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Chapter 4 A
Chapter 4 A
Chapter 4 A
Sixth Edition
GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS,
COMPACTION, AND STABILIZATION
A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
4a
By
Dr. Ibrahim Assakkaf
ENCE 420 Construction Equipment and Methods
Spring 2003
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Maryland, College Park
Slide No. 1
HANDLING OF MATERIALS
The actual construction
process of any project is really
a material-handling problem.
On heavy construction
projects the major portion of
the work consists of handling
and processing bulk materials.
Slide No. 2
HANDLING OF MATERIALS
Therefore need:
Knowledge about the
physical properties of the
material being handled and
of the material the machine
is operating upon.
Slide No. 3
HANDLING OF MATERIALS
Slide No. 4
HANDLING OF MATERIALS
Slide No. 5
HANDLING OF MATERIALS
MAKING EQUIPMENT
CHOICES
Slide No. 6
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MAKING EQUIPMENT
CHOICES
Slide No. 7
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MAKING EQUIPMENT
CHOICES
Slide No. 8
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MAKING EQUIPMENT
CHOICES
Slide No. 9
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Example:
A loader used in quarry to move
shot rock must be able to
handle the largest rock sizes
produced
Slide No. 10
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EXCAVATION
Slide No. 11
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EXCAVATION
Slide No. 12
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EXCAVATION
Slide No. 13
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Slide No. 14
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Slide No. 15
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Slide No. 16
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Slide No. 17
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Slide No. 18
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Slide No. 19
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10
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Slide No. 20
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Slide No. 21
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11
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Slide No. 22
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Slide No. 23
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12
Slide No. 24
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PROPERTIES OF
GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS
Slide No. 25
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TYPES OF GEOTECHNICAL
MATERIALS
Homogeneous material such as
steel and concrete are easy to
predict their behavior.
Heterogeneous material such as
earths are hard to predict their
behavior and properties because
they are rarely uniform.
13
Slide No. 26
TYPES OF GEOTECHNICAL
MATERIALS
Slide No. 27
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14
Slide No. 28
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TYPES OF GEOTECHNICAL
MATERIALS
SOILS
Slide No. 29
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15
SOILS
Slide No. 30
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SOILS
Slide No. 31
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16
PROPERTIES OF SOILS
Slide No. 32
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TYPES OF SOILS
Slide No. 33
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17
TYPES OF SOILS
Slide No. 34
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Rocks
TYPES OF SOIL
Slide No. 35
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Gravel
pass 3-in, retained on No. 10
No. 10
0.074mm
Sand
from lower limit gravel to No. 200
Silt, noncohesive
smaller than 0.074 mm but
larger than 0.005 mm
Clay, cohesive
18
TYPES OF SOILS
Slide No. 36
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TYPES OF SOILS
Slide No. 37
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Gravel: is rounded or
semiround particles of rock that
will pass a 3-in. and be retained
on a 2.0-mm No. 10 sieve.
Sizes larger than 10 in. are
usually called boulders.
19
TYPES OF SOILS
Slide No. 38
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TYPES OF SOILS
Slide No. 39
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20
TYPES OF SOILS
Slide No. 40
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TYPES OF SOILS
Slide No. 41
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21
TYPES OF SOILS
Slide No. 42
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TYPES OF SOILS
Slide No. 43
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22
Slide No. 44
TYPES OF SOILS
Slide No. 45
SOIL WEIGHT-VOLUME
RELATIONSHIPS
Volume
air
Va
Weight
air = 0
AIR
Volume
voids
Vv
Total
volume
V
Volume
water
Vw
Volume
soil solids
Vs
Weight
water = Ww
Total
weight W
Water
Weight
soil solids
Ws
Soil
23
SOIL WEIGHT-VOLUME
RELATIONSHIPS
Slide No. 46
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SOIL WEIGHT-VOLUME
RELATIONSHIPS
Slide No. 47
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UNIT WEIGHT
Unit weight () =
total weight of soil
total soil volume
24
SOIL WEIGHT-VOLUME
RELATIONSHIPS
Slide No. 48
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SOIL WEIGHT-VOLUME
RELATIONSHIPS
Slide No. 49
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Air, Water
and Solids.
Thats what
it looks like
under the
microscope.
25
SOIL WEIGHT-VOLUME
RELATIONSHIPS
Slide No. 50
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SOIL WEIGHT-VOLUME
RELATIONSHIPS
Slide No. 51
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Water Content:
Water content =
Wet weight Dry weight
Dry weight
26
SOIL WEIGHT-VOLUME
RELATIONSHIPS
Slide No. 52
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SOIL WEIGHT-VOLUME
RELATIONSHIPS
Slide No. 53
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Definitions:
Unit Weight ( ) =
(2)
(3)
Water Content ( ) =
(1)
27
Slide No. 54
SOIL WEIGHT-VOLUME
RELATIONSHIPS
Void Ratio (e) =
Porosity (n) =
V
volume of voids
= v
volume of soil solids Vs
(4)
volume of voids Vv
=
total soil volume V
(5)
Ws 1
1
weight of soil solids
=
volume of solids unit weight of water Vs w
Degree of Saturation ( S ) =
(6)
(7)
SOIL WEIGHT-VOLUME
RELATIONSHIPS
Slide No. 55
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Vv
Vv
Vv
n
V
Void Ratio (e) = =
= =
Vs V Vv
V 1 n
1 v
V
Porosity (n) =
e
1+ e
(8)
(9)
Total Volume (V ) = Vv + Vs = Va + Vw + Vs
(10)
28
Slide No. 56
SOIL WEIGHT-VOLUME
RELATIONSHIPS
W
Ws 1 + w
Ws Ws (1 + )
W Ws + Ww
=
=
=
Moist Unit Weight ( ) =
V
V
V
V
(11)
Ws
(12)
V
From the above two equations :
d =
d =
(13)
1+
W
Ws =
1+
(14)
Slide No. 57
SOIL WEIGHT-VOLUME
RELATIONSHIPS
Volume
air
Va
Weight
air = 0
AIR
Volume
voids
Vv
Total
volume
V
Volume
water
Vw
Volume
soil solids
Vs
Weight
water = Ww
Total
weight W
Water
Weight
soil solids
Ws
Soil
29
Slide No. 58
OTHER USEFUL
RELATIONSHIPS
Ws + Ww Gs w + Gs w Gs w (1 + )
=
=
1+ e
1+ e
V
d =
S=
Ws Gs w
=
1+ e
V
(15)
(16)
(17)
G s
e
w (Gs + e )
(18)
1+ e
Slide No. 59
OTHER USEFUL
RELATIONSHIPS
Ws + Ww
= Gs w (1 n )(1 + )
V
Ws
= Gs w (1 n )
V
(20)
sat = [Gs (1 n ) + n] w
(21)
d =
n
(1 n )Gs
(19)
(22)
30
Slide No. 60
Example 1
Ww W Ws 39.93 34.54
= 0.156 = 15.6%
=
=
34.54
Ws
Ws
W 39.93
=
= 121.0 lb/ft 3
0.33
V
Example 1 (continued)
d =
e=
n=
S=
Slide No. 61
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Ws 34.54
=
= 104.67 lb/ft 3
V
0.33
Gs w
1 =
2.71(62.4)
1 = 0.62
104.67
e
0.62
=
= 0.38
1 + e 1 + 0.62
Gs
e
0.156(2.71)
= 0.682 = 68.2%
0.62
31
Slide No. 62
Example 2
For a saturated soil, given = 40%, Gs = 2.71,
determine the saturated and dry unit weights.
Gs
(0.4)(2.71)
= 1.084
1
S
Note : S = 1(100% saturation )
e=
sat =
d =
1 + 1.084
lb/ft 3
Gs w (2.71)(62.4)
=
= 81.2 lb/ft 3
1+ e
1 + 1.084
Slide No. 63
32
Slide No. 64
Slide No. 65
33
Slide No. 66
PI = LL PL
(23)
Slide No. 67
VOLUMETRIC MEASURES
1.25 CUBIC
YARDS
AFTER DIGGING
(LOOSE YARDS)
34
Slide No. 68
VOLUMETRIC MEASURES
Slide No. 69
VOLUMETRIC MEASURES
1 cu yd of material as it
lies in the natural state
1 cu yd of material after
it has been disturbed
by a loading process
1 cu yd of material in
the compacted state,
also referred to as a
net inin-place cubic yard
35
Slide No. 70
(24)
Shrinkage % =
Swell Factor =
(25)
(26)
(27)
Slide No. 71
Loose
weight
Table 2
Material
lb/cu yd
kg/m3
lb/cu yd
kg/m3
Percent
swell
Swell
factor
Clay,dry
Clay, wet
Earth, dry
Earth, wet
Earth and gravel
Gravel, dry
Gravel, wet
Limestone
Rock, well blasted
Sand, dry
Sand, wet
Shale
2,700
3,000
2,800
3,200
3,200
2,800
3,400
4,400
4,200
2,600
2,700
3,500
1,600
1,780
1,660
1,895
1,895
1,660
2,020
2,610
2,490
1,542
1,600
2,075
2,000
2,200
2,240
2,580
2,600
2,490
2,980
2,750
2,640
2,260
2,360
2,480
1,185
1,305
1,325
1,528
1,575
1,475
1,765
1,630
1,565
1,340
1,400
1,470
35
35
25
25
20
12
14
60
60
15
15
40
0.74
0.74
0.80
0.80
0.83
0.89
0.88
0.63
0.63
0.87
0.87
0.71
36
Slide No. 72
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
Example 3
Borrow :
d =
1+
129
= 111 lb/ft 3
1 + 0.165
Example 3 (continued)
Slide No. 73
ENCE 420 Assakkaf
Fill:
27 ft 3
= 5,049,000 ft 3
Volume of Fill (VF ) = 187,000 yard3
3
1
yard
114 lb
= 575,586,000 lb
Weight of Fill (WF ) = 5,049,000 ft 3
3
1 ft
Borrow:
111 lb
Weight of Borrow = VB 3
ft
37
Slide No. 74
Example 3 (continued)
Note: Weight of Fill = Weight of Borrow
Hence:
111 lb
575,586,000 lb = VB 3
ft
575,586,000 lb 3
Volume of Borrow (VB ) =
ft = 5,185,460 ft 3
111 lb
= 192,054 cu yd
Alternatively (Simpler Approach):
Shrinkage Factor =
114
187,000 yard3 = 192,054 cu yd
111
38