AMPHITHEATRE

An Amphitheatre is an open-air venue used for entertainment and performances. There are two
similar, but distinct, types of structure for which the word 'Amphitheatre' is used: Amphitheatres
built by the ancient Romans were large central performance spaces surrounded by ascending
seating, and were commonly used for spectator sports; these compare more closely to modern
open-air stadia. They were given this name because their shape resembled that of two theatres
joined together. Modern Amphitheatres (incorrectly so named, but the word has come to be
used in this sense) are more typically used for theatrical or concert performances and typically
feature a more traditionally theatrical-style stage with the audience only on one side, usually at
an arc of less than a semicircle; these compare more closely to the theatres of ancient Greece,
and have been more commonly built throughout history as performance spaces. Amphitheaters
are typically man-made, though there are also geological formations used in the same manner
which are known as natural Amphitheatres. Special events and games were held in ancient
Roman Amphitheatres, such as the gladiator games.

Description
The Amphitheatre is oval in plan (unlike the circular forms built at such places as Dorchester and
Silchester), and it has an entrance at each end of the long axis. The massive banks, which are all
that can be seen today, supported tiers of seats made from planking on terraced drystone walls.
There was also an area for standing spectators and it is estimated that the Amphitheatre had a
capacity of around 8,000 people. A wall separated the spectators from the arena, which was floored
with fine gravel and sand. Of the two entrances, only the eastern one has been excavated. Originally
it seems to have been open to the sky, but towards the end of the 2nd century its passageway was
vaulted in stone and extra seating was built above it. During the course of a later rebuilding, two
small rooms were created on either side of the inner end of the entrance. One may have been used
as a shrine to the goddess Nemesis a common feature of Amphitheatres elsewhere in the Roman

History

The first stone Amphitheatre of Rome was built by Statilius Taurus in 29 BC somewhere
in the Campus Martius (its precise location being a matter of fierce debate). It seems
that wooden structures continued to be popular, regardless of the danger. In 27 AD in
Fidene, not far from Rome, one of these wooden Amphitheatres collapsed under the
excessive weight, killing 20.000 spectators (if we believe Suetonius), or killing and
wounding 50.000 (according to Tacitus).
Taurus' Amphitheatre, though still in use for a long time, had become inadequate for the
splendid shows of the imperial capital, and it seems that Caligula, a great lover of the
games had to host the shows in the Saepta, a big public space.
Nero in 57 AD finally had a wooden Amphitheatre built - it only took one year - for his
shows. Suetonius and Tacitus tell us that it was a magnificent one: the awning was blue,
and it used the longest wooden beam ever seen in Rome: 120 ft. long and 2 ft. wide.
The descriptions mention decorations of gems, gold, and ivory. The wall around the
arena had ivory rollers on top, that stopped the wild animals from jumping over, and for
more protection a golden net was cast all around, with big pointed tusks leaning
inwards. It seems that this theatre disappeared in the most famous of the roman fires:
the one of 64 AD

The oldest amphitheatres have been built in Campania; some (at Capua, Literno and
Cuma) can be dated at the end of the II century BC; some others (Avella, Pozzuoli,
Telese) at the middle of the first century BC. The one of Pompeii, probably the oldest
one made of stone, dates back to 69 BC.
In Rome the law prohibited the building of structures for shows. Pompey in 55 BC
managed to build a theatre only by justifying it as an extension of the Temple of Venus,
thus overcoming the ban.
Pliny the Elder reports that in 53 or 52 BC C. Scribonius Curio gave games and shows
in Rome, and for the occasion he invented an original machine. It was composed of two

theatres which could rotate and form one arena. In the morning the public sat in the
theatres, then the semicircles were rotated to close the space, so that in the afternoon
the people could enjoy the gladiatorial games. Pliny also deplores the fact that the
Romans after the first day did not budge from the seats, even while they were being
rotated, so that the arena was a less dangerous place than the stalls

Contemporary Amphitheatre
.A contemporary Amphitheatre, in the sense in which the word has come to be popularly

used now, is a curved, acoustically vibrant performance space, particularly one located
outdoors. Contemporary Amphitheatres often include standing structures, called band
shells, sometimes curved or bowl-shaped, both behind the stage and behind the
audience, creating an area which echoes or amplifies sound, making the Amphitheatre
ideal for musical or theatrical performances. Most are semicircular in shape, so they
should not properly be called Amphitheatres, but nevertheless this usage has become
common.

PAVILION

Light temporary or semi-permanent structure used in gardens and pleasure grounds.

Although there are many variations, the basic type is a large, light, airy garden room
with a high-peaked roof resembling a canopy. It was originally erected, like the modern
canvas marquee, for special occasions such as fetes, garden banquets, and balls, but it
became more permanent, and by the late 17th century the word was used for any
garden building designed for use on special occasions.

Although many ornamental garden pavilions survive in old gardens, including those
throughout East Asia, the modern use of the termespecially in the Westis generally
limited to buildings on sports grounds with accommodations for changing clothes and
storing equipment and to often-temporary buildings for worlds fairs. Pavilion has also
been used in reference to a tent, a summer residence, a dance hall, a bandstand, and
an annex or structure connected to a larger building. It may also describe a projecting
subdivision of a monumental building, notably the central or end bays of a Classical
facade.
In architecture a pavilion has two primary meanings. It can refer to a free-standing
structure sited a short distance from a main residence, whose architecture makes it an
object of pleasure. Large or small, there is usually a connection with relaxation and
pleasure in its intended use. A pavilion built to take advantage of a view is referred to as
a gazebo.

Brick pavilion

Brick pavilion

Brick pavilion is completely made by brick in raw form .it easily get merged with natural
environment. Pavilions curved shape explores another dimension that contrasts with
the rigid forms surrounding it. Instead of following the same forms of its surroundings it
creates concave spaces are sheltered from the surrounding world.
The vaulted pavilion is an economical, functional and versatile form that is native to
Catalonia. Its complex shape required an impressive amount of craftsmanship to build,
which brings up an interesting contract to the mechanized facilities that surround it.

PAKS

A park is an area of open space provided for recreational use. It can be in its natural or
semi-natural state, or planted, and is set aside for human enjoyment or for the
protection of wildlife or natural habitats. It may consist of rocks, soil, water, flora and
fauna and grass areas, but may also contain buildings and other artifacts such as play
grounds. Park design is influenced by the intended purpose and audience, as well as by
the available land features. A park intended to provide recreation for children may
include a playground. A park primarily intended for adults may feature walking paths and
decorative landscaping. Specific features, such as riding trails, may be included to
support specific activities.

The design of a park may determine who is willing to use it. Walkers may feel unsafe on
a mixed-use path that is dominated by fast-moving cyclists or horses. Open parks with
no subdivided or separated spaces tend to be avoided by older schoolgirls or less
aggressive children, because there is little opportunity for them to escape more
aggressive children without leaving the park entirely. A park that offers multiple
separated play areas is used equally by boys and girls.

Urban parks
A park is an area of open space provided for recreational use, usually owned and
maintained by a local government. Parks commonly resemble savannas or open
woodlands, the types of landscape that human beings find most relaxing. Grass is
typically kept short to discourage insect pests and to allow for the enjoyment of picnics
and sporting activities. Trees are chosen for their beauty and to provide shade. Parks
can be divided into active and passive recreation areas. Active recreation is that which
has an urban character and requires intensive development. It often involves
cooperative or team activity, including playgrounds, ball fields, swimming pools,
gymnasiums, and skate parks. Active recreation such as team sports, due to the need
to provide substantial space to congregate, typically involves intensive management,
maintenance, and high costs.

FOOTPATH

A footpath is a type of thoroughfare that is intended for use only by pedestrians, not
other forms of traffic such as motorized vehicles and horses. They can be paths within
an urban area, or rural paths through the countryside. Urban footpaths are usually
paved, may have steps, are called alleys, lanes, steps, etc., and may be named. Other
public rights of way, such as bridleways, byways, towpaths, and green lanes are also
used by pedestrians.

In some regions of the United Kingdom, such as England and Wales, there are rights of
way on which pedestrians have a legally protected right to travel. National parks, nature

preserves, conservation areas and other protected wilderness areas may have trails
that are restricted to pedestrians
Footpaths can be located in different settings for various uses. These can include:

Including public spaces, urban parks, neighborhood parks, linear parks, botanic
gardens, arboretum, and regional parks.
Gardens and designed landscapes: in private gardens and in public areas; and at
park visitors centers as natural history interpretive nature trails in designed
wildlife gardens.
Sculpture gardens and open air museums, as sculpture trails and historic
interpretive trails. Jogging or running paths. Many runners also favor running on
trails rather than pavement, as giving a more vigorous work-out and better
developing agility skills, as well as providing a more pleasant exercise
environment.
Disability and wheelchair accessible paths in sensory gardens and all the above
settings.
Another type of trail that was quite popular in the 1970s and 1980s but is less
popular today is the exercise trail (also known as trim trail), which combines
running with exercise stations.

OPEN TRADITIONAL MARKETS

A

market is any place where the sellers of a particular good or service can meet with the
buyers of that goods and service where there is a potential for a transaction to take
place. The buyers must have something they can offer in exchange for there to be a
potential transaction.
These traditional markets are a variation of open air markets, which have been an
important part of commerce since pre-Hispanic times. The difference is that traditional
market are held on specific days, with individual vendors setting up and taking down
their stalls on the same day. Traditional fixed markets have stands occupied by various
individual merchants, and tend to sell the same kinds of products: produce, groceries
and other basic necessities. The difference is that the fixed markets operate every day,
and individual stands are rented and occupied in much the same way as a store is.
Traditional markets are an important part of economy in most of the country.
A traditional economy is an original economic system in which traditions, customs, and
beliefs shape the goods and the products the society creates. Countries that use this
type of economic system are often rural and farm-based. Also known as a subsistence
economy, a traditional economy is defined by bartering and trading. Little surplus is
produced, and if any excess goods are made, they are typically given to a ruling
authority or landowner.

STREET FURNITURE

street furniture is a collective term for objects and pieces of equipment installed on
streets and roads for various purposes. It includes benches, traffic barriers, bollards,
post boxes, phone boxes, streetlamps, traffic lights, traffic signs, bus stops, tram stops,
taxi stands, public lavatories, fountains, watering troughs, memorials, public sculptures,
and waste receptacles. An important consideration in the design of street furniture is
how it affects road safety.
Street name signs identify streets for the benefit of visitors, especially postal workers
and the emergency services. They may also indicate the district in which the street lies.

A bench is essentially a chair made for more than one person, usually found in central
parts of settlements (such as plazas and parks). They are often provided by the local
councils or contributors to serve as a place to rest and admire the view. Armrests in
between are sometimes provided to discourage lying down and/or unwanted closeness.
Bollards are posts, short poles, or pillars with the purpose of preventing the movement
of vehicles onto sidewalks or grass. Post boxes, also known as mail boxes, are found
throughout the world, and have a variety of form. Phone boxes or telephone booths are
prominent in most cities, and while ranging drastically in the amount of cover they offer
users, e.g. many only cover the phone itself while others are full booths, are instantly
recognizable. The widespread use of mobile phones has resulted in a decrease in their
numbers.

Principles of street furniture design

All areas must be designed so as to give them a clear spatial definition for all
users using materials and layouts in ways which aid way finding and create a
sense of clarity and confidence.
Wherever street furniture is used, free and unobstructed access along natural
desire lines must always be provided. It must be grouped in clearly understood
spatial patterns that reflect the needs of sensory and cognitively impaired users.
Seats should be provided with armrests, backs and spaces alongside them to
allow a wheelchair user to sit alongside an ambulant companion.
Any tables, chairs or other displays associated with cafs users, including menus
and freestanding advertising boards, must be located wholly within clearly
defined areas and away from natural desire lines
Unnecessary signage, bollards, railings, yellow lines and even traffic lights clutter
the streets and ruin the visual impact of our surroundings
If street furniture is to enhance the appearance of the town centre then it is likely
that high quality materials will be required
The quality of the fabric of the town centre is a highly visible expression of how a
community values the public realm, and in turn, itself as a community
Poor quality materials can detract from the amenity of an area and therefore can
be somewhat pointless.