Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mud Report 1
Mud Report 1
TBT I 2014
TBT I 2014
DP
>50%
DC
PP Pump pressure
PSC surface equipment
Pdp Drill pipe
Pdc Drill collar
Pb - Bit
Pdca Annulus in DC Range
Pdpa Annulus in DP range
TBT I 2014
Wellbore hydraulics
HYDROSTATICS
HYDRODINAMCS
TBT I 2014
Figure
4-9. Hydraulic forces acting on a foreign body
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
We W Fb
W - f V
W
W - f
s
We = buoyed weight
W = weight in air
f = fluid density
s = steel density
Fb = buoyancy force
V = volume
f
We W
1
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f
We W
1
f
BF 1
s
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* As the flow velocity increases, the flow type changes from laminar to
turbulent.
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Dpf = 9.11 v
laminar flow
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N Re
In field units,
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
vd
N Re
928 v d
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N Re
vd
m
d pipe I.D., in
viscosity of fluid, Pa
cp.
s
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N Re
928 v d
d pipe I.D., in
viscosity of fluid, cp.
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Physical Laws
Rheological Models
Equations of State
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
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Physical Laws
Conservation of mass
Conservation of energy
Conservation of momentum
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Physical Laws
Conservation of mass
A1 v1 A2 v2 q constant
Conservation of energy
2
v
p 0 g h konstant
2
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E 2 E1 p2V2
p1V1
1 2
2
g D2 D1
v 2 v1
2
W Q
In the wellbore, in many cases
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
Q = 0 (heat)
= constant
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Physical Laws
Stokes Law
(c m ) g d
vs
18
Cutting transport
v r vs
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
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d s s
vs 1.89
1
f f
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
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fluid viscosity, cp
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
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Intermediate:
2.90d s ( s f ) 2/3
vs
( f a )1/3
Fully Turbulent:
d s ( s f )
vs 1.54
f
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Rheological Models
Newtonian
Bingham Plastic
Power Law
API Power-Law
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Typical Drilling Fluid Vs. Newtonian, Bingham and Power Law Fluids
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Equations of State
Incompressible fluid
Real gas
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Annular Flow
q
d
v
2
d
4
q
2
2
d12
WHERE
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q
v
2
2.448 d
Annular Flow
q
v
2
2
2.448 d 2 d1
WHERE
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Equal
Area
and
Height
Simpler
Equations
-yet
accurate
32
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F2 p 2 WDy p
L WDy
dL
F3 = WDL
F4 = y + DyWDL = + d Dy WDL
dy
Consider:
- pressure forces
- viscous forces
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
34
At steady state,
F = ma
F=0
F2 + F3 F4 = 0
d
dp f
dy
dp f
Simplifying,
d = 0
dL
dy
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d dp f
=
dy
dL
dp f
y
0
dL
dv
So,
But,
dy
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
dv
= -
dy
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36
dv
dp f
-
=y
+ o
dy
dL
dv -
dp f
y 0 dy
dL
0 y
y dp f
v
v0
2 dL
Since v 0 when y 0,
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
v0 0
TBT I 2014
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Since v 0 when y h,
h 2 dp f 0 h
02 dL
h dp f
0 2 dL
Hence, substituting for v0 and 0 :
1 dp f
v
2 dL
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
hy y
2
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1 dp f
v =
2 dL
(hy - y 2 )
q vdA vWdy
W dp f
q
2 dL
hy y dy
h
Wh dp f
Integrating, q
12 dL
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dp f 2 2
2
q
(r2 r1 )(r2 r1 )
12 dL
Wh 3 dp f
q
12 dL
q
q
But average velocity, v
2
2
A (r2 r1 )
_
12 v
dp f
dL
(r2 r1 ) 2
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
40
12 v
dp f
2
dL
(r2 r1 )
_
dp f
v
2
psi/ft, cp., ft/sec, in dL 1000(d 2 d1 )
In field units,
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Hydraulics Optimization
Optimising Targets
- Maximizing Hydraulic Horsepower (HHP)
- Maximizing Impact Force (HIP)
- Maximizing Nozzle velocity (HNV)
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik
TBT I 2014
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Horsepower
Q DP
Where:
Q = Flowrate in cubic meters/minute
P = bit pressure drop in Pa
Q DP
1714
Where:
Q = Flowrate in gallons/minute
P = bit pressure drop in psi
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Horsepower
Q DP ?
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Q maximum
Q optimum
Q minimum
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Q Minimum
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Q Maximum
Hole erosion
-
E.C.D. effects
-
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Setting QMinimum
Hole Cleaning:
- Rule of Thumb (v = 0.3 to 0.8 m/s)
- Observation (experience)
- Slip Velocity (Stokes or other)
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Setting QMaximum
Hole Erosion
-
Turbulent Flow
Strength of Formation Being Drilled
E.C.D. Effects
-
Mud Rheology
Fracture Gradient
R.O.P. Reduction
Pump Capacity
-
Pressure Limits
Flow Rate Limits
Horsepower Limits
Surface Equipment Pressure Limitations
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Setting QMaximum
Surface Volume Handling and Treating
Capacity
-
Equipment Wear
-
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Dp b Dp p Dp v
Pump pressure
System losses
H b Dp b q q Dp p Dp v
Flow rate
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2 Dp b
vn
v n cd
2 Dp b
cd = 0,95 - 0,98
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0.57 x Psystem
Psystem is limited by equipment and power available.
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0.47 x Psystem
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Setting QOptimum
Maximizing ROP
Cutting transport
Pump limitation
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vj max
Hb max
HHP
Fj max
HIF
Pump pressure
pp [MPa]
25,00
25,00
25,00
Flow rate
qopt
[L/min]
800
1019
1209
pb [MPa]
18,66
15,69
11,33
pv [MPa]
6,34
9,31
13,67
Hp [kW]
333
425
504
Hb [kW]
248,77
266,50
228,31
Impulse force
Fj [N]
2675,88
3146,22
3312,30
Jet velocity
vj [m/s]
171,13
156,91
133,33
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80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
vj
HHP
HIF
optimization concept
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Hb
250
Fj
vj [m/s]
Hb [kW]
200
3000
2500
2000
150
1500
vj
100
50
Fj [kW]
300
1000
500
0
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
Pump rate[L/min]
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Surface pipes
Mud Hose
Swivel
Kelly
1,86
q
Dp C
z
C = Pressure loss coefficient
z = Unit coefficient
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Vortex
Nozzles
Clean Sweep
Mudpick
Switchblade
Asymmetric
Nozzles
All pictures courtesy of Schlumberger
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