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Satellite
Satellite
Contacts:
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EE5404
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
Contents
EE5404
Introduction
1 Introduction
1.1 Satellite Communication Systems
& Applications
basic elements and applications
1.2 Some Issues in System Design
EE5404
Introduction
It is important to note the common and different characteristics between the SCS and
other wireless communication systems.
EE5404
Introduction
Basic Systems
System
Space
segment
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Ground
segment
Technology
missile
+ microwave
Satellite
Basic Systems
downlink
TT&C
Ground
Station
uplink
Telemetry Tracking and Command (TT&C)
To control satellite and monitor satellites performance.
Earth
Station
A typical FSS system
EE5404
Introduction
Satellite
Basic Systems
Aircraft
Ship
Fixed
Network
EE5404
Introduction
satellite
Basic Systems
Direct-to-home
Reception
Gateway
Community
Reception
Program
Source
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Introduction
10
Basic Elements
Molniya Orbit
Space Segment
Ground Segment
Any satellite communication system
consists of at least one satellite and several
terminals on the earth. The basic elements
include the satellite, earth stations, and the
orbit, where the satellite is moving on.
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Introduction
11
Basic Elements
Space
Segment
Satellites
Payloads
Platform
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receiving antennas
transmitting antennas
all the electronic equipment
Electric power supply
Temperature Control
Altitude and orbit control
Propulsion equipment
TT&C equipment
Introduction
12
Basic Elements
Ground
Segment
Terrestrial Networks
All Earth Stations
Earth
Stations
OF
Introduction
13
Basic Elements
HPA
Earth
Station
upconverter
baseband
processing
feed
system
LNA
drive
motors
modulator
downconverter
tracking
system
interface
demodulator
from/to
terrestrial
systems
A typical earth station usually include the elements used in any wireless communication systems.
They are roughly classed into two parts, transmitting and receiving parts.
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Introduction
14
Services
Voice, data,video
Satellite
Broadcasting
Network
Cost
Technology
Data
Collection
Network
network
To be discussed
Link
Design
System
Design
Selection
of
radio
frequency
Application
Propagation
Technology
Regulation
Spectrum
Modulation
Coding
...
The target of system design is the high signal quality. The important issues include kinds of services, cost
of system, status of technology, network in use. The most important consideration is the selection of the
radio frequency. The selection of the RF is strongly dependent on these factors.
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Introduction
15
Wavelength, m
108-104
104-103
103-102
102-10
10-1
1-10-1
10-1-10-2
10-2-10-3
310-5-310-9
Designation
Very low frequency (VLF)
Low frequency (LF)
Medium frequency (MF)
High frequency (HF)
Very high frequency (VHF)
Ultra high frequency (UHF)
Super high frequency (SHF)
Extremely high frequency (EHF)
Infrared, visible light, ultraviolet
This is electromagnetic frequency spectrum. Of them, the bands of 3-300GHz is used for various radio
applications, such as radar and communications.
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Introduction
16
F requency range, G H z
1-2
2-4
4-8
8-12
12-18
18-27
27-40
40-300
Introduction
17
Frequency for uplink is always higher than frequency for downlink! Why?
Introduction
18
Introduction
19
Conclusions
Brief introduction of SCS
Basic elements of SCS
Main applications of SCS
Allocations of frequency for satellite
International organizations for SCS
We just snapshot the satellite communication systems and their main applications.
Compared to other wireless communication systems, the key features of the SCS are their
radio link and operation frequency. Therefore, the system design strongly depends on the
link design. In the following lectures, we are going to discuss the issues related to the link
design.
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Introduction
20
GPS
Global Positioning System!
What is GPS?
Why GPS?
How does GPS work?
.
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Introduction
21
What is GPS?
The GPS is a worldwide radio-navigation system formed from a constellation of 24
satellites and their ground stations.
GPS uses these "man-made stars" as reference points to calculate positions accurate to a
matter of meters. In fact, with advanced forms of GPS you can make measurements to
better than a centimeter!
In a sense it's like giving every square meter on the planet a unique address.
GPS receivers have been miniaturized to just a few integrated circuits and so are
becoming very economical. And that makes the technology accessible to virtually
everyone.
These days GPS is finding its way into cars, boats, planes, construction equipment, movie
making gear, farm machinery, even laptop computers. Soon GPS will become almost as
basic as the telephone. Indeed, it just may become a universal utility.
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Introduction
22
Why GPS?
Trying to figure out where you are and where you're going is probably one of
man's oldest pastimes.
Navigation and positioning are crucial to so many activities and yet the process
has always been quite cumbersome.
Over the years all kinds of technologies have tried to simplify the task but
every one has had some disadvantage.
The result is the Global Positioning System, a system that's changed
navigation forever
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Introduction
24
To decide which one is our true location we could make a fourth measurement. But usually
one of the two points is a ridiculous answer (either too far from Earth or moving at an
impossible velocity) and can be rejected without a measurement. A fourth measurement
does come in very handy for another reason however, but we'll tell you about that later.
Next we'll see how the system measures distances to satellites.
1.Position is calculated from distance measurements (ranges) to satellites.
2.Mathematically we need four satellite ranges to determine exact position.
3.Three ranges are enough if we reject ridiculous answers or use other tricks.
4.Another range is required for technical reasons to be discussed later.
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Introduction
26
http://www.trimble.com/index.htm
http://www.allgps.com/
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Introduction
27
Problems:
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Introduction
28