Professional Documents
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Portland Cements
Portland Cements
CHE- 3301
Air Entrainment- Increase the resistance of the hardened concrete to scaling from
alternate freezing and thawing and the use of de-icers.
MANUFACTURING PROCEDURES
TWO TYPES OF MATERIALS:
RICH IN CALCIUM (calcareous)
-Limestone
-chalk
RICH IN SILICA (argillaceous)
-clay
CEMENT ROCK
-
Made from argillaceous limestone that is found in New Jersey and the Lehigh
District of Pennsylvania.
GYPSIUM
- Added to regulate the setting time of the cement.
CEMENT CLINKER
-
WET PROCESS the solid material, after dry crushing, is reduced to a fine state of
division in wet tube or ball mills and passes as a slurry through bowl classifiers or
screens.
DRY PROCESS the materials may be roughly crushed, passed through gyratory and
hammer mills, dried, sized, and more finely ground in tube mills, followed by air
separators
COMPOUNDS IN CEMENT
Portland cements contain a mixture of compounds present in amounts partly
dependent on the degree of attainment of equilibrium conditions during burning.
SETTING AND HARDENING OF CEMENT
Hydration products have very low solubility in water.
group
is
the
SUPERPLASTICIZER
NAPHTHALENE
MARCUS POLLIO In his book De Architectura he deals with the use of lime for
mortar involved in the construction of harbor works and buildings.
USES AND ECONOMICS
Used for medicinal purposes, insecticides, plant and animal food, gas absorption,
precipitation, dehydration and causticizing.
Reagent in the sulfite process.
Use for mortar and plaster and serves as a basic raw material in the production
of calcium salt and improving the quality of certain soils.
TYPES OF LIMES
HYDRAULIC LIME obtained from the burning of limestone containing clay.
HIGH-CALCIUM-CONTENT LIME harden only with the absorption of calcium
dioxide from the air.
MAGNESIUM LIME (dolimes) work better under the trowel.
REFRACTORY LIME refractory patching material in open hearth furnaces
HYDRATED LIME finding increased favor in the building trades over the less
stable quicklime.
QUICKLIME almost invariably slaked or hydrated before use.
MANUFACTURE
LIME
has always been a cheap commodity because limestone deposits are readily
available in so many sections of United States.
It is produced from limestone near centers of consumption so that freights costs
are low.
GYPSIUM
Mineral that occurs in large deposits throughout the world.
Hydrated calcium sulfate.
CALCINATED GYPSIUM can be made into wall plaster by the addition of the
filler material such as asbestos, wood pulp, or sand.
ANHYDRITE anhydrous calcium sulfate.
MISCELLANEOUS CALCIUM COMPOUNDS
CALCIUM CARBONATE very widely used industrial chemical in both its pure
and impure contents.
CALCIUM SULFIDE made reducing calcium sulfate with coke.
HALIDE SALTS