Professional Documents
Culture Documents
M53 Lec2.4 Rates of Change and Rectilinear Motion
M53 Lec2.4 Rates of Change and Rectilinear Motion
M53 Lec2.4 Rates of Change and Rectilinear Motion
Mathematics 53
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)
Mathematics 53
1 / 32
For today
Rates of Change
Rectilinear Motion
Mathematics 53
2 / 32
Rates of Change
Mathematics 53
4 / 32
Rates of Change
A hot air balloon started rising vertically from the ground and after 10 seconds, it
was observed to be at an altitude of 40 feet from the ground. 30 seconds after it
left the ground, it was found to be 100 feet from the ground. On average, what
was its speed between the 10th and the 30th second?
Average speed =
100 40
60
=
= 3 feet/second
20
30 10
Mathematics 53
5 / 32
Rates of Change
Definition
Suppose f is a function and y = f ( x ).
The average rate of change of y with respect to x on [ x0 , x ] is
f ( x ) f ( x0 )
f
=
.
x x0
x
Mathematics 53
6 / 32
Rates of Change
Definition
Suppose f is a function and y = f ( x ).
The instantaneous rate of change of y with respect to x at x = x0 is
lim
x x0
f ( x ) f ( x0 )
f
= lim
= f 0 ( x0 )
x x0
x 0 x
Mathematics 53
7 / 32
Rates of Change
Remarks
Graphically, the average rate of change of y with respect to x on [ x0 , x ] is the
slope of the secant line passing through P( x0 , f ( x0 )) and Q( x, f ( x )).
The derivative of f at x = x0 , f 0 ( x0 ) can be interpreted as the instantaneous
rate of change of y with respect at x at x = x0 . That is, f 0 ( x0 ) is the rate of
change of y per unit change in x at the instant when x = x0 .
Mathematics 53
8 / 32
Rates of Change
Remarks
Let y be a function of x.
If
dy
> 0 on an interval I , then y increases as x increases, and y decreases as x
dx
decreases.
If
dy
< 0 on an interval I , then y decreases as x increases, and y increases as x
dx
decreases.
If
dy
= 0 on an interval I , then y does not change with respect to x.
dx
Mathematics 53
9 / 32
Rates of Change
Example
A right circular cylinder has a fixed height of 6 units. Find the rate of change of its
volume with respect to the radius of its base.
Solution.
Find
dV
.
dr
V
dV
dr
= r2 h = 6r2
= 12r. (Interpretation?)
Mathematics 53
10 / 32
Rates of Change
Example
A bactericide was introduced to a nutrient broth in which bacteria were growing.
The bacterium population continued to grow for some time but then stopped
growing and began to decline. The size of the population at time t (hours) was
Mathematics 53
11 / 32
Rates of Change
Mathematics 53
12 / 32
Rates of Change
Example
A ladder 24 ft. long rests against a vertical wall. Let be the angle between the
top of the ladder and the wall and let x be the distance from the bottom of the
ladder to the wall. If the bottom of the ladder slides away from the wall, how fast
does x change with respect to when =
?
3
Solution.
From the figure, the equation that
relates x and is
24 ft.
sin
x
x
24
= 24 sin .
Mathematics 53
13 / 32
Rates of Change
We want to find
dx
at = .
d
3
x
dx
d
At =
= 24 sin
= 24 cos .
,
3
dx
= 12 ft/radian.
= 24 cos
d = 3
3
Mathematics 53
14 / 32
Rectilinear Motion
Suppose a particle is moving along a straight line, which we shall refer to as the
s-axis.
Suppose the position of the particle at time t is given by the function s(t), called
the position function of the particle.
The average velocity of the particle on [t0 , t] is
vave =
s ( t ) s ( t0 )
s
=
.
t t0
t
Mathematics 53
16 / 32
Rectilinear Motion
Definitions
Let s(t) be the position function of a particle moving along s-axis.
1
ds
s
=
= f 0 ( t ).
dt
t0 t
The instantaneous speed of the particle at time t is |v(t)|.
v(t) = lim
2
3
v
dv
=
= v0 (t) or
dt
t0 t
a(t) = lim
a(t) =
d2 s
= f 00 (t).
dt2
Mathematics 53
17 / 32
Rectilinear Motion
Remarks
Let s(t) be the position function of a particle moving along the s-axis. The signs of
v(t) and a(t) give us information about the motion of the particle.
1
If v(t) > 0, then the particle is moving in the positive direction of s (usually to
the right or upward) at time t.
If v(t) < 0, then the particle is moving in the negative direction of s (usually to
the left or downward) at time t.
Mathematics 53
18 / 32
Rectilinear Motion
Remarks
1
If a(t) > 0, then the velocity of the particle is increasing at time t. In addition,
if v(t) > 0 then the speed of the particle is increasing at time t (speeding up).
if v(t) < 0 then the speed of the particle is decreasing at time t (slowing down).
If a(t) < 0, then the velocity of the particle is decreasing at time t. In addition,
if v(t) > 0 then the speed of the particle is decreasing at time t.
if v(t) < 0 then the speed of the particle is increasing at time t.
If a(t) = 0, then the velocity of the particle is constant.
(This does not mean that the particle is NOT moving!)
Mathematics 53
19 / 32
Rectilinear Motion
Mathematics 53
20 / 32
Rectilinear Motion
Example
A particle moves along a horizontal coordinate line in such a way that its position
at time t is specified by s(t) = t3 12t2 + 36t 30 where s is measured in feet
and t in seconds.
1
Describe the position and motion of the particle in a table that includes the
intervals of time when the particle is moving to the left or to the right, when the
velocity is increasing or decreasing, when the speed is increasing or
decreasing, and the particles position with respect to the origin during these
intervals of time.
Determine the total distance traveled by the particle during the first 7 seconds.
Mathematics 53
21 / 32
Rectilinear Motion
Example
A particle moves along a horizontal coordinate line in such a way that its position
at time t is specified by s(t) = t3 12t2 + 36t 30 where s is measured in feet
and t in seconds.
1. Find the instantaneous velocity and the instantaneous acceleration in terms of
t.
Solution.
= v(t) =
Mathematics 53
22 / 32
Rectilinear Motion
Example
A particle moves along a horizontal coordinate line in such a way that its position
at time t is specified by s = t3 12t2 + 36t 30 where s is measured in feet and t
in seconds.
2. Describe the position and motion of the particle in a table that includes the
intervals of time when the particle is moving to the left or to the right, when the
velocity is increasing or decreasing, when the speed is increasing or
decreasing, and the particles position with respect to the origin during these
intervals of time.
Solution. First, we find t 0 such that v(t) = 0 and a(t) = 0.
v(t)
3t2 24t + 36
3(t 6)(t 2)
t = 6,
=0
=0
=0
t=2
a(t)
6t 24
t
=0
=0
=4
Mathematics 53
23 / 32
Rectilinear Motion
s(t) = t3 12t2 + 36t 30,
t=0
s(t)
v(t)
a(t)
30
0<t<2
t=2
2<t<4
t=4
14
4<t<6
t=6
t>6
30
a ( t ) = 6( t 4)
Conclusions
left of origin, towards right,
decreasing velocity, slowing down
towards right, decreasing velocity,
slowing down
right of origin, changing direction,
decreasing velocity
towards left, decreasing velocity,
speeding up
left of origin, towards left,
constant velocity
towards left, increasing velocity,
slowing down
left of origin, changing direction,
increasing velocity
towards right, increasing velocity,
speeding up
Mathematics 53
24 / 32
Rectilinear Motion
Example
A particle moves along a horizontal coordinate line in such a way that its position
at time t is specified by s(t) = t3 12t2 + 36t 30 where s is measured in feet
and t in seconds.
3. Show the motion of the particle schematically.
Solution.
Schematically, the particle moved in the following way:
t=6
t=2
t=0
30
Mathematics 53
25 / 32
Example
A particle moves along a horizontal coordinate line in such a way that its position
at time t is specified by s = t3 12t2 + 36t 30 where s is measured in feet and t
in seconds.
4. Determine the total distance traveled by the particle during the first 7 seconds.
Solution.
Note that the particle changed directions at t = 2 and t = 6.
t=6
t=2
t=0
30
Mathematics 53
26 / 32
Rectilinear Motion
Example
A ball was thrown from the edge of a cliff such that its directed distance from the
ground after t seconds is given by s(t) = 16t2 + 32t + 128 feet. Determine:
1
Mathematics 53
27 / 32
Rectilinear Motion
Example
A ball was thrown from the edge of a cliff such that its directed distance from the
ground after t seconds is given by s(t) = 16t2 + 32t + 128 feet. Determine:
1. the acceleration of the ball at t = 3
Solution.
= v(t) = 32t + 32
= a(t) = 32
a(3) = 32 feet/second2
Mathematics 53
28 / 32
Rectilinear Motion
Example
A ball was thrown from the edge of a cliff such that its directed distance from the
ground after t seconds is given by s(t) = 16t2 + 32t + 128 feet. Determine:
2. the maximum height the ball will attain
Solution.
Since the graph of s is a parabola opening downward, the maximum value is
attained at the vertex.
tcoordinate:
32
32
=1
=
2(16)
32
Mathematics 53
29 / 32
Rectilinear Motion
Example
A ball was thrown from the edge of a cliff such that its directed distance from the
ground after t seconds is given by s(t) = 16t2 + 32t + 128 feet. Determine:
3. the velocity at which the ball was thrown
Solution.
Velocity at which the ball was thrown = v(0)
v(t) = 32t + 32
Mathematics 53
30 / 32
Rectilinear Motion
Example
A ball was thrown from the edge of a cliff such that its directed distance from the
ground after t seconds is given by s(t) = 16t2 + 96t + 128 feet. Determine:
4. how long it would take the ball to hit the ground
5. the speed at which the ball would hit the ground
Solution.
s(t) = 0
2
16(t 2t 8) = 0
16(t 4)(t + 2) = 0
Thus, t = 4 or t = 2.
Mathematics 53
31 / 32
Exercise
s(t) = 6t2 t3 ,
where s is in feet and t is in seconds.
Determine the velocity and acceleration functions.
When is the particle speeding up?
Answers.
OR
Mathematics 53
32 / 32