GE 111

Study Problems
Part II

Note: this is a collection of questions and solutions for study purposes. Not all solutions are
present. Solutions have not been checked for accuracy.
1

Dec 2014

A. Matrix Basics

Dec 2014

1. Linear equations
Which of the following are not linear equations?
a) x + 2y2 = 7
b) y sinx = 0
c) 2sinx siny + 11 sinz = 20
d) x + 2.43y 3z = 4

e) log(100)x e3y +103z = 14

f) 3x + 2y + xz = 4
g) x12 + 2x2 + x3 = 1

Dec 2014

2. Consistent or inconsistent? Solve.

a) x + 2y = 3
x+y=1
b) x + 2y = 3
x+y=8
c) 2x + 3y = 3
4x + 6y = 2
d) 2x + 3y = 3
1x + 6y = 3
e) 1 x + 31/3y = 3
22/3x - 21/3y = -3
4

Dec 2014

A. Matrix Basics

3. Dependent or Independent? Solve

a) x + 2y = 3
y=1
b) x + 2y = 3
x+y=8
c) x + 2y = 3
-x - 2y = -3
d) 4x + 6y = 3
2x + 3y = 1.5
e) 10 x + 12y = 23
-2x - 3y = 10
5

Dec 2014

4. Material Balance
A material balance question done in class on a balanced
system yielded the following equations:
0.75Y = 23.36 + 0.04X
0.25Y = 1.41 + 0.34X
Z = 12.42 + 0.63X
Z + Y = 37.20 + X
Write the augmented matrix for this set of equations. What
is the rank of this matrix? Explain your answer.
Previous midterm
6

Dec 2014

SOLUTION

4. Material Balance
Organize Equations:

Write Augmented Matrix:

The rank is 3 as the system is balanced and so 3 unknowns should yield 3

independent equations and 1 dependant equation. Also, the sum of the
first 3 equations yields the fourth. Gauss elimination can also be used to
reduced the last equation to all 0s.

Dec 2014

1. Gauss
Use Gauss elimination to solve the following set of
independent linear equations. Write the complete
augmented matrix with each step of your work.
25 + 3X 6Y = 7
10X = -12Y + 9X + 64

Previous midterm

Dec 2014

SOLUTION

1. Gauss
Organize Equations:
Write Augmented Matrix:

Use back substitution to find solution:

Y=5
X 2Y = -6
X 2(5) = -6
X=4
9

Dec 2014

2. Solve by substitution
Show the set of linear equations represented by the
following matrix. Solve the equations by substitution
(the correct work and method must be shown for full
marks). Show your work and box your answer

10

Previous final

Dec 2014

SOLUTION

2. Solve by substitution
6x+y-3z=46
7x-2y=42
2x-z=13
This question is actually quite easy x is common in both the last 2
equations, so solve for the other variables in terms of x and then
substitute back into the first equation...
x=8
y=7
z=3

11

Dec 2014

3. Solve
You are given the following set of equations.
2x1 + 3x2 -4x3 =-3
x1 +2x2 +3x3 = 3
3x1 - x2 - x3 = 4
a) Using the above system of equations, rewrite them in the
matrix form Ax=b.
b) Show the augmented matrix for this system of equations.
c) Solve the system of equations using matrix operations to
determine the values of x1, x2, and x3. You MUST show ALL of
your work to obtain ANY marks for this section of the question.

12

Dec 2014

Question 3 Solution

3. Solve
A
2 3 -4
1 2 3
3 -1 -1

x = B
x1
-3
x2 = 3
x3
4

1 2 3 3
2 3 -4 -3
3 -1 -1 4

2 3 -4 -3
1 2 3 3
3 -1 -1 4

-2R1 + R2 = R2
-3R1 + R3 = R3

interchange
R1 and R2

1 2 3 3
2 3 -4 -3
3 -1 -1 4

1 2 3 3
-7R2 + R3 = R3 0 -1 -10 -9
0 0 60 58

1 2 3 3
0 -1 -10 -9
0 -7 -10 -5

Solve x3:
60x3 = 58 x3 = 58/60
Substituting x3 into R2:
-x2 10x3 = -9 x2 = 9 - 10x3 9 - 580/60 (540-580)/60 -40/60
Substitute x2 and x3 into R1:
x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = 3 x1 = 3 - 2 (-40/60) 3(58/60) (180+ 80- 174) /60 86/60
x1 = 86/60,
x1 = 1.43,
13

x2 = -40/60,
x2 = -0.67,

x3 = 58/60

x3 = 0.97
Dec 2014

4. Gauss
a) Solve the following set of linearly independent equations using
Gauss elimination. First draw the matrix in the form Ax=b, then
write the augmented matrix and solve (the correct work and
method must be shown for full marks). Show your work and box
your answer.
x+2y+3z = 13
y=1
3x+3y+3z = 18
b) Find A-1 using Gauss-Jordan elimination. Check that your
answer is correct by showing that AA-1 = I. Show your work
and box your answer.
14

Previous final

Dec 2014

Solution

4. Gauss
a) Gauss

1 2
0 1
3 3

3 13
0 1
3 18
1 2 3 13
3 = 31 3 0 1 0 1
0 3 6 21
1 2 3 13
3 = 32 3 0 1 0 1
0 0 6 18
1 2 3 13
3
3 =
0 1 0 1
6
0 0 1 3

a) Gauss-Jordan
Gauss-Jordan:

1
From a:
0
0
1
1 = 1 33 0
0
1
1 = 1 22 0
0

2 3 13
1 0 1
0 1 3
2 04
1 01
0 13
0 02
1 01
0 13

+ 2 + 3 = 13
=1
=3
+ 2 1 + 3 3 = 13
=2
15

Dec 2014

5. Canadian coins.
[A] Number of coins of different denominations
Coin

$total

CanA

16.25

CanB

10

14.25

CanC

20

13.00

A charity organization was collecting at three different locations within

the city; A, B, and C. During one day of collection the same three types
of coins were given (x, y, and z) at each location.
The number of coins, grouped as to their worth, and the total amount
from each location are given in the above table.
What are the value of the three types of coins collected?
Use all three methods: adjoint, Gauss-Jordan, and Cramers

16

Dec 2014

solution

5 Coins: Gauss Elimination

5 5 5 16.25
1 10 2 14.25
20 2 3 13.00

exchange R1 1 10 2 14.25
and R2
5 5 5 16.25

-5R1+R2
-2R1+R3

20 2 3 13.00

1 10 2 14.25
0 -45 -5 -55
0 -198 -37 -272

-198/45R2+R3

1 10 2 14.25
0 -45 -5 -55
0 0 -15 -557

-1/45 R2
-1/15 R3

1 10 2 14.25
0 1 0.11 1.22
0 0 1
2

Backward substitution
z = 2$
y + 0.111(2) = 1.22, y = 1$
x + 10(1) + 2(2) = 14.25, x = 0.25$

17

Note: if you are calculating each step

carrying over only 3 decimal places
then the answer may be
z = 1.995
y = 0.993
x = 0.233
Dec 2014

solution

5. Coins: Gauss-Jordan Elimination

5 5 5 16.25
1 10 2 14.25
20 2 3 13.00

-5R1+R2
-20R1+R3

exchange R1 1 10 2 14.25
and R2
5 5 5 16.25

1 10 2 14.25
0 -45 -5 -55
0 -198 -37 -272

20 2 3 13.00
-198/45R2+R3

1 10 2 14.25
0 -45 -5 -55
0 0 -15 -557

-1/45 R2
-1/15 R3

1 10 2 14.25
0 1 0.11 1.22
0 0 1
2

-2R3+R1
-0.11R3+R2

1 10
0 1
0 0

18

0
0
1

10.25
1
2

-10R2+R1

1
0
0

0
1
0

0
0
1

0.25
1
2

x
y
z

Dec 2014

solution

5. Coins: Adjoint-Inverse Method

Find determinant (using minor and cofactor matrices)
5 5 5
1 10 2
20 2 3

Mij =

M11 = 10(3)-2(2) = 26

Cij = (-1)i+j Mij

Cij =

26 37 -198
-5 -85 90
-40 -5 45

26 -37 -198
5 -85 -90
-40 5 45
n

|A| =

a1,j C1,j
j=1

or find determinant (using equation for 3by3)

|A| = a(ei-fh) b(di-fg) + c(dh-eg)
5(10(3)-2(2))-5(1(3)-2(20))+5(1(2)-10(20)) = -675

A-1 = 1/(|A|) adj(A)

adj (A) = CofactorT

A x = b, x = A-1 b

19

= -675

abc
def
ghi

26 -5 -40
-0.039 0.007 0.059
-1
-1
A = -1/675 37 -85 -5 A = -0.055 0.126 0.007
-198 90 45
0.293 -0.133 -0.067
-0.039 0.007 0.059
-0.055 0.126 0.007
0.293 -0.133 -0.067

16.25
14.25
13.00

0.25
= 1.00
2.00
Dec 2014

solution

5. Coins: Gauss-Jordan Inverse Method

5 5 5 1 0 0 exchange R1 1 10 2 0 1 0
1 10 2 0 1 0 and R2
5 5 5 1 0 0
20 2 3 0 0 1
20 2 3 0 0 1

-5R1+R2
-20R1+R3

1 10 2 0 1 0
0 -45 -5 1 -5 0
0 -198 -37 0 -20 1

-198/45R2+R3

1 10 2 0 1 0
0 -45 -5 1 -5 0
0 0 -15 -4.4 2 1

-5/15 R3+R2
2/15 R3+R1

1 10 0 -0.59 1.27 0.13

0 -45 0.11 2.47 -5.67 -0.33
0 0 -15 -4.4 2
1

10/45 R2+R1
-1/45 R2
1/15 R3

1 0 0 -0.385 0.007 0.059

0 1 0 -0.055 0.126 0.007
0 0 1 0.293 -0.133 -0.067

-0.385 0.007 0.059

-0.055 0.126 0.007
0.293 -0.133 -0.067

0.25
16.25
14.25 = 1.00
2.00
13.00

A x = b, x = A-1 b
20

Dec 2014

6. Practice
Find a solution for the linear systems a) and b) described as follows:
a) 2 x 4 y 5 z 36
3x 5 y 7 z 7
5 x 3 y 8 z 31

b)

2x1 3x 2 3x 3 2
5x 2 5x 3 2
6x1 9x 2 8x 3 5

Rewrite into a matrix form: Ax=b and define A,x, and b.

Solve using Gauss Elimination,
Gauss-Jordan Elimination: [A b].
Solve using Cramers Rule.
Find Inverse matrix: x=A-1b .
Minors, Cofactors, Adj, Determinant.
Gauss-Jordan Elimination: [A I][I A-1]
Verify your answer.

21

Dec 2014

7. Grocery shopping (previous final)

Mrs. Simpson has $50.00 to buy oranges, apples and mangos for
her family. If she buys 10 oranges, 13 apples and 17 mangos the
total cost is $45.70. If she buys 15 oranges, 12 apples and 16
mangos the total cost would be $49.40. If she buys 9 oranges,
16 apples and 10 mangos the total cost is $41.90. Find the price
of each fruit. Set up a matrix equation in form of Ax=b and use
the adjoint matrix to find the matrix inverse. Show the minors
and the cofactors, too.

22

Dec 2014

solution

7. Grocery Shopping
Mrs. Simpson has $50.00 to buy oranges, apples and mangos for her family. If she buys
10 oranges, 13 apples and 17 mangos the total cost is $45.70. If she buys 15 oranges, 12
apples and 16 mangos the total cost would be $49.40. If she buys 9 oranges, 16 apples
and 10 mangos the total cost is $41.90.
x, y, and z are the price of an orange, an apple, and a mango, respectively.
10 13 17 x 45.70
Ax b 15 12 16 y 49.40
9 16 10 z 41.90

6
132
136

M 142 53 43
4
95 75

Solve for x, y, z

12 16
136
16 10

136 6 132
C 142 53 43
4
95 75

4
136 142

Adj ( A) C 6 53 95
132 43 75
T

M 11

15 16
6
9 10

M 13

15 12
132
9 16

det( A) 10 (136) 13 (6) 17 132 806

4
136 142
1
1
A
Adj ( A)
6 53 95
det( A)
806
132 43 75
1

4 45.70 1.20
136 142
1
6 53 95 49.40 1.35
x A1b

806
132 43 75 41.90 0.95

23

M 12

Verify your answer

10 13 17 1.20 45.70
Ax 15 12 16 1.35 49.40 b
9 16 10 0.95 41.90

Dec 2014

8. Bus Trip
On the day of the GE111 final exam, Dec 17th, some people from rural
Saskatchewan are on a bus tour to Saskatoon. In the evening, one half of the
tour participants (a mixture of men, women and children) go to the Credit
Union Center to attend a Saskatoon Blades vs. Swift Current Broncos hockey
game. The rest of the people go to TCU Place to attend the Wizard of Oz
family musical.
The number of women on the bus is twice the number of children, and the
number of men on the bus is equal to twice the sum of the number of women
and children. Given that 18 people go to the Blades game, you must
determine the total men, women, and children that went on the bus tour.
a) Set up necessary equations to solve this problem, and write them in matrix
form. Show your work and box your answer.
b) Use Gauss-Jordan Elimination to solve the system of equations established
in part (a). Show your work and box your answer.

24 men
24

Previous final

Dec 2014

Solution

8. Bus Trip

(a)

(b)

1 x 36
x = # of men
1 1
0 1 2 y 0 Ax b where y = # of women

z = # of children
1 2 2 z 0
There are 24 men, 8 women and 4 children.

25

Dec 2014

Problem 9: Solving for Sodium

The sodium intake of 3 students was measured from the daily
amount of pop, pizza, and donuts they ate:
Student

Pop

Pizza Donut Sodium (mg)

Engineer

1250

Arts

1800

Comm

1300

What is the sodium content of pop, pizza, and a donut?

Calculate using
1. Gauss Elimination

26

2.

Gauss-Jordan Elimination

3.

Adjoint method of matrix inversion

4.

Gauss-Jordan matrix inversion

Dec 2014

Sodium 9. Gauss-Elimination:1
The sodium intake of 3 students
was measured from the daily
amount of pop, pizza, and donuts
they ate:

27

1 2 2 1250
2 3 2 1800
2 2 2 1300

Get rid of x in R2 and R3

-2R1 add to R3
-2R1 add to R2

1 2 2 1250
0 -1 -2 -700
0 -2 -2 -1200

Get rid of y in R3
-2R2 add to R3

1 2 2 1250
0 -1 -2 -700
0 0 2 200

Convert leading values to 1s

-1xR2
x R3

1 2 2 1250
0 1 2 700
0 0 1 100
Dec 2014

Sodium 9. Gauss-Elimination: 2
The sodium intake of 3 students
was measured from the daily
amount of pop, pizza, and donuts
they ate:
Convert leading values to 1s
-1xR2
x R3

1 2 2 1250
2 3 2 1800
2 2 2 1300

1 2 2 1250
0 1 2 700
0 0 1 100

Solve using backward substitution

z(donuts) = 100 mg each
y (pizza) + 2(100) = 700, pizza = 500 mg each

x (pop) + 2(500) + 2(100) = 1250, pop = 50 mg each

28

Dec 2014

Sodium 9. Gauss-Jordan Elimination

The sodium intake of 3 students
was measured from the daily
amount of pop, pizza, and donuts
they ate:

29

1 2 2 1250
2 3 2 1800
2 2 2 1300

End of Gauss-Elimination
-1xR2
x R3

1 2 2 1250
0 1 2 700
0 0 1 100

Get rid of z in R2 and R1 using R2 and R3

-2R3 onto R2
-2R3 onto R1

1 2 0 1050
0 1 0 500
0 0 1 100

Get rid of y R1 using R2

-2R2 onto R1

1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1

50
500
100

mg/pop
mg/pizza
mg/donut
Dec 2014

Sodium 9. Adjoint inverse method

Given A x = b

then x = A-1b
n

a1,j C1,j

A-1 = 1/(|A|) adj(A)

|A| =

Cij = (-1)i+j Mij

adj (A) = [cofactor (A)]T

A=

a b c
d e f
g h i

j=1

e f
M11 =
= (ei fh)
h i

2 by 2: |A| = ad - bc
3 by 3: |A| = +a(ei-fh) b(di-fg) + c(dh-eg)
30

Dec 2014

Sodium 9. Adjoint-Inverse:1
The sodium intake of 3 students
was measured from the daily
amount of pop, pizza, and donuts
they ate:

1 2 2 1250
2 3 2 1800
2 2 2 1300

1. Find Minors and cofactors

1 2 2
2 3 2
2 2 2

31

M11 =

3 2
= 3(2) 2(2) = 2
2 2

Minor matrix

Cofactor matrix

2 0 -2
0 -2 -2
-2 -2 -1

2 0 -2
0 -2 2
-2 2 -1

CofactorT
2 0 -2
0 -2 2
-2 2 -1

Dec 2014

Sodium 9. Adjoint-Inverse:2
The sodium intake of 3 students
was measured from the daily
amount of pop, pizza, and donuts
they ate:

A-1

1 2 2 1250
2 3 2 1800
2 2 2 1300

= 1/(|A|) adj(A), where |A| = -2, then

adj(A)
2 0 -2
0 -2 2
-2 2 -1

-1 0 1
A-1 = 0 1 -1
1 -1 0.5

A x = b, x = A-1 b
-1 0 1
0 1 -1
1 -1 0.5

32

1250
1800
1300

50
500
100

mg/pop
mg/pizza
mg/donut

Dec 2014

Sodium 9. Gauss-Jordan Inverse:1

The sodium intake of 3 students
was measured from the daily
amount of pop, pizza, and donuts
they ate:

33

1 2 2
2 3 2
2 2 2

1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1

Get rid of x in R2 and R3

-2R1 add to R3
-2R1 add to R2

1 2 2
0 -1 -2
0 -2 -2

1 0 0
-2 1 0
-2 0 1

Get rid of y in R3
-2R2 add to R3

1 2 2
0 -1 -2
0 0 2

1 0 0
-2 1 0
2 -2 1

Convert leading values to 1s

-1xR2
x R3

1 2 2
0 1 2
0 0 1

1 0 0
2 -1 0
1 -1 0.5
Dec 2014

Sodium 9. Gauss-Jordan Inverse:2

The sodium intake of 3 students
was measured from the daily
amount of pop, pizza, and donuts
they ate:

1 2 2 1250
2 3 2 1800
2 2 2 1300

Get rid of z in R2 and R1

-2R3 onto R2
-2R3 onto R1

1 2 0
0 1 0
0 0 1

-1 2 -1
0 1 -1
1 -1 0.5

Get rid of y R1 using R2

-2R2 onto R1

1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1

-1 0 1
0 1 -1
1 -1 0.5

A-1 =

-1 0 1
0 1 -1
1 -1 0.5

Extract Inverse matrix

Solve x = A-1 b
34

Dec 2014

C. Determinants

35

Dec 2014

1. Find the determinant

A=

det(A) = 3(-1)(1)(-2)(3) = 18
36

Dec 2014

Solution

1. Find the determinant

Expand R6C1 as
R6 has most 0s
C61 is -1, (-1)7 = -1
det(A) = 3(-1) [A]

A=

Expand R1C5 as
C5 has most 0s
C15 is 1, (-1)6 = 1
det(A) = 3 (-1) [A]

Expand R2C2 as
C2 has most 0s
C22 is 1, (-1)4 = 1
det(A) = 3 (-1) (1) (-2) [A]

Expand R2C2 as
C2 has most 0s
C22 is 1, (-1)4 = 1
det(A) = 3 (-1) (1) [A]

det of a 2x2 matrix is

(1x1) (-1x2) = 3

det(A) = 3(-1)(1)(-2)(3) = 18
37

Dec 2014

2. Determinant Conversions
Using row reduction methods convert the following matrix to its identity
matrix. For each step calculate the determinant to show that it remains
constant.

A=

38

det(A) = 2

Dec 2014

Solution

2. Determinant Conversions

39

A=

det(A) = 2

Add -2R1 to R2
Add -3R1 to R3

det(A) = 2

Add 2R2 to R3

det(A) = 2

Add -3R3 to R1

det(A) = 2

Add -2R2 to R1

det(A) = 2

The value of a determinant

remains the same if the
elements of one row (or
column) are altered by
adding them to any constant
multiple of the
corresponding elements in
any other row or column)

Dec 2014

Solution

More on determinants
det(A) = 2

If any 2 rows or 2 columns are

interchanged then the resulting
determinant will be times -1

R1 switched with R2

det(A) = (-1)2 = -2
0.5R1

det(A) = 1

40

If any row or column is multiplied

or divided by a constant, the
resulting determinant will also be
scaled the same

Dec 2014

Solution

3. Cramers Rule
Use Cramers Rule to solve for z. Show your work and box
your answer
4x +y +z +w = 6
3x +7y z + w = 1
7x +3y 5z +8w = -3
x +y +z +2w = 3

z=2

41

Dec 2014

Solution

3. Cramers Rule
Reduce C2 to 0s
except R1 (can be any
C but C3 as that is z)

Find det (A)

x
4
3
7
1

y
1
7
3
1

z
1
-1
-5
1

w
1
1
8
2

b
6
1
-3
3

Find determinant of R1
C2 (note that the
cofactor is -)
-25
-5
-3

-1

-8
-8
0

-6
5
1

Add -7R1 to R2
Add -3R1 to R3
Add R1 to R4

-25
20
-3

-8
0
0

-6
11
1

20
-3

x
4
-25
-5
-3

42

y
1
0
0
0

b
6
-41
-21
-3

w
1
-6
5
1

Reduce to 3x3 with -1

-1

-25 -41
-5 -21
-3 -3

-6
5
1

y
1
0
0
0

z
1
-8
-8
0

w
1
-6
5
1

b
6
-41
-21
-3

Calculating
Determinant

C3 can be reduced
Add R1 to R2

Find det (Az)

Substitute b
into z column

x
4
-25
-5
-3

11
1

-1 x 8 x (20+33) = -424

Reduce to 2x2:
C3 to 0 in R2 and R3
Add 5/6R1 to R2
Calculating
Add 1/6R1 to R3
Determinant

-1 (-6)

z = det(Az)/Det(A) = -848/-424 = +2

-25.8 -55.2
-7.17 -9.83

-1x-6x-141.3 = -848

Dec 2014

D. Eigenvalues

43

Dec 2014

1. Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors

Find eigenvalues and eigenvectors for the following

A=

4 -2
-3 3

B=

-2 4
3 -1

C=

-1 3
4 -2

D=

3 -1
-2 4

1 = 6, 2 = 1
v1 = 1, -1, v2 = 1, 1.5

E=

G=

0.3 0.2
, E = A-1
0.1 0.4

2 0
0 2

H=

0 2
2 0

F=

J=

3 2
1 4

2 -1
, is J invertible?
-4 2

Find eigenvalues

K=

1 2 2
0 1 2
0 0 1

L=

2 2 0
0 2 2
0 0 2

2 0 2
M= 0 2 0
2 0 2

N=

44

2,2,2

3 4 5
0 3 8
0 0 3
Dec 2014

Solution

1. Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors

Find eigenvalues and eigenvectors for the following

A=

4 -2
-3 3

B=

1 = 6, 2 = 1
v1 = 1, -1, v2 = 1, 1.5

E=

-2 4
3 -1

C=

F=

0.5, 0.2
1, 1; 1, -0.5

G=

2 0
0 2
2, 2
1, 0; 1, 0

45

H=

D=

2, -5
1, 1; 1, -1.33

2, -5
1, 1; 1, -0.8

0.3 0.2
, E = A-1
0.1 0.4

-1 3
4 -2

3 -1
-2 4
5, 2
1, -2; 1, 1

3 2
1 4
5, 2
1, 1; 1, -0.5

0 2
2 0
2, -2
1, 1; 1, -1

J=

2 -1
, is J invertible?
-4 2
4, 0
1, -2; 1, 2

Find eigenvalues

K=

1 2 2
0 1 2
0 0 1

L=

2 2 0
0 2 2
0 0 2

2 0 2
M= 0 2 0
2 0 2

N=

1,1,1
1,0,0; -1,0,0; 1,0,0

2,2,2

4, 0, 2

3 4 5
0 3 8
0 0 3
Dec 2014

E. Complex Numbers

46

Dec 2014

1. Complex Numbers: Basics

i2 =
i3 =
i4 =
i5 =

-1 =
-2 =
-18 =
-5 =
-75 =

i6 =
i20 =
i783 =

47

Dec 2014

Solution

1. Complex Numbers: Basics

48

i2 =

-1

i3 =

-i

i4 =

i5 =

i6 =

-1

i20 =

1, given i4n = 1 and 20= 5(4)

i783 =

-i, given i780 i3; 783 = 195(4)+ 3

-1 = i
-2 = i 2
-18 = 3i 2
-5 = i 5
-75 = 5i 3

Dec 2014

2. CN: Addition and Subtraction

a) (3 + 4i) + (2 3i)

b) (-4 3i) + (-2 i)

c) 3 3 -1 + 2 + i
d) (3a + 4i) (-2a i)
e) (a + bi) (c + di)

49

Dec 2014

Solution

2. CN: Addition and Subtraction

a) (3 + 4i) + (2 3i) = 5 + i

b) (-4 3i) + (-2 i) = -6 -4i

c) 3 3 -1 + 2 + i = 3 - 2-1 or 3 2i
d) (3a + 4i) (-2a i) = 5a + 5i
e) (a + bi) (c + di) = a c + (b d)i

50

Dec 2014

3. CN: Multiplication
a) (2) (3)

= 6 + 0i

b) (2) (-3)

= -9 or 3-1 or 3i

c) (-2) (-3) = 2i 3i = 6i2 = - 6

d) (4 + i) (2 + i) = 8 + 6i + i2 = 7 + 6i
e) (5x + 2i) (3x 2i) = 15x2 -10xi + 6xi 4i2 = 15x2 +4 4xi

f) i(2 + 5i) (3 i) = i(6 2i + 15i -6i) = i(12 + 13i) = -13 + 12i

51

Dec 2014

Solution

3. CN: Multiplication
a) (2) (3)

= 6 + 0i

b) (2) (-3)

= -9 or 3-1 or 3i

c) (-2) (-3) = 2i 3i = 6i2 = - 6

d) (4 + i) (2 + i) = 8 + 6i + i2 = 7 + 6i
e) (5x + 2i) (3x 2i) = 15x2 -10xi + 6xi 4i2 = 15x2 +4 4xi

f) i(2 + 5i) (3 i) = i(6 2i + 15i -6i2) = i(12 + 13i) = -13 + 12i

52

Dec 2014

4. CN: Represent on a Complex Plane

Im
10

-10

-5
-5

-10
53

10

Re

3+ 2i
i(3 + 2i)
2(3 + 2i)
2i(3 + 2i)
-1 -8i
-5 + 2i
1 8i
6
5i
5i2
5i3
5i4
4i10
i(2-2i)(4+3i)
Dec 2014

5. CN: Conjugate and Modulus

Find the conjugate and the modulus
2 + 3i = 2 3i

2 + 3i = 42 + 32 = 25 = 5

5 2i = 5 + 2i

5 2i = 29

-5i

= 5i

-5i

= 5

12

= 12

12

= 12

(1 + i)4
Find |z| when z =
(1 + 6i)(2 7i)
=

|1 + i|4
|1 + 6i| |2 7i|

(12 + 12)4
12 + 62 22 + (7)2

4
=
37 53
54

Dec 2014

Solution

5. CN: Conjugate and Modulus

Find the conjugate and the modulus
2 + 3i = 2 3i

2 + 3i = 42 + 32 = 25 = 5

5 2i = 5 + 2i

5 2i = 29

-5i

= 5i

-5i

= 5

12

= 12

12

= 12

(1 + i)4
Find |z| when z =
(1 + 6i)(2 7i)
=

|1 + i|4
|1 + 6i| |2 7i|

(12 + 12)4
12 + 62 22 + (7)2

4
=
37 53
55

Dec 2014

Solution

6. CN: Division 1
Given:
z1 = 4 + 7i
z2 = 2 + 5i

Solve:
2
a) z1/z2 = (4 + 7i) (2-5i) = 8-20i+14i-35i = 43 6i
(2 + 5i) (2-5i)
4-10i+10i-25i
29
b) z2/z1 = 43 + 6i
65
c)

Find 1/z
d) z = i
e) z = 1 5i
f) z = -i/7

56

z2/z2 = 1
1/z = -i
1/z = (1 +5i)/26
1/z = 7i

Dec 2014

6. CN: Division 1
Given:
z1 = 4 + 7i
z2 = 2 + 5i

Solve:
2
a) z1/z2 = (4 + 7i) (2-5i) = 8-20i+14i-35i = 43 6i
(2 + 5i) (2-5i)
4-10i+10i-25i
29
b) z2/z1 = 43 + 6i
65
c)

Find 1/z
d) z = i
e) z = 1 5i
f) z = -i/7

57

z2/z2 = 1
1/z = -i
1/z = (1 +5i)/26
1/z = 7i

Dec 2014

7. CN: More Division

a) Solve, expressing answer as a + bi
b)

i
1+i

= 0.5 + 0.5i

c)

2
(1-i) (3+i)

d)

1
(3+4i)2

1
(-7 24i)
=
=
= -7/625 24i/625
(-7 + 24i)
625

e) (1 + i)
(1 i)
58

2
(8+4i)
=
= 0.40 + 0.20i
(4-2i)
20

=i
Dec 2014

Solution

7. CN: More Division

a) Solve, expressing answer as a + bi
b)

i
1+i

= 0.5 + 0.5i

c)

2
(1-i) (3+i)

d)

1
(3+4i)2

1
(-7 24i)
=
=
= -7/625 24i/625
(-7 + 24i)
625

e) (1 + i)
(1 i)
59

2
(8+4i)
=
= 0.40 + 0.20i
(4-2i)
20

=i
Dec 2014

8. Polar and Exponential Coordinates

Find r, arg, polar and exponential coordinates, and indicate which quadrant

a)

z1 = 1 + 3i

r = |z| = (12 + 32)0.5 = 100.5; = atan (3/1) = 1.25 radians or 71.6

z1 = 100.5(cos (1.25) + isin(1.25)); z1 = 100.5ei1.25 ; I

b) z2 = -1 + 3i r = 3.16; = 1.89 radians or 108.4

z2 = 3.16 (cos(1.89) + i sin(1.89)); z2 = 3.16ei1.89; II

z3 = -1 - 3i r3 = 3.16; = 4.39 radians or 252; III

c)

d) z4 = 1 - 3i

r4 = 3.16; = -1.25 radians or -71.6 IV

e) z5 = 1 i

r5 = 20.5; = -0.785 radians or -45;

f)

r6 = 20.5, = 0.785 radians or 45;

z6 = 1 + i

Find by polar and represent as exponential and Cartesian forms: z1 z6; z1/z6
g) z1 z6 = 4.47ei2.03
60

h) z1/z6 = 2.24ei0.46
Dec 2014

Solution

8. Polar and Exponential Coordinates

Find r, arg, polar and exponential coordinates, and indicate which quadrant

a)

z1 = 1 + 3i

r = |z| = (12 + 32)0.5 = 100.5; = atan (3/1) = 1.25 radians or 71.6

z1 = 100.5(cos (1.25) + isin(1.25)); z1 = 100.5ei1.25 ; I

b) z2 = -1 + 3i r = 3.16; = 1.89 radians or 108.4

z2 = 3.16 (cos(1.89) + i sin(1.89)); z2 = 3.16ei1.89; II

z3 = -1 - 3i r3 = 3.16; = 4.39 radians or 252; III

c)

d) z4 = 1 - 3i

r4 = 3.16; = -1.25 radians or -71.6 IV

e) z5 = 1 i

r5 = 20.5; = -0.785 radians or -45;

f)

r6 = 20.5, = 0.785 radians or 45;

z6 = 1 + i

Find by polar and represent as exponential form: z1 z6; z1/z6

g) z1 z6 = 4.47ei2.03
61

h) z1/z6 = 2.24ei0.46
Dec 2014