
\*HP
Cni^f
Instrumental CRTF
Jifii^rei' %f<ir
is
44, 45.
Dual.
<|J1H*1
I.
tf^and n*T as
is
Ch.
I.
*PTfln
no such difference.
44.
option.
This sutra defines the word ft^TRT. We had already had occasion to
use this word in sutras 28 and 32. Where there is a prohibition as well as
an
it is
and
The
pr&ptipr&pta-vibh&shft.
The commen-
pripta-vibhishl.,
occurs where there
first
api&ptarvibh&shi
a general
is
rule
'
Thus
ipw.
^f^r
11
v^t
45.
^iw
s h
wsr- **uk
^jfi"
11
ftrWT
t^rfon
nnft *r *rro
^, vph
^^iiuiPI^ni
^wwrn^n
%*cr *f*fa
11
change
It
the
is
The praty&h&ra ik
name given
to the
vowels f
participle of
So
sutra 26).
there
form
&%.
^\ 'to
that
sleep,' is
we
have
formed by
*^ +
?r.
But there
is
affix
5ff
(see
by which
and we have the
rule (VI.
1.
15)
is
grr:
'
tf*
11
<rtf
Rrffew
i.
13
11
Digitized by
VI. 4. 131.
Q 00gle
Bk.
I.
Ch.
I.
Augments *,
46, 47. ]
and ft^.
frw,
35
or follow it accordingly.
This s&tra explains the special use of two of the indicatory
^ and
Where
a^.
is ^ that augment is to
regard to which it is en*
augment
is
added
to be
is
it
letters
word
after the
enjoined.
Thus, there
exhibited in the
a s&tra
is
(VII. 2.
35) which says " fixdhadhituka affixes beginning with a consonant except*,
have f^". The question may arise where is this f^tobe added, in the beginning
or the end or the middle of the &rdhadh&tuka
The
question.
dhituka
when
Thus the
affix.
this is
lAuiPi,
'
he
added to the
it
word
as, *ft
*fir,
is
'
3. 40.
he
+5^+rcr^+*T
to
4W^
II
affix
Thus $+f^+CTfirs
will cut*.
the root
*ft
ft^T^qic^C:
an &rdhadhituka
Similarly Tft?TT
will be.'
affix ?
termination reft,
future
root,
it is
'be frightens.
^Rftf^f
II
to be
is
added after
faf, !*:,
m*cm^ TO
,
comes
after
This
sfttra
*j.
and
is
an augment called
jij,
n which
augment
is ^.
(VI. 4. 8).
the final
lengthened.
59)
Similarly
5*31%
specification
it
the vowels.'
which an
J* +
Similarly
is in
There
fa
(III. 1. 77)
- yj + JJ + *T+
fir
is
(VI.
force of nirdhlr*-
This sGtra
affix is
tf
frosn%
is
The meaning
is
'among
1. 2, by
is,
36
The
and *.
sr
pj is
?IT
(VII.
and the
So
merse".
- HtJl^ +
60)
1.
result of
also H7^:
'
*rr
?*sren^ifr
elided.
is
*n^r
gt
11
*rr
I.
Ch.
vowel *j of
I.
but between
r,
yj between ^and
Thus Jf^ +
(VII. 2. 29)=-
*rr
48, 49.
"
t^Gt
He
^t(^
11
ijv,
11
This
11
ft
no corresponding
3r^rr*far
47
provided
it
it,
OT*I
'
be f and
Thus,
respectively.
ift
I.
2.
Therefore in compounding
^ has no
sjfif
+ ^
the
extravagant 1 so nh *rfifj
'
near a cow.'
Why do we
vowels are
is
Properly speaking
must be shortened.
to
rule, will
a vowel."
in
ij^r
stitra
when
5^ vowels have
short vowels.
^^.
in Sanskrit,
im-
.11
sfltra points
3ft
will
^fj 5*?-sn^5l
that
is,
*rcsr
immersed/
^r swrf
last
[Bk,
say
'
of qn
'?
*n%+ ^r -
As,
is *f.
rf%*3T|:
*rf*T
will not
HI5TT
WfiPTTCT:!
Why
JW
is
to be substituted
substitute.
As
f^r*rT
Devadatta
to* ^n^nn
Wl*fwfaf*M$%
11
49.
The
y%
3^
This
11
denotes
many
place,
^n^-^pn
11
II
explains the
mode
of interpreting
t ion in
Because when
Tn^ M t^
sfltra
'
fn^T
is that of
The
when no
words used
special
in the posses-
member, &c.
Bk.
I.
Ch.
I.
P lays down
of such genitive is to
Thus
the substitute.
"
87
words.
'
means /in
of ik there is
we have
Thus
'
sfitra
means
'of
'
*r
of hanti, there is
its
if*
kill thou.'
This sutra
enunciated in a
in the real
that the
this genitive is
So
genitive of *f?r
we have
'
*nj.'
says
in the_place at*
sfitra
It
the
in the sutra 3,
translation being
is
liIcest is
by
The
50. ]
is
language
rule,
1.
e.
is like
which
that
is
is
enunciated in a
is
wpt
'
genitive case,
place '
t.
et
is
that in
WR
i.
e.
wherever there
instead.
words
'
is
Similarly
asti/
and
in
'lAru'
sutras
^r#^:
(II.
4- 5 2 )t
or 1&i
*fa
'
(II. 4. 53),
the
wherever there
respectively/
sive participle
same forms
of
is
word shashthL
^fpfttf^T,
^nStorRdV
compound
\o
11
q^ift
11
wt^n-<UcW
like
11
||
38
[ Bk.
proximity.
we must
The guna
take an example.
of
T, 31,
and
ch.
I.
To
I.
50.
explain this
what It might
be said that *jt is the guna of f because the definitions as laid down up to so
So that when in a
far, do not say anywhere that TT is not the guna of f.
word Hkc(ftrVeare told 'let there be the guna of % we do not know what
To clear
specific guna letter is to be substituted, whether it is %[, 5 or *fr.
There
is
is
the guna of
'
up
this doubt, this sutra declares that the likest of its significates is to
Now
tituted.
K
J
Similarly *jt
is q;
the
is
guna
of
(i. e.
be subs-
(x) nearness in
meaning or
singular terminations to be used after words used in the sense of singular); (3)
(4)
first
vis.,
Of
all
these approximates
Thus
in
1.
101,
V*
S^s,
+ TT
*aTPT
is
voweL Thus
two short
for both *f and *qx
are gutturals.
&c,
follow."
Here,
we know
the substitutes,
We
it
is
Thus we
able to express."
find that
* is
the substitute of
Hlf^r, &c., which convey the same meaning and contain almost the same letters. Another example of this is afforded by VI.3.34,
by which feminine words in a compound are changed into masculine. Thus
IRi
*?r
*m w
*fl
of ^cf,T5 f
(fern)
(3).
^and
"?
is
substitution
(JlHniT^:) is afforded
by
WTOnot
- *J +
in
in the
Bk.
I.
Ch.
I.
51.]
39
which
is
is
rs-st+tpj^nr
Though
replaces
Thus qjj+
"inn
letter
t^
is
(III.
nrir+^
3. i8)>-qpc:;
11
in this sfttra
from thejast. the repetition of this word indicates the existence of the following ^aribhAsha
fever there exist several kinds
shall
is
substituted which
is
is
of proximity
be substituted, and
its
1.
there
e.9
Thus in finding the guna substitutes of \ and 7 out of the three guna
letters *r, ^ and *fr, we find that *j\is a proximate substitute having regard
to prosodial measure, i. e. %f and f and 7 have all one mitri ; while having
t
regard to the
latter
first; as,
we
get
%gr,
in the superlative
^ and
*ft;
the
ttjfcir.
degree ?
Where
must be taken.
Thus qp +
class, ^ is changed
f^rft-SFtrefo Here, by VIII. 4. 63, " after a letter of
into a letter homogeneous with the preceding," must be changed into a
Out of the five letters of this class, and are both
letter of the class ^.
there are
unaspirate,
and
and (is
soft; so
m it
substitute for
sfttra
soft
but
is always followed
consists of three
is
and
aspirate.
51.
This
soft,
as a
by a r.
is
of 3T
This sAtra
is useful in fixing
Thus, there.
40
guna vowels *f
if
and
*ft.
3T ? By the application
of the rule of
So
that *r
is
'
[Bk.
Of these what
guna
of 57;
Ch.
52, 53,
is
nearness of place
the
I.
we
see that %f is
and further by
rule, this
it.
scatters;' similarly
this/
f
9
Puft 'he swallows.
it is
letter.
Thus by IV. 1 97, " the *& of the word spjrar is replaced by sjg^ (techThus, 3>ft? + f
nically MJh ) when the affix J3 is added."
- *pn +
.
*T3
+ f *
gjf that
is
*ffanrr%:
'
a descendant of Sudhfttri
The *
Here the
'
substitute of
followed by
and
respectively.
3T%T?cXra H
*ft
Thus guna
tr^Tf^T
II
II
p = ar,
of
of
]i
W3:, WxT^T,
al.
(<3TT^9J:)
II
52.
The
rule
of
substitution
by nearness
of place
word which is exhibited in the genitive case and not to all its
letters. Thus by sutra VII. 2. 102, it is declared ^^ii?HH "in the place of ?ot
&c there is %f." It does not mean that the whole word ?ot is replaced by
etter of the
%f; though at
first
sight
it
may appear
to
mean so
replaced
by
but
means, by virtue of
letter of nr$, namely w is to be
;
it
*f.
So also in
of iftaft
wntrar
ffrf:
II
flTO
* ^JIW: %^*Wft
W^
*nft
Bigltized by
GoOQle
1/
Bk.
I.
Ch.
I.
ft* Substitutes.
53, 54. ]
41
53.
is
all
^substitutes, consisting of
3T there
is
by which
is
declared:' In the
it is
TH^ is a ftg_ substitute, and therefore it applies to the last letter of the word
and not to the whole word, vis, the Sff of nT is only changed into *jr and
not
the whole word ; and we have the compound nut fttu
ft, so also
fhrriWV.
There
is
an exception, however,
in the
*n\i xito
II
ii
That which
54.
t^rft
11
*n^,
live,
or
xit^t, ( re: )
When any
operation
To
is
operation
to be
made
is
to
is
be made
in
give an illustration:there
is
a rule (VI.
3.
of
*n: there
replace
have
97 ) by which
*^ and
"Inthe
TOP*
in
all
is
* when
last
is
declared.'
the letters of
been the
it
letter
of *pr,
is
By
makes an exception,
a word, simply by reason
such change is to be made in
the
directed to be
made
in
Digitized by
rsr IC
VjOOQ
(
42
ftr^ substitutes.
sn^w:
Bk. L Ch,
I.
55, 56.
one
an
having
indicatory
letter, and a substitute
*T take the
place of the whole of the original expression exhibited in
55.
last letter.
it
was declared
that
enjoins that an &dea consisting of more than one letter replaces the whole expression in the genitive case, and not only
letter,
but
if it
its
has a
last letter.
as
its
Even where an
indicatory letter,
it
re-
Thus, there
is
Here the
fldesa
last letter
3?.
'
than one
its
indicatory
letters,
mere surplusages and not to be taken into account. To see whether an affix is
Mj^chiq^ or not, the indicatory letters must not be counted; and the affix must
be stripped
^TRrtftr
of all its
*4Riw
f letters.
is
an explanatory
atidcia sutra, in as
much as
it
sOtra,
or this
may be
considered also as
*n
be performed
Digitized by
VnOvJVlL,
Bk.
Ch.
I.
on or by the
K*
V.
original,
may be
similarly
the
principal..
43
The words
some detailed
word which is replaced.
>fdea is the expression which replaces something. Al-vidhi is a compound
meaning alphabet, or letters in general, and vidhi ' rule i. e. any
of
al
but with certain restrictions.
texposition.
'
Sth&ni
is
'
There
an exception, however, to
is
That
term.
is
is
an adeSa
is
not
need not
rm
of verbs
is
+ nrr. Now
an intermedif^ before ArdhadhAtuka affixes beginning with any consonant exceptor*
This rule is clearly an al-vidhi, because the occasion for its application is conVII. 2. 35. prescribes the insertion of
e. g. vfy
ate
ditional
on the
dhatuka
affix
7+T
Thus iFfe +
in
i6;VH.
1.
^T.
it
affix
^T begins
Now
the
augment f which
*qj takes is
adesa
scope
when
by
*qj
it
^r ( tech.
has
all
^T^).
the func-
But the
affix Ctf
takes
pratyfiMra
is
while
if is
its
we have
an irdha-
replaced
affix tqT is
an intermediate ^
is
2. 37).
if
^ and
Therefore,
with
fulfils all
+ *rr-7#*rr(VI.
Now
The
and
initial letters
is
or an al-vidhi.
we
have^ijfr.
Substitutes replace either a xnq
primary
affix/ or
a taddhita
clinable/ or a
5 J affix
'case
affix
the
'
full
affix
affix/
'
'
or an
root,'
m^p
base/ or a kpt
or a ff(%
affix
conjugational
affix/
'
inde-
or lastly
word or pada.
The
substitute of a dhatu
becomes
a dhatu.
like
treated as dhatu,
The
substitute of an
fo3 declares:' q?
is
affixes ?jnr
anga becomes
like
III. 1.
an anga.
when
sfitras
1%
substitutes
&c. by
fifr^
Thus
*r?J an<*
II.
4.
of the root
^ and ^. are
96, &c.
Thus
Thus VII;
2.
^c^sej-gLffir follows/
44
Substitute
is
the principal.
like
[Bk.
Ch.
I,
56:
I,
Here, *f gets the designation 'base' and so rules applicable to base, are
also. Thus in ^r , 4iitqp 4t: &c. f we have fH, the lengthening
applied to
^3 substituted
The
pound, the
'fsp^
first
declares
member
is
which
is
*T
w^
word formed by
it,
gets the
as
sutra
substitute of
Here,
Thus
*fir
2.
I.
VII. 3.
*^E (IV.
50
2: 18)
so declined.
is
an avyaya.
As, Jft^nr
is
like
its
4.
*w%
&c.
'
and 5^ is added.
71 applies,
9.
Thus VII. 1.
when the verb is a com-
1.
krit affix.
affix tpfr
Vrffci^, here,
The
of
like
and VII.
3. 102,
The
becomes
krit affix
and VII.
1. 12,
- Iff + * +
Jjfr+FSTS.
The
is
VII.
is also called
As
substitute of
37 declares:
by
if^mv
make
the
The
c
clares:
substitute of sup-affixes
3T is
mJ
applies,
and there
Here,
is
3r is
becomes
like
Thus
tin.
is
them pada by
rule
pada
substitute of a
Why have we
14
4.
is like
m%
as, MJ<$t*1^ f
Thus
a pada.
gm*^ gmi*^
I.
III. 4.
13 de-
101 declares
L.
base ending
inflective
tj,
in
VII.
substitute of tin
words ending
Thus
like sup.
after an
in short
The
becomes
and
&c,
*rf[
the
&c
21 declares:
1.
of
make
also
HJ<&*4
VIII.
tense-affixes
%&tt%
*r**imw
final
is
in the s&tra?
Without
it
the aphorism
would have been ^l^l^Pl ^fcTqfr, and this being a chapter treating of defi
tj
an adea is called sth&ni.' This
nitions, the meaning would have been,
'
certainly
is
it
been
so,
then
all
Thus
rule
I.
3. 28, says
the substitute of
its
'
f^ will be itmanepadt,
proper sphere,
as,
is
f^ also
will
*if
be so in
as changing the
of ft into
(III. 4.
86) in the
^f J.
\
The word al-vidhi is used in order
e. g.
is
itmanepadl.1
*nf*T
as *TT?r5?; but
But
Bk.
L Ch. L
Substitute
57.]
is
45
?ft^ t*f &c, such as the change of ^ into *ft (VII. 1. 84), ^ into *JT (VIL 1.
are not to be treated like the original : as fh# VIP,
85), 1 into *j (VIL 2. 102
*n Had these substitutes been treated like the original, rule VI. 1. 68 would
apply, and the case-affix *g would have been elided.
,
*,
*r*: genitive of
the praty&hdra
^T% meaning of a vowel/ and means an &de$a which takes the place of a
vowel. The words adesa and sthfinivat are understood and are to be supplied
from the preceding sutra. The second word is 'parasmin' loc. sing, of 'para'
meaning 'in the subsequent. The locative has the force of on account of or
by reason of/ The third word is purva-vidhau loc. sing, of pfirva-vidhi mean*
*
'
ing'a
mean
that
a preceding thing.9
rule applicable to
\.
letters
is
V*+T
a,
nf^r.
Now
in
fol-
is
affix
affix
;
(sutra
V II.
2. 1 16)
as
add the
affix fisj%.
vt
it is
we have
preventing the
elided
qr?
+ + T,
the zero
the aorist(<j^) of
TO is
by VI.
*\r.
4. 48.
Now there
when r%^(aorist)
follows.
However
is
a rule
is
thus caused
by
z^Stftf?
11
*"'**
AM'
'46
Substitute
is
like
the principal.
*kap\
short *r
H$WL will
and
is
On
the last
of
otherwise
the substitute of
(the ud&tta
2. 174,
in
a short vowel
affix
kap).
*jr.
Thus
and prevents
its
is
a kfit
its
scope
the real
^j
\
suffix
being
TPITt
(to
^r,
the
is
Now there
is
having an indicatory
Now
vowels.
affix
needless to say that this rule applies only to vowel &dea, there-
It is
fore,
member
57.
last
I.
is
Ch.
I.
sfitra VII. 2.
[Bk.
in
<g
STPPJ
1.
added
the letter
tr is
when 5 is
omitted,
thfe
is
sth&ni.
71),
that before
?r of
?r
kpt
affixes
ending in
after verbs
becomes
light
final
and
+ f^
(VI. 4. 19).
Here,
word TO:.
^ is substituted
Thus
ij*S
(III.
3.
90)
be sthinivat
Were
it
^^+4- mi (VIII.
but
still
Had
2. 26).
Here the
is
5 is elided
is
'
\/
Bk.
I.
Ch.
I.
Substitute
57. ]
like
is
the principal.
Similarly the
'
Thus, JTOPTT+Rr-f*-
^r
whose
foot is
word ^4IUHI:
wnwf
'
a descendant of 14IUHI41'
such compounds by V.
4. 138.
4.
130
('
is
4. 18').
1.
'pad
also illus-
when
name
47
'
1.
io5)-^nmr:. Had
for 'p&d.'
word *nfr*5r, 1st per. sing. atm. present tense of the root
Thus *nft>ft+ff **sn$r*ft+S(HI. 4. 79). This change off
into is not caused by anything that follows, hence ^ is not sthftnivat to ff
for the purposes of the application of rule VII. 4. 53 ('the finals of didhl and
vevl are elided when an affix beginning wither or f follows' J.
Had ^ been
Similarly the
elided.
tion
rule
is
it
It is
f pfirva-vidhi).
only
when a
rule is
nominative case
(II.
3.
is
ift
49).
ifc
The
The nominative
5jft,
is
vocative
of
*ft
is
Now
is
the sft of
ift
to
*jt (VI.
1.
69).
sth&nivat or not.
fj
final
Now
there
drop-
is
^ would
rule VI.
the
If
be applied
^ and
will
is
it
Thus
is
had
if
to be applied to
replaced.
sth&nivat,
have to be dropped
1.
69,
it
re-
the conse-
If so,
in the vocative*
the &dea
*ft,
Similarly the
TOP*
.is
word
derived from,
*w
q% + *i (IV.
\.
The word
105) *pfr
Digitized by
VjOOQIC
Substitute
48
+ **
From
(VI.
this
4.
is
is
like
the principal.
2.
117)
- WTO* +
formed OTrtfa
in
this
wise:
{Bk*
m*
(VI.
TOFRT +
Ch.
I.
1.
79)
(IV.
Sf
I.
$ 58.
- TO**:.
114) *
2.
4.
150 ('there
is
*r^
f"
is elision
of the ^r of
a taddhita
coming after
But this sub-
affix
inasmuch as that
4. 150,
does not apply to any letter that precedes the substitute %f% , but to the
very letters of the substitute itself.
rule
:,
application of IV.
'dhak
is
1.
64
is
(VII.
1. 2).
Thus
118).
affix **r is
in f, provided
added. Rule V.
it
1.
122 says,
in
however not so
4.
vowels/
is
by VI.
1ft
is
affix
*qr
is
not applicable
f^IJ,
qmfa g ^
Not
so,
*T of *nj
in).
is
ipftft:
'
'he is/
w:
'
and
plural
'
Thus the
numbers (VI. 4.
Now
in
W: and mf*Q
by VJjVJOV IL
is
they are. 1
/
*
Bk.
Ch.
I.
I.
Substitute
$ 58. ]
is
40-' %
So
vanishes.
that before
W: there
tKeword
is this
it is in an invisible form.
This invisible &deia will be sthinivat, as it replaces
a vowel, by reason of something that follows, i. e. the affixes ir: and* *rf*l
being
f|=*w (I. 2,
4)
and
it
will
two
sent
1.
But
78).
stitra,
to
this incongruity is
we have
qt
coalesce by rules
a <r?F3 fafa or a
So also
in
pre-.
rule relating
*fnf^T srfcfj
rule
VL
of
^ of CT: ought to
TO whoo^* -*;-
'
f then the rule by which ^ could be doubled before 5 would be inappliBut f[ is not equivalent to f though its substitutej and we have the doub,
cable.
>
^and
ling of
of letters the
3.
affix
which
&dea
is
5x3/
is
The
affix *?^j[ is
a kpt
f^
we have figp ' ruler/ So from the intensive verb ^HTHT we have
vagrant7~Tt is formed in thiswise qrara+TCtfll. 2. i76)^rrarw+%
a
4I4I4<:
+^T(VI. 4. 48). Here the *r of if has been dropped and replaced by lopa, on
account of its being followed by the JLrdhadh&tuka_affix jt;. The next
1
to rule
'
'
to drop the
step, is
and
?
t\ e. t
Now
is
by
rule VI.
if
letters i
fore,
I.
affixes
having an
initial
Here there-
vowel.
the adea 'lopa/ which replaced the vowel ^r, be considered as sth&nivat,
a verb
jh u
*fj ^nrrnr:
ft^rnL 11
a rule relating to the dropping of yaJ
scratch'.
In forming an abstract noun from
Wnrftfa:
^3
'to
ircfar
'
Thus
it,
there is
the affix ft
having an
initial
The
present
*$%: scratching/
rule,
sfitra,
Digitized
by
Substitute
50
the principal.
like
accent1
5^
is
is
There
formed by an
[3k. I* Ch.
U 58.
a sutra (VI.
is
1.
193)
has an indicatory
affix that
the vowel that immediately precedes such an affix has the ud&tta accent.
Now *$% is
an
(VII. iT"i.).
Now
if
an
is
It
indicatory
fttft$,
the real
fj,
being jggjr
affix
affix
this affix to
fazfift
that has an
affix
desirous of doing 9
*H?
^fnNr:
so also
6.
on the
falls
f"
of 3ft;
fall
4. 48.
on
this
and we have
fefT4^ a
c
*3N*3ftfa:
To
letters.'
The accent
not so.
it is
have:
by VI.
Adding
we
explain this, let us form the second person singular of the verb
called
and
RudMdi.
radical vowel
final
real affix is
consonant
equation:^ + rr^+ft-ftf +T
*T of
if is
4.
gr (H I.
inserted
is
+* +ft~ftf+^ +
the follow-
o +^r +
^ of *^[
that the
78) the
1.
between the
we have
47). Therefore
(I. 1.
ing
dropped by VI.
This
5f.
ft.
is
The
dropped
by
a consonant of
of sandhi
Then
sj is
55
is
changed
Therefore
pratyihara:' here
:-ftr
*^T?^
letter of
is-cKanged into a
Therefore,
follows.
and
^ are
if
in the
anusvira followed by a
^ and ^
it
ftr+^+o+^+ft (VI IL
into anusvara
is
we have
present rule
changed
into
there
'ft is
is
This
ft.
is
a rule (VIII.
^homogeneous
rule
The next
fir
<j.
pratyihftra i>.,
4.
41).
5^ praty&hira.'
4.
letter
we regard
ftf
+ ^ + ^ + ft- frPf
or ftrfoj
so also ft?*T.
7-
here:ft + ^
3. 24),
+.
requires the
+ ^+
ft.
5 to be
al-
Now if zero be
pratyahira
Substitute
Ch. I. 58. ]
Bjc. I.
is
the
into
anusv&ra.
we change the 5
+ % + Tfcf - ffr^F* so also ffafSv
+ %+
examples areftr
8.-
51
principal.
like
tf^ftnfc
a rule
directing the
short vowels/
into an us vara.
is Zf
or
Inst.
substitution
sing, of
Therefore,
^n*.
of
is
Other
||
+ *+gr+*rr.
Here the *r has been elided by rule VI. 4. 134, which teaches
that words ending in *r% lose their *[ before terminations technically called
Bha. The termination of Inst sing, is a Bha termination by force of
rule I. 4. 18. The next rule that now comes into operation, is VIII. 2. 77, which
requires the lengthening of the short penultimate vowels, of the {3^ pratyi-
hara, of
f$\
is
this
of
<j[
f^ will
This
not be lengthened.
rule,
ening,
also the
sr
+fir(VHi.
It is
intoir.
class,
If
affix
^+^+f^sr + tw+fir^+*{++^+f?r
have,
2.
26)- *+^+*++fa(Viii.
is
tst^
100)-*+*+%+
2. 40).
and teaches
be changed
5^
if
is
The
rule,
*r*(
was
9).
(VI. 4.
This
the letters of
XVIII.
In this case
'
not sthinivat
word
is
it is
not
various rules,
so.
Therefore
by which
^+
first
*T
omitted,
and then jr is
dropped, have been referred to in brackets, and will be explained in their proper
places.
*+++ m^(VHI.
+
+ m^"
2.
26)-* +
*+
*n*(Vlll.
2.
40)
- w +
Here the change of * into q^ is by the applicawhich is a ja rule, and therefore, the zero is not sthinivat
3 *9Jir*ll
Substitute
52
^Tprf^
^pratyih&ra instead
16.
'
is
like
the principal.
[Bk.
replaced by q^r
singular of
of other consonants.'
(II. 4.
or perfect
lit
is
*3
tense.
m\
8)
At
this stage
comes the
of
letters
*J\
'to eat.
59-
L Ch. I.
^^
rule in
4- 54)
is
i3+i^
+ *nt-*r + *g + *FZ ( IL
8o)
4.98).
But
applied.
it
is
" * + *
is
thus formed:*j
+%+ S + *ra
IVI.
have,*j^T5^
lopa is the substitute of a vowel, it is not sth&nivat, for the
application of the rules of accent, rules relating to the doublthe
purposes of
ing of letters, and the rules relating to the elision of ya.. In other places,
When
with the exception of the above three ; the lop.a substitute of a vowel is, and
J
must be treated as sth&nivat Thus ^NJT^T: * ftifll: ftr^f: , ^P^fc In these
cases the lopa-&dea being sth&nivat, the rules relating to accent, lengthening and the elision of ya, do not apply.
sn^i: A arc*
further,
This sutra has been explained in different ways by the authors of the
Bk.
I. Cri.
may
the substitution
more
Substitute
59. ]
then
is
The
take place/
53
by Easika
explanation given
in
proper form.
its
scope in the
its
rules relating (a) to the elision of long *JT, (b) to the elision of the penultimate,
the elision of the affix fij^, (d) to the substitution of semi-vowels for
(c) to
and
s?r respectively
the root qr
therefore,
cation of the
root.
The
+ TJ? -
Thus we have
qr
dh&tuka
affixes
The affix
^fjr
<J
is qTJRf.
all
exist in this.
Here the *n
is
This
it
by VI.
4. 64.
for
The
to drink/
'
rules of sandhi.
Elision of *JT.
(a).
is,
by the
is
elided
m^
is
such an
VI.
1. 8,
of reduplication, therefore,
vowel in
it,
Thus we have
qr
(6).
S^'to
The elision
^ of ^T
is
it
e.
THRJ
of the penultimate.
is no
Here the
difficulty*
as
if it
(VII. 4. 59).
4. 59.
So
also qj:|
+ * + WJ^(VI.
i.
because there
f^ + WS^ - +
4. 98).
all fulfilled,
of the root.
The penultimate
replaced by the substitute lopa by VI. 4. 98, which teaches that the
rootsij^'togo'f^'to
affixes
SL + + *T35
kill/
it,
kill*
f^
or few.
We
know
to be such an
affix.
...
Digitized by
^
VjOOQLC
Substitute
54
The
(c).
causative form of
the root
forming the
in
the real
an
The
qsnf.
causative
is
At
affix
5$.
ftrg[ to
Now
sf.
by VI.
4. 51,
elided before an
is
Now n^ is
affix that
comes
this stage,
was a
zero which
vowel.
Ch.
1.
affix.
an
[Bk.
augment
being
affix
Ardhadh&tuka
and the
is
it
satisfies the
an
it is
affix
^C
x. 11),
The
.'
which deis,
^raf
thus,
substitute in place
such
Therefore, the
f becomes sth&nivat
of the vowel
up
as
if it
its
The
(d).
Thus
*\\\l\
*JT
mifidflN
is
the
the place of 3T by the general rule of sandhi VI. 1. 77. Now we have already
learned that *HRl ' s an an^ x which causes reduplication and it begins with
Now
a vowel.
is
therefore be sth&nivat
will
it
by
this sutra.
Had
it
(1.
e^ 3f),
The
substitute
g*
is
have
^T^GJ.'
(*).
1st
^T.
similarly ^p$:
The
fifth
case
is
The f
sft
'to lead:'
5ft
1575
Let us form
" ^ +
V *tt% +
a vowel
It satisfies
was a substitute
for
and
it is
i,
an
affix
Therefore the
n^ which
being a vowel substitute, becomes sthinivat to ij in form.
BK.
CH.
I.
is like
60.]
I.
*&
55
Now
here
is
lit,
t* is
be considered
if ^jjt
Thus
ip^(III. 4, 81).
changed into
For
LOPA DEFINED.
45).
so,
*rr,
l&t
*3TT
+ ^[
(VI.
1.
of the
SJT is
still
tit
on account
w+
*5^
53^
be
syllable will
and not
fir
sr
which
is
be no reduplication)
and
if
therefore, this
substitute zero
Why
words the
sfitra
" Before
an
affix
place of a vowel
we
This form
play/
is
thus evolved:f^+^(III.
1.
77).
=|^+3T+^ (VI.
because
3T
regarded
is this ^r
Why
is
duplication (VI.
it is
82).
to *JT;
had
The
^wjf>rtWfr
is
affix
4.
19)
(tech.
f ? No,
which causes reduplication.
1.
9) ^jrapifiir.
If
w could be
been
so,
*rer sfrr
affix
is
like
it
Thus HT+*y=fft +
changed
60.
fies
7)-ft+3& + ^(VI.
^ is caused by ^
9); but as
1.
sthftnivat.
it
*+ ^ - J*ET (VI.
" Before an
Here,
to shine, to
purposes of reduplication."
be
'
to be regarded as sth&nivat to
the
ftjr
will not
3T^),
1.
initial
the original
like
is
In that case
Without these
having an
into
f"
on account
of
**fW *%t
qrafir
(VII. 4.
but
3i)=*rafa*(VIL
f"
*ftfta?T.
is
4.
not sth&nivat
Similarly {ufcft.
(lopa) signi-
disappearance.
This defines
elision.
When a
letter or
word-form becomes
latent,
56
is
Pratyaya-lakshana.
Lopa
elided.
apparent.
is
the term
is
of anything
61, 62.
said to be'
previously
way as
L Ch. L
becomes lopa or
is in several
it
[Bk.
all
" lopa"
is
liabilities
and
rules are
it
made
replaces.
applicable to
it,
in the
as lopa blank, rlu blank, hip blank, and luk blank, which like different sorts of zeroes of a
tician,
have
same
The Grammarians do not content themothers ; there are many kinds of them, such
an apparent form.
Mathema-
different functions.
The word
1.
66 and VI.
4.
&c.
118
Thus
sr^afcn^)
11
when an affix
name of
is
elided by using
Slu or lup.
Thus in *r^+ JT^tf^T + f% - srf^T he eats.' Here the vikarana qrji has
been elided by using the word luk (II. 4. 72). Similarly in sjffrft 'he in*,
yokes/ the vikarana jrj is elided by the word Slu (II. 4. 75), so in qr*UT: ' a
city in the vicinity of weeds called varani/
Here the Taddhita affix indicating vicinity has been elided by the word lup # (IV. 2. 82),
Why do we use the words " of the affix "? Without these words, the sfttra would hare
run thus: "The disappearance is called luk, jIu or lup." So that the disappearance of a bos*
'
only intended.
So
Thus
which however
is
not intended.
luk
luk* of
'
of the
of the words.
62.
the affix
When
an
elision of
affix
exerts its
tions dependant upon it, take place as if it were, present.
(lopa),
still
Bk,
I.
Ch.
I.
This
declares that
stitra
which ends
these
in
affixes
87
Pratyaya-lakshana.
62.]
those bases
still
become 'pada'
in
spite of
the
How can
when
take place,
the
affix.
affix itself
vanishes,
formed,
*nft^+
(VIII. 2.
37)=*Nir^
Why
have we used the word smnr in this aphorism again, when its
anuvptti was understood in this sfitra from the last ? This repet? f ion indicates that the present rule applies where the whole of the affix is elided, and
not when a portion of an affix is elided. The present sfttra, therefore, does
not apply to forms like HJltflq and q^*flq . These forms are the 1st person
- *m% + r(IH. 4.
Atmanepada of f^andir^. Thus MjlfdL +
*n*l .+ tffy^ + *r (IH. 4. 102) *wfi +t[+*r. Here, ^a portion
of the affix *fr^ is elided by VII. 2. 79
now there will be no U*34frl\iUI of
this partial elision of an affix.
Had it been so, the final nasal 5 of *nt*f
would have been elided by VI. 4. 37 but that is not so and we have inrffrr
sing. f*T
I06)
^ + T^ "
we have
1.
78.
change of
Therefore,
we elide
when
the case-affix
in
^H,
I*
into %ff^
dependent upon
wH*^)
II
its letters,
$*td!#
11
*V$*
11
f, *ran,
w^r,
is
H5*m-
Pratyaya-lakShana.
68
[Bk.
I.
Ch.
I.
63.
jc
&-;&**
This
was too
sfitra is
extensive.
It
'
in this
sfitra
requires
some explanation.
"
A root,
but also the shortening of qT into W, that is, the affix being elided,
vanishes altogether, leaving no trace behind, in the shape of the.vfiddhing
*T of *ir*A
it
of the
first
was competent
to cause.
'
to clean.
9
.
It
belongs to Ad&di class in which the vikarana 7J% is elided by ' luk ' (II. 4. 72);
and hence there is no vpddhi substitution, which would have taken place by
VII.
2. 1 14,
3^ is vpddhied before
verbal affixes).
elided
'
When
an
affix is
*j, it is
its effect
remains.
Why
do we say
mt
'
in
respect of an
Anga
or inflective
base?' Observe
q*j
'five/
'seven/
<pr:
Bk. I Ch,
64,
I,
Tl DEFINED.
.66. ]
59
l> U
U
and jj^ are elided by 'luk').
Here the affix is elided by enouncing the word 'luk,' the result is,
that the affix cannot produce any change which it would otherwise, have
caused, in the anga or inflective base; such as lengthening, as in r&jan, 'a
king/ x. p. r&j&najp 'kings.' But though it is inoperative as regards the
anga9 the elided affix is not altogether inactive. It retains the virtue of raising the base to the dignity of a pada. Thus:
fa3 + sn|- ff^2+*, (luk VII.
1. 22).
The word pafichan is now *pada % and as such, it drops its final .
I
(after
the words
called
sha|,
the
'
*r*
3T^w*?nf^fe
11
qi
11
m^iPc
11
sro, sre*nf^, ft
11
This
'between the
portion
defines
sfitra
last letter
f^ is f>;
so also in
It is that portion of a
fi.
Thus
writhe
in the
portion 7<r.
The word
'
3TOT
and though
among
is in
11
it is
last letter
vi m
^iPi u
The
of a word
letter
ra: #
wm^
is called
the penultimate.-
in the
number,
II
65.
1%:
in the singular
the vowels/
11
trfl*rf%Tfir
*m*4*4Pft%
words
q^j,
p^
j>r,
f^
16.
11
is
a declaratory or interpreting
sfitra.
When
in
a word
to be per-
sfitra,
sfitra is
60
it.
Thus
case.
Bk.
I.
Of.
I..
stoPt (VI.
67, 68.
i.
77) the
word *rf% is in the locative case, which sfttra, therefore, means that f; *T, gj tif
followed by a vowel (*r^) are changed into 5 *, }T, 5T, (*TT[). The literal
,
'
11
srerrftflr
m^mtiPi^i
11
the term.
This
sfitra
when
employed
in these aphorisms.
As the locative case refers to a preceding
word, so the ablative refers to a succeeding word.
Thus
and stambha,
Thus
belonging to the class of the prior.
7f +^IHH*
Here the word ??: is exhibited in the original sfitra in the ablative case, and
by the present sfitra it means that a dental letter 5 must be substituted in
the place of sth&na, and by I. 1. 54 ante, this dental takes the place of 5; we
have ^Tf + WTR^^^OT-trpr^. Similarly in sfitra ft*3 *ft: (VIII.2. 18, ' a word
ending in a conjugational affix, when following after a word ending in a nonconjugational affix, becomes anud&tta.') Here the word 'atifiab' is exhibited in
the ablative case, therefore, the operation directed by this aphorism, namely,
the substitution of anudAtta accent, must take place in the word that follows.
Thus ?5f5r <fafH" but not so in 4^*4)fifVtf) II
stitra
the substitute is
VIII. 4. 61
declares that
letter
^ ^T vc^traatfvi
?f%n
(Vn
11
n \c
xt^fk
siui*mi*4 H^fit
11
11
11
^^, *ww
i mfitfa v^^l
Tfr-
\\
/'
J
BK.
CH.
I.
I.
SVAM-RUPA RULE*
68. ]
qrft*n
* f^Mfidsiuji^ qwu<i3i *
ii
61
ii
'
of
The
a word.'
sense of the
a word denotes both things exits meaning, and its form. Thus a
is that
sfttra
vis.,
*rfifr
will
word-form
is
% f
,
to be taken,
and
be
taken;
This
sfitra is
begun
in order
to
remove the
which might
difficulty
otherwise arise from a consideration that a word conn otes a certain meaning,
Thus the
comes
after the
sfttra
*p%?(IV.
word 'agniV
2. 33) declares
Thus
*jfar
**
19 declares
:
'
:" that
the affix
$hak r
W%*Rl "belonging
fwht
and not
its
to
Simi-
As
*?lrcP*Wl(VII.
'uda^vita*
trftft*
of
^^^
'
'
(I.
22).
Here the
aj>-
VjOOQLC
SVAM-RUPA RULE.
62
BK.
I.
CH.
1.
69.
this rule.
These exceptions have been arranged
under four heads, technically called f%?r, fir^, finr, and Rf7*r. When there is
a rule about a word, it may mean that very word-form, or words representing species falling under that word, or words which are synonymous with it.
parently exceptions to
Thus
rule
II.
4.
12 declares,:
"j^r
giST 'grass/
&c. f
may
compounded as dvandva."
optionally be
Then in s&tra HI. 4. 40, we have an example of fir?. That s&tra means
"the word yq* 'to feed takes the affix mjj<H (*JTO when compounded with
the word **." Here the word w' means both the word-form f^, as well as
and the species of *r. Thus ^? and *FT 'wealth' are
the synonyms of
wealth' and if} f cow* are genus and species. Thus
synonyms; while
+ yj + *uy* - srrfa^. Similarly rffa*, *mta* *ftfm, mre?.
1
'
W
^
'
Such
f^
'
'
^TT-T'WH^
'
king's assembly,'
Then
in sfttra
meaning
is
qrf^T
f^T+^RT-f^TOH^
we must have
IV.
'
'
'king's assembly.'
Ht&f
'
fish
'
s*r
'
of f^j.
But
J^lfinreHT, *4A{IU4I4I
we have an example
4. 35,
bird
.word-forms
'
q%
The
sfttra
s^ when the
synonyms.
'
'
mmfow^fa
Wta, %
3URTO:
^nictra:
^W
The
II
\\ n t^rf*
II
STO
*f^W,
Bk. I.'Ch.
I.
7o.]
homogeneous
Ta-para rule.
except
letters,
68
as pra-
tydy&s or affixea
The pratylh&ra *T^in thus
This
is
own
*f.
Thus
sfttra
*ji^uj: (VI.
1.
longer
in this
sfttra,
sfitra:
is
the
*r,
we
**$% ^T (VI.
also.
4. 148).
When
affixes.
Thus
sfitra III. 2.
168;
words ending in the affix san, and the words 4ansa and bhiksha,
there is *.' Here * is an affix and therefore does not include long 3?.
Thus 5nj: ' a beggar.' So also in IV. 3. 9, the short if only is to be taken
and not the long one.
says,
'
after
dM<c*l
^1*
>rcrfir
U too
II
Ti?r T fSf
H-TTC5, a^-lJTCRT, (
**
****<* *ro*
11
70.
The
letter
which has 5
self
included
all
the letters of
down
own
its class.
Thus *f includes
*rr;
and
f,
f; &c.
sfitra
lays
the rule
term
*n*
Digitized by
Q 00
^{
Tadanta-rule.
$4
The
sfltra consists of
after it or
[Bk.
I.
Ch.
I.
7*> J*.
Thus the letter *T*)L W *U include the udatta, anudatta, svarita (both
and non -nasalised) *? and not the long and protracted forms.
nasalised
and
which
is
(>
ends
in
in
includes
its
we have
letter
homogeneous letters
also.
1.
TffTf (
$r
9 *T?nPra 5^.
i^r takes the place of P15/ Thus
e * short *r),
This rule
Thus
*t%
sutra.
is
different
f$r:
But
from
in *$r2T
in.
which
9T,
OTjft:
^ ^**0 *
*ftr
a final)
11
is
71.
the
name
qrufmt
*n?^ >nRr
a final T* letter as
intervening
letters.
This sutra explains the mode of interpreting praty&h&ras. Thus the
praty&h&ra*ra^ means those letters whose beginning is Hand whose final fir
is |f t
Why
do we say with the final indicatory letter?' Because a pratyahara like *j^ would be otherwise ambiguous. It might be doubted whether it is formed with the final of sft^ and refers to the first five case-affixes,
or whether it is formed with the initial \otzf and therefore refers to the first
seven case-affixes. The present sutra clears up the doubt. A pratyih&ra is
formed with the final T3.and not with the initial f^.
FTC*
^ <kHW
II
,
Digitized by
(^
r\r\ci\(>
VjiJOv
LC
Bk.
Ch.
I.
Tadanta-rule.
7a.]
I.
srft^rrer
^T^faww^uffl
ii
An
72.
ii
69
injunction which is
'
This sutra consists of three words : sfa 'by what (attribute)/ f%ft:
' having that (attribute) at its end.'
qq*K3
rule/
This
a rule of interpretation.
is
to a particular attribute or
letters at their end.
be the
affix
means and
Thus there
When
means
a rule
is
a rule (HI.
is
I.
includes " after the roots ending in vowels, as well as roots con-
a single vowel."
sisting of
means
letter, it
that
when a
rule is laid
cular attribute, that rule, besides being applicable to that particular attribute,
is also
down
laid
vowels
in .those forms.
Thus
f
Vart
W$
Pf + *n( -
The present
there
is
^5
'
sutra
II.
1.
the words
atita
^P
II
The
ach would come not only after X> but after any expression that ends
affix
in
rule
a rule laid down with regard to certain forms, will apply to words
ending
Thus a
(samisa),
a word
As
&c.
+ pnn
*6k
q^ftrcr:
compounded with
involved in pain.9
of
3* +
TCTfrtr:
II
the words to
The descendant
being appli-
and not as
above.
//
is
however
qualified
by the following :
affixes
Digitized by
Vriddham defined.
66
[Bk.
I.
Ch.
L 73.
fa 5f, 5f), short or long, or where a rule is propounded with regard to letters. Thus the affix ktavatu (1. 1. 26) has an indicatory w and we have fTCJTJ. A rule which will apply to kpitavat will
Thus the feminine of
apply also to the word which ends in kptavat
kptavat is fT^Ttft (IV. 1.6), the feminine of sukptavat will be sukptavatL
."
Similarly rule IV. I. 95 *pr 7^ says "after *r there is the affix
This
is a rule relating to pratyayas, but as it is propounded by mere letters, the
rule of tadanta-vidhi will apply here.
Thus J^T + f*J - *if^r ' the son of
Daksha/
that have an indicatory ?3
Thus sutra VI. 4. 77, achi nu dhitu bhruv&m yvor iyan uvanau,
means " iyan and uvan are the substitutes of what ends with the pratyaya
nu and what ends in a verbal root in \ or 7, whether long or short, and
*rf%^
*tf%^
flirty
11
**THi^i4qHw**m4i ^r^ftfir
11
* *r
11
str^tot
F5 ^?rr w*&*r.
* flnpuhmnRfriiim *3r^
11
q^m* n
11
73.
the
first is
'
first/ wf^
If
first in
1THT,
'
that /
T&L
The
IS
words
*TC*r '
'
:
f
is
JP^t
TS%
&c->
have the
called vriddham.
'
first
that
itizedby(
Bk.
Ch.
I.
I.
Vriddham defined.
74, 75. ]
67
defined in order to
make applicable
to these peculiar
2. 1
is
14)
vative will be
*HWI*H*W
Vart:
tion,
may
affix fj.
Its
corresponding deri-
II
A proper noun,
Thus
^rf + 5
Si<*T(Ui,
Vart
compound ending
'
in
Vart:
e#
also
II
38
TJ^lfo
II
vJmMlUu*fUl
c^lflfa
74.
So
II
:,
f^rwfllT^T:
and ttR<HMM| l
Wf-W^f^,
&c.,
are
*r
called
also
vriddham.
27.
The **r^ &c. have been given in the list of sarvan&mas. See sutra
These words are also called vriddham. Thus *rj+3C<r$te*r, ^nft*l
*#* reft***
sulfas. ,
W*n%, ITfnrf%:
^xrrei
11
11
&c.
T^rft u
^, mm\, \,
(tot-
we have
LiOOQ 1C
68
Vriddham defined.
Bk.
I.
Ch.
I.
75.
The word prik in the sutra has been differently interpreted. The
Grammarian Kunin takes the word pr&k as an epithet qualifying the word
1
will
Others however take the word pr&k as qualifying the word dea
and the meaning then is as given in the text.
Why do we say ' having the letters If and qjt ' ? If a simple vowel
is first among the vowels, of a word, that word will not be called vriddham
and as such will not take the affix @C ; as ^jifij^^ :, 3E i<|<fr4if
:
Why do we say of
apply to a word
is
like
'
Eastern country
l^tf: which
is
the
'
name
Because
of a
town
this rule
does not
in the Punjab,
which
be I^TT-i born in
Devadatta.
Why
Thus from
1
do we say 'country ?
ifPTft'
we have
4t*raT:
fish
Digitized by
%m ^^wml^^
it
BOOK
Chapter
filter* ^j^}
ii
I.
II.
This
an atidea
is
having an indicatory
The
root
is
*TT
sfttra,
to produce the
substituted
tenses,
with
5^
to
'
be crooked
'
evolved.
Wt
*rfa
*ft
+ CT
'
to groan.
are treated as
of those affixes
which are
*ni,
*r*
5^
'
fs^ or ftjw.
*W
if
+ If +
he studied,
^t
+ *
(II.
^THrifHrni}
'
is
thus
4- 5)
they two
;'
Thus
+ <T3 (III. 1. 133) - ?R + f* + *% (VII. 2. 35) - 518c,
nominative singular $fd | ' who acts crookedly.' Here the affix ^^ being
regarded as f|p? does not cause the guna substitution of the ? of aj
by
I. 1.
15.
Similarly
$f?Hq^
with
So on with
the
all
affixes
yyj and
ffwrj,
we hav ^f^fl
e. g.
an *
^tjfcrf
[Bk.
70
fitrjr
or
is
such an
Ch.
1.
II.
$ 2,3*
Thus
not be so treated.
will
affix
e. g.
^gf
ftJ5
and
Wore
Vdrtika:
lhe'affix<*^
The
we have Vesiftes!?:
root
purpose
fiP^^H
samprasiraAa before the
'
of
Ait
affix *r^
shall
deceive/
i.
16.
no sampra?
n tr^rf^ u fesr:
^y
(few
) ..
^rf%ft w^<rH*D:,
ii
An
2.
affix
The
he
'
&c.
'
is
f^r %\\i r
IP?
fqr^FfTI
like
s&rana before it
1%:
As
treated
also
is
Here there is
fipqqwiq
terminations fir, J^and fl**^, and the* of
deceiving
But the
deceive/
'to
root
frogr
its
vowel
before the
affixes
that take
the
t'
gftfSryprerS
ought to be agitated/
But those affixes, which are not preceded by the augment jt, are not
like fi^, and they consequently produce their own proper action, such as
As
gunation &c.
to be agitated.
^ + f^ + *j? - ^$*H*t
f^m^TOT:
*ftr:
ii
sfpFfor?
'
imixr^rf^r
ii
fsrwnn
^n:
(fV^t **) n
ii
like Ait.
Thus before the r^rft termination $rir of the future,
either jjr^%*rr or 3m&f?<n " he will cover."
we may have
'
^
Digitized by
^ r\r\n\o
VjjOOyiC
Bk.
I.
Ch.
II.
!%:
ii
4, 5. ]
whrnpfr
71
*refiraf5nrifir m
4.
an indicatory
^ is like Ait.
The
marked with a
following;
^ and
also the tense terminations called fin, the latter are the
3rd Pers.
2nd Pers.
dual.
sing.
ft*
fa*
*T
ft:
1
i
Pr*
*5
*3
3rd Pers.
Wf^tl*
2nd Pers.
*n*r
^i^ii
1st Pers.
T5.
<rft
"**
*rf^
1st
Pers.
Parasmaipada.
i
)
i
Atmanepada.
jr
such as Rr Rr and
flfr
S&rvadh&tuka terminations are fS^. The tf$r<T terminations like ^jTi ^FfT^ &c., are also Sirvadhituka terminations.
These affixes
are also flFfT, unless they have a ^ as indicatory, as jp. Thus the affix
&c.
all
*T^j,
being an
the other
gunated:
*rfir^
SArvadhAtuka
e. g. 3j^r:
'
affix, is
it
the vowel
is
not
'they two
i.
do.'
^n
is
II
they do.*
Here the %f of
is changed into *r and we have a^r, by virtue of
rule VI. 4. no, which declares that the *[ of the verb *Tis changed into *
before those Sdrvadh&tuka affixes which are feTj or fa%.
Here tpj is a
S&rvadh&tuka fi^ affix by the present rule, and hence the change.
These four sfitras describe the fir^ terminations.
Why do we say ' a SArvadh4tuka affix/ ? Because an &rdhadh&tuka
affix though not being marked with an indicatory ^ will not be a fg^.
As
'doer/
duty/
q*%
*xfa to do qrfts*PT
Why do we say not having an indicatory ^'? If a S&rvadh&tuka
'
'
'
'
affix
has an indicatory
mtifit
fa^,
it
^rftn
'
will not
I
be
Ait.
As
fT
+ T + ffTX-^Ttf^r
he does:'
do/
Digitized by
VjOOQLC
Affixes like
7J
fti^.
Bk.
Ch.
I.
II.
5, 6L
5.
The affixes of Lit (Perfect Tense) not coming after a conjunct consonant, are as if they had an in-
dicatory
as
(kit).
With this
fe^ though not
^ to
tions
that have
with
<r ).
mark them as
The
such.
termina-
terminations, are
ftfjT
no compound consonants.
also,
Thus from
perfect
is fqrft?<j:
firf
'
to tear
faftf
'
will
not apply
if
its
yu divided;*
treated as kit
for
had
it
WT3+SET55
been so treated,
The pit
have
'
6.
roots indhi
These
two
After
these
roots
have been
roots
especially
mentioned, because
the
root
ff^f
and
a compound consonant
the root * is mentioned because all the terminations of the Perfect are
fotr after ^, not excepting the ft% terminations. Thus the verbs ^ffa
and t^ are illustrations of Perfect Tense from the root <^as in the following
examples:*rftt *t****W* f (Rig Veda VI. 16. 15), and yr ft *Plfov
(Rig Veda VI. 16. 14). Here the nasal of the root is dropped by regarding
ending
will
in
the affix as
fa^
Varti
'to fasten,
ll
^, we have
^r
*$?TO
'to injure
*to
II
loosen/ h*J
As ^l?f: 'thou
Digitized by
hast
VnOOQ
1 6.
Bk.
Ch.
I.
loosened
mentioned
Affixes like
8. ]
7,
II.
^+^T35- ^+W95-
(The
73
fanfc
elided
is
by the
already
rule
*T*+M*{+ *T3^$ta3:
^^^^^^^<t5
lf%:
SRT
II
The
M^lPl
u?rf ^^ffe^r^^f^^^^nr:
TO^:;**?:, <rfrre*#f
^*-^-*f
II
tf*pr**p fo**i%
be gracious,' mjid
to squeeze, gudh
to wrap up,' kush l to
tear,' kli to suffer,' vad to speak and to vas c dwell*
7.
After
ktvd
it
is
clearly
was useless to
later sutra
is
RPT
not
if
tin*
is
'
the
verbs,
call
in
if it
it
a hit
is this.
Though htvd
Sj
verbs,
have
kit.
is
is
all
by
and
of this
f.
hit.
Thus
*rfo**r.
^r
Or in other words,
%? verbs, viz., that
to sleep
'
is
%^.
f.
The
of sutra 18;
The reason
affix
letter 5,
happens that
The
is
might
It
these verbs.
affix after
added to
Now
gerundial ktvd
apparent repitition
seven
these
objected,
to
be
affix
htvd
is
necessarily hit.
Thus we have
^ftt^F
f
having squeezed ' ^jf^rT ' having wrapped <^ftWT
4
having torn/ fefi^^T 'having suffered* ^rf^l 'having spoken' Tftttf
4
having dwelt.' The ^r v of
and ^ are changed into xT by the rule of
'
Sampras&rana (VI.
Moreover
1.
15),
^ff-^afir-n^
st fer
^[
11
to seize,' svap
to ask.'
^
VjOOQiC
T
Digitized by
74
Bic
Ch.
I.
II.
gi
After the above mentioned verbs the ktvd though taking an inter-
mediate
and the
f,
^J
affix
The
reduplicated before
is
are
of ?Erj is
^j, the
jf^r
being
real affix
^M
asked/ P^fod
(VI. I.
'having taken,
16).
The
fr.
1.
16)
is changed
The verb
7^5 before ft// affixes by sampras&rana (VI. 1.
into
'
he wishes to ask \
Rule 26
by virtue of
is of
'having
75
&%
16).
virtue of
Jt/V,
if,
course
makes them
3^
in
affix.
employed
is
know'; iJ^faT
take';
affix
this fr-T
to
The
far^.
these
and
?E^5T
that
anit,
is,
they do not take the intermediate f; and therefore the *3?T being directly
affixed to them, and rule 18 not applying, the indicatory k would make it
kit.
verb
affix
^, by making that
f when the
intermediate
affix
*%T t
ff%:
11
II
rr^rngnfr rn
:
9.
tl^Tfa
II
grenf?:
II
**>:
9KS^(
The
also kit.
by virtue of
follows,
some-
f%^)
II
fa-iufi n
tk
vowels.
ending in
after verbs
&zt 9
is
3*,
stir.
The
all
5f.
affix
begins with
?fj
before
is
no longer a
from
it, it
f*r
^r
'
If
'
is
A$
in that case it is
3*
is
or
an
not
affix
is
f^rt
f^, we have
in
also ff
^ or $r
when the
to say
9^ is
the intermediate
if
a verb ending
5 'to
The
mix *RJTI%; so
to be' fprft
to conquer*
to cross' fctfftnt
and
$T*nf| affix,
'he wishes
But
that
4J<rilft,
which
added
Thus
fif *1WRt
take an intermediate f;
takes
\
Digitized by
its
VjOOQLC
Bk.
I.
Ch.
the f^r.
II.
9, 10. ]
after verbs
kit-
7$
ending
'he wishes to
qr )
in
letter than
So from WT. we
any other
drink.'
have fforafff.
The
in ik vowels, is to
ending
after verbs
object of
root,
as in
PrtWSfr
wishes to collect ' cfjsrnr ' wishes to praise.' To this it might be objected
" this cannot be : for rule VI. 4. 16 (when
beginning with a jhal i. e., not
'
To
this
may be
it
enjoining long vowel, debars rule VII. 3. 84 requiring gun a, it should a fortiori
debar rule VI. 4.51 which requires the elision of the affix ftx before Ardhadhituka affixes not taking the augment \\. But evidently that is not so;
for the elision of ftr
sutra
is
the affix
is
Thus
4. 2 is
I.
maxim contained
16.
4.
But
will
4. 51
apply:
be
in such cases
the
debar
a prior rule of P&nini when both find their scope in a single case. Thus
in forming the desiderative of the verb g^r ' to inform/ both the rules
VI.
4.
fnr
fiiT^r
+ ^[ +
being treated as
f?r^;
fisrr,
The verb
Thus
affix fcJTJ-
the
guna of the \
of ^rPr
is
Thus
51 comes into
prevented.
H^
sfttra
play,
<ffc*U^ (VII. 4.
55
And after
'to pierce*
we have feH*m3
it
ends
in
Digitized by
LiOOQ IC
76
I
Affixes like
If
% - RlUMfr
affix *l
of
the verb
q%,
4
is
!
is
wishes to sacrifice. 1
Had
the
by
[Bk.
||
I.
Ch.
II.
n.
Ill*
a verb. As ^jr +
9^ been here a kit
is
ftnj.
affix
rule VI.
1.
m+
affix,
samprasirana of the verbs ??, *TT, and irw, &c, before JkiV affixes.
If the san takes the intermediate f and is then no longer a f!5Trft
it is
not tit
he desires to
Roots
Here there
like $?,
is
# &c,
guna
word f*J
ftiftlH^
of fi.
are governed
+
+ fax - 1% + *rfa (VI.
^asfirj) - tftarftorfacsfa(VII. 4thus *
As f^ + f +
be.'
by
this rule,
of the sfttra
4. 24 the 1*
5^).
literally
phrases,
given in the above text must be supplied from the previous s&tras, to complete the sense. The anuvrittiol the word *%, that began with sfitra 8.
As
know/ wPHT
Thus
a
'
he broke
the root
'
^rf^
f*r$
fir^te
'
'
in the
Atmanepada
titution of the
Similarly
in
is
the
we have *n^T -
Aorist
'
may he
is
preceded by f
affix tfhr
of Benedictive
vowel of the
$*tft
'
he knew/
2. 26.
*r
So also f>^ +
is
affix,
fo%
+ fe^ +
fa*
tfhr
JpJ
% the sr
sftr (VIII. 2.
of
37)
not apply.
Digitized by
VjVjVjy IC
Bk.
Ch.
I.
II.
This rule
Par&smaipadi.
*T
*T
not apply,
will
77
11-13.]
+ iStH (VI -
if
is
*C
5 8)
*p*
4tiQ
*T
anireftv
77)
Parasmaipadi ^TO^ftj. Had the
the augment of the verbs g^and f^
1.
1. 58 (sq^ is
beginning with SLjhal and not having an indicatory 3 follows),
would not have applied.
when an
affix
This rule
not apply,
will also
we have Ben.
if
The
augment
been
Had
i into e.
if
This
fitSt
rule, of
will not
be affected by
^q|V
&J 9^ n
this rule.
Thus
the 1st
fST and
q^Tfo
II
II
^:
sic/i,
Vb*
'
fr
'
to
do
he did/
Of course
intermediate f ; as
So
also fpfte
is
kit,
or*
the substi-
frfte
if
'
may he
So
do.'
also
^r,
and *mi.
this rule
fe#R&T Wh3<4$3
affixes follow.
the benedictive
'
ending in
are
12.
fa*, as
of
f%.
Other tenses
of
Thus
(Benedictive)
*T+T +
by
VII. 2. 38.
j
and
sich
pada, are
The
Rule L
kit.
verb
n 'to
go
is
WH by
3. 29.
The
result of its
being kit
is
AtmaneThus we have
Digitized by
G00gle
'
78
Affixes like
fi^
Bk.
Ch.
II.
ti<
in the
I.
sick Aorist.
eX+ir^+3hr-*r J+*r+*fte'
,
of
n^
is
we have &HhT.
So in theaorist^+n^+ft^+V-^+^^+^+^(VI.4*37)-^nnr*
The f%^ being elided by VIII. 2. 27 (after a short inflective base, there is
So when q[of *p( is elided by VI. 4. 37,
elision of fin;, if ajA*/ follows).
VI. 4. 37.
In the alternative
14.
The
sick
Atmanepada
the elision of
f%^
is
the aorist of
by Rule VI.
fsj.
sfitra.
The sfitras
12,
and 13 were governed both by f^r^and ftrjp fromand after this sfitra, the governing power of f*fi ceases. The governing power of the word " Atmanepada"
in sfitra 1 1 does not however cease, and its anuvritti runs through the succeeding
though as regards this sfitra, its anuvritti is redundant, inasmuch
as before the Parasmaipada terminations, the root f< is always replaced by
in the aorist, there is no necessity of making the affix sick a ktt.
For the
sfitras
object served in
making sick,
kit, after
the verb
f* ,
is
Tfa:
11
*reHpt*i%
15.
The
^hhwc
first
***w. l%^,H^Rr
^l^H^ qtw:
Atmanepada
II
affixes,
kit
Digitized by
'
Bk.
Ch.
I.
Affixes like
i6, 18. ]
II.
7f
ftnj.
is in the transitive form, and takes aa obAtmanepadi by Rule I. 3. 75 which declares " after the
and *rn when it does not refer to a
verb^aa* to strive, preceded by ^r*,
book, the Atmanepada is employed."
well
ject after
it,
yet
it is
tRt^^trh^^i fk^)
vnrc
11
11
The
sick
1
or grrra^l HPftn ' he espoused his wife.
f
The word Upayamana' in the
'to espouse.
when
The
means
it
verb
^ by
'to espouse*
*ar^if^
17.
sfitra
means
'
to accept in marriage,*
it
The
Rule
13 n
3. 56.
mrf*
^^t:,
T*
is
Atmanepadi
^ * <f%*RW~
Atmanepada
affixes,
' to
give/ ^r 'to place* ^ 'to pity' %
change their vowels into f before the terminations
of the Aorist of the Atmanepada ; and those terminations are also kit* As
4<Jlfw, 'he worshipped* gHlfrnMHI^ , OTTf^rre ; rf|* 'he gave* *rf*T*
4
he fed.1
u
1 ejt %^n %t n
en, %^, { fro^)
The
to feed'
'to cut'
q^r %
18^
affix tvd
when it is set)
(. e.
We
The
The
is not kit.
had had occasion to refer to
this
sfitra
in explaining sfitra 7.
letter) is
Digitized by
VjOOQL'6
Affixes like
80
[Bk.
fen^.
I.
Ch.
II.
19, 2d.
it*?,
from ft*|,
because there
is
+^
(hum sf^fef^rf^flcif^^r:
The
II
M^lfa
%% H
fa*3l,
II
s<*t
are obviously
not
kit,
sk$R<i:
nwRtwii
tf>R<nm
The
have
kit affixes.
all
five roots
),
ftf
ftFur
),
2.
ft^r)
These roots
16 are generally anie, and consequently beyond the
the present sfitra. As ft^r: , ferarer% . But when
they are
ftr
is
qq fcrtfd*aiqi*M
20.
The
applicable to them.
II
t^lPi
set MshtfiS, is
^: fdfcmqwj
11
not
after
kit
$VSl
the verb
to forbear/
^rfq^rar^ *
forbore.
Why
gible language.'
'
**** GoOgfe
Bk.
I.
Ch.
21, 22.
II.
Affixes like
81
ftnj.
21.
after
if
sit
Nishthd
it
suffixes are
Thus *fgr/to
Similarly IJ4J7M4: or
licjfcta:
'
The
action
HTT
but
'
condition
is
or 'Impersonal
used as a verbal
action
or VJlft4i$ 'beginning of
adjective.
used as adjective.
The
is
allowed.
Those
verbs which take the vikarana JJ\ i. e. the verbs of the Bhu class &c, admit of
9
f
this option. Thus *n^ to wrap up belongs to Div&di class, and therefore,
its participle
fT% u
<jjFi
<rft
22.
*jf>rt.
^r n %^r fortf*
EishtM and the st tivd are not hit
f%OT unpr:
The sQ
11
The word
sutra,
9
'optionally of the previous sutra 21 does not govern this
'
optionally
23; of which there would have been no necessity, had the word 'optionally*
governing force in this sfttra, for then this would have also governed the next
sutra.
UOOv LC
8*
By
rule
VIL
2.
{ Bk.
^ the
I.
affixes
Ch.II. 23,24.
Nishthl and
^r
ktvd take the intermediate \. So that yr ktvd being sit (by virtue of Rule
VII. 2- 51) would have been non-kit by Rule 18; and it might be aske<f what
is the necessity of repeating it in this sfitra: when sfitra 18 comprised the
case.
The
sfttra, it
is
that
by mentioning
As
The
qfiFtt
<ii^*Hil
ktvd
s%
is
and ^.
The sit
x>r 3:
ktvd
preceded by a nasal.
be that nasal
will
will
sfttra*
This rule does not apply to verbs that have not a penultimate ^
though they may end in t^ or q^. As^f%*3T 'having reviled ' ifrftt^l 'havtvd being non-kit, the vowels of the root
ing tied/ Here by rule 18, the
Had
having killed. 1
it
been
kit,
%^1 f*S\) *
24.
verbs va iich
or abhor.1
be
4
kit.
i
%
The
to cheat * lunch
to pluck
kit,
after the
After the above three verbs, the ktvd affix being s{t% may or may not
As *f^STT or *T%^r # having cheated/ So also *rft*CT or tjfttfT
9
When
this sfttra.
the verb
See
gj^
fn^
it
is
not governed by
\
Digitized by
LiOOQ 16
Bk.
I.
Ch.
II,
When
As
T^+
the ktvd
83
25, 26]
is
not
sff,
is
no option allowed.
W*T"-**Rrr
fnr:
11
*fa sFr
^ nero ^
snpwCTr*rfoq
rt
*r
having thirsted/ sfa**r or *rffar ' having sprinkled/ ^rT^TT or *$fk*U ' having become lean.1 By sfltra 18, the sil ktvd is
never kit. This sfttra adds another exception to that general rule.
The
The
*T
is
or rifq^r
'
special mention of
already understood in
^T^J^T^T^ *g
^-3TT^: #
*^ *
f
^ftrs
w:
11
*T%^f%^)
II
II
^ifir
II
VSl 9 *- *-*TOI^,
||
^rrtW>rifV*iOwwi*i*u*rr
i'i<ii<4tft:
rc
*Sv
^ni
%*lr
it
faw
11
After a verb which begins with a consonant, and ends in a letter of Ral pratydhdra^ and has as its
penultimate \ orf,* or *r, the ktvd and san affixes are
optionally hit.
26.
The wording of
litofc
explanation.
It
consists
?sr:
Prat&yh&ra
ralah, ablative of
rati. e. f
all
r^
(after the
ny and %v):
Verbs having
1
f tor * u long or short/
3*
?5tt?: means "beginning with a consonant."
All these three words qualify the word " verb" understood.
4. 3fv means " and san/
9
The
f^in
sfttra
may
Digitized by
optionally
T^
VjOOQLC
84
we have
'
he wishes to
here.
I.
Ch.
27,38.
II.
f*rfrftraf<r
As f$\
or fc*rfcraft
he wishes to
'
shine.'
be
fttftift.
No option
is
allowed
Similarly there
**ff?T*TT
Bk.
is
not f or
is
In these 26
sfitras
(%^
5f^r:
27.
x*%*
*fcft
>nfa
11
is that of short u$
prolated w, is called respectively krasva
vowels according to
the
and
their
The phrase
rule.
is
pluta.
mdtrd.
The
sfltra
a Dvandva compound,
is
Jgt4<ft3Md:
This
letter 3T il
in the Singular,
is
The word
kdla
means measure
of time
II.
4. 17.
vowel.
is
long.
ct?xTT^
*P*W
Devadatta
2.
Here
*jt
in
82.
3TOJ
?f^tt
11
II
^6
vw 0 spir:
28. The
mpfa
*ftft,
I.
2. 47,
VII. 4. 25.
*:
3*S
w&^wRhwiuji mj^hhwm Vf*i**jn
||
||
<**',
here
pluta or prolated.
II
11
short/
'
is
a paribMshi
long' and
sfltra,
prolated
'
are to
Digitized by
LiOOQ 16.
Bk.
'
Ch.
I.
long' or
'
&
Udatta- defined..
29. ]
II.
2. 47. l
"there
is
The word
of the crude-form."
'
the hrasva
That
is
the crude-form..
As
The
t"
substitution
is
W$
As g*H l$JUJ<JyH*l
Similarly
sCitra
VII. 4. 25
"There
teaches
is
the substitution of
dirgha or ' long vowel ' before all affixes beginning with the letter ^, except krit
and S&rvadh&tuka affixes." Here also the word * vowel ' must be read into the
sutra,' which will. then be ".of an inflective base ending in a vowel, the long
vowel
shall
*H
- ^fN%
it is
collected';
do we say "
'
*T
only"?
not of
pierced'.
So
Thus
rules VIII. 2. 82
and
84, 'declare that in calling from a distance, pluta is substituted for the ft portion of the word in the vocative. (The word fi is defined in I. 1. 64). Here
The
sense.
vowel of the
'
of the vowel'
f>
&c."
Thus &*^\,
Why do we say
be
Devadatta q
!
m ^| O
The
Yajfiadatta
substitution
must
As
and
Here
the
syllables
are
mfnPrVfr *tlH*J V|
f>, and the vowels f
f^
and ? have been prolated and not the consonant t(.
The substitution must be enunciated as such by using the terms,
hrasva, dirgha, and pluta. Therefore it is not so here ft *F*n* m, *pm%
*JI% II See I. 1. 4.
in
of the consonant.
^fj^nn
ff^r:
is
ir*Uifiiifi
With
cents.
is
11
tr^rf^r n
4i4i^
*f : g^iw
,
:,
on*
perceived as having a
called Uddtta or acutely accented.
29.
high tone
11
:,
is
vowel ac-
The accent placed on a vowel by raising the voice is called uditta or acute
As SjPn: agnfh, here 1 has the acute accent. The uditta is not marked
accent.
$3 3^:11
11
()
nrwr}^f!i^i^nJ:
^TCSttall
11
^^fwi:
--
86
ANUDATTA DEFINED.
in writing.
'
[ Bl{.
I.
is
O*.
II.
36,3!,
understood in this
t
These accents are the qualities of letters, and are well known in the sacred
and profane literature. The vowel which is perceived as having a high
tone is called ud&tta. This tone depends upon the organ from which the
also.
vowel
pronounced.
is
a vowel
is
is
The word
"the
used in
is
^qiw
low tone
is
has
a|
anudatta
11
" of
\o
it
s.
28
accent
grave
the
marked by a
argons:,
tr^rf^r u ift^: f
affix
has
s^r
) n
is
As *!&*{ agnflj,
The vowel accent known as grave of
is
understood
is
vowel of an
first
perceived as having a
called Anuddtta or gravely accented.
30.
1.3.
III.
fr + ?|5^=3rtfs^kartavyarn.
As
sfitra
line
its
in this stitra.
is
uttered from
is
accent.
This word
?=pj
is
used in
that have
pronouncing an
"The case
terminations called
"
are anudatta &c. As TO:, 3t>?Tft.
sfitra III. 1. 4.
an indicatory J
slackening
is
ffift
II
flexly accented.
The word " vowel "
It is
catory
^/
have
t *ll?*HI <ft
H^f
II
of
28
s.
is
or circumThe
svarita
or circumflexed accent
The word
while there
of the voice.
the
^iTilj^M^i^Hl^lO *ftj^
31.
Uddtta
of
is
is
used in
sfitra
svarita accent."
0) *jnpnreii
()
VI.
1.
185. *
"The
affixes
having an indl- v
aij^nftgfSmhi
\
(*)
ft?^rftgnu
*
^
~ ~~
Digitized by
kv&.
7""
LiOOQ 16
Bk.
I.
CH.
The Svarita
34, 33.)
II.
li
87
defined.
.
mean
known
not to be understood to
is
that
It
grave.
the
is
a combination of uditta
and anudatta.
It
half is accute
first
The
phrase ardhahrasva
is
a short vowel. Thus if a short vowel is svarita, its mitri being one, half
will be uddtta and the other half anudatta.
If a long vowel, whose mitris
are two, be svarita, then J will be uddtta, i\ will be anuddtta. If a plutd
(protracted) vowel be svarita, then first half measure will be uddtta, and the
remaining 2 J measures will be anudatta. In short, the uditta portion of a
svarita must not occupy more time than is taken in pronouncing a half short
Thus
vowel.
fW^l
here a prolated
is
is
svarita,
its
first
\ is
grave.
measure
11
%$?*{%
Monotony or Ekagruti
is
addressed
and there
is
in it there is
no
is
an absence of
definite pitch
in
it.
all
when a person
It is, therefore,
tone.
tance
dis-
its
technical
mm*
(VIII. 2.
84 ttt^t**)
II
Digitized by
VjOOQ IC
88
Ekasruti defined.
Bk.
Ch.
I.
II.
34, 35;
'.
the person
If
will get
its
is
proper accent.
As Hjm*^ nt
^PPT 'come,
1UU44i'
boy.
Devadatta.'
^^^^^^^^m g ^
11
m^iPi
11
11
*re-^faf
sn*-
34.
sacrificial
In " sacrificial
the
Veda
are recited
reading, the mantras are to be recited with their proper three-fold accents.
" Japa"
is
the
repetition of mantras,
and
their recitation in
hymns
a low
and
voice or whisper.
in
^r*
*rrc3.rmra fit^uft \
When
accents
a mantra
As
*j*jp%
When
is
^T
5.11
of the veda,
14. 16).
it
1).
read,-
the mantras must have their proper accent, and there will be no Ekasruti.
In the
be no Ekasruti
s&ma chanting, the mantras should have their accent, there can
Here ti^re is no Ekasruti.
there.
As ^\ f^npr *WTTO *?T*
^fhcTtf -m qMd4>l< :
*wzww
*ra Afo i,
^5%:
II
^H
II
V \\\k
^ffcc^T^
II
*t
) n
11
v&xnftj
the word
4Wl. used
ease as*q*?
To
in the text,,
this
it
is
answer
the structure of
^r^
: .
is,
ftf^FIT: ft *Jjre*
PaniniV aphorism*.
ed b v
9S -
'
BK.
CH.
I.
EKASRUTI DEFINED.
36, 3/.]
II.
fswnu^fa
^frT:
11
SF^ft*
fir^rar
v^ifaw f^nrar,
n \\\\
fiprrer ^3jfti>fai%
89
*-
^fa, (ij*Sn)
The Monotony is optional in the recitation of the Vedas, or they may be recited with accents.
36.
Some
say this
The
is
Thus :*rffctfr^
sfitra is to
"
praise
Agni
the purohita."
The word
been read into
*r
this sfttra
by the
To
last
rule of anuvritti;
this
we
sfitra
why
word
redundant repe-
qr,
citation of the
'-.,'-
atapatha Br&hmana.
ia
subrahmanya.
In subrahmanya
vowel
which
prayers there
otherwise
is
by any
no ekagruti
rule
of
and
in
these hymns, a
As
^m^t
Digitized by
VjDOQ
{ Bk
SUBRAHMANYA HYMNS.
00
accent by VI.
~
-
I;
CH.il/ $ 3$,3^
I.
185,
ftresfttp;) as
Thus the *f
Thus
present rule.
are
all
in
syllables
So
all
7 and 3 are
also
anuddtta,.
acutely accented*
^rsrsr^ng^nr:
hymns
w\i\\
stitch,
have
By
sutra 37,
is
replaced
it
..
ffir.
ii
#fg*rraT^ffafr
39.
^iT^wCNiq^iMHft^ft jqfll
anuddtta
SanhitA
is
11
When
svarita
more words
vowels, in close
in
digitized
by
GuO^It:
BK.
I.
CH. H.
become Eka^ruti
th anuddtta accents
9V
SANtfAtAitA DEFINED.*
40, 41. ]
if
As
f*T
tf.
mine.
this
last syallable:
*
the
word
% is
following an uddtta% it
is
svarita
after this
19
1.
(all
all
if
standing in the
^TO^fePKV!
to*
******
n 80 H
H$
(k H ^TO*S*ft?r-
srg^irem )
jfa:
^mkw ^famro ^uth* qq<umiun *nfir n
40. The accent called Sannatara is substituted
in the room of an anuddtta vowel, which has an uddtta or
svarita vowel following it.
wz*K*.
11
11
an anuddtta preceded by a
If however such an anuddtta is followed by an
svarita becomes EkaSruti.
uddtta or a svarita, it does not become Ekaruti but becomes sannatara i^*
In the previous sutra
it
was
said that
The sannatara
datta, and which
is
is
is
was
originally
auu-
followed by an uddtta or
svarita.
or a svarita.
STlrR
rare:
^BTSTHcW
II
81 N H^rf*
II
WJ^R:
^-STCT
,11
C) **r*m*rTKmfK*:\i
(*) ^f^HilSJFJ^tJWBT:
C) <OTrfNm**fii
() *c. crfrft&ofttirii
II
Digitized by
VjOOQLC
OS
Karmadharaya defined.
.-
An affix
41.
called
an
"
Bk.
I.
Ch.
4*:
II.
Aprikta.
affixes.
Aprikta \y
Thustprep +
fa% - \^^i\ + ^ (III. 2. 58) tpRS^ll *faPT?t + fa* stfjpn^ 'co-sharer.'
(III. 2. 62). An affix which consists of more than one letter is not an
Aprikta. As ?tff a ladle formed by the Unidi affix ft* (^f^f ftr^ ).
base,
is
67
I.
(the
is elided).
''
'
%*tmiRw>c&k
**>4^iw
42.
member of which
is
Os
sky-blue."
'^^^.tr/'
J
;'
([Max Muller).
J
The compounds
-.
if
word
is
governed by the
last."
Similarly
nft^+rerit^ Hiq*3^lf<4il
the karmadhiraya).
it
case, but
if
it
is
As *ftPCT+HF5r-
won't be karmadhiraya.
9
This is an example of a
1lP<MiHl4: ' He who has a wife for a cook.
Bahuvrihi compound, and therefore the word <j|fcM retains its gender sign.
(')
^ci^kwii
( )
*r**m*m*wn
Digitized by
VjO
it
i
Bk.
Ch.
I.
II.
Upasarjana defined.
43, 44.]
93
A compound
refer to the
raya:
uditta on the
first syllable
sre*nfr f^H
ffrT:
11
by the
wt*3*H3*!*w
sn^nTr fire^n*
mentioned
rule already
11
*$
^Rrflf^ *mhhuh!1
11
(VI. 2. 130J.
^tf^r
11
mmr-f^ff^j
sjroibreRi H*fil
11
In.
ring to compounds, the words that have the case termination of the nominative,
Thus
sutra
II. 1.
24
(frcffar
fimT^ sffiflJlflKq^M
MH*!
is
a samisa
The
"
sutra means,
An
accusative
(fSt^tarr) is
STTOT, TOT, and ?rrnr and forms Tat-purusha." Thereforming accusative compounds, the word having the accusative case
fore, in
will
be
called
Upasarjana.
STO^rrf^,
(in
the
II.
first)*
word
2.
30.
Simi-
tive
and
Upasarjana.
Thus
Digitized by
VjOOQIC
/ p5^
'
94
A word
Pratipadika defined.
which
in the Analytical
case
is
i.e.,
^\Jt
i3*n*
I.
Ch.
II.
45;
it is
fixed case-termination
is
first.
called eka-vibhakti,
affixes, it
v
Bk.
upasarjana for
nun-o/i which
purposes,
all
word
will
first in
be an
(II. 2.
30)
a compound.
Thus the prepositions fit: &c, when meaning across &c., are compounded with another word in the ablative case. Though the first word may
have any one of the several case terminations, the second member must
always be in the fifth (ablative) case, when analytically stated. Ex fti4*l~4:
fa**rn*r + rfku*if - fWNrrf*^ ftuhi*<N +
+ *hU *m r - fWhcrrffci:
.
Similarly the
If
same
the word,
case,
it
will
II
stated,
compound
n*n +
<l*t$Hlfl
iM^Hld,
n*n + aprrtf
rnft ~ rmyrnft *r*n + *5*nif - <M<fr*uf .
*5*rpft^ - im^hiO n^: +
Had it been an upasarjana, the long f* of ft would have been shorten'
because
A significant
45.
a verbal root
(dhdtu),
prdtipadika or crude-form.
This defines the word " praiipadika" or crude-form. The pratipadika
is the intermediate stage in the development of a full word (pada), from the
undifferentiated ore called the dh&tu or root It is that part of a word which is
capable of receiving the case-terminations.
The word
verbal roots and
means having
^rf"
affixes,
signification.
Digitized by
V^OOgle
BK.
a
'
CH.
1.
pratipadika, as
a bowl/
<ft*
PRATIPAD1KA DEFINEd.
46. ]
II.
qrffcf:
'
95
seat*.
Why
2. 7
(the final
a pratipadika
is
he
killed.
Had
it
been a pr&tipadika,
bowl.
quently not a
dropped).
the
^ of
the affix
in
X of the
affix
as 35*%
locative case,
and
pratipadika, the
is
Had
it
in
the
conse-
been a
A nip&ta or particle
Mah&-
Tad-
bhishya.
As
46.
dhita affixes,
or
This further explains the use of the word pr&tipadika. " Suffixes for the
formation of nouns are of two kinds. Those by which nouns are derived direct
from roots, primary
nouns
secondary
Taddhita (IV.
1.
suffixes.
suffixes.
76).
The former
is
by the krit suffix ST; but spffrf janfna, appropriate for man, is derived from
3FT jana by the Taddhita affix fn tna. The name pr&tipadika would apply
both to 9CT jana and spfbr /aia, as nominal bases ready to receive the terminations of declension"
(Max
Of the compounds,
Muller).
we had
occasion to
AvyaytbhAva.
11
V)
f*ftii
() nf^iir.ii
Digitized by
VnOOQ IC
J>'
\ ^*
M
96
Bk.
1.
Ch.
II.
47;
The words formed by krit affixes are pr&tipadika a$, f? (to do)-*-*^The affix vjsj is a krit affix, and it is added
fT + J^^KTT+^pK'-^iTT^K'.
Rule III. 1. 133. l The letters^ and * are indiby
agent
form
to
root
the
to
catory, the force of
^ being
The
changed
into
real affix
is
5H? by
(VII.
1. 1
the affixes
and j are
*H*
is a pr&tipadika,
replaced by *Ff and *[zr respectively}, thus the form
receiving
case
terminations,
declension
by
of
as, *ttK'<t,: ||
and is capable
Similarly fT+gr^(HI.
133)
1.
similarly TKTTZT-
tantives formed by
ff%:
11
^fcu1triM*iHU
i:
11
substituted in the
neuter, for the final vowel, of a pr&tipadika.
47.
is
vowel, changes
it
Thus
into short.
*n^
a long
in
5ft
*rf%5J
'
-a
very
hairy family/
There
is
no
'ft =
TTTOft,
nom. case
word may be
in the
the noun
inntft:
if
'
is
not in the
army/
if it
is
not a pr&tipadika,
not
two cantos remain/ Here the
formed by the coalescence of ST (of the pr&tipadika *6T*sg) and
^ (the dual case termination) ; thus Sfrnrs+f-grr*^. Now it might be urged,
that here one letter ^, replaces two letters *f and f, therefore this substitute
the vowel
is
shortened, as hl u 4 f^S^r:
'
of *l u 5 is
(*)
^C^hl
( )
jtamftii
Digitized by
is
the
is
not
V^iOOgle
BK.
I.
CH.
II.
$ 48, 49.
RULE OF
97
LUK-ELISIOtf.
mentioned
not treated as the final of the
to
be
in
the text,
so,
and therefore
ekidsa
this
is
mfef^rf^B^i
*rlr
affix
the
word
*ft
Thus
f^Fr + *Tt~P^np
'
it
9
.
suffixes
having a
sf^c^rgrrK?:
final
Here the
The word
final
is
long f
is
So
compounds
an upasarjana.
cow
In
in sutra 43.
This
also SU'TrPf
'
is
an ex-
a spotted
a shortening.
shortened.
So
is
also Pi^KlUjfa:
understood in this.
The word *ff in the sutra means the form *ft and not other words synonym
with it The word ^ft means " a word ending in a feminine affix," because
The word upasarjana qualifies both these words,
it has the svarita accent
t. e. when ifr is an upasarjana and when a word having a feminine termination is
an upasarjana.
Other examples
qjfimw
^rnr + ^rjf-^rRn3j:
are:
without a bed
'
stead
such a word
no shortening, as,
upasarjana, and not
*M^HlO
the word aprrffr, which latter is therefore not shortened. The word must be
a derivative word formed by the addition of an affix which makes it feminine. Thus the words 5T^fr, ^ft &c. are feminine originally, and are not derived from the masculine nouns, by the addition of any feminine affix. Therefore we have *fft?4^4|: 'surpassing Lakshmi in beauty *rftMfc II
In Bahuvrihi compounds, exception must be made of femiVart
nine nouns ending in the affix t*r^h as sr^M^f, ftfJHH^mJ |
If
'
is
not an
upasarjana, there
is
is
l*
^tra^TOi
?f^r:
11
n
^f^r^f5i *f*r sfbro^OT ssrcnfo^ 5**nfa
||
Digitized by
LiOOQ LC
98
RULE OF LUK-ELISIOX.
BK.
I,
CH.
II.
$ 49.
When a
Chapter
sutra 61
I,
is
'
^p*pT: &c.
^r
we
comes
the
into force
final
+ f^c mfl
In this
stage, the
suffix
present sutra
^9
we
Digitized by
VjOOQ 16
BK.
CH.
I.
50,51.]
II.
The words
an
"99
RULE OF LUK-ELISION.
in
a feminine
was
affix
told to
be shortened
sfitra
affix in special
declares
q?5Trj3r
luked,
affix
i.e., first
also dropped.
is
^t or *TF*t.
of G&rgt/
luked by
affix
in
4 71
II.
1
.
luked.
is
Thus
* \ \*M\
But
as in *TPffepg
Nor
ffrf:
11
if
affix
elided
there
of the
and not so
'
the family
word g&rgt
is
of gArgl.
no
is
by luk of a Tad-
elision
^f
affix is
+ ^fr nnff*^
dhita
Similarly fruits of
*frpn:
11
\9
11
v^rtk
11
is
^h,
As
not an upasarjana.
Stawr:
qr^dgfo
*nt% II
goi ii,
#
By
word
when a Taddhita is elided, the long f of the femiBut this rule makes an exception in favor of the
as in the
'
into short f.
This
sfitra is
yoga-vibhiga.
Thus
made one
sfitra
it
means, when
This
is restricted
l
( )
to such
examples of purchase
^tjrjmf^fi^:!!
(*)
only.-
^*^ftifr^rai^ii
Digitized by
VjOOQLC
IjAjl^L**
a/(fk'
o>^*J ^J^u<~JA
100
>v^(t
urns.
RULE OF LUP-ELISION.
[ BfC.
I.
t^cL
ZxfatJ,-
Ch.
51.
51.
II.
using
the word sjst , then the gender and number (of the derivative word) agree with those, of the original word.
This sutra consists of four words
gflr,
where there
a rejection
is
by using g^ 2 3prey?rJappropriate to the same/ 3 wrf^K, gender/ 4 qn^T number/ The form vyakti vachane is dual.
'
'
When a Taddhita affix is luped, then the derivative word retains the
gender and number of the primitive word. Note the difference between the
rejection of a Taddhita by saying let there be a 5J^' and " let there be a SJj" II
*
The
words
is
but a derivative
formed by luk rejection may not retain the number and gender of the original
word ; while a derivative formed by lup rejection does retain the number and
gender of the original word.
Thus in the secondary derivative word ftrcfar: meaning * a village not
far away from fqrffa trees'; the masculine gender and plural number of the
original word has been retained, though made applicable to a village, which
is in the singular number and neuter gender; similarly the word v^fRTP is
masculine plural
in
This sutra
in sutra 53 following
Thus
and
<farrerr:
plural number.
and
is
as will be mentioned
consequently of
little
The
by P&nini
practical importance.
it is
masculine gender
is
chAJAs; similarly 3ft*: , *n*pjr: &c. There is a rule 5pn%5J. (IV. 2. 81, the
lup takes the place of an affix when signifying the proper name of a country
or kingdom).
Thus
*f ^THT:
affix is
affixes
forming country)
'
Digitized by
VjOOQLC
BK.
CH.
I.
II.
means
village,
and not
then the
II
In
101
it
meant
trees called
and
changed into n
As
^flraw^ qgllPr
is
'
trees).
Had
trees.
girisha,
4- 6. (
RULES OP LUP-ELISION.
52. ]
is
Here
feminine.
der, as
Here
Vart : The words i^ftcfc &c. retain their number only but not gen<^fcjch%HIH 'mountain forests i. e. forests in the vicinity of mountains.9
*35TnfcT is singular
and <Mlft
plural,
is
the
same
viz. neuter.
ffrn
11
mfin^
11
rf%^^
*nf% T^firar
11
11
And of adjectives,
52.
>rrefr
(the gender
and num-
jdti).
secondary
them
in
'
"
'
'
5
Digitized by
^J
^\
****t
'
Vv*']
102 v
[ Bk.;
I.
CH.
bhAshya
somewhat
is
The word
goes."
and -*JMI^
jAti is
A word expressing
:,
thus explained
whatever
is
MahA*
as. far,
*
:
as the.
:
m
distinguishable by.
the.
53v
the KAsikA.
II; $
is easily
common name)
its
form or figure,
found applicable
provided
it is
to. others,
not.
a word,
-which the
OliuMlft
competent to
is
sirar )
is
by
will illustrate
it
to,
.^T
whl^l
denotes what
is
distinguishable
by
its
form,
i.
e.
its
a word.
all
is
also such
genders.
Varti
in
W{ elision of an affix relating to man. Thus the Taddhita affix 3T3j[ (gff)
employed in denoting representation by imitation. Thus ^J^^r means
a figure like a horse (in wood or clay or paper). But when the imitation is
Thus ^[f means a " doll of straw." But
that of a man, this affix is elided.
when we want to say a doll in the figure of a man, we will have ^fr+^rTOT
(hhtto} V. 3. 98) ^jr. Here this word is formed by the elision of an affix
relating to man. Adjectives qualifying this word will not agree in gender and
number. Thus ^r 3jfW<T: the delightful straw figure of man.' ^fVfarr:
the
is
'
{3Fffc:
'
M*U*W*THj U
Digitized by
fy
BK.
I.
CH. It
53. 54- ]
10S
idiom).
the number and gender of the nouns and
and secondary words formed by suffix rejection, is
The gender and number of particular derinot an approved syntax.
vatives or adjectives are not blindly to be fixed by the primary words
but it is a matter more or less of usage
or the governed substantives
or idiom: and no hard and fast rule can be laid down for it. Thus the word
attributes
of primary
CTCT: 'wife'
is
faehdr t-
The words
derivative
^msrr
?fir
11
The
s(itras declaring
was a suffix
It is
it is
after them,
a round-about
way
of going to
work
we
find
it
to be,
and
its
peculiar
suffix,
to add
it
to
all,
^
VjOOQlC
f'"
Digitized by
~
"
104
is
name of a city."
the
BK.
To
CH.
1.
say that
II.
it
55,56*
is
derived
name
to the city, is
might be no trees <|<UJI at all near the town Varani. Let us therefore call
words like q rqjf TVRTr, &c, as simply proper nouns. Therefore there is no
occasion for the application of the Taddhita affixes given in IV. 2. 69 and 70
,
(WT
f^rrcr:,
relating to
55.
And if the
is
vanish.
fact, that,
itself
ought to
altogether lost their etymological sense, and connote a thing different from
signification, the
chilis be the
live,
name
of the country in
if
Pan-
Panchalis.
fact,
now used
countries." These
Bk.
I.
Ch.
56, 57. ]
II.
105
The
the reason.
in
a compound.
is
Upasarjana
n g-'
4-
first
As
word vachanam.
part consists of
in the
compound
stating the
part giving
ll*iq<*H:
2.
'
king's
Pratyaya
'
man/
affix.
the
word raja
mean-
3. qpi'
'
'
told to bring
in
usage, there
is
no use to
by grammatical
rules.
And a rule
taught).
Digitized by
VjOOQiC
"106
Bk.
I.
Ch.
II.
58.
rises (or
ought to
rise)
according to the law, and ending with the point when one goes to bed,
according to
is the
1
rule, is called
upasarjana' to
m^an
'"that which
is
" This
"this
to be done by me to-day,
done by us yesterday."
is
"was
Similarly
common
people also
is
know
3T 4<{4i4*11
'
meaning
this will
be done by us to-morfbw,
we
that they
is
needless to be taught.
Why
was not
The answer
What
is
an
the necessity of
making
and does not exhaust the subject There are other rules made by former
sages which are also not taught by PAnini. Thus the following rules of
a separate rule of this
is
that
it is
illustrative sutra,
old Rishis are not taught herein, they being supposed to be well-known.
"A Bahuvrihi compound connotes ownership." " In Dvanda compounds the
'sense of both the
compounds
members
of
word
is
" In AvyayibhAva
5ngnwmfr^T^gg^ wM^d<^i*iN
ii
H* u
*mfa
ployed.
The words of this sfltra
name of a j4ti or species, always
and
require
also.
The
number
it
is
The
collective noun,
go
further.
Bk.
I.
Ch.
It
II.
58-60, ]
107-
common
&c. f agree with the noun and will also get the. plural
number. Thus writifV. or wmt *nrn ; " Full grown barley " <cfa*T KTtmn
j^^Jhr: or ^T^Hr m&tur. **?$m: 11
noun, such as
*rqrsr:
W hy have we used
kayapa
also be called
f*j|444f
or
name
this is
of a class, such
it is
still-
Why
do.
compounded as
Vart
we
say 'ekasmin'?
fffrferil
'
An exception
by a humeral adjective.
Trffo*^
II
When
As
5[5RT tffrft:
3**tf! iKM^iMI*JL
*nf:
**Pl^T
is
qualified
^oftf
II
.59.
dual number.
Thus "I speak "or "we. speak" (*n? frftftor Tqrinr.), may be
spoken by one person, similarly two persons may either use the dual case or
f
the plural case, thus *rnrt
we to speak* or **f ipn
we speak.9
Vart :There is prohibition when the pronoun of the 1st person is-
by an
attribute
'
'
'
60. And the dual of Phalgunt and Proshthapad&, when* signifying asterisms, (also connotes option-,
ally plural).
Digitized by
LiOOQ 16
108
The word
fpf:
from the
** in
CH.
61-63.
II.
stars phalgunf
As *f$t
I.
this
Of the
last.
[ BK.
<jjf
qpp*r?4lr (dual)
So also
number being ' dual. 9 The present sfitra ordains plural optionally. If phalgunt
and proshjhapada are not names of asterisms they must have their proper
number : as <sqpft mufNj II
may
be
in
^^UHlftfl^dl
II
The
option
when
it is
it
is
a dual meaning.
As 'grfg^RcR or
must be
is,
JT#^
is
Similarly
no option.
As tprt^HTOTOCT
sron*
) n
may
The word
it
is
ftftjnsr
is in
the dual
number as a
rule.
In the Vedas,
Thus
f%JF3T
*mn\
II
11
11
Thus
sftcft
AM^H^t^^
'the Tishya
compound
is
Seen (dual).
always in the
Digitized by
risen are
C OOgk
Bk.
I.
Ch.
There
one
is
1W
EKA5ESHA.
$ 64. ]
II.
star called
Dvanda compound
Punarvasu.
As
two
stars, it
the
called
more
a plural number.
f^jTOT3TT>IT:
'
Why
The compound
is
in plural
number.
This rule would not apply
are used in any other sense.
As
if
fa*zr3pfrH%! *UUjq4ip
'
and Punarvasus.'
Why
the
'
to
'
or any further.
it
all
retained.
This
a very important
sutra,
When
word
many
it ; one
things; to prevent the repetition of
than
*
110
Ekasesha.'
Bk. L Ch.
at
is
This applies only to words having the same form and not
different forms
"
is
+ SRT:
(eye)
The present
and nyagrodha
*rer: (axle)
rule
of
=*nTT: Similaiy
if
they
trees.
if
two words
Ekaesha
will apply,
as *r?tt (die)
65."
have
II.
*(F[f:
and HfTC
retention of one,
and prevents
The word ^r
(retention)
is
used to
show
that
The
nations, though
sron%
they
if
may have
3^
lj*,
faito
of
is
not a
many.
As <np(i.
same form.
^c^-^Pl:,
there
one out
<*)
1 ^%
s.)
q% (2.
s.)
II
signs
only.
The word sesha
(affix)
The word
The yuvan word is dropped
when read along with a Vpiddha word. The word Vpddha means gotra: the
old Acharyas (grammarians) used the word Vfiddha for gotra. The vpddha
" yfinA" in the text
is in
the
instrumental case.
Bk.
I.
Ch.
Ill
Ekasesha.
66. ]
II.
yuvan affixes.
'cause' or
with
synonymous
the
The word lakshana 'sign'
'occasion'; meaning the specific difference is caused or occasioned by the
gotra and yuvan affixes. The word %^ in the sfitra means 'if? The word
S* only* is used to exclude others. The word f%^r. in the sfitra means the
Tbe word
sfitra
is
'
'dissimilarity of form.'
Thus
G&rgya
*i mJ:
irrrqfcffTr :
irrnjf.
This EkaSesha
is
old
to
be done only
Similary *fTC*n
in those cases,
+ qKWKM?
have the same radical form, the only difference between them being
in their
derivative formation.
differ
The
only by their
rule therefore
Vriddha word.
Thus
The
element,
II
not yuvan.
word " only " is used in the
irp^: (a Vriddha
+ JIH^HUJ: - *T ?HII*JHuft
versa *TT^: + *P h 'Trf 3ppff
is
is
if
ll
Tpj-:
Similarly vice
affixes,
1.
e.
sfitra in
may
form
may be
the
same but
;
if
the secondary
word
has another sense over and above the sense of a yuvan affix, this rule is not
applicable. Thus Rule IV. 1. 148 8 says a " Vriddhi word may optionally take
the affix 33J
to'
and degradation.
also.
but
N. B. The system of domestic economy among the ancient Aryas wns considerably different from the prevalent one. The surnames or the gotras represented the patriarchal system. Three
forms of surnames are constantly met with in ancient literature. The first was most important : It
the patronymic by which the lord of the united family the patriarch was known. For example,
Garga or Gnrgacharya was the recognised head of all the Gargas who may be a hundred. His eldest
son and heir wns called Gargi. This is the first form of the patronymic (apatya). The grandsons or
sons of Girgi were named Gargyas (Vriddham or Gotra). On the decease of the old patriarch,
Gargi began to be called Garga ; and the eldest of the grandsons was called Gftrgi ; and those
great grand-sons who belonged to the family, and were designated Gargiyanas (yuvan) were now
ci lied Gargyas."
ws
(') *Pirf|*?t
*pj
11
() *rf?T5?rv n (')
^*Tj*^hWf wjwj n
Digitized by
VjOOQLC
112
Ekasesha.
And
[Bk.
I.
Ch.IL .67.
word, ending
with a vjiddha affix, when similarly spoken along with
the same word but which ends with a yuvan affix, is
only retained and it is treated like a masculine.
When a word denoting gotra and in the feminine gender is com66.
so also a feminine
the
first is
dropped; and the feminine noun so remaining is then treated like the
masculine. This aphorism makes an addition to the previous sutra and is
governed by all the conditions mentioned in that sutra. Thus *Tntf + 4||$l4Uj:
Here note that the resultant form is the same as in the former
=*TF4fr.
is
sfitra
Vart
^ft+^WHniTI^SRTT (masculine
dual of
?rftr).
stri,
words must be
this
sutra also
in their formative
g^T^f^nn
t.
e.
n 39
ti^TPi
11
^x%
fercr
two
else.
( 5fa: , <rer-
dropped.
When two words
of different
genders
differ
The governing
force of the
words
'
is
to say, one
masculine
affixes,
vpddha
is
'
and 'yuvan,' of
is
sfitra
65, does not extend to this sutra, but the remaining portion of sutra 65 is to
be read into this sutra. When a masculine word is read along with a femi-
nine word, the feminine word is dropped and the masculine is retained,
when the difference between the two words is caused only by the feminine
and masculine
BrAhmani';
affixes: as
'
cfr$jd
Bk.
Ch.
I.
II.
Ekasesha.
68, 69. ]
113
^^. +
peahen/
5^ by which the word ganaki
is
cock and
Here the feminine
Similarly 4|iy*:
in addition to
its
feminine signification, has the further signification given to it by Rule IV, 1. 48,
"
"
j qmisHs^mi-M meaning the wife of a ganaka and not a feminine ganaka
-*il4iuft
than
^rnfr^P7 ^.
feminine signification.
its
which
is
II
when
it is
49.
compounded, but
1.
in
affix
it is
is
fpcf :
II
G3.
The words
bliratvi,
brother,'
and
putra,'
c
son,' when spoken of along with svaspi, sister ' and
dnhitri daughter' respectively are only retained, and
c
'
governing force of the remaining condiEven where the radical elements of two words
OTT + STO^nRT
(son and daughter or
(brother
N. B.
and
sister
Thus
JT+jf^r-yfc,
special circumstances.
or brothers), similarly
sons).
this sutra is
^^* M HMq$3*qqKq
*i^raw
raqQui
^^
Md<^ m
are?
II
II
4t*Md*jm
Digitized by
Tf^rik N
,
( Sfar
VjOOQLC
114
Ekasesha.
_.
Bk.
,,
Ch.
I.
"
70, 71.
11
69.
only
differing in affix
is
'
The above
illustration also
apply.
the neuter is
If
is
in the
plural; there is
no
ekavadbh&va.
(fern.)
sutra 65 governs
"of
"The
^T^^R^ir.^lf ^qret
garment,"
(jteut.)
this sutra
white (masc.)
may
all
also:
blanket,
be spoken
ftCTTOIT
70.
II
30
firarr
II
T^TfH
II
nnrr
fqcTT,
m^l (^3TOcTTOP*)ll
fadifr
father
The
*
verse quoted under sutra 68 illustrates this sutra also. There the word
pitarau ' has been explained by all commentators as " father and Jmother."
The word
" ekavad " of the last sutra does not govern this sutra ; though the
WW^)
is
to
be read into
this.
II
71.
The word
fiva&ura
father-in-law, 1 is op-
Bit
Ch.
I.
Ekasesha.
71.73. ]
II.
Thus **gt:+S^jmay be
in-law,* or
fw*
either **qjTT
115
'
and mother-
father-in-law
x^M^npcrl
(5fa:
72.
They
of
list
tyadAdi
'
word
ever
'
'
sarva '
may
is
class),
be^the
word
in
'
universality
&c
' ;
r.
an obligatory
rule,
Thus ^:
(he)
e.
what-
are' retained
The
this
1.
I.
after ^f,
^1^3
fif
Thus ^|
;
( fr?: )
is
read after
of
different
genders
116
Ekasesha.
"
[Bk.
I.
Ch.
the feminine noun is preferred provided that the words should not
the young of such animals. The word 'ataruna' in the aphorism
the word pasu with which it is in construction, and not the word
;
'
As nr* r*T:
'
'
II.
73:
to
relate
qualifies
'
sangha.'
females).
The
'
'
'
'
:,
This
'
must
rule
'
'
Why
*n4V ^C<n,
connote bull
'
'
Why
^*tr f%
'
'
'
also.
these kids.
?
is
*c*?r
&
retained,
'
these, calves
by the
'
applica-
c$'^
*H1
BOOK
Chapter
^T^^t tow:
1.
it
II
I.
III.
tj^ifSr
^l-an^H:
ll
TOW:
'
to be.
The
8. Tati.
Bhft class.
9.
Krt.
10.
2.
Ad.
3.
list
roots.
of Sanskrit
i.
4. Div.
verbs
Hu.
verbs
all
Su.
5.
6.
:
Tud.
7.
Rudh.
Chur.
There are nearly two thousand verbs, and they are conjugated in two
forms, some taking the Parasmaipada terminations only, the others the
both.
it is
deals
mostly
Parasmaipadi
is
a word
coined by older grammarians than PApini and they employed the term in
'
'
^gffii3T 3 ?Hfa *E
^W
II
OTfaf^TJ^fifr
II
II
TT^lft
3*rt*T:, 5llfel4l<f3lfif
||
*T^$t
H^TOT: R&M4IAV
3I^ f
Snj-
*m ^fW^j-iifii-
2.
The nasalized vowels are * n in Upade&a, or
original enunciation.
118
Indicatory letters.
The
in
Bk.
Ch.
I.
f? that is indicatory,
III.
3, 4.
when occur-
technical words.
technical term.
of a thing either
From
in
'
'
&c
this sfitra
up to
sfitra 9,
there
is
way
that
it is
so, or
we must conclude he
regarded
it
An upadeSa
as nasal."
is
to say,
an
affix
any
grammar, and
augment (agama), or a
(pratyaya), or an
it
short,
real root
is
So
3^.
is
^r II
the
?ra *ft W:
II
f*w*
\P*z
11
n ^
11
\n*ri$: *T5*nre*r
^ti
11
^w^
g^ifr
%qj
it
11
3.
is *w.
All the final consonants of roots, affixes &c. are indicatory.
pratyahara
herey
sfitras
T ^ ^;
lierec^
is
*wil
5* sr;
here
a*
is
As
in
*w Hit
the
a|fcr;
words.
* fvmst H^n:
%f*:
<nfa smmiTft^>rRrf
II
II
^tOi
II
f%H^ v^sirit)
fafRR*, g--*T: N
*wfr
writ
*nKrrptf qftft?
smrcii
4.
e and
,
The
n, are not
final dental
^,
affixes.
Digitized by
VjOOQtC
Bk.
Ch.
I.
III.
This
is
consonants to be ?^.
are not
final
f^
,
Indicatory letters.
5.3
in the sfitra
and ir f
5f^. Here the
of nominative plural is
final
all
^,
though a consonant
The word 3
which declared
sfttra
119
is
I.
(see ante).
I.
sfitra is
^of
an anitya
(f^rwj:) we
sense of mode or manner.'
V.
sfitra
is
3. 24,
a vibhakti by V,
Now
3. 1.
sfitra,
find,
As
( sTP^foft
The
syllables
catory; as firf^r
is
give
'
'
to
So j*rft
servile.
'
or
The
III. 4.
^4^)-
106,
reason of this
fw.
a rule not of general application.
e.
I*
that
is,
la
is
^,
is
tj^.
^ of
this
from becoming an
fif.
This
sfitra is
con*
sfitra.
The
5.
i.
ftftJTJ^
is
sfitra
V. 3. 12
(in
the vibhakti
fir,
'
The
indi-
So vpn^'to
jr.
III. 2.
'
bold/ fsrf^rer-f^rir:
The J
soft/
fsj^^f^:
The 5
kindled/
*jtf to
1
'
(III. 3.
it
admits the
89 f|tftj^*); as
affix
5%^ **!p
'
it
is
120
Indicatory letters.
Bk.
Ch.
I.
III.
"by which the substantive thing has been produced, as kii **ft^ '
3*^V"*flPfl[
"P*
'
m^J^R^do
es
m vphf
G.
The
by
Rule
HI.
The
initial ir of
1.
rrjrf^,
11
initial
an
affix
h,
by
affixes
i"^h:
1,
having an indicator)*
affix
sj^
g^prerafr)-
qfrT"
is
1.
take the
foftnf^lV
affix
^[
'
words formed
in the feminine.')
so
fem. oraft.
The
'
*<ij u
of an affix is indicatory.
name of f^ and is rejected. Thus
also
in
1.
( snfi[
gets the
gfp^rft &c.
r^jfk w *: f u<nnw,
11
artificial
syllables
6, 7.
sown.'
'
these three
If
they
'
initial of
six/ or qftK:
an
7.
11
only
f% and
is
The ^ must be
II
55
affix
11
The
(Un
I.
initial,
45) as srfiTO
vyfk
3-5
not every
'
therefore
an ocean
uwmu
initial palatals
initial *.
'
it is
*f^r:
snf^: f
Thus not
not JJ in the
a buffalo/
^) u
and Unguals of an
affix
are indicatory.
The consonants ^, f^ sr 5^, 3j, ^, j, j, 3:, and r are always
rejected when initial in affixes. The word 'affix of the previous
f
*c and are
sfitra
'
governs
As
this also.
is indicator)-, as,
e^granp
II
The
sfitra
initial
(IV.
1.
f*r (VII.
1.
II
Bk.
Ch.
I.
Indicatory letters.
8.]
III.
is
word
called fi should be
The
added.
The
initial
5 is
letter
5 of
an
elided
affix is
always an
ft
Why
has
Thus
The
made a
separate aphorism
2. 31
'flat
26
affix.
As
srif?lfa<*i i qr :
(VII.
As
in the
1. 2)-
aphorism IV, 4
As inr + ^-Uraf:
food.'
'
to say,
is
that the
a rule which
is
not uni-
every
of
The
reply
? .
is
not indicatory.
affix is
Se
*Unf
?fe*r
it is
the
initial
palatal
'
^r
IHir S?^),
not
is
As TT*te
it.
nosed/
Of course
?
is
initial
fi 44133 : f%*Trr*:
>r ftrr^p^^nfh
migffill'W
that
palatal or lingual
initial
in the affixes
S. V, 2.
replaced by
when initial.
the word wr
sfitra
then been
it
H*|i*f
121
of the affix
and
affix,
in
lingual
they will
V.
sfitra
2.
35 favrffa
**lrJ**r)
^fa:
dexterous/
*"% 1*0
\fa qfltmfijfW
11
The
8.
The
<
q<m*H3ift<D
initial 1
11
affixes,
Taddhita
initial
affixes.
*HR^(VH.
1) 'collecting/
The
initial
in
jj^
is
f^(W.
68
qftrfirjrj)
^3
^+^rSL+fir
s=
is/
'
'
in the affix
^mj:
5T^r)
'
r^
(HI.
2.
unmoveable/
H^H-
5^
'
'
The
H^fTj
initial
ij[
'brittle/
3 5=g re5+*r3
r
as
3 Fre:'of
,
**rre j:
'languid
f^ as in ^c^ (III.*
The initial ^ is f, as
is
a well minded/
f3i*j: 'victorious,'
2. 161
H^pirefift
as
*pFTH+
5*^ and gutturals are not fj; and are therefore not elided.
Thus *rjr+i*^*prrar: (V. 2. 96 wfiUwNHft ^ni^mrwr^) 'crested'; ?frr+*
these initials
122
^W.(V. 2.
IV.
3.-8 1 -86
100 <Hl*HRqtHlfifl*tdfo*r:
sto
I.
CH.
9, IO.
III.
+ qr^ T?TO
^15)
'hairy;'
f^r
*h),
11
^rf
sita:, (
*qj
tT^rfSf n
11
9.
there
is elision.
[ Bk.
called
RULE OF ASSIGNMENT.
and must be
rejected.
It is
namely
fijj
useful only as
it is a mere indicatory
a mnemonic and is not a
The word
must be
tasya in the
siitra
^frT
II
wnw
q^qjfe n
h^tto
10 r
ii
Therefore, the
52).
ii
w-^
ment of each
eration.
Thus
siitra
III.
means
fj is
the affix
of irf| class,
enum-
to
srff,
and
t^ class
jrfSj class,
of words.'
the
It
and %[% to words of T^ class. The application must be respecand not hap-hazard. Similarly in VI. 177 j^fr
a vowel follows)
in the place
off, ^,
3?,^
there
is ^rr
%, ^, ^,
where the
four affixes dhak, chhan dhafk, and yak are applied respectively to the words
tfidl, al&tura, varmatt and kuchav&ra ; u e. 9 the first affix in the order of
II
So
enumeration to the
As
*H|*r:,
first
UfoUgOq: , fJ^fcj:
do we say
Why
apply
if
the
number
of
and 5ifoCTc:
'
of
q&PT
for
here
equal
substitutes
9ft
the
1. *.,
As
words
affix
to the second
word &c.
lf
members ?
and of things
in sfitra
This
'
I.
lakshana
4.
for
rule
will
not
which these
are
90 ^rdfq^n^TPPimfNrr
&c
in
the
first
part
<
Bk.
I.
Ch.
1S3
Atmanepada verbs.
II, 12.]
III.
are four in number, while the words prati &c. are only three. That
sfitra therefore must be read as thus, " The words qfir, qft and *rf are karma-
the
sfitra
pravachaniya, whenever they indicate either lakshana (a mark), itthambhut4khy&na (a statement of mere circumstance) ; bhAga (division); or vipsi
(desire)."
^iRu^Tf^^n::
II
11
II
V\rfk
^ft^T, ^f^^i<: H
a word is
marked with a svarita accent, by that an adhik&ra or a
governing rule is to be understood.
When in this collection of grammatical sfitras, there is any sutra
when
In these aphorisms,
11.
it
denotes that
it is
it,
or that
it
of
ends a sub*
ject
verning
sfitras;
qnra:
'
(III.
^rat: (III.
I.)
I.
91),
Mlfr
W (VI.
4.
1),
TO*
(VI. 4. 129).
^llcHrlM^*!
*jfc
II
11
w^nHTr 5
>n*rfr fiF*ra
w^rwW
*nf?r m*$**r.
After a root which has an indicatory anudatta vowel (anudattet) or an indicatory ft (Ait), the
affixes are those of the Atmanepada.
12.
sfi.
77 inclusive,
peated.
fore
Thus
'
and
is
understood in them
As
an Atmaccpadi verb.
Mnrs3*ft:
^frT-
II
all
HT#
hifiSj
II
II
So ^ tfa jtft
mR?T.
1^
up to
and will not therefore be reanud4tta and is f*. It is therethe subsequent sfitras
all
mfa
*Ht*i^ 4$fJL*nrf%
WTO-S^ft:,
sUcH^ ^T)
11
13.
An atmanepada affix is the substitute of
the affix <* (III. 4. GO) when it~denotes the action of the
verb or the object of the verb.
Sfitra III.
transitive verbs in
4.
intransitives in
ATMANEPADA VERBS.
124
Bk.
CH.
I.
II).
The present
13, 14.
res-
sfitra
tricts
is clear. Impersonal verbs and passive verbs as a rule are conjuatmanepada and take the terminations of that pada. These originally were verbs expressive of states rather than of actions. As of *ir* we
have *tSnre WIT 'you dislike' (lit. 'it is disliked by you'} tpr<T WfT 'you
Similarly passive verbs as ftr*T% 5*?:'the mat is made
sleep.'
ft"*T^r HTC:
This
gated
in the
'
the load
may have
middle or impersonal
active voice
generally parasmaipada.
is
wood
fl^
cuts of
is carried.'
itself.'
See
snw**^)
Thus
passive,
The
f&fil <*?$K:
and
reflexive
sfitra 78.
The
active
or
^^r^r
when denoting
verbs
reciprocal
action are
atmanepadi. As, mffrwft , they cook for each other,' c^rfitpnt 'he perform^
''J'-*^
cutting of wood which was the appropriate office of another.'
'
reciprocity
or
tliis
sfitra
When
whose duty
terchange
was
it
is
kartari here
is
^RH^^^^^fgrfir
^fa;
11
is
performed by another,
interchange of action.'
used.
As
J*fe*T
'
When
they cut'
such in-
The word
used for the sake of the subsequent aphorism 78, which see.
* ifa fgwfar:
(
is
II
V\ U x^Tfa
ii
^ifSehflL
11
*<KiifWta
*& sqfatf
II
* ^-ffOT-Vlfai:
f
^^
* *wf%
||
11
BK.
THE ATMANEPADA
125
VERBS.
Atmanepada
**lfn*7ufN
'
iq fo 'd fof
affixes
'
of this sfitra is
This prohibition
'
$$
and the
to laugh/
'
sfitra.
to injure,' as
4WC?Kl*iM:il
^RT:
II
16.
II
one another/ as
upapada (or dependant qualifying words), the affixes of
Atmanepada are not used, though reciprocity of action
be denoted.
Thus jd?*UHI **tf<* sprf^r / they cut each other ^F^inr utfdflP4
itaretara 'each other/
'
'
Stfhjt
II
3b
II
q^Tfvr
$:,
II
fo^: f
is
in
com*
micH^H^q
After the verb vi& to enter,' when prethe preposition ni, the Atmanepada affixes are
c
17.
ceded by
employed.
'
tenses intervenes between the root and the preposition, terminations are
the Atmanepada.
The
and not any
As
?trf%TOT
'
or*
he entered in/
combination of
On
letters
this
there
is
paribhishi
this
wi^TOl)
sf
PnNi^
"a
it is
The Atmanepada
126
-Here the f%
vno
i8, 19.
is
[Bk./J. Ch.JH.
verbs.
is in
ijgfir
11
^ftr
Hftmfr *
11
*&fa
11
18.
The verb
'
f^lffaff
to
The root ifl" to buy as a general rule takes the terminations of both
when it is preceded by pari, vi, or ava, it is restricted to Atmanepada terminations. As JflfafffefHr he buys fliftfMKi he sells srqrafhrfl% he
'
'
padas, but
'
' ;
'
'
buys/
The word
pari, vi,
is
as,
gff%5?Mrf5 ^pt^.
fiwronRit :
11
*%
11
ti^Tft
5t:
(we
11
19.
by
f%tr^i^qt\,
11
This
sfitra
debars S.
flf is
generally Paras-
maipadi.
As
'
qiRfn^
wo
f
'
'
11
ro
11
TRjTfSp
11
are:,
^:, spit.
11
*m*iftt$r i'KWHftraT3ft
*?f?t$>St
*lf^ll^*tf^ft**Rppi
<Mit*i:
11
Digitized by
GQOgk
Bk.
I.
Ch.
The Atmanepada
20, 21.]
III.
127
verbs.
Aft, and when not meaning to open the inouth,' the Atmanepada affix is used, even when the fruit of the action
does not accrue to the agent.
2(X
The
As fawn*^ 'he
mouth
19
sjt, it is
But when
acquires knowledge.'
or metaphorically,
whether actually
restricted to the
is
it
it
As
parasmaipadi.
VJTOT
r*
Vart
verb
of
W^:
When the
itmanepadi, as
is
mouth
>
'
is
similar to
'
the action
^W^ft-ilf^C
<Jttat<
5?3d 1
'
the ants P en
the
locust.'
ffrf:
W?q% *o
II
^H^H^R
q^m*^ 11
^tflw**i^ ffa
qrrfSsir^
11
^rf^^r*
11
ftr^rftr^rraRrr^
TiftNr^
11
^nftrPnrnr:
qif?!*^
f
i
Jtift
^^^T^^^m^T* ^ft
It
11
11
$T%*nrcfT^BMfr
11
kricj
&ii,
to play' preceded by
the Atmanepada affix
l
is used.
The word
tion
^ in
the text.
"W^"
is
to
sfitra
it
^wr^cT^RCTfir'the carts
rattle or creak.'
^ means
'
to
make a
The word
anu, pari
As
&c, being
taught along with sam, indicates that the upasargas anu, pari &c.,
are to be
taken, and not the karmapravachaniya anu pari &c.
Therefore, when these
prefixes are used as karmapravachaniya, they do
not cause the verb *ff^ ta
Digitized by
VjOOQLC
The Atmanepada
128
verbs.
[Bk.
Ch.
I.
III.
31-22.
and
II. 3. 8.
Vart.
'
sjnpnrw *K*
*m^
'
the boy.'
Vart.
ftrcr
as,
':
'
HWR
The verb
f^fir
?rm%
iiyfr
Why
when meaning
As feq rarar *^<^1 the horses
'
resemble their
mother.' But
father.'
m<t< TTPfr*H^<-3 'the cows always imitate their
when not having this meaning, we have HM^iftj he resembles
'
his mother.'
Vart.
meaning
'
The
happy
cock scratches
in
bull
scatter
i.
his abode.'
142.
When
The dental
VI.
fchifa
to scratch out or
fTOlrSET: 'the
make
verb
the
'
we have
apaskirate
*r in
dog scratches to
gpfqK^fH ^HP^C/ he
is
added by
sfitra
Wwami-H4$flMll3<rt
Vart.
The verbs 5
terminations
'
to cry '
when preceded by
jackal howls.'
and
spsg[
'
to ask
'
as
m jft
i
Jjnn*:
'
the
Vart.The verb *rx when meaning 'to touch the body by the word'
affixes. As ^FfrTRT *TT% he promises by oath to'Devadatta/
Otherwise we have wrfH 'he curses.'
takes Atmanepada
'
by
As
f?te%
he stays
with,'
Digitized by
G00gle
Bk.
I.
Vart.
The
The Atmanepada
w when
verb
sjc* f%tf
129
Atmanepada terminations ; as
verbs.
atflsr
*T SPC ttilUUKIWIt^
'
solemn
Or
4H4tKm-H4lfd8<)
for thee
to
^IT
W&&0
II
ployed.
The word prakAsana means
The word
is
'
'
ffrT:
11
ii
manepada
affix is
employed.
in this
'
As #?
^liHI^friyftl
Vart.
3ftnr<r
he
'
rises
'
'
object.
The force
of the preposition ut
must be
to surprise or excell.'
a hundred
is
yielded by
this village.
*mw3i*<3l
en*
xto )
But
11
If this
II
As
The word
ut,
qrenX^TPTT^ tm^frtgft
ffT qualifies
word
the
latter.
w,
Digitized by
LiOOQ LC
The Atmanepada
130
verbs.
Bk.
I.
25.
when meaning
to adore,' the
Girhapatya
'
The verb
*sjr
'
'
she ap-
^hRH
'
1st
way/
'
Thus:
man
ween
3.
make
What
friends with/
is
'
the good
Vart.
sense
'
is
It
^q 7ir: 5**J**?^"^
'
Srughna.
desire of getting/
when
As H)T3R3tT5)
VMf^^f)
'
of
dinner/ 41443^3*
qri%3% 'he
ceeding
sfitras also*
If it is
tions.
the Intransitive
in
transitive
As iMH^Mfrty^
gf^Rit
to^stw
cw
11
^a
11
n^ifk
11
g^-favcn^, ^cn
aro^-
xio ) n
*iNN*n 11 wi^*i
*i*4w*ifJi
q-rhmn
11
Digitized by
LiOOQ LC
Bk.
Ch.
I.
III.
27, 28.
The Atmanepada
verbs.
.131
But
in
'
It
gy ttf^dl
must be stated
Atmanepada,
'
'
^y
wy
being capable of being perceived by the senses, and not being one produced
state, exists in
(See IV.
54
1.
is
it is in,
Hl^lClMqJHK^JihMlO
known as
so in
*|<Him ssj^nft
-When the preposition is other than ut or
employed as, fi^rft.
datta.
vi,
3TT#taHTf?|:
9TT0
ri
TW
>wfir
II
^C
||
TRJTft
II
3n^t, *nr-fr:,
^+A*Ic^
II
11
28.
yam
to stop,'
and lian * to
injure
The word
intransitive of
Atmanepadi.
Yam
s.
26
is
When
W+^r
Both these
become
Ad&di class. Thus
affix *jr
they
+ *TT+^"W+*r*3 + ST^ (VII. 3. 77 *S*lffcritf 5: chh is the substitute of the finals of ish, gam and yam, when an affix having an indicatory
*T follows) = srr*r*5^ 'it spreads.' **nrgpr and ^rrar^u?^
so also
+ *% sfa*^
+ ^-W+f +% (I. 2. 4 and VI. 4. 37 gr3^mAli^fddHl^i4>HI*IJHlRl4if?W>
fTf^fi^j-BinjlT, 'he strikes.' Brr-^+^r^-W + ^+HT^ (I. 2. 4 and VI. 4.
gS^MiH^HR^ im<4*M<gMti<ii ott: a^Sr wrffcJ-nnnMVH. 3. 54), (*ir?^r'
fe5)Pl.nft.
Not so when these verbs are used in the transitive, as MJI4tf<14JtMnc^npj he draws up the rope from the well/ fttt*f* j^r* T!$t they kill the
**
|
'
foot.'
j
The Atmanepada
1$2
Wheto
Vart.
qrf^ he
the object
is
maipada, as
some limb
mnPd
some member
is
own
Ch.
of the agent's
transitive.
own
$ ig, 30.
III.
own body
As a?nre*it
When
head.'
far; qr^fhr
'
*<!
U^lPl
II
II
^t: f
II
29.
become
I.
he hurts his
q%T^{^g f^a<c^f%faR *
*n**I%<rt *Hfif
Bk.
'
the object
verbs.
gam
to go,' jichchh * to
to ask,' svar c to find ihult,' ji
vid c to know,' when used in-
prachchh
to go,* Srfr to hear,' and
transitively and preceded by sam, the Atmanepada
l
hard,'
affix
ia employed.
verbs
when preceded by
the preposition
*3PJ
and
Atmanepada. As oq^s^r
he joins/ *Ui*u^ ' he becomes hard or goes.' s*% ' he asks/
9
In the case of this last verb
g^q?^ he blames/ tm^i ' they are attained.
Bhvidi
and
Juhfltyftdi
it is Atmanepadi only in the
class
which belongs both to
used
(VII. 3. 77)
'
Aorist
As ^j+^r+an^+tr
(HI.
1.'
56
*rfTrcrr$nrf%vq v)
srq*r,
as >if^pr
+ *T +
+ w*r - mvxi (VII. 4. 16
75 q^rig[^^pn ^flfl jft)
the
generally
in
Vedas.
occurs
The verb faj must have
^l^Mf^-^JUJ: )- This
(VI.
4.
'
he knows.'
Vart.
The root
<[*r
But when
transitive, it takes
when used
Atmanepada as tw^qft
'
in*
he sees/
'
he
(no no) n
Digitized by
LiOOQ LC
Bk. I.Ch.
III.
The verb \:
after the
above
apply to this
The Atmanepada
31, 32.]
and from
The
is
Atmanepadi
are treated
sfitra
133
prepositions.
sfitra,
verbs.
of
Atmanepada
II
72 of this Chapter,
minations of the
Vart.
Atmanepada
and therefore by
Atmanepada when
But even when the direct
it
does not accrue to the agent, the verb hve takes the ter-
The verbs
sj^r
'to throw*
affixes
'
he
collects.'
agent.
As
to conquer him)'
This
the
fe
'
M^ nm^
sfitra is
When
As
nrarf^ffT
ifrrreT:
'the
conquer
to
it
takes the
cowherd
calls the
cows/
^n^^^qiir^yi^^f^q^f^q^H^^^i!!^^ ^|:
(WO
TW)
II
II
||
iTw:
11
i?*?rrftRr^
^4tri^ *0?Uich3hj
*rrfHr
11
After the verh kji when meaning to divulge,' 'to revile/ c to serve/ 'to use violence/ 'to
cause change/ < to recite/ and to do an act tending to
effect a desired purpose/ the Atmanepada is used,
even
when the fruit of the action does not acci^e. to
agent.
d g@
32.
The Atmanepada
184
The verb
when
fps[
by
verbs.
Bk.
I.
Ch.
III.
33.
sfitra
begun to show
when the
circumstances even
t'o
the
agent
the root
gandh
to injure/ of chur&di
and means to inform against another maliciously with the object of injuring
such person! Avakshepana means to revile' 'to over-come/ sevana means 'to
obey and serve/ sihasikya means ' an act of violence/ pratiyatna means ' imparting a new quality or virtue/ prakathana means to narrate fully/ upayoga
class
'
'
means the disposal of a thing for the object of attaining merit &c/
Thus 3*$?%, xT4l^?l means he informs against (2) ^SHt *f3<Mii<tf**<l
s'\
Chx^i
QajlaXl ^ 'the hawk overcomes or reviles a^ail* (3) HUj<hlj4^*> he serves thej>rostitutes/ rgrqnrpr^T% he serves the mahamatra/ (4). qr^rn^ *fajF% he outrages
'
'
'
/t
/
'
'
affix
a sacrifice)/
new
for
1.
genitive, only
e.
qi44ltqw?f)
Therefore, there
II
(5)
1HIT:
(6).
<i4<M Hij*S
U*ihit
(^TT^ q ffi*UT
139.
^^f
'
he devotes a thousand.
Why do we
mat/
a hundred
1.
is
The verb kp
?f%T:
II
%jfa
is
understood
<rj??[qRtlr*T:
affix is
in the three
succeeding
'
he makes a
sfitras.
II
This
affix
sfitra is
commenced
to
show
that kfi
may
to be not defeated/
As fnyf^Ni 'he
'
Bk.
I.
The
cluding
mo
necessity of
making
a. separate
135
verbs.
it
meaning
The Atmanepada
a distinctive
tio) n
fk
11
in the sutra
As
nfrST
f%3f$%
in
WI41
some previous
*
and
Why
in the
'
rc*M*5n|
SITO
VO :)
n \\ n
*mfa
11
few:
As fofr * Ttl
4
erevfan^*
&*j<ii
full
vi,
when.
yjfasPn (%aH%
wander-
ing about.
ffa:
firafaiSy
**5
11
cot^,
qnd t<9<tw^i^>^ftmitfti<^^wi<
*nrfo,
virniftj
11
'
Digitized by
LiOOQ LC
The Atmanepada
136
c
to
the
Bk.
I.
even when
Atmanepada is
verbs.
used.
begun in order to" show that the v6rb sfr may take the
This
terminations of the Atmanepada, even when the direct fruit of the action
does not accrue to the agent, in the following cases, vis., when it means
sfitra is
to
'
respect
'
&c.
SammAnana means
a preceptor gives
spqftf
ChArvi gives
The word
charvi primarily
means
to respect
as
intelli-
it
instruction in
te
having estab-
to say,
by argumentation, imparts
them to the pupils. Those doctrines being thus established by reason, become respected (Sanmanita) and honored.
Utsanjana, 'to throw up, or lift up/ as *TFnpfr g ?Pra^ 'he lifts up
Manavaka.'
a boy
near oneself in such a way, that being so brought near (upa-neta); he may
himself become an achArya. As Hmi^^indfr 'he initiates Manavaka (/. e.,
Acharya-karana 'acting as a teacher/ that
is
to say, to bring
'
^%
'
^rff *tfa*T-
means 'wages.'
As
qvfcgrc r
jT?^
hire or wages.'
thousand.'
Why
do we
is
II
TO%:
cfewSu^qft? Sift
SRWiKH^*
*nifaii
Atmanepada
is used.
Digitized by
Bk.
Ch.
I.
111.
The Atmanepada
$38.]
verbs.
137
The verb
ft
is
'
Yajnadatta's anger/
The
As
of parasmaipada.
'
irf fenqfo
'
be
qraf ftroftr
Why
do we say
'
in the case of
rRf:
||
sncRTT
is in
construction with an
instrumental case,
II
38.
'
The word
kram
understood in them
The
affixes
be employed
when
Vritti
taste for,
'
in
sfitra
3.
I.
78 (after the
the verb
continuity
or facility
'
means
to
in cer-
of interruption
(t. e. f
'sarga
'
his reason
'
affixes, 'of
affixes
anything),
the parasmaipada
Atmanepada
in,
growth.
As
rest, let
resolution
is
all.
verb kram by
the parasmaipada
tain cases
he can easily comprehend the Rig/ (2). wrraTSJWf*R|7T *FT% the pupil shows energy or exerts to study the grammar/ (3). ^lft%^
e. %
'
^rr^rrfiT
runs
away/
Digitized by
LiOOQ LC
The Atmanepada
133
verbs.
Bk.
I.
Ch.
39-41*
III.
and
when used in
para,
The words vfitti &c., of the last sfitra are understood here also. Why
has this been made a separate sfitra and not included in the last ? The reason
is to make a restrictive rule in the cases of upasargas that is to say, only ip
;
is
Atmanepada
affix
but not
so when any other upasarga precedes the verb kram, though the sense may
be of continuity &c, Thus OT%reft 'he commences to advance/ w*hHft 'he
inarches to attack/
Why do we say after the upasargas upa and part. ? Because, after
any other preposition the affix will be of the parsmaipadaj as OTTRft he
makes progress/ If the sense is not that of " continuity " &c- t parasm^ipad^
will be employed, a? 3*TOPrf*t, TOSTPTftr.
'
'
'
ii44+u)
118011
^ft n
sn^:,
^pra^
fan*:,
sna
tjo) u
tt&^n
As
stlliMid
moon
rises
'
HjUMjsfr
Vart.
This ascending
must
Therefore in
IW
^: qi4&{tifc
)
H 89
II
Wfjfk
II
*:,
tn^-f^S*,
*&t
II
Tfo
11
fa^rfcsprer:
mifi^iul^ yiprnrnrf^i^w
H*ftr
11
As qnfr
ft<tiHtl
'
the horse
is
pacing/
is
applied to
VjOOQlC
Bk.
I.
Ch.
The Atmanepada
4*, 43-]
III.
Though
in the
what
is
139
roots), the
veib nrf%
of
11
verbs.
it
is
necessary.
Why do we
As
is -rupture}*
q$rn*
lifamit
*t0w4rf^i|:
f%3tprf3f
ii
^T^f
n-^THRn^, *n*rt-
it
action."
As topi% Ht-rj*t 3WT^ *iT3^ he commences to eat &c.
The prefixes pra and upa are synonyms, when they denote the commencement of an action.
Why do we say, " when they are synonyms." Witness the following
tjjfaj: W^lHp *nfrgFnKWft 'he goes during the first part of the day and he
9
'
Why
manepada by
answer
is
it
means " to
in the latter
case of
that Rule 39
'
Here
'
'
aparedyur upakramati
is
&c
'
there
is
not At-
is
continuity
in
return."
limited
is
The
by the condi-
sfitra,
that limita-
preposition.
The root
*>*'
kram
fc
The Atmanepada
140
verbs.
44H6.
Examples: ICT^ or %mfo 'he goes over/ Why do we say ' when it is
without any preposition V For no option is allowed when it takes preposition.
As 3**PTft.
by rule
means
78,
means
'to
toltective:
'
'
'
Why
?f^f3ffovft
:
TTRTft 'thou knowest not anytb ng/
qre
&
8H
grer
itvft
sre^n?*,
(v, sno
tro)
11
As
gf
II
tl
engages
in sacrifice
fied butter or
when
How
word
fice,
in the
sarpil? is
pishah)
is
in
by virtue
Why
do we say
parasmaipadi, as re?i
arrant
is
jpfr
snow
jfia is
knows
of
Because the
intransitive ?
it is
an instrument of sacri-
II. 3.
51
and
it
*frjf^for *MUJ
(sar)
by
Because
in the transitive
it
is
) n
prati, the
Atmanepadi.
knowledge (jn&na)
of." Intransitive"?
sfFftfr 'he
is
Bk.
I.
Ch.
The word
that jfia which
so
jfia is
understood in this
verbs.
141
^^ * C^Yf^V
he promises a thousand/
Why
Because
tfjTRTfit
is
ff^r:
11
*wflr
By
pada,
sfitra 78,
by the present
Atmanepada when
by
wjifr
his discourses
The chlrvi
*wif tfta*f*?t
know completely
as
fyyfr
chArvi
tfr
**% 'he
toils in
As tf^ft*^.
*m{ ffoKryl
the
shastra.
toils in the field/
the house. 9
Vitnati (disagreement)
field'
1. <.,
of unanimous opinion.
Upamantrana
entices the wife of
**% 'he
(enticing)
means
a respectable family
in the
srerarotsg^T^
Why
*5 :
ff^r:
f
11
WO
X(0 )
See
a*
11
TTfr
u^rffi
11
wnwiwN
**-9^t-
11
***STrtf rg^mrf
48.
11
^fhrmd
*Hrefrrrenrc%n*ifrrt H*ffr
11
sfitra:
is
*m sf?f3Pftf
Thb Atmanepada
46-48. ]
III.
is
articu-
The Atmanepada
142
As #TO3?9 Al^nnr:
of the sfltra
takes the
affix of
the
crowing'
The sense
'
all in
verbs.
Bk.
I.
Ch.
it is
III.
But
49, 50.
in
*fqq?fcr
properly Parasmaipadi.
the Atmanepada.
When
there
is
wo n )
gHingreri
11
when it
reutters exactly
Why
the transitive
do we say
it
Because when
As
it
is
used in
<rf$* H*^flfl1j34fll
Otherwise ar^q^fi
4t*\f
it is
Parasmaipada.
also*
As
No
option
wrangling as
is
allowed
dUi^A flngTO
The phrase
'
samuchchAraoa
The words
(speaking to-
sfltra also.
articulate utterance
'
is
Because
as ftrorfN tr^TO: the kites are quarrelling, the veib is in the Parasmaipada.
Bk.
I.
Ch.
III.
The Atmanepada
51, 52.]
verbs.
same time
the
Rw^
tradict
other-
st^t^i:
ffrT:
11
\% n q ^ifn a-eraif
^W^ll J f*HUlwJl4
II
Wfiti
v:
no
II
fc
by
ceded
As ^K ftiiPf
The
(he swallows).
when pre-
by
the
preposition ava is Atmanepadi. The verb gri taken in this sutra means to
swallow and belongs to the Tudidi class, it is not the gft ' to make sound
which belongs to the kryidi class. Because there is no word formed with the
By sutra 78 this verb gfi
latter verb by affixing the preposition ava to it.
'to swallow
present sutra
debars
that.
When
is
it
is
it
Parasmaipadi, as ftfcft be
swallows.
ff^T:
<u\jfis^ftK& 5rf^rr%
11
^HPnrr^R^t *r*f%
promising.'
As
mean
to
*iftf*frt
*ptf
promise or acknowledge,
na va
) a
ifip
II
^^ITOr%: q*^*flh^l**Hljl**l>J1
nrfir
ut,
when
the
the vapour
is rising.
Here
it is
parasmaipadi.
q^ciliiigitii^ a H *RFfa a
(w WO tro)
?fif:
II
qm
^ftin-g^r^
11
^I^K^M^ 3 -rMlltHHMj
f
snfif H
Digitized by
n
VjG>OQLC'
144
The Atmanepada
verbs.
Bit
I.
Ch.
ML
S4# 55-
As n[%7 3*nrd he
The
As &tt
is
when
it is
^ %^T
<JMlfa %$ ^T$
stigfr
this
and that
implied, yet as
it
is
Devala
thou
we
use the
parasmaipada terminations.
*rftw*
11
v^jt^icft
*nforr
^igwn}
H**ftftr
*v*n^ n
The verb di
to give,
is
generally parasmaipadi,
becomes Itmane-
it
when
it
Because
'
It
word samah
its
in sfitra
and
is
9TW
The
reply
is
that the
is in
it
used as an attribute.
**!8|*r* *5TOC3* H 1$
verb*
54
being placed immediately before the verb), but
is
X(0 )
fftf:
II
V^tft
II
*VTH,
*W
W^
II
V*Vftf5W
^
^ ^ ^ ^HHHIWPff H*f*l
1
II
Digitized by
(^
r\r\n\o
Vji (J KJWVC
Bk.
I.
Ch.
III.
The Atmanepada
56, 57. ]
14*
verbs.
This
is clear.
As
not so
^1^^^
when
By
verb
present
it is
But
parasmaipadi.
sfitra
and means
j
is
This
to MahAbhAshya,
means
sva-karana
is
make
to
one's
own what
was not
Why
do we say
in the
When
it
sno
lnfjfWfcW^
tro ) *
jM
affix san,
The above
when
in
the Desiderative
when used in
smp.
by
to
know
(i>. enquires
5^% he wishes
to
yt
Why do we say, when taking the iffix san ? Because the primitive
verbs will take the parasmaipada terminations as *n*fft he knows; tpflftrhe
hears,
sett.
Digitized by
LiOOQ LC
The Atmanepada
146
*It^;
\c
11
q?[Tf*r
verbs.
*T
II
ST^T*
Bk.
I.
VT: WO^o)
ll
^n^m^T^rt * wflr
58. After the desiderative of jM when preanu the Atmanepada is not employed.
?fa:
mfljil*iiMifr ;
11
ceded by
This
ah exception to the
is
11
The
last sfitra.
desiderative of
jfid
with
not dtmanepadi.
is
This
sfitra
Why
read with
sfitra
the son.
As >**&{ ft'HTOQ' he
( **T:
WO
yfa:
HO
it
will
rr^*Mr
*fa
11
Because otherwise
^gft^gf^-: q*renrreft*N
H^rfir
ii
After the desideratives of 6ru when preceded by prati and &fi the Atmanepada is not used.
59.
The verb
when taking
6ru
This
The word
pravachaniyas (see
I. 4.
sor^: fifca:
II
^0
ll
is
also an
if
xr^Tfa
V%t
II
exception to the
prati
not Atmane-
is
As ?^HT
fsrcr:
*pg*%
iflRr
WO
HO
II
II
pada
is used.
The
tory
jr, is
read
sfitra
root 'sad
'
affix
which
is
TniB^^liiKIU^t^^^^^^^li^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^"
^fNttft^T:
other
affixes, it is
not Atmanepadi.
As HjAI<^^ if he decayed,
TC**rf*r
he
will
decay, firaroft
fiflj affixes.
like
*r
&c, the
is
affixes like
Atmanepadi
in all
tional tenses.
Digitized by
to &o,
conjuga-
C^r\r\a\o
V^OVjy IC
Bk.
I.
Ch.
The Atmanepada
6i, 62. ]
III.
147
verbs.
3TT0 T|0 ) M
This
a restrictive
is
as an indicatory letter, so
sutra,
the
by sutra 12
it
which are
and
ffr& liA
It will
fil<.
(^ affixes
(Benedictive)
be found hereafter
It is
mp
1%^
rtfa
The
root
^r
vikarana
tf
$ belongs
is
lift,
luA
he dies/
(VI. 4. 77.
- 5 + v + %
rf%r
'
may he
(VII. 4.
Similarly
28 ft? mftH**l )
viz.,
parasmaipadL
^r**^*:
'
%t in
namely,
Rre%
In other tenses,
verb
affixes,
this
root
it
11
(III. 1. 77).
As:
nfi^Pl he
will die.
^ u *5t0c n *nNr^
UjnRtq^
***
srw no
Atmanepadi in its
primitive form before the taking of the affix san, will
also be Atmanepadi when it ends in the affix san. In
other words after a desiderative verb, Atmanepada is
employed, if it would have been used after the primitive
62.
is
verb.
If
parasmSiipadi
Atmanepadi.
been mentioned
in
and
59.
root which
was Atmanepadi,
before taking the Desiderative affix ^san, will be Atmanepadi even when it
takes the affix *sr san. In other words, that by reason of which the Atmanepada affixes were ordained in the primary verb, will cause the same terminaDigitized by
LiOOQ 16
*148
The Atmanepada
tions to be applied
12, that roots
in
verbs.
Thus
*p^san.
was
said in sAtra
Bk.
it
a^ A
as
Thus vm%
down) and *ft^ (to
Atmanepada.
he sits down and *ftr ' he sleeps/ The verb Bfl^ (to sit
lie down) will remain Atmanepadi, even when they are used as Desideratives.
Thus *rRrfifa?r he wishes to lie down/ Similarly sfitra 17 declared that the
verb fifty, is Atmanepadi as ftfrcrit this will be Atmanepadi also in the
Desiderative form, as f%f%i%WT% he wishes to enter/ So also by sfltra 40,
'
'
TnCTft
*f ^ ^%*
^
:l
:
',
*-^
is
will also
be AtmanepadL
55
'
conditions do not exist in the desiderative, the latter does not take Atmanepada
V
/
uCL
terminations.
/
'^
Of course
which
to imitate,' Milftchtfft.
in its
rule 79 has
otherwise have
is also
by
parasmaipadi.
79.
Now
a
root
is
it
might be asked:
True,
ative conjugation.
3^
affix
And
for those
where
and
in
in the application
partial verbs
whose case we
of Atmanepada
in this
way,
reply
" In the case of these partial verbs which take the self-descriptive
in
by the
full
yet by the
q%
roots are
^ppa
maxim a^R#
fifa^T,
fftf
f*T^p
filr
in the expression *J
Bk.
Ch.
I.
III.
if^T:
II
The Atmanepada
63. ]
149
verbs.
II
sfitra applies where the fruit of the action does not accrue to the
There are in Sanskrit two forms of the perfect tense (f*^):
one formed in the ordinary way by the reduplication of the root and adding
the terminations; the other called the periphrastic perfect, is formed by
This
agent.
3^
adding
to the
and then
root,
roots
tense
formed.
is
The
sfitra
principals,
prosper)
is
the
other
auxiliaries
will
tion
be parasmaipada, as
do
auxiliary
verbs
are
Thus the
not.
Thus
is
<il4j4hlt (he
it
'
But the other auxiliaries ^and H^ retain their own peculiar conjugaand are not influenced by the conjugation of their principal. Thus ipir-
Am
latter
These
in
the
f? will
it is
it
be).
(to
f?
called
to
affixing
(III.
I.
35 and
36.
of the sutra
^gmrwWg%
f*&
means
comes/
affix
Am.
If this
'that after
which the
Of the verb
is
that of the
sutra enjoined
krifi,
affix
when
Atmanepada
rule of injunction
be interpreted in both ways, that is, both as a vidhi (a general injuncand a niyama (a restrictive injunction). How is that to be done? Because the word purvavat of the last sutra is to be read in the present aphorism
It is to
tion)
will
be
150
The Atmanepada
verbs.
Bk.
Ch.
I.
Ill 64.
has already been said above that the auxiliary verbs *R,\ and
ira are used in forming the periphrastic perfect This is done by force of
I.
the aphorism III.
40 fr^M^ft fe> meaning, the verb kr/ifi is
It
annexed in the perfect tense, to verbs that take Am. In this sfltra (III. I. 40)
the word kr/in is a pratyAhAra, implying the verbs 55^ , ^ands*^. ** mi ght
be asked how is this pratyAhAra formed? The word kji is taken from
and the
Sec-,
the fourth word of sfitra V. 4. 50, *J*JJW.*I? ^w*R<l4W
This is the way
sfitra V. 4. 58 spfrffsffcf &c.
krin is used as
the
verb
not
only
explain
how
commentators
in which the
an auxiliary in forming the periphrastic perfect, but also the verbs
and tra . These three verbs denoting absolute action unmodified by any
letter
is
taken from
all
liaries.
must however be noted that the word kjifi in this sfltra is not used
and sj^.
as aprat3'AhAra and consequently does not include the verbs
It
jftqwt g5ft*rerereg
swiHn%
ano
xto )
11
qffffr^i M<K4^iM<*aiftui
ygfs^^n
After the verb yuj to join, tlie Atmanepada is used, when it is preceded by pra and upa except
with reference to sacrificial vessels even when the fruit
of the action does not accrue to the agent.
64.
The verb
72
it
agent.
*ifSl^ 'to
join*
The present
sfitra
agent
when
svaritet,
when
this
{Rf rf%
may
take
the termi-
will
ir
and 57
in reference to
VArtika:
of the
verb
sacrificial vessels.
vessels ?"
sfitra
Why
and consequently by
declares
is
is
fits
or uses/
to sacrificial
be of the parasmaipada.
As
*&*&* -
It shall
with a vowel.
This
is
In fact,
all
^, firr
and
3^, either begin or end with a vowel, and therefore the VArtika ^mounts
to the inclusion of all prepositions with the above excep^on^
CoOQl
Bk.
I.
The Atmanepada
lot
verbs.
parasmaipada termi-
will take
as tig^frtr.
^T:
?^:
Vl
II
*^ir
II
II
**?:
*$V
3H0 90 ) B
but
verb kshnu,
when
it
richchha &c.
the
as
is
To
answer
this the
is that,
verbs.
>
MiftR^
Tf^rftii
\%\\ 9^rf*r
11
11
wt:
<mvsfl
mow
The
root bhuj
when
it
Atmanepadu
is
This root belongs to the rudhadi class and has several meanings,
to cherish, to preserve, to eat,
bhufijAte, bhunjate
But
&c.
and to enjoy.
*m\ yfa
As
jpft
ftor 'the
'
feed,
as, to
he eats or enjoys
also
'
^JHTrH^HpHilR^n
The
protecting.
Therefore
sfitra,
f%*prf3)r
'
has the
it
is in
the paras-
maipada.
Slv^i
*&b$
93
^t ^Af ^ *
*5^tf
,3RT*qj^
It
^9
(
II
W0
q^lfa
90
II
5fr:^
II
152
The Atmanepada
__.:
verbs.
Bk.
I.
agent in the causal ; and when it does not mean to remember with regret ;' even when the fruit of the action
does not accrue to the agent.
c
The
when
in the causative.
In short
of
when
because the base of the active and the passive causatives do ^ot
form;
as*ji0te*j9 ff^pranp^fpfr.
The phrase
'
*fc
'
dfr:
is
^:
'
The
understood in them.
in the causative;'
differ in
'
sfitra
in the non-causative
'that;'
;*
sraf 'nominative
;'
what;'
*Hreitf
'except to remember.'
In general, by sfitra 74, the causative verbs take the terminations
of the Atmanepada,
present
sfitra
when
agent
The
applies to the case where the fruit of the action does not accrue
to the agent.
After the verbs that take the
affix fr^,
How ? When that which was the object when the primiwas used non-causatively, becomes also the object when the derivative verb is used causatively ; and even that object becomes also the agent
as well. There is exception however, in the case when the verb means to
the Atmanepada.
tive verb
'
'
'
himself to be seen/
Why
this sfitra will
sal verb,
is,
affix (5j^;
mount the
elephant;'
Bit
Ch.
I.
Why do we
when
not apply,
The Atmanepada
67. ]
III.
say
the
'
verb
primitive
itself is
added
the
in
and not
sense,
self-descriptive
'
Thus
ed/
The
For
formed by the
ftj^
nich is
affix
which the
or chur&di in
153
verbs.
a causative
for
purpose.
Why do we
cause the rule will
when the object (karma) becomes the agent.' Benot apply, when any other k&raka or case, than the karma
say
'
siw
'
cut of itself/
is
Thus
made to
of the primitive
verb
which became agent in the causative, and therefore in the causative the terminations are of the parasmaipada only.
Why do we say' if in
the causative
mount
that
is
6rst sentence
the
purpose
used
the
HJHlsPq ffert
second
tfct<44ii:
sentence
was not
the elephant-keepers
the
elephant;'
men*.
The word 9:
'that
is
employed
in the
Therefore in
different*
the following example where the objects are different, the terminations of
HjiO^fcl
f^PT *ft<nrarn
'
the elephant-keepers
elephant'; and ejrctfWT) **ft tqwjli)* <lft *T3*P ' the elephant,
being caused to mount, makes men mount on the land/
mount the
that
is
Why do we
object
is
Why do we
say
UH
the former
forest tree
;'
and
itself.
W3<54
fls^ft J?pnw:
'
'
the elephant-keepers
the elephant-driver
makes
it
to
except
bered of
If
not the agent in the second case, the 'terminations of the parasmai-
when meaning
tlfo<ri:
**npl:
W3^*
to
is
made
to be
remem*
Digitized by
VjOOQLC
Thb Atmanepada
13*
sfo*^f*nft
WO
X(0 )
n \*
verbs.
Bk.
1/
xt^ifk n *a-**ft:
11
Ch.
III.
%^-fl^
68-69.
( t
tt
nfolyw
of the verbs bhl to
causatives
the
After
G8.
fear, and smi to wonder, even the fruit of the action
accrues not to the agent the Atmanepada is employed,
when the fear is produced directly by the causative
ihr: nf>fo: grafts q*nqH3i<
agent.
The
sfitra
and
phrase
restricted to cases
understood in this
is
to be supplied
is
where the
fruit of the
This
sfitra
is
also
The word |tj in the aphorism has been defined later on in sfitra I. 4. 55
When
( Wf^T ^r^fi" ); it is the agent which is the mover of another's agent
a fear is caused by a $5 it is called <TTO- The word H*T 'fear* in the
aphorism
also.
'
is
As
illustrative,
*ft**r%
*\(l<8t
'
jatila,
fire*RJ
munda
'astonishment
astonishes
i.e.
'
*r*?fr
Hfrra#
Why
do we say tyre?
For
if
is
not
the direct result caused by the agent, but arises from something else, then
the Atmanepada will not be used.
the kunchika/
^TD
fagTPreffr
'
As ^f^T^f qnrefc
rupa are the instruments, which cause fear or astonishment, and are not the
hetu thereof.
***%
( *:
STW *0
tt
covet,
and vafich to
The phrase
sfitra 67.
This
of the causatives
ending
in
fiSj* is
to the cases
accrue
means
deceiving.
where the
to the agent.
to
fruit of
of
the
the' sfitra:
*^T*# ****
izedbydo gle
.Bk.
Ch.
I.
III.
Why do we
not
this
The Atmanepada
70-71. ]
say 'when
means
it
deceiving.'
As J^pt ir&qft
*rf8?
9*n^-^l<^ft-^*$T:
q^^fa he
^:
'
he
'
155
verbs.
H^H%
WTO TW
) N
The phrase
sfitra
67.
This
'
sfitra
of the causative
has
its
ending
in ftj' is to
fruit
means
not
one
is
The
meaning to ' melt' belongs to kryidi class. As there is no specifiis to be taken, both are therefore taken.
cation in the sfitra what
The force of the word ^r in the sutra is to include the word SffiTFr
*to delude' of the last sutra into the present. The word *wi*m means to show
other
+tt
&
respect
As ^.ipKMI^S he gets
to subdue.
'
matted
who
hair.'
deceives theeA
The
changed into
ftwir
sfitra
tffoit:
VI.
I.
But there
is
is
optionally
no option allowed
when the root 5ft has any of the above three senses: in these cases the substituFor the option allowed by sfitra
tion of *rr is necessary and not optional.
VI.
51
I.
is
where.
Why
do we say
when
is
it
parasmaipada.
3ln%
( ^t:
WO
xw
ft
11
As
toi
11
of,
to
*nTOi5?t*ITOfir
n^ ft
i
11
f^T^OTnjrax ,
Atmanepada
is used,
156
The Atmanepada
___
verbs-
Bk.
the agent.
The phrase of
67. The aphorism
sfitra
^
~?f
is
to
be supplied from
where the
'
is
again, or
'
'
'
pada.
Why
habitual, then
wrongly,
do we say 'repeatedly'?
parasmaipada
For
if
be used; as
will
ftiqi4iH4fd
is
not
he pronounces
"
The anuvptti
The word
of the phrase i^: does not go further.
a
compound, meaning fruit of the action.' When the principal
ftronrtt
object for the sake of which the action is begun, is meant for the agent indicated by the verb, there the Atmanepada is used after verbs having an
indicatory sy or a svarita accent. As *nr% ' he sacrifices for himself p*% he
cooks for himself/ Here the verb tpr and *r\ are marked with svarita accent
in the DhAtupAtha, and therefore they take the Atmanepada terminations.
is
'
Similarly
gj^
^^
he does/
'
Here the
all
the above cases, the principal object of the action such as getting
heaven by performance of
That
cooks
is
&c,
in order that
he himself may
eat,
&c.
is
meant
may
for the
agent
he
attain heaven,
ed by
Bk.
Ch.
I.
Why do we
Otherwise
it
The Atmanepada
73, 74. ]
III.
say
'
when
As
have parasraaipada.
will
chJ^MC
'
*nrf*I
work
cook
(for
Here
may go
to
heaven
pada.
*U*i4(l:
q^rf^ct rr^CT:
the menials
157
verbs.
fruit of
*%
sno tw
fPrf:
it
11
The
phrase "
understood here.
justice.
parasmaipada
is
wo
xw
'the wealth-seeker,
sacrifice of
As W*tf%.
ba a
<i^TfSi
11
ftre:
^Hifwni*
feqrR%
) n
fRr-
when
11
-m^q-H^
qpraiPft
employed.
ftmg
11
ftnmra
11
Atmanepada is employed.
The phrase "when
be supplied from
rally causatives.
<n^Rl*T
tion
TCttT
'
sfttra
As
3vi
72.
The
<KK4% he causes
'
the
mat
to be
for himself.
V*v
affix fiir*
made
When
is
for
is
to
himself sfof
used.
As
qrcr
5nmft
f*r**n?
^n^m*
H*f?r *rof%.
158
The Atmanepada
verbs.
Bk.
I.
Ch.
75, 76.
III.
The phrase
'
when
As
The
the
^RJ^3%
is
'
'
he
HPCyT^S^i 'he lifts up the load' qfemi4*&?t 'he draws out the cloth/
'
yam preceded by
root
ffrsfcr
Atmanepada by
Why
do we say
'
when
it
necessity of
making
For otherwise
As
OTTtgft fef^Rqf
When
the above
however the
fruit of
wgq^nhra:
<3TTd
qo
b%
11
vFrfk
11
dq^
ffr,
W4<kft, *7nre$fo
^ly ra^, :
^fam^
II
ff^r.
11
11
76.
any upasarga,
pada,
when
The phrase
understood
own*
in
^TC^ *THt%
Why
'
<S|p3
when
*J*fHlPt
When
prepositions,
*JT.
'
<rr
*rf siPfttl
to the
agent
'
is
it
may
take the
know
For when
Atmanepada terminations ; as
recognises Devadatta's
II
Thus
however, the
^PfT:
sutra also.
compounded with
^A
'
this
$???rer
tf STPTTft
he
cow/
^%Pm%
ftf^RT^ fiPfHT*-
wfc*>Pinill
Digitized by
Pnoalp
VjVjijy IC
Bk.
Ch.
I.
III.
The Parasmaipada
77, 78. ]
77.
150
verbs.
ordained to come after verbs which implied the accrual of the fruit of the
action to the agent, that is to say, where the verb by itself denoted this. But
when
the
same
idea, instead of
being inherent
in the
verb, is expressed
by
is
'
'
i[miH*3Rq<*3M4 H*f?r
fnr:
11
The
rules of
12 to 77.
The
terminations of the
in the
preceding 66
that which
is
Thus
all
it
'
Why do we
it
parasmaipada termination.
is
cooked
'
ip^ 'it
is
Atmanepada
As
4jlfi*lft,
termination.
gone/
Digitized by
in the
As <TO(it
it
VnOOQ y16
The Parasmaipada
160
verbs.
in the following
example
q^r^
[Bk.
the verb
^tRFK vmti-i
'
is
I.
Ch.
III.
employed
79, 80.
reflexively?
itself.'
79,
sfitra,
the
by
divulging" &c.
By aphorism 32 ante, the root fr took the terminations of the Atmanepada when the sense denoted was that of " divulging, reviling" &c., and it
also took Atmanepada termination when the fruit of the action accrued to the
agent by virtue of sfitra 72, because the root frJ has an indicatory sr. The
present sfitra makes an exception to those rules, and ordains parasmaipada.
Thus mjchflfi he imitates, qilchfift he does well.
fan:
II
ffrp
11
) n
^iPnrf%
80.
^ri^^re 'pt^Rrr:
mwi
*roftr
11
The second
verb
is
preposition,
q^
As
it
grrf^TTt
will
*
he throws down/
when
the
used reflexively, the agent not being purely an agent, the present
sfitra will
not apply.
As
qrftfiim3
^j^r
'
it is
thrown on of
itself/
Ogl
Bk.
I.
Ch.
III.
The Parasmaipada
81*83. ]
161
verbs.
pra,
sfitra
Why do we
preposition
will
it
say "
by
pari,
when coming
after pra"?
jft^K
ffrf:
As
^ n ^fa
*ft*
II
Wl
TO
^rfr^x^^Tc^rt *nfif
82. After the verb mjish to bear, preceded
parasmaipada is usedj even when the fruit of
11
11
root *n*
fi
to suffer"
is
agent.
becomes angry.
When
be understood
terminations
QV
qo
As
qpnrorflt
some
to
72
it
would have
it
he ' endures or he
takes
Atmanepada
in this,
so that q? preceded by
as qftq^ft
is
said to
) H
sfa:
11
Ptmi<sRfriU 'C"Tr,r^
83.
vi and
sfitra
As W|**pl
According
fruit
termination.
and by
svaritet,
&ii,
parasmaipada
^^* *Frf*
ram
11
to sport, preceded
by
is used.
12
it
';
aiirofct
'
he delights
in,' qrftTRflt
he sports.
tion.
With other
As hjPKw)
it
will take
Atmanepada termina-
Digitized by
VjOOQLC
162
The Parasmaipada
*m^
t% n t^Tftr
11
And also
84.
11
verbs-
*nm,
Bk.
Ch.
I.
III.
84-86.
w wfo<z?\)
it
The sense
if it
was <fUH4ft
This
is
of the
an example
might be asked why was not the preposition 3T read along with the
sfitra.
The answer
is that the necessity of making a separate sfitra with the preposition upa arose from the exigencies of sfitra making. It is desired, that the
next sfitra 85 should apply only to the root upa-ram, and not to other com-
this could
sfitras.
fwmw*4i^
to
ii
i\
ii
v^fk
ii
fkwm
s^forc*
) n
iPr
11
mM
qHHflIt<H3w T<Mft'H si
85. After the verb
parasmaipada
is
*ref*r
11
sitively.
absolutely,
this
declares
By
11
sfitra
,y
J>T5>T^EnPf
11
As
*ftrqfct
he expands
4ta*rf3T
he causes to
trickle;
Digitized
by
Li O
Bk.
L Ch.
87. ]
III.
163
roots, those
88 sub, that
when
to say,
is
the agent
is
sfitra
The
present aphorism in the case of such intransitive verbs makes this additional
when the
agent is not a being endowed with a reason. As ^nrafa TO*J he makes the
lotus to expand, ifrroflr 3TOTfir he makes the woods to strike each other, sirestatement, that those intransitive verbs will take parasmaipada, even
*rf?r
"moving"
makes
will
The
when the sense is not that of moving. Thus *, means both 'to move/
* means to run' as well as to melt,' and w, means to flow'
as well as to to trickle/
As sret he obtains; mJiftqfft the iron melts Kp^r
*T?rf*fr the water-vessels drip.
The examples in the first paragraph have there-
tions even
and
'to
obtain/
'
'
'
fore
The
root
$y
is
fSni^I^WI^ig
q<*fr q qq ) H
( *t:
*rfW*
II
*1%:
gntftTOg*
4$
fSprc^l^-3|W:
tJ^lfSl U
II
87.
I)
causatives of verbs
which
have the sense of the eating or swallowing* and shaking or moving' parasmaipada is employed, even when
c
be read into
'
'
'
aphorism applies to transitive verbs, and to verbs whose agents in non-causainanimate objects *>., not possessed with reason.
Vart
The causative
eats; 3tf?*i3
^t-t^i
The prohibition
of *ff to
I^^R he
eat,
is
of the
root
%n
to eat,
must be mentioned.
takes Atmanepada.
made
to eat
wm^^^^f^i^^^Tc^n 44
mi^i ^v.^( ^: *w qo ) n
xnpfa N
Devadatta
^^ g^
,
164
Bk.
Ch.
I.
III.
88.
parasmaipada are employed after the causal of that verb, which in its noncausal state was intransitive and had a being endowed
with reason for its agent even when the fruit of the
The
88,
affixes of the
is
d":
was
fThe Atmanepada
ordained by sutra 74 when the fruit of the action accrued to the agent
is an exception to that, and ordains parasmaipada.
As *rrc$
This aphorism
Devadatta
S-TStT:
Dcvadatta sleeps,
Why
sits:
*rnr*rf%
do we say
to
sit
*}$
t*TV
to lie down.
'
root,
Thus
one person such as Devadatta, causes another person Yajnadatta, to cause a third person Ramadatta,
to do an act denoted by an intransitive root, as ' mounting for instance,
'
if
though Ramadatta mounts for his own benefit, the verb to be used in such a
case is qtf<tl*Ft in the Atmanepada, from the root 3]TC? to mount; and not
mifl^fo (Iengar's Guide to Panini).
'
Why
if
the verb in
do we say
its
causative from
it
for his
own
'
This rule
will
^r, if
use,
not apply
comes only thH4$ though the person has a will ; for the
9
root, is not an intransitive root
otiginal
(Ibid).
Why
For
if
from
the agent
sfrfa
if
that
which dries
is
a thing not
possessed of a will as jft^r: paddy/ for instance, though the fruit of the
action i.e. t the drying, affects only the paddy itself, comes ;fr<nid in the
Atmanepadi, though 'to dry* is an intransitive root ; e. ., piFR# gflfolK :
'
(Ibid).
Bk.
I.
Ch.
89-91. ]
II.
Bub the
89.
165
affixes of
not used, after the causals of the verbs p& to drink, dam
to tame, &yam to extend, ayas to exert oneself^ parimiih.
to be bewildered, ruch to shine, nyit to dance, vad to
speak; and vas to dwelL
The
last
pada, even when the fruit of the action accrued to the agent, thus debarring
the latter's action which would otherwise have taken place by virtue of sutra
This sutra prohibits the last two s&tras, and re-instates Atmanepada of
Thus root qr to drink, has the sense of nigarana or swallowing,
the roots 5* &c, have sentient beings as their agent; the root tr^ to dance has
74.
sutra 74.
still
As qnr^ he causes
be tame, ^iqm^d he lengthens, Mjiqmq3 he
in the causative.
to drink,
troubles,
$Hnd he causes to
r5*rt he causes to dance,
<TKH)gq3 he entices, n^trt he makes agreeable,
<iimd he makes to speak, qrcro^ he causes to dwell.
Vart
The root
*iz
The doe
srere:
II
%0
The
suckles a
II
vc^fik
young
II
^T
infant.
*mz
&c Thus
wfl q
"
"
The
after
affix
z&m
is
ordained by sutra
<*fRiqf*r or
3 he reddens.
^ftg%
ff^r:
11
wrrf^^
affixes of the
III. 1.
12 *prrft^
<si
n q^rfSr u
g% *r 4<**>4* H*ft
^rp
^fe
*n
As
*ns?fc-
11
the force
is that of &c.
These verbs are anudatta and so by sutra 12 they
would have been invariably atmanepadi, this aphorism makes them optionally
The Parasmaipada
166
*
so
1,
in the aorist
aorist
verbs.
Bk.
ii
1
1
list
of
I.
Ch.
...
III.
92,93-.
!.
shone.
As
For a
tn^fcr*
fta% he shines.
After the Verbs vyit to exist &c, Parasmaipada is optionally employed when the affixes sya (Future and conditional) and san (Desiderative) follow.
92.
The TcTlffr yerbs are five in number and are included in the *J<nft subThey are ?sr to be, f% to grow, *re to fart oi break wind; ^^J to ooze,
and ^J to be able. As 1st Future ?*t?rf<t or qfV^tff, it will be, conditional
^T*^^ or *nfa^; Desiderative ftf^pf or fir^RW &c.
In other tenses than, the above, they are always Atmanepadi As
class.
*3%itis.
f^$*r:
11
r^xfk
ii
11
fe
^t:
^re%r *n
93. After the verb kjip to be fit, Parasmaioptionally employed, when lu$ (1st Future) is
affixed, as well as when sya and san are affixed.
pada
is
The verb
*h<-Mlfl
it
will take
^or^T follow.
The
five
we
have:
of the last
when
we have
f%3|-*tf^
H1***W^ or tn^TO*.
^mf$
Thus
in the Desiderative
have
one of the
is
Therefore
aphorism.
the affixes
ation in
fpv
in
Lu|wehave:
3TFtn% or
or Pf*rffc<re%
in the conditional
Digitized by
we
VjOOQiC
BOOK L
Chapter IV.
s*ts3sto^5t *>st
tnr ii**i4i<<H^<flf5i
ii
ii
rnpfa n sn hIW
^T-wr
$Rci^ ii
to the aphorism Kadarh Karmadh&raye (II. 2. 38) only one name of each
thing named is to be understood.
What is that name then ? That which comes last, where the claims
1.
(I. 4. 2.)
'
'
ftrw teaching
Thus
aorist
ftw begging.
in the root
we have
is
m is
the
.
Similarly
MJU*i^
The
in
forming
rule VII. 4.
its
93 not
effect.
^
yhe word
ftitftro
different objects in
that
When
of equal force*
is
called
16$
Nadi defined.
A general
vipratishedha.
rule (utsarga)
and
'when a
clares
When a
'
3.
102.
and VII.
3.
The
103.
case-affix
is
Hf.
Ch. IV.
in a short
its
rule,
I.
As an example
f Bk-
The next
rule
de-
As
Vpksha + su=Vriksheshu. But when the plural case-affix bhyafc follows, what
rule are we to apply ? For the letter bha belongs both to the pratyAhAras yafl
and jhal. Are we to lengthen the shorter, or substitute^? The present
sutra gives the reply, ^ is to be substituted because VII. 3. 103 ordaining q
follows next to VII. 3. 102. Thus Vpksha + bhyarj - Vpkshebhyafc.
follows,
if is
the substitute
fl
*jfif:
11
W H Wft
for the
final
9
short T of an inflective base.
t^^-^HRT,
^ M T*Vft "
|*ui?d*ihKiwl ^ ***iwwi w%&<? i^f *W ^nrfir
**$
11
II
11
and
ft
being
of
of
a female.
+.^T.
that
feminine, having no masculine of the same form, as the word grAmani has.
As
KumArl a virgin, *r*pr yavAgfifo rice gruel. The declenis somewhat peculiar which will be treated of
later.
As see Rule VII. 3. 1 12 qgr^r is the augment of the case-affixes having
an indicatory 9 when they come after a word ending with a Nadl.
Why do we say ending in f and 3T ? Because feminine nouns not
ending in these vowels will not be declined like Nadi words. Thus while the
the words
<*>H\(t
Why
mm^t
As
Because
STHUfr:
if
leader of a village
ttanffc
% qvq^ranr
R*, (3*$)
11
*sft
n 8
it
vqfa
would
11
*r,
still
be iffT^ fori,
.f^**^sOTit 9
v
Bk.
I.
169
NADI DBFfNED.
nadi notwithstanding
The
and
*ffc
definition of
scope.
uvaft respectively,
tuwfa
n h
it
v^rfk
is
$ f%T
ii
To
by the
%fr
i*
+ van
always
an
f|pfH|^Ri h %
^f%:
h^Wiit
wr:
11
fefa
<rctfr
s**v
wpfii
ii
cfft
11
*p*&ft v.
fefk fe;ffe)
ro^
|w
pnpnreirfr
*,
nw
*r
It
When
The present
when a
case-affix
The
sfttra
declares an option
having an indicatory
nthe case
follows.
if
they take
iyaft
and
case-affixes
GoOgk
170
Ghi defined.
'
[ Bk.
-------rarr:
fiptf
Srr or
d^n fa*:
So also
Dative
or
'
or
finff:
But
gt &c.
or
3&t t^ref^
ii
Locative
Ablative Genitive
$*H
or ^nr^^fi' or
*nft
"*
*
'
iflfc
prfir QT
stri is
ii
Ch. IV. $ 7-
I.
ti^TtSr
Sta:
ii
This defines the word ghi. The peculiarity of the declension of ghi
words will be treated later on* The word hrasva is understood in this sutra.
The word esha or f the rest* implies the words ending in short f or 7
which are not the names of females, or if they are feminine names, they are not
'
nadi words.9
As
So
fire.
fire.
atffcr
nouns gunate
vowel VII. 3. 11
their
1.
is
stffcf
also ^nj x
these cases
ft,
the ghi
# sp# + 3~9P7$
to the
in
II
II
.8.
is in a
As
II
t|fer:
^fT%,
^E| f (fa) 9
when
it
compound.
The word
pati
laist sfitra
the present
sutra is therefore a niyama rule, restricting the use of ghi in the case of pati to
its
occurring in composition.
'
only
is
'
used in a restrictive
sense.
As
q?*t
and
there
is
q?qr
|u*i<i3
TOig^Eara^fa
*T, (qft: fa)
11
11
t^rfa
1 1
1.
TOt-gw, ^fa,
ii
It
9.
with a noun
The word
The woid
when used
in connection*
ending in the sixth or genitive case, is ghi,
optionally, in the
pati
Chhandas (veda).
pati is understood in
3.
when
when not
this
this
sutra.
in composition.
By
the last
sfitra,
pati
tfrc^Hf
Why
17*
in connection with
a noun
^fff:
ii
j^rorc g
thus the
the affix
*JT
11
it is
So
affix.
also 3*TT
11
When
il.
r^Efif
9
;
which
^rf^r
it
jrwrstf
*Uf)r<f<rc<Tr
is
light
gunated before
^TSfcj*
<jfa.
an drdhadhatuka
(I. 2. 27), is
of ft? to break, is
fir
A hrasva
word Laghu.
defines the
been defined
ii
10-
This
y*a *wf%
j-
Observe rre^T*t
ii
'
*wft
11
is
As the i
+
*? (HI.
ftw
by a conjunct consonant.
Rrtt
is
derived from
not to be called
is
So
feminine}.
^5^r
ir
T
^fin
also
11
$ttaiiku {|44]f
11
12.
light'
when
it is
followed
Thus
come after that verb
a consonant when the word to be
of fin?TT 'learning' is
a heavy vowel.
in
v^Tft
mfa
11
^Hh, *
(gs) n
11
termed heavyv
is also
(Gnru).
This
As
sfitra.
is
of
word conjunct
fffa* he endeavoured,
fcrfcnfc
its
is
he saw.
Here the
III. 1.
36
is
letter
is
applied in
long
vowels, and short vowels followed by conjunct consonants are guru or heavy,*
q^nc^Xlc^fafMW^lf^
lf%:
*rcfii
11
ti
*c*nfc
J^MII^H ^ffa
TON*
II
n&A iKwlypinlt'
*Q$\
"IT*
*^m^***m
'
"*
"
'
..-Anga defined:
ii
.I
Bk.
I.
Ch. IV.
.I.
13.
<
After whatsoever there is an affix enjoined, whether verbal root or crude-form, that which begins
therewith in the form in which it appears when the
affix follows it, is called an Inflective base (anga).
13.
therewith
.
i.e.
pratyaye
rule enjoying
an
SL=in a pratyaya
7.
affix
i.e,
tadidi,
i.
S. that
when a pratyaya
which begins
called a base.
an
is
whether
affix enjoined,
it
be a verbal
beginning,
word yasmat
is
is
called
'
iS
affix
that follows.
The
anga.
The
Thus ff + nr
its affix.
l^ ^nif:
*:
sume
^rrnr:
+ &[ +
4ifttq
*:
fcapafu are
4iR4l4:
sya &c, or
before the
Why have we used the word pratyaya? Without it the rule would
After whatever there is anything enjoined &c., is called
have ran thus :
Here sandhi of vowels is enjoined
Anga.* Then in sfr + finft ^Tinft If &ft was here an Anga, then its last vowel would
between f + f f
have been replaced by j*T3 (VI. '4. 77), the form being farfSrsfa ./'U
'
^^
Why
have run thus
dadika
is
: " After
Anga.'
Thus
f%ftr?
whatsoever there
in
*fa
Had we
is
an
omitted
affix,
affix
it
whether root or
adfaunA
is
prati-
placed after
BK.
I.
CH
f 14,
IV.
IS-
PADA
Wtf
DEFINE*..
word dadhi, it is not enjoined by any rule ; and the word qtfSfr is not- called
anga. Had it been so called, then the f of dadhi should have been elided
by rule VI. 4. 148.
The word pratyaya has been repeated twice in this sutra in order toshow that when an affix is elided, the terra anga will not apply to what stood
for the sake of
before it. Thus in the compound word fe$
*&
the woman.
Here in forming the Tat purusha compound the dative case-affix
after the word wit has been elided, for as a general rule case-affixes are<
elided in forming compounds* If the word jpft after its affix had been elided,,
still retained its old designation of Anga, the ^pfr + qjtT would have been;
the
-I-
ftsnrtf
the
augment
iyart
sfiwei t^*r
ff^r:
if
&&
11
98
11
*KpfSf n
*%*$
^-{erer^rei^,
fifii
*V^
11
The sup
and
tense-affixes
to affixes.
Thus
Thus
apply here
Hitufujflrj will
will
rule
H:
II
II
tr^Tfa H *P
*^>
(*VQ
called
kyaft,
andkyash).
These are
nouns.
See.
affixes
III. 1. 8, 1 1,
-174
Pada defined.
behaves
like
Wihrif or ^ifarfa
"^^&c,
which
it
result of
by SAtra
elided
is
+ R^tt*Fnr9
its. being
called
cnfhr (VII.
These three
U Ca
is
n5^
(VII. 4. 25.)
pada
is entitled
*rjr
The
{ Bk.
that the
*r
+ R^
of
tnr^
in
a pada
Thus CTSP^ +
W\
of
final
sf
4. 33).
affixes
after case-inflected
words
(i>. t
words ending
are elided,
in sup),
by
still
Sfitra
the
ftfar
3%:
11
11
*&&
ftrf?r
word
which precedes it is
This
called bha.
is
therefore the
*l^ +
that n is
*-^,
*r f
94 n ^if^f 11
wr: <# tt^t *rcfir 11
an affix having
(I. 1.
word
ra?fcf:
2.
*nnj,
VII,
(^j)
an indicatory o
called pada.
^jftfTj:
"Affixes 8^ and
Here the
standing before
1. 2.
it,
belonging to you.
by
ej^ come
affix
will
The
result of
being pada
is
Similarly ^is
in *ra[ (Alter the
Thus ^mfcj :; so also q^V. 1. 106, has
There is no guna because of its being pada.
Thus
sfitra
115 declares:
74) wordspn^."
firni there is
jE^as indicatory.
VIII, 2. 30.
sfitra
anticipation.
by
When
1G.
The
a?
39).
it
1.
.called pada.
The
pbove
sfitra.
Thus
iibove.
The.Jf
is
affixes
xm%
IP
- CfSf*^, KXsrfH'.
CHPf
KHtol,
CHTOn, KtWJH:
v
Digitized by
Bk.
Ch. IV.
I.
Why
Cnrnft"
Bha
18, 19. ]
defined.
175
two kings,
nw*:
WT
ift
II
The
kings.
%C
TT^lfa
||
^ is not
II
<m^-+ WV
Observe
elided.
*T-3?fa f <OT
fanf^TOO)
THt4f^-ilHH^f qi^HtaitWtll
<iifn&^
II
*lf3<*H
II
^HUH^ifr
18.
II
m*&
So
a grandson of Garga.
also TOOT:
- *n%:
its final
*r
is
elided
before the
So
also
qn=T
The word
r*J
when
Angiras.
which
w^
the affix
it
1.
irf^f is in
(IV.
I.
72, it
I.
5T*I*J
follows.
q^srw like
would have been, had
it
The words ^\
2. 66).
is
treated as
*l
*Tc*ni U <*%
H^rfk
II
II
?l-%T f
T^-^, (\)
is it,'
II
ff<4*HI4 4J<fcKI?rf
or in
whom it is
is
JJ*W*
'
V.
2.
94) follows.
Thus
is
the
word
4lft<4 having butter milk Norn. Sing. *qf*3W^ tfta: the herdsman having
butter milk, ftqf?PT TOOT*: the cloud full of thunder. So also TOPr)* famous <F
"
^
Digitized by vJfV^VJV
2
BHA
If
(Bk.
CASES.
I.
Ctt. IV.
20>2I.
full
of milk.
S*f*?*q;,
operation
the
20.
by ^C\ + **[* ^ e % s first changed into wby treating the word rich as a
pada. Then the word gj^ is treated as bha, and therefore the g^is not
For had it been pada, the form would have been
changed into * before qrtf
sjpr^ Rigvat. These irregularly formed words occur only in the chhandas
or Vedic literature. Thus ^r *|^!ra 3fto<tl *i*fa
*
*g snprnm
n ^i
11
*^ift
11
335, *g-**R\ii
affix is
When
employed
H*P<t
after
it
is
The Brahmins
Thus KTOTO
read.
always
in singular
number which
\*&\
is
fs^hrcr*^
rh n
^ftr
11
fs-Tjwfr:
fjpwi
Bk. t,Cii.
Numbers Karaka.
IV. 22-24.]
177
When
also clear*
is
duality
to be expressed,
is
a dual case*
Thus
^rc$
11
*nt$
tr^Tft
23.
Thus
kAraka.
in 'cooking/ the
fire,
by the
kAraka
'food
(ire
9
is
is
is
a locative kAraka,
fire is
is
an ins-
the dative
kAraka.
9
The
thus
is
Genitive or the sixth case can never be directly related with an action,
jm^Hd
wnronfc
[ftr.
11
ig*f
sryira^K
24.
that of a fixed
is called
in the relation of
it
sqj
it
a kAraka to a verb.
q^ift n
wr, <*im5fc,
q*ftH**wuH*J<f >rcf%
apdana or ablation.
the village.
<r$4f{4tfcft
(II.
3. 28)
*q|tll<4)*r:
this relation is to
be expressed,
is
called ablation.
Thus UNiqintofl he
from chariot.
case -affix
11
A noun
comes from
snmjT*
the
limit
'
Digitized by
is
Google.
178
Vari:
*
The Ablation. _
._
The
Thus:
he ceases from
justice; MJWii&iJjft
^T:
*Wf%
II
injustice.
IRt^wf^ff
f4+ta|tji*lt
'
Bk.
I.
Ch. IV.
renfrssnrar
ft
he dislikes
vmfwmftl he neglects
HT*j\
25-27..
*riH*t
in-
justice.
^W?g^ Wf*U*H4HHiM-
II
25.
The verbs
of,
signifying 'fear' or
'
f^j% he
is
^ftfrqHIMfl
or TOfif
Why
case?
He
II
is
ablative case.
Thus nt^ft
*jRfc
sitr^ ^e
<RH*}k* *Hl3:
<iraff
34)4)441) 4t
*&& .^TJ
tiU<t*|ft
ablative
forest.
*!^H*H4KM^*f>Wf<* Jl
called
26.
Ap&dana k&raka.
When
the verb
fir to
become unbearable.
Why do we say
'that
'
it
Observe jpnr
11
In case of verbs having the sense of preventing, the desired object from which one is prevented
or warded off is called Ablation or Ap&dana k&raka.
27.
The obstruction to one's n.atural inclination is called v&rana or prevention. As *rewft irf ^nfrfflr or fr*forf?r he wards off or withholds the cow
jOC
from the barley.
Bk.
I.
The Ablation.
179
Why
Observe
irf
tjfa:
W^rf^f^fW 3HK^qiW**fsftfl^KW4l<H*Ui
When concealment is
28.
*|*f% Q
karaka.
Thus OTT^rnrr^f^ ^ or
so that the teacher
Why
? fi VI ^ he
may
ftoftqJI
is
indicated/?
Observe ^Jkp*
is in
Why
k&raka
The ap&dAna
to
MK^kim%Hl n
<
(mo
3TTT*)
11
^ifSi
11
sn-^rnn,
^ra-^i?*,
II
29.
is called
Ap&d&na or
Why
Observe *GRf
*JtDtft
he
(tp
wno)
^r.
Hsbfa:
II
$p
11
t|^ip|
11
^rRr-^S:,
J*?rft: 9
11
11
m~4<U4j<jm:
30.
jan to be born,
^r *rra*r?:
called Ap&d&na.
The
180
is
Dative.
^frf:
II
I.
WW:
Bk.
*:
II
is
is
produced from
^1 U M^lPt
it
gw
*J?E^:
31.
^ftf:
its
source in Cashmere.
W&GJt, *RVZP*jfcr
II
qiRkh^
vf*^
9T*lf
11
fa^moj
11
**irc M.ujiln
32.
ift
^Rnft
wrfcn^
'
<Jq*H<^
it is
n *tfaar
whom one
II
is
11
wishes to connect
Samprad&na or
is called
of the verb
ffrf^H^f *faf%
*Jf*K*li
11
fm*m
The person
meaning
The object must be
indefinitely
re-
used,
to give.*
Ai'iWWW
*tf
teacher. Uiy44il4
ftw^
object of the verb 'give'; the persons connected with this object are the
These
Varti
The person
whom one
of Sraddha.
J^m 9TOJ3 he
husband.
Varti
As VT5TO
f%*I$it
he censures
for the
sake
_
2.
After
some verbs
(especially
to sacrifice),
the object
(karma) gets the name of Instrument (karana) and the recipient (Saraprad&na) is called object (karma).
is
equivalent
to,
'
Bk.
The
181
Dative.
ruchi.
As
*ml
liking* are
Samprad&na or recepient.
by something
else, is called
foj-diq
Why
qfir
The word
7U1 case.
^k
ii
^ftM-sHi^i *SM*J
it
3q$Tuq
fr\u3 she
Why
ii
herself to
93TTOT Vrimft
^Rn
offers
know
*f*i
wspfc
35.
Here
of
it).
pathi
is
to
owe/
the creditor
is called Saniprad&na.
The word swrf is compounded of two words ^nr best and sjtjj debt
meaning (whose debt is best) creditor, as opposed to POT& debtor. As
in the
Locative case.
Observe
Here
Digitized by
^^TPf
village
is
182
The Dative.
(mo
qn^r*) n
The verb
wp
to
desire,
Here rf is
As
desire,
.The word
55Tf?T-i^5f% or r*n?ft
jealous
of,
he
is
angry upon,
malice
to,
Here Devadatta
or
is
is
in
Why
accusative case.
H*i \t ; mi (mo
^f:
II
Ig^TJjt
is in
the
*i
nfe^nj:) U
^PTTlf H*f%
II
karaka or
object,
Dgtze
Bk.
I.
Sampradana Karaka.
is
a proviso to the
last,
183
where by the last, there would have been dative* The word upasrishta
means having upasarga or preposition. As frqqvmftyqfa qjfo^uft
When
used simply, those verbs of course govern the Dative case by the last
.
As $44^4
aphorism.
fkv&:
^r
5f^i
flvlPlr
far ^w^to) n
5^m
11
In the case of the verbs r&dh, to propitiate^ and iksh to look to, the person about whose good
or bad fortune questions are asked is called Samprad&na.
39.
literally
nwrf^-t^T^
*T*fc
Garga
is
Thus foiTm
the sense
is
that
being casually asked by Devadatta, he reflects upon the good or bad fortune
of Devadatta.
tions
is
Another explanation of
this sutra
As ftronr
is,
TOftftr
or f ^T$ qT
*[F:
meaning, the
pupil asks the teacher various questions to resolve his doubts, and the teacher
Hcmspari
^
^f%:
11
sw
Nft
*rfcrn^juN
treh*
^^
<Eftf
11
,
*JJR*t JioHfc 4ift<*
so
11
trcTft
^unrest
11
*rcfir
nfa-snsronw,
^
\
11
....
Devadatta.
3?3wfg q*Tq
**rc[w
tHfo
11
v^ti*
srg-Hfa-vi*, *,
(*w
vsri) g
H*ft "
Digitized by
G00gle
Instrument Karaka.
.184
Bk.
I.
Samprad&na.
is repeated, is called
Asflifr
first,
The phrase pfirvasya karta of the last is to be read into this aphorism.
They encourage the Hotri, i.e. the Hotri priest invokes
jy uu iffr
.
the others then follow him in invocation and by so doing encourage him.
The word
tqiff:
and
srftflTC:
mean encouraging
qi vi<feg H 5>ry
ii
*k
ii
the invoker.
tr^Rf
ii
^w^w^,
*<<n*^
'
(n%)
ii
As
fr%UT
fprffcThe
the well
^Rf:
II
*l*hUI^ 4fc<UJ4l<f ^T
II
called
karma object,
The
present
sfitra
WT5 ft&rfH
or
is
Sflff
to indicate that
tfo^ft
karana
is
also to
be read into
dice.
The
this.
force
As
Bk.
I.
Ch
IV. 44-47. ]
Adhikarana Karaka.
185
wages, 1
is
This ordains dative case, where there would otherwise have been
Instrumental case. The word qRthq fr means to engage for a limited period
on payment
of wages,
As
^rara
Adhikarana.
STTqiftrf
WW, (too)
[f%:
^^W
8H
II
^rf^T
3*T*H:
Slfvi-
It
^i^f^Tf: f^lWT'gl^tafoj
II
II
That which
flfarf lrf%
HJWH*<l*lt<* lif?l<**<UJ
That
in
As 9$ we9 he
is
srrom , *&*
supported or located
is
called 4dhAra~
on the mat
Hi he is sleeping on the mat.
the pot The Adhikarana takes the 7th case-affix.
seated
TOfrt he cooks in
is
is related to
^qr^irt
faro arret*:)
That which
is
*, faw
stpstc:
^tt
II
^*)
last
sfitra
there
*jfaf?tefa or *!U[rc#
he
11
^Wf *Wfa
II
47. Thatwliich is the site of the verb abhinivii to enter, is also called karina-k&raka. Di
186
Karma Karaka.
Bk.
I.
**)
(VBIO S?P*T*:
II
Prohibition must be
Vart :
stated
the village.
locative case
and not
the accusative.
Karma.
S^H^^RW 3>3
*&* (W)
8<5
M^lPl
II
^tt 9 ^ftoiRPPT,
II
49.
affected
II
That which
by the
it is
or karma.
That which is especially desired by the agent to be accomplished
by the action is called karma. As sr <M)ft He makes the mat. qtf *r*&fa
he goes to the village. Why do we say " desired by the agent " ? Observe
Here gram is no doubt
*ff$*? xi TOTft he ties the horse in the gram field.
agent of the verb, the
the
most desired by the horse, but as horse is not
word imj takes the locative case. Why do we use the word " most " ?
Observe <Rj*fosf *J3^ ne eats tne f0(* a' on g with the milk. Here milk is no
doubt desired by the agent, but not being the principal object desired, takes
the Instrumental case.
Though
the repetition
the last
sfitra,
vritti of
word karma
into
sutra
by
anuvritti from
sfitra,
this sfitra,
because as
we do
we do
Bk.
I.
Ch. IV.
Karma Karaka.
50, 51. ]
187
any word of the previous sutra into this. Had we taken the
word karma from the last sfitra, then we could use the accucase in those limited instances, where the word is capable of taking
anuvritti of
anavritti of the
sative
^rj
the food,
he drinks saktu.
fttfftf
we
By
in this
sutra,
karma
sw grH toHSto*
Wnfal*W f
*f%r:
(^5T0 S>*)
3*
11
\o
11
*m
mrfk n
11
ipsa,
II
fk^m
Hh*
q*i3
*Hii?uj ^{frfam
50.
which
is
trees.
sreftm
[f%:
11
*rafZfcf
11
^^fc "
\%
^ ii^kkii
H%Wjff
*wflir
w^rf^rcPL,
*, (* *5)
II
in
Sanskrit which
optional.
for
the fold.
relations,
it
is
As
its
.is
name
called
an ^*"
indicates,
is,
therefore
put in the
as,
he milks the cow (her milk; 9PPTOCT& *tf he confines the cow to
Here 5 and jpt are akathita or optional objects. If the speaker
'
direct one.
$tfnr q?r:
is
take what
as,
&?f:
The
this object,
aPTt&ft rf.
two accusatives are mentioned
**^*fa *f*5 fa ^ JTHJ fif *IW <*&{ II Sffap^
:JSJPJ <r*
their natural
/;,
188
Karma Karaka.
[Bk.
I.
In the case of the roots j?N ' to milk qr\ f to beg/ T^ ' to cook/
9
^SH[ 'to punish/ to' to obstruct or confine H*^ ' to ask/ fa 'to collect*
Wto tell jjt^ 'to instruct* f5r 'to win' (as a prize of wager)
'
f^
to churn
to steal/
'
tive case
as,
$tfi*
irf
He begs
'
*^*t
ftsnt,
(S. K.)
'
similarly tf^gjpftyf
' ;
' ;
qfii
W<t,
w*&
*f*tf
dWWUtf
art
flt
The
in the
above
roots
list
One
*nrf,
first
of
them
Thus
rppfk
will, is called
II
' t
that which
in the
is
necessarily put in
is
is
9*fWrrf, *:,
uforo* ^rarar:
*ifi!*HJi
t?t
ft^i*^
II
*jrff
^nf^R^
11
n< cut-in
^m***^
11
it
11
11
Of the verbs having the sense of ^moknowledge or information and eating,' and of
52.
tion
Hh4<4ilUfl
qif&hi
the accusa-
nm-^-IlWWTO-^-S^^
JjfrT: II
'
irf, sfift,
5^ to
And
cases.
same sense,
and the other, secondary. In
y{, the nouns <nr Rptf *h*\lfk,
others having the
principal,
objects, for
3?9
is
Bx.
I.
Karma Karaka.
189
verbs that have some literary work for their object, and
of intransitive verbs, that which was the agent of the
verb in its primitive (non-^i or non-causal state), is
called the object (karma) in its causative state (when the
verb takes the affix (13a).
knowledge ' or 'information or some kind of eating/ and other roots having a similar sense ; also
of roots that have some literary work for their object, and of intransitive
roots, that which is the subject of the verb in its primitive sense is put in the
Accusative case in the causal, the object remaining unchanged ; e. g.
In the case of roots that imply
'
motion/
Primitive.
"
Causal.
ft#f
suft*if*ui ifrer
But
*ltf*** UH^fft
Rima'
is
UHt
in inraft
'
'
*Jtf*Ft
R&ma
to
Rma
its
if
Govind to go/
to cause
verb, not in
go)
do
'
^f$& *m*mn^
it is
Here
Patanjali, in his
of the
word
firar or u*$t
1&&&
*fafr
in
^f
*rf*
When we
(ifa)
and
w^f:
apr^rerfl
iXQvfif fa^fcr
roots *|
ot with
fir
t*
itfff<ir-$n^nc-for*fs
and
f% <iHlft -g*req3%^:
w^ with ot must
WWft-ftll wRl-4
,
iK^ifir-^^nnn%-5if^f .
;
be included in the rule;
l*l | *^ft-?*f^n|
HPJ with
and
sjf
rule,
.
(
And the
as, UHjffif
M*S^ft-fi^W*lfi-^l*im^Rl-
The causals of
'
to lead'
carry a load.
**fcr
190
Varti
signifying a
draw the
when
has for
it
its
chariot.
The
(b).
mH\+m\mTh.r*ttTQfa *t
m
Varti
Jc
causals of the
roots
(c).
and
igf\
word
Horses
'to eat/
The boy
H*^,when
it
govern
eats his
food.
intransitive
is
fifar
'
injury to a
as, *rcnrf%
'
I.
By
Bk.
C*\
Hj
But **
'
Varti
Karma Karaka.
fihff
time,'
'
meaning
tive, is
and not
fifaftqr qnraft
In
fifcac
but n
unchanged ;
is
iwmfa
frcyif
the princi-
primi-
its
is
e. g.
Causal Active.
Primitive.
Kama
goes to a
Causal Passive.
village.
Rama is caused
to
go &c.
to prepare a mat.
Govind
one month.
sits for
But
(a).
prepare &c.
imply
is
knowledge
mode
*
to sit &c.
eating,
those that have a literary work for their object, the principal object
in the
e. g.
5m*
ifcztf or
known
in the
*mim
to M.'
^JHt^t Hts^f
\pft
qfc?3
M.
^H>3i ^nrf?t
is
'
made known
and
is
put
duty
his
duty
his
9
or
9
'
9
;
*mu*3iti|4
duty
is
made
7|ft?? Ht*Rl5 or
(S. K.)
With regards
to roots that
govern
two
accusatives, the
rules
roots that
i.e., those
mentioned above hold good in their case also
imply motion <c, govern the Accusative of the subject of the primitive
,'
as,
qpritqfvi Tfprt-
Bk.
I.
im**
nrtfl: ( fn?*t )
Earth/
*fwt
"
Agent defined.
^rf^mft
191
(God) makes
Vamana ask
(5>w eif^r
% Q<**4<H^n^
*><<tf * *ft ?&) h
^frf:
11
n *$
11
W^
^TOUM,
^stef
jx& ^rfWw^^nirt:
spa?
^r iiiiilf
twmwil
53.
Bali for
'(The master)
*wfa
irftfsfr
11
non-^i (pri-
its
is
take the
affix.
nf
(Causal)..
Causal.
Primitive.
tiroft
He
He
causes Devadatta to
Vart:
in the
Atmanepada,
is
*?rr
<mmtf or uncroftr
make
load.
the mat.
causal: as,
Primitive.
Causal.
He makes
The servants
He makes
y. jL^->*~tJ^'r
KARTRI.
w?f*:
^[Rf:
11
firarr
srat
II
t$
II
*rofa
(*w)
11
Whatever the speaker chooses as the independent, principal and absolute source of action is
54.
is
absolute and
f
unconditioned, as, |*f*T:
q^lftr
Devadatta.'
Digitized by
LiOOQ LC
19J
NlPATA DEFINED.
BK.
I.
SKTCqfij
When hetu is employed as agent the verb is put in the causative form
The
force of the
and
word
^r is to
(III. 1. 26).
name
The
Particles.
56. From this point forward upto the aphorism Adhirt-6vare (1.4.97), all that we shall say is to be
understood to have the name of Mp&ta or Particles.
The word
*T^t
^f^i:
11
to?3
11
h>
11
mpfa
57.
or Particles,
11
^^r^ q&9
and,'
11
substances.
4^^'if ^j
'
'
m^4W
Bk.
Ch. IV.
I.
'
*3T?r (intcrjO
Prepositions defined.
58. ]
'
198
manes/
oblation to the
forefathers
q^' oblation to the gods/ *fr^ (mystical ejaculation typical of the three great
deities of the Hindu mythology), inj thouing/ tnnft * thus/ introducing an ex'
excellent/
certainly/ fa*?
position, (?5P*
indeed/
'
*m now
f
'
3 *ft
<C
The vowels
*fK
a, i,
i, 1,
c^t
TO
fff^t
^f
To
the
sfr,
[ ^Pfc
to*Ji
u,
list
qs*
snr^.
*rit, 115,
ftrar^,
vw
),
when, as
e, ai, o, au,
ft,
f)ii<(
fti^, ft:,
f-fhj,
Wi
^*
vii^N^, **3Fi
15^)1
**, ?^,
^rr|t, srarft,
*t *fl&
*f*i ^pR^
^.
fS^sf*
^.
*?.
^i ^Pfc ^
^
what have, without the reality,
a word with one of the terminaIn the example MT*M* avdattam
ahanyuh
In the example
4. 47) would be mPJ avattam.
*rtj: egotistic/
the ahan is not identical with the aham 1/ terminating in a case affix be-
'
is
cause a pronoun, really regarded as being in the nominative case, could not
be the first member, in such a compound. In the example, atfercfrrr astikshiri, a
cow or
the like
in
which there
member
in
asti,
singular, otherwise
it
is
is,*
milk/ the asti*jft* must be regardwhich ends with the affix of the
first
a compound.
xn^q:
58.
11
\c
11
when
following
is
the
list
of
*npn or
* TO , Hf *%, *IJ.
prepositions:'
*** *****"
w 1 ft 5^ t ft . *ros fir , *rftr , nfir , *flr , 9 **
well have been
could
it
The making of this a distinct aphorism, when
included in the last, is for the sake of giving the Pra &c* words two names,
*rf*
of upasargas.
When
Digitized by
VjOOQiC
104
^f*c
11
sir^r: ftrsr
*lf*?<h*(JI
^A 3*nh1
f$*&^W
3ht mfas
*ft*f*I*43U*f
Bk.
I.
11
^Mfcu^ll
a verb.
.
As q +
Rlft
qj because of the
JT
JflSrafir
Why do we
sition
say
when
a verb?
in composition with
As
*Hmehl%U
*r is
Here
is
*t
When
ipj^t
in
compo-
inTOMOT^Stfni
r.
Thus while
sroqcff:
means
'
Vartz
As
*r*fie$^r:
- *$*
be included
given by Marut.
*TF^
in the list
*T
of upasargas.
KS\ +
+ n
called ghu,
is
is
when
followed
is
it
by an
preceded by an upa-
affix
beginning with
might be objected, that as *$!( does not end with a vowel, sutra
designation of upasarga to
be so9 the
To this we
H^
is
is
overlooked.
in
upasarga, that
sfitra
HI. 3. 106
*tfhn
11
is
made applicable.
\o n o^TfSr w nfat,
list
3.
*J3
(ni^r.
fomen )
t
it
Bk.
I.
195
Gati.
Now
As
JT|TO
^FTT, but as
is
it
by
rule VIII.
sjcfctlft ,
a^f.
/.
The yoga-vibh&ga or
*''*47)
sfitras
added.'
C*~A
7/
is
and not
'The annuvptti of
of upasarga.
So
is
gati only
for
runs
have
two names upasarga and gati ; uri &c., have only one name, namely, gati.
Thus in JT>ffapj and *rf*rfikK^ , by treating the words * and Mfa as
upasargas we change the 7 and 9 into QJ and * by rule VIII. 4. 14 and
VIII. 3. 87 and again treating them as gati we regulate the accent
:
VartiThe words
SRTftqfn
list
of Gati.
As
f^
illustrate accent.
Vart:
yreqqqnfarq 5*Pl .
dAtta accent (VIII.
fr
Here
1.
the Vedas.
As
word p^ being gati, causes &nt to take annuHere also the accent is regulated by
70) ^itft?!:
the
VIII. 2. 71.
^T:
II
61.
The words
II
The
be any one
to the
affixes chvi
of the
name
in
of gati.
Digitized by
LiOOQ LC
Gati.
196
The words
18 and VII.
(II. 2.
wft
??ft
1.
.
*fe[lPK5ff.
*n*Ih
XFIiW.
^rer*-
JJ3R*5I.
sir:
ufararcjir.
^.
are also gati.
in chvi
words ending
in
*V\
6a, 63.
As irfl^W
So
j. 71).
^*-
also
Ch. IV.
I.
snfc
So
Bk.
ITifr.
^Nifel
made
as <FTT?ffRq having
the sound
pat.
62.
Gati,
A word imitative of
sounds
is also called
As
<U^kH| having
^rr^tfir
^fa;
made
H^-fft-qr^
'
that
sound kh4t.
the
iai^<|\ (VI-
3.
49),
(Viii. 2. 71).
Why do we say
^j^-^to^
after it
(
11
'
when
i*m^i5t ufa*
it
it?*
Observe
11
63. The words sat and asat when in composition with a verb are called gati, when used in
the sense of c respect or love,' and * disrespect or in-
difference. 1
2.
18 and VII.
^^lETtf*
1.
(VIII. 2. 71).
Digitized by
LiOOQ LC
Bk.
I.
Gati.
Why
197
'
Observe
(feo ufar:) n
64.
with a verb
1
is called gati,
when used
in the sense of
ornament.*
tion,
m^
an indeclinable and has four meanings : 'prohibicompetent, enough and ornament/ The term T5^ is gati when it means
The word
is
ornament As *H<i^m (II. 2. 18, VII. 1. 37); tfti^rt (VI. 2. 49) qqt^flfa (VIII.
2. 71) when it does not mean ornament we have t|c$*qvE*T JPfftr he goes having eaten enough.
(few) ift:
<H**K*ifTO%
<4<\i(h
11
snEP^sprft**^
11
11
*if&***t u
11
'
'
3ftR| if*G
Why do we
the
ijfTOtf jSnUltf:
Vart
is
92 by which
into ot.
fK is
*51m^^
HI. 3. 106
Observe qjsafaf
being aban-
irenfrwyp^ falsehood
Hj4i<$J|ft
sjjnrcihn?!
ii
4.
%$
11
v^ifk
*Mnrol f
11
sijt-
inft-tn^, (nfir:) u
*fa:
11
$jj*fr
iflttak
wr:
'
11
LiOOQ LC
108
[Bk.
Gati.
W.
ffafir
'
As
of desire/
satisfaction
I.
he
till
is
qrfftqr
So
( WET )
satisfied?
also T4t?nT
is satisfied
wmi^
trtt
*^Tf3ir
11
1**:
stow*
( ifife )
67* The word purah in front of, when indeclinand in composition with a verb, is called gati.*
able,
The pronoun
^jf 'front'
with the
affix
38
it
pfirva).
home/
srer
68.
And
is called gati,
The word
means not
'
\c
i'
H/uiu
is
it is
n^r
an indeclinable as
^fiffiT
( *rf?r:
swmnr)
it
Tppnt
Jjtft,
when
not an indeclin-
11
\% n ^rf^r u srra
*rfif-3i^*^i|
) *
II
69.
*
*,
nfai siaws^
*wfa
have vanished.
era ict^^j
(
s^si*
11
As tpsforo
visible.'
able
11
of,' is
called gati,
when used
in
'
The word *i3 is an indeclinable and has the force of the word lift.
So also *!*$m TK5tftn^ and H1*QAs Ws&t?*, H*5WJ and qq?mi*bft
an
Avyaya,
we
have
3f3iTOi *I*6fa
qjfa when not
,
JjF^J
it
bo
11
wrfk
11
w? ig'WiX'^O
,
Bk.
I,
Gati.
109
TO.
to another.
The word upadeSa means a
When
to another*
direction
a person
That
and
when
is
w^(:
is
it
37ctf%
f?Jtt
not-
J*dffi
71.
to?
II
II
^?[Tf^
II
fH^:
e^lfl,
(ifei:) H
The word
tiras
'
disappearance
Observe
fawror^fe
72.
is
fiftt
11
\s*
Tttfflqw:
This
42):
fift:
is
an example
or fiii^^l
fwr
optional VIII. 3.
^fsi vfoi)
^frT:
frfs?
s^
11
fsmnw, ?fa 9
F?it*)
(*rf&:
meaning disappearance
c
tiras
when
(VIII. 3. 42).
When
42.
standing apart.
of sftff-ftTOTT.
not
he stands having
fJW 3ft#
^m%J*QfT%
f<tefir
mrfk
The word
i. e. t
y^iHt
ii
^rm%-^FmSt
(fenrai
11
11
3*n^j?*r^s(j5ffc
j^w otto?dii#
wSfa
II
As n^
*ir*f
frar or
gqr
ffffT
^ fror*
Hj^ili
$nr
or
^Tsmwj^fa*
^T:
II
11
tg
11
*^rf*
11
*TOi^ f n^ftf*
II
*,
200
74.
Ac,
Gati.
kri.
Varti
C*C
IV. 74-77-
verb
Bk.
under-
stood, namely
fkiziff%m ffaztt^Wf
iRrefin
fnn
it
75.
rnanasi in
'
kpi follows, provided that they are not used in the sense
of c placing/
As xiifin$< ? or 4K(ht>*tt <Mft$*3 or *HiV^f When it has the
sense of placing wehave ^ifa^ fr qifa
he lies down having clasped the
hand on the breast, *Hfa^>* 3T *^f mmfil he ponders having placed 'the word
'
'
mind.
in his
1^ ^
^fxT:
ii
*Mfrqi
fiwfl
Pta^^nN}
ll
b$
3cr*^r,
H^ifa
li
*virtj^ f fore%,
II
HT^rnn^ f%Hm
fSr
*rfcrcr*n *m/5<i
in the middley
c
pade in the foot ' and nivachane speechless * are optionally gati, when kpi follows, the sense not being of
76.
placing.*
As H&i ^pnj or ^stqr. qf f??ar or ^j&r firare? fiHT or ^Rqr.
But when it has the meaning of placing we have fffenr:
;
d# he
lies
$R*T
fijjT:
.down having put his head under the foot of the elephant.
i*fi?j
ij^t *ii*nicjmw^
77.
the
l%
hand
are
n 33
ii
xj^Tf^r
ii
f*i?i* , ips!-*n*fl
II
wr OT3H3
ii
paijiau 'in
As qnnr ^pi^r or f^
he went out having taken
married.
But f^d fftCT'^irfcrf
hand a.k&rshipana (a coin).
r^
^j?^ having
in his
*ni:
*ifnffwf^rf: arf^i
201
Gati.
f%?4 *rfoJ^
*i*fif
11
sense of binding/
The word *n^ ends in ^ and means favourably suitably. When
however it means bound it is a gati as, snW^TOT having bound. But
when not meaning to bind, we have
muf fr^t VRii W. having made the
9
'
'
carriage agreeable, he
is
gone.
flf%cRT
II
11
>WpiMR*A<tf
IFw
II
79.
by the verb
*
his livelihood
he
11
gone.
xn^m^:
f*
^t:
is
11
ireyrepfcrerarn
co
11
q^ifir
qrfh'mi xi^K^ir:
11
are to
they are prefixes).
The word # has been employed
preceding examples
m**\ mo)
The
all illustrate
11
E*?flr fire*
As.^ruft^rv *?**
ti
**
Digitized by
I.
2. 6).
VjOOQLC
Karmapravachaniya.
202
Bk.
I.
t*
arafgmq
11
mpfa
sroni<n:
11
*;
(no
I11
As:
" Indra
Here ot
separated
is
Karma pravachaniya.
From this
differ
*f
terms such
syllables.
term
it
as, f>, fir 5 &c, which generally do not exceed more than two
The word karmapravachaniya is not however merely a technical
contains within itself a definition of itself. It means that which
,
33|
84.
II
ch
11
an action
ti^Tfif
11
q& )
is
3*|: stf*
it
so called.
f
mj qyftqr:)
II
denotes a sign,
is
called karma-pravachaniya.
The word
an attendant circumstance an
occasional concurrence.
The
of,
is
after/
As JiTO^-TOfcl it
in
rained
Bk.
Ch. IV,
I.
after or in
anu
is
86
85,
Karmapravachaniya.
To put
a karmapravachniya when
it
203
it
in other
word*,
the
So
also grrarereq
sentence but
is
its
is
particle itself
seems
to
in fact
"
ifsiT:
The Taurus
of the canopus.
Why
make
unnecessarily this
This
is for
sfitra,
force of sfitra
8) even in expressing
(II. 3. 23).
set aside
(II. 3.
to? I.
3. 2:
$g
would have
and would have
II
85.
when
it
karma-pravachantya
The meaning
As
is
be that
of
'
with
or along with.
^%
^Rt:
11
II
6$
11
n^rfa
11
^,
86.
sWt
when it is used in
(313: qnfno)
II
*raf?lr 11
is
kanna pravachanlya
to.
The word ftn means inferior/ and being a comparative term requires the other term with which comparison is made and which is superior
c
Karmapravachaniya.
204
iftfa$
63
gt?. srfafc,
11
or c inferior to
'
is
I. Ch.. IV.
(^ ^ no)
87.
Bk.
it
87-90.
means superior
c
kaiTaa-pravachaniya.
That
is
when
Kto: a Drona
S&kat&yana. 9
is
ere **S
*jf^f:
II
^% u cc
11
pfc,.(5no) n
sre-xi(* f
II
The words apa and pari are karma-pravachaniya when meaning exclusion.
88.
The
force of *TT
and
qft" is
'
(II. 3. 10).
As
karma-pravachaniya.
When
sjfctf
sn^^rohp
(tow)
Mftfa^fa
w&
11
into
1%
He
Here
rice.
an
it is
11
^^r
nrra^f ^n^ET-^ra^,
89.
far as, is
of or,
(e.
g.
karma-prava-
when it means
as
^7
meant.
The word
in the text shows that both sorts of limits are here
As *jrml*W4U^t[?r $7: it rained as far as (but excluding) Pitaliputra
*m*Rw4
*nj: TTpl^:
it
waters the
^?T $7:
rained as
it
far
as
it
(including)
means
'little'
Pitaliputra
or
is
mi*h*U<
a verbal prefix
sa^C^^til^qRWI^cqigsift
ht* ^T^rnrf
^WJ
fir*rcpijir*t
II
&
11
u^lPt n
*f% 7ft pj
Digitized by
p*
VjOVJvLC
Bk..
I.
Karmapravachaniya.
205
90.
^f itf^-TR
man
(2)
qrft*
Hara.'
or
may
11
ground*
91.
fall
to
my
^i h
wnntemfl
r;
flashing in the
- Hr Devadatta
fell
is
a good
to the share of
share.
is
'
Jffa
u \i n
stfH*m?t
*f*r.
fr
(3;
it
lightening
?ft:
aw** (ssn*
*s*r
*Hm<*fU*<i4ft wfir h
The
illustrations
f%dta*t;
therefore
fr
of
^r
is
of
mutandi apply
of those given
'
here to
changed into
my
share.
Here abhi
is
an upasarga, and
<r
The word
prati is karma-pravachantya
used in the sense of representative ( c representative
92.
when
falls
$ter?rpj
or exchange
in exchange for.^
srf^m* 3to$%i
^jfiT:
II
Ufa itf
tT$T
11
*5t6i h
.vifr-vft-,
s^r5% f
'
VjOOQLC
KarmapravachaniVa.
206
Bk.
I.
are karma-pra-
As
qfrfofrqm^kffr
94.
The word su
is
karma-pravachaniya in
into
Why
has this
By
not being an
upasarga,
it
(VIII. 3. 65).
gftrff ftf
fmw
The word ati in the sense of super-abundance {* excessively ') and excellently is karma-prava95.
'
'
chaniya.
The word
sift:
ujftftiiuj
^^-nnf-w?^^^-ii^-^gi^3
^f:
11
*i?htf
*w
) ii
^rj^d ^ h&hw.
sift:
^Rtiwtitef&St
>*rflrii
karma-pravachaniya,
when it implies, the sense of word understood ( somewhat ') or possibility (e. g., even in the sense of such a
great person), or permission to do as one likes, (' if you
like '), or censure ('even' in the sense of whatv is disgrace96.
is
flil)
or collection
(*
>>
and*);
Digitized by
V^iOOgLe
BlC
I.
KARMAPRAVACHANIYA*
The word
means
renf
As
*afhH\jft
^n^
fe(>7
word which
there
is
not
may be perhaps a
drop of ghee ^jfttffi *Rin^. Here some word like vindu 'a drop/ stoka 'a
The word B*TTOT means
little' mitri a measure &c, has to be understood.
As, ^ftr fiNfc^ J$FraTC*# ^f*l%*[ possibly may
a supposition.
sprinkle a thousand trees in one moment; *rfr *d*U$N <l*iH he' may praise
In the surfive cases it is used with the potential mood*
possibly, a king.
possibility,
ort
It is
Astjft f*ta
if
you
like.
*ifir*5[ftyou
as well as sprinkle.
In all the above instances, the
change the
into tr.
mfi<k^
97^
11
csa
t^
n tt^tto u srfa:,
is
*^w*
karmapravaohaniya
("
The word
f^qpc
means
'
master/ and
it
<ftr^r JTOT^
?>fa
f^riRWi
^f%:
11
As
a
1.
*f$*r *Plfi)F
71
m^Pi
When
finnan
11
s>fif
11
is optionally
irfH or a ^pfopnftq
S. VIII.
%t>
98.
vachaniya
karma pra-
otherwise not.
Dieted
by
208
The substitutes of
5?
99.
maipada.
I.
'
The word
is in
OFF}
The
'
of m.
* f5n^ sp
means
must be supplied
nfSJ 'substitutes'
is
Bk.
substitutes of
^, f*^
viz.,
The word
The term's?
^? ^,
known
'S^'sSt^',
personal
Namely
,.
the
Parasmaipada.
Sing.
Dual.
R^
Pers.
1st
2nd Pers.
f%^
3rd
ft^
Pers.
the
affixes
3?
and
'*V
**.
And
Plural,
qr$
*T
( III.
2.
and
107,
124,
and
HI. 4. 78).
*j$wii<w3<4Vi
see u
^Tf^
^;3n^ mi^q^
nepada.
The following are the Atmanepada
Sing.
Dual.
PluraL
1st
f^
*ft
*lft^
2nd
m%
Wtt\
**l
unti^
11
3i
And
affixes
the affixes
Jjm^and pr^(III.
2. 106).
30gle
Bk.
I.
Person defined.
209
*rcf5*rn
The three
101.
maipada and Atmanepada, of conjugational affixes (comprised under the general name tift, a pratyah&ra formed
of the first and last of them, viz., tip and mahifi) are
called, in order, Lowest (3rd person of European Grammar, the middle (2nd person), and the highest (1st person).
Of the 19 conjugational affixes, above given 9 are Parasmaipadi and
9 are Atmanepadi. Each of these two classes is subdivided into three classes,
according to person, as shown in the above list.
;
^f%:
11
**qcM^H ffrrw
w^r
tfsrrfa *rcfar
pression for
two "
(dual),
for
many n
(plural).
Of the
viz.,
*:
^Rlf^T
^*p
^t:
11
II
singular, dual,
30^
II
trcpft
each
and
II
is
divided according to
number
plural.
gq:f
(*tf*I
II
a Pratyfihftra formed of
su the first of the case affixes and the final p of the last
of them) the three expressions in each successive set of
the three, are also severally called singular, dual and
103.
Plural.
Of sup (which
is
Digitized by
G00gle
VlBHAKTI DEFINED.;
210
The sup or
[ BlC.
^f%:
II
I.
SflTCV Wlfrl
sfitra
IV. 1.2*.
They
in
also
^fttfi-V
II
The word
the three affixes
and
fiprf^ir
of
So TOTT
plural.
means a complete
means
t.
Thus wpfr
triad.
e. f
the
fa*F$fi(
means
singular,
locative
dual,
and
'
plural.
^f%:
11
*ror*Jnf$ *rf%
105.
unRft ^i*^qf^8
^% WMifa^M.^
*t*iMrPH$
3^-
^t <TW
As
affixes.
*f TOftl
you cook.
***fa
11
* ^q-^qq^
f
106;
an
*T?q?t:
^W:
Tjqj^,
11
*J
%c\
(
11
ti^if^r n
*TTO: )
II
reference to
2nd person
provided that the word many a to think is the attendant word (upapada) of such verb, and of the verb many*
itself, the affix must be of the 1st person and singula?
\
niimter.
*
-Xoo^e
BK.
AVASANA DEFINED^
eat, that
f^rr
Asqt
sportt
thinkcst
' I
211
*&$
shall cat
Bfftif
$t&&
ri ce/.
fft; rf>
has been eaten by a guest 5ft *&t kOh uraifir 1$ ^fWfir , TO^thf
I think thou wilt go by the chariot, no, thou wilt not, thy father has
gone before thee on it. When joke is not intended, the proper persons
should be used: as, lift iftmft iftvt Ht* Thus thou thinkest 'I shall
"
eat rice/
sreT|jsw
^nfvi^5t ^[fwrqfq
^fa:
11
n %#& n
vb-
) H
grewynfr OTTTTPir^
h^iwi*
When
the pronoun asmad " I," understood and also when expressed, is the attendant word
in agreement with the verb, then there is the verbal
termination called the Highest or the 1st person.
107.
This
merely TTOT
is clear.
As
Mtf TOlft
*!*:
11
*o6
11
rvrfH
11
5ft
mni:
Lowest
(or
3rd person).
As q^Rr he
109.
The
qrrfSfl
they cook.
When
sandhi.
words arc
AVASANA DEFINED.
Sit
BK.
I.
CH. IV.
IIO.
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