Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Air Pollution
Air Pollution
Air Pollution
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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b. thermosphere.
c. mesosphere.
d. stratosphere.
e. tropopause.
You send up a weather balloon that monitors temperature changes in the atmosphere. Initially, the temperature
drops as the balloon rises. Suddenly, there is a reversal and the temperature starts to rise. This boundary would
be the
a. tropopause.
b. stratopause.
c. minipause.
d. mesopause.
e. thermopause.
The troposphere differs from the stratosphere in that it has
a. 1,000 times less oxygen by volume.
b. 1,000 times more ozone by volume.
c. 1,000 times less ozone by volume.
d. 1,000 times more nitrogen.
e. 1,000 times less moisture by volume.
Stratospheric ozone
a. screens out ultraviolet radiation.
b. allowed the evolution of life on land.
c. prevents ozone formation in the troposphere.
d. helps protect humans from sunburn and cataracts.
e. all of these answers
Human health depends on having
a. low amounts of ozone in the troposphere and stratosphere.
b. enough ozone in the stratosphere and little ozone in the troposphere.
c. high amounts of ozone in the troposphere and low amounts in the stratosphere.
d. high amounts of ozone in the stratosphere.
e. high amounts of ozone in the troposphere.
There is evidence that humans are ____ ozone in the troposphere and ____ ozone in the stratosphere.
a. increasing. . . increasing
b. increasing. . . decreasing
c. decreasing. . . decreasing
d. decreasing. . . increasing
e. decreasing . . . steady
Humans can disrupt Earth's gaseous biogeochemical cycles through
a. additions of carbon dioxide from combustion.
b. mining limestone.
c. emitting waste heat from air conditioners.
d. using mister systems to water crops.
e. building on the side of streams.
Ozone which contributes to the formation of smog is found in the
a. troposphere.
b. thermosphere.
c. mesosphere.
d. stratosphere.
e. mesopause.
Each of the following is one of the major classes of outdoor pollutants except
____ 17.
____ 18.
____ 19.
____ 20.
____ 21.
____ 22.
____ 23.
a. carbon oxides.
b. smog.
c. nitrogen oxides.
d. sulfur oxides.
e. photochemical oxidants.
According to the World Health Organization, one in every ____ persons live in urban areas with air that is
unhealthy to breathe.
a. two
b. five
c. ten
d. twenty
e. fifty
All of the following are volatile organic compounds (VOCs) except
a. methane.
b. chlorofluorocarbon.
c. carbon monoxide.
d. benzene.
e. propane.
All of the following are photochemical oxidants except
a. dioxin.
b. hydrogen peroxide.
c. peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs).
d. aldehydes, such as formaldehyde.
e. ozone.
All of the following are suspended particles except
a. dust and soot.
b. pesticides.
c. sulfuric acid.
d. chlorofluorocarbons.
e. PCBs.
Since 1987, the EPA has focused on particulate matter less than 10 microns. If you worked for the air
pollution division of EPA, you would be least likely to focus on
a. tobacco smoke.
b. pollen.
c. insecticide dusts.
d. oil smoke.
e. none of these answers
Photochemical smog generally requires the presence of
a. nitrogen oxides.
b. sunlight.
c. volatile organic compounds.
d. all of these answers
e. b and c only
Photochemical smog is formed when primary pollutants interact with
a. sunlight.
b. water vapor.
c. sulfur dioxide.
d. oxygen.
e. carbon.
____ 24. You are enjoying a sunny day in Los Angeles. In late afternoon, your respiratory tract becomes irritated. Of
the following substances, the one least likely to be causing your problem is
a. PANs.
b. aldehydes.
c. ozone.
d. carbon dioxide.
e. carbon monoxide.
____ 25. Photochemical smog is characteristic of urban areas with many vehicles and a climate that is
a. cool, wet, and cloudy.
b. cool, dry, and sunny.
c. warm, dry, and sunny.
d. warm, wet, and cloudy.
e. warm, wet, and sunny.
____ 26. Which of the following statements is false?
a. Industrial smog consists of a mixture of sulfur dioxide, suspended droplets of sulfuric acid,
and a variety of suspended solid particles.
b. Industrial smog is primarily a problem in the winter.
c. In the United States, gray-air smog was a greater problem 30 years ago than it is now.
d. All industrial countries now use modern technologies to prevent industrial smog.
e. none of these answers
____ 27. Primary pollutants from burning coal include all of the following except
a. carbon monoxide.
b. sulfur dioxide.
c. soot.
d. ozone.
e. carbon dioxide.
____ 28. Gray-air smog comes from suspended particles of
a. carbon dioxide.
b. ammonium salts.
c. soot.
d. carbonic acid.
e. ozone.
____ 29. The frequency and severity of smog in an area depends least upon the
a. local climate and topography.
b. fuels used in industry, heating, and transportation.
c. size of the ozone hole over the Arctic.
d. density of the population.
e. open fires.
____ 30. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Thermal inversion occurs when a layer of cold air prevents warm air from rising.
b. Thermal inversions exacerbate pollution problems.
c. Thermal inversions last only a few minutes to a few hours.
d. Normally, cool air near Earth's surface expands and rises, carrying pollutants higher into
the troposphere.
e. Thermal inversions help prevent air pollution.
____ 31. A thermal inversion is the result of
a. precipitation.
b. cold air drainage.
c. a lid of warm air on top of cooler, stagnant air.
____ 32.
____ 33.
____ 34.
____ 35.
____ 36.
____ 37.
____ 38.
____ 39.
____ 40.
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____ 44.
____ 45.
____ 46.
____ 47.
d. Austria.
e. Germany.
Experts rate acid rain as a
a. high-risk ecological and human health problem.
b. medium-risk ecological problem and high-risk human health problem.
c. high-risk ecological and low-risk human health problem.
d. medium-risk ecological and human health problem.
e. high-risk ecological problem and no-risk human health problem.
In general, acid deposition has harmful effects for terrestrial ecosystems when it falls below a pH level of
a. 3.6.
b. 4.6.
c. 5.6.
d. 6.6.
e. 7.6.
Acid deposition has been linked to
a. contamination of fish with highly toxic methylmercury.
b. excessive soil nitrogen levels.
c. reduced nutrient uptake by tree roots.
d. weakening trees so they become more susceptible to other types of damage.
e. all of these answers
Of the following strategies to reduce acid deposition, the least effective is probably
a. removing sulfur from coal before it is burned.
b. reducing energy use.
c. switching to natural gas.
d. adding lime to neutralize the acids.
e. improving energy efficiency.
Experts rate indoor air pollution as a
a. high-risk health problem for humans.
b. medium-risk health problem for humans.
c. low-risk health problem for humans.
d. high-risk ecological problem.
e. none of these answers
Of the following, the least vulnerable to air pollution are
a. sick people.
b. pregnant women.
c. infants and children.
d. white-collar workers.
e. smokers.
Sick building syndrome is linked to all of the following except
a. headaches.
b. coughing and sneezing.
c. lung cancer.
d. chronic fatigue.
e. burning eyes.
According to the EPA, at least ____ of all U.S. commercial buildings are considered "sick" from indoor air
pollutants.
a. 7%
b. 17%
c. 27%
____ 48.
____ 49.
____ 50.
____ 51.
____ 52.
____ 53.
____ 54.
____ 55.
d. 37%
e. 47%
All of the following are on EPA's "four most dangerous indoor air pollutants list" except
a. asbestos.
b. radon-222.
c. sulfur dioxide.
d. cigarette smoke.
e. formaldehyde.
Furniture stuffing, paneling, particle board, and foam insulation may be sources of
a. chloroform.
b. formaldehyde.
c. carbon monoxide.
d. asbestos.
e. sulfur dioxide.
Formaldehyde is used in
a. particle board.
b. paneling.
c. plywood.
d. foam insulation.
e. all of these answers
Exposure to indoor formaldehyde pollution is least likely to cause
a. ulcers.
b. headaches.
c. chronic breathing problems.
d. dizziness.
e. sore throat.
Respiratory illnesses in developing countries are most likely to be caused by
a. formaldehyde.
b. cigarette smoke.
c. particulate matter.
d. asbestos.
e. chloroform.
Pipe insulation and vinyl ceiling and floor tiles may be sources of
a. chloroform.
b. formaldehyde.
c. carbon monoxide.
d. asbestos.
e. cigarette smoke.
Which of the following occupations is least likely to be associated with asbestosis?
a. asbestos miners
b. restaurant owners
c. pipe fitters
d. insulators
e. none of these answers
Asbestos has been used for all of the following except
a. fireproofing.
b. insulation of refrigerators.
c. insulation of heaters and pipes.
d. wall and ceiling decoration.
____ 56.
____ 57.
____ 58.
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____ 63.
____ 64.
____ 65.
____ 66.
____ 67.
____ 68.
____ 69.
____ 70.
____ 71. All of the following are chronic diseases adversely affected by ozone in photochemical smog except
a. diabetes.
b. asthma.
c. bronchitis.
d. emphysema.
e. heart disease.
____ 72. According to the EPA and the American Lung Association, air pollution in the United States costs at least
____ annually.
a. $10 billion
b. $15 billion
c. $100 billion
d. $150 billion
e. $200 billion
____ 73. According to a 1999 study by Australia's Commonwealth Science Council, at least ____ people die
prematurely each year from the effects of indoor and outdoor air pollution.
a. 1 million
b. 3 million
c. 5 million
d. 10 million
e. 25 million
____ 74. Chronic exposure of tree leaves and needles to air pollutants can
a. cause a waxy coating to build up.
b. increase uptake of nutrients.
c. cause leaves or needles to turn bright red and drop off.
d. increase the chance of damage from diseases, pests, drought, and frost.
e. reduce susceptibility to pests.
____ 75. Waldsterben in Europe
a. kills small rodents.
b. increases plant resistance to drought and disease.
c. kills large forests.
d. spreads bubonic plague.
e. prevents air pollution.
____ 76. The greatest pollution damage to forests in Europe has occurred in
a. Germany.
b. Sweden.
c. Poland.
d. the Czech republic.
e. France.
____ 77. As a complex system, Waldsterben best illustrates the concept of a(n)
a. positive feedback loop.
b. synergistic interaction.
c. antagonistic interaction.
d. delay.
e. negative feedback loop.
____ 78. Air pollution in the United States has most seriously affected trees
a. along the shores of lakes.
b. lining major interstate highways.
c. on high-elevation slopes facing moving air masses.
d. in the low-lying swamps in the Southeast.
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____ 98.
____ 99.
e. 5-20 times
Which of the following would function as a pollution cleanup method for motor vehicles?
a. Improve motor efficiency.
b. Rely on mass transit and bicycles.
c. Use emission-control devices.
d. Add a charge to new cars based on the amount of pollution they produce.
e. all of these answers
Methods to prevent pollution from motor vehicle emissions include all of the following except
a. improving fuel efficiency and modifying the internal combustion engine to reduce
emissions.
b. raising annual registration fees on older, more polluting cars.
c. using pollution control devices.
d. giving subsidies to car makers for each low-polluting, energy-efficient car they sell.
e. restricting driving in polluted areas.
Of the following motor vehicle fuels, the greatest polluter is
a. gasoline.
b. hydrogen gas.
c. alcohol.
d. natural gas.
e. battery.
Recently, a University of Colorado professor developed a one-second highway test for automobile emissions
of
a. nitrogen oxides.
b. carbon monoxide.
c. hydrocarbons.
d. all of these answers
e. none of these answers
All of the following are provisions of the California South Coast Air Quality Management District Council's
proposals in 1989 to reduce ozone and smog in the Los Angeles area except
a. close the airport.
b. ban drive-through facilities.
c. increase parking fees and assess high fees for multi-vehicle families.
d. require gas stations to use a hydrocarbon-vapor recovery system on gas pumps and sell
alternative fuels.
e. none of these answers
Indoor air pollution could be sharply reduced by
a. modifying building codes to prevent radon infiltration.
b. requiring exhaust hoods or vent pipes for stoves, refrigerators, or other appliances burning
natural gas or other fossil fuels.
c. setting emission standards for building materials.
d. using office machines in well-ventilated areas.
e. all of these answers
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Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
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A
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DIF: E
B
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DIF: E
D
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DIF: M
B
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DIF: M
20-1 STRUCTURE AND SCIENCE OF THE ATMOSPHERE
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20-1 STRUCTURE AND SCIENCE OF THE ATMOSPHERE
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20-1 STRUCTURE AND SCIENCE OF THE ATMOSPHERE
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20-1 STRUCTURE AND SCIENCE OF THE ATMOSPHERE
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20-1 STRUCTURE AND SCIENCE OF THE ATMOSPHERE
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20-1 STRUCTURE AND SCIENCE OF THE ATMOSPHERE
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20-1 STRUCTURE AND SCIENCE OF THE ATMOSPHERE
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20-1 STRUCTURE AND SCIENCE OF THE ATMOSPHERE
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20-1 STRUCTURE AND SCIENCE OF THE ATMOSPHERE
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20-1 STRUCTURE AND SCIENCE OF THE ATMOSPHERE
A
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20-1 STRUCTURE AND SCIENCE OF THE ATMOSPHERE
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DIF: E
20-2 OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION
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DIF: M
20-2 OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION
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20-2 OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION
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20-2 OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION
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20-2 OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION
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20-2 OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION
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20-2 OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION
D
PTS: 1
DIF: M
20-3 PHOTOCHEMICAL AND INDUSTRIAL SMOG
A
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DIF: E
20-3 PHOTOCHEMICAL AND INDUSTRIAL SMOG
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20-3 PHOTOCHEMICAL AND INDUSTRIAL SMOG
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20-3 PHOTOCHEMICAL AND INDUSTRIAL SMOG
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20-3 PHOTOCHEMICAL AND INDUSTRIAL SMOG
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20-4 REGIONAL OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION FROM ACID DEPOSITION
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20-4 REGIONAL OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION FROM ACID DEPOSITION
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20-4 REGIONAL OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION FROM ACID DEPOSITION
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20-4 REGIONAL OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION FROM ACID DEPOSITION
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20-4 REGIONAL OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION FROM ACID DEPOSITION
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20-4 REGIONAL OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION FROM ACID DEPOSITION
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20-4 REGIONAL OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION FROM ACID DEPOSITION
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20-4 REGIONAL OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION FROM ACID DEPOSITION
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20-4 REGIONAL OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION FROM ACID DEPOSITION
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TOP: 20-5 INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
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TOP: 20-5 INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
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TOP: 20-5 INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
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TOP: 20-5 INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
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20-6 EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON LIVING ORGANISMS AND MATERIALS
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20-6 EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON LIVING ORGANISMS AND MATERIALS
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20-6 EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON LIVING ORGANISMS AND MATERIALS
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20-6 EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON LIVING ORGANISMS AND MATERIALS
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20-6 EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON LIVING ORGANISMS AND MATERIALS
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20-6 EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON LIVING ORGANISMS AND MATERIALS
D
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20-6 EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON LIVING ORGANISMS AND MATERIALS
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20-6 EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON LIVING ORGANISMS AND MATERIALS
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MATCHING