MCS assignment

Submitted by:
Apratim Jaiswal (2k11/EC/031)
Arpit Srivastava (2k11/EC/032)
Arpit Maheswari (2k11/EC/033)
Arun Dhyani (2k11/EC/034)
Arun Goyal (2k11/EC/035)
Arunabh Aggarwal (2k11/EC/036)
Ashima Bhatnagar (2k11/EC/037)
Ashish Jain (2k11/EC/038)
Ashutosh Nautiyal (2k11/EC/039)
Atish (2k11/EC/040)

1G, 2G, 3G, 4G: THE EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS GENERATIONS

From the roots of analog based first generation service (1G) to todays truly broadband-ready
LTE networks (now accepted as 4G), the wireless industry is on a path that promises some
great innovation in our future.
Technology from manufacturers is advancing at a stunning rate and the wireless networking
is tying our gadgets together with the services we demand. In just the past 10 years, we have
seen an astonishing evolution of wireless service we use every day.

With the
exponential
evolution, there
has been equally
exponential
growth in use of
the services,
taking
advantage of the
recently
available
bandwidth
around the
world. This year,
we saw data
usage around the
globe exceed 1
exabyte in a
month. 1EB is the same as 1 billion gigabytes, 1,000,000,000GB. That is a lot of data no
matter who is using it.
It should surprise no one that the smartphone revolution is fueling this growth, and by 2017,
half of all mobile devices in the world will be smartphones. The key to keeping users happy
is network performance and good value for the money.

From the looks of it, we are on track to seeing continued network performance improvements
and increasingly easier access to smartphones as developing markets hop on the bandwagon.

2G
Evolution
0G Networks
Represents the 1st Generation of mobile telephony, where satellite phones were developed and
deployed for boats mainly but anyone could get one in ones car in the beginning of the 90s
for several thousand dollars. Networks such as Iridium, Global Star and Eutelsat were truly
worldwide.

1G Network
Provided the facilities of making voice calls and sending text messages. (NMT, AMPS,
TACS) are considered to be the first analog cellular systems, which started in early 1980s.
The greatest disadvantage 1G had was that it only allowed to contact within the premises of
that particular nation, NO CROSS OPERATOR ROAMING FACILITIES were provided.

2G Network
2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Second generation
(2G) cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland
by Radiolinja in 1991. Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their predecessors were

The phone conversations were digitally encrypted

2G systems were significantly more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater
mobile phone penetration levels;
2G introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages.

2G technologies enabled the various mobile phone networks to provide the services such as
text messages, picture messages and MMS (multi-media messages). All text messages sent
over 2G are digitally encrypted, allowing for the transfer of data in such a way that only the
intended receiver can receive and read it. It delivered data at a rate of 9.6 Kbytes/sec.

Merits of 2g technologies
Originating in the Europe, the 2g technology is used in more than two hundred countries in
the world today.
1)The first among the many 2g technology advantages is that the digital signals require very
little battery power. Therefore it means that the mobile batteries can last longer.
2)Digital coding also reduces the noise in the line, thus improving the clarity of the voice.
Moreover; digital signals are looked upon as environment friendly.
3) lower power emissions have also helped in dealing with health concerns. Nobody wants
any unforeseen health concerns arising due to the use of any technology.
4)The introducing of digital data services, such as SMS and email is one of the many 2g
technology advantages.
5)Moreover, it is not possible to have two or more "cloned" handsets having the same phone
number, under 2 g technologies. This has helped in reducing any chances of fraud to a
minimum.
6)Improved privacy is another added advantage of 2g technology, which was not possible
with the earlier technologies. 2G phones are greatly more private than 1G phone, as the calls
on the digital cells are almost impossible to eavesdrop on by use of radio scanners.
7)The use of digital data service with 2g technology has helped mobile network operators to
provide the SMS or short message services to any mobile network at any time over the
cellular phones.

Demerits of 2G technology
1)Weaker digital signal

Some areas which are less populated, if the digital signals are weak, they will not be
sufficient enough to reach a cell tower. This particular problem is more often on 2G systems
positioned on higher frequencies. For 2G systems deployed on lower frequencies, this is not a
problem. Regulations about where 2G can be deployed may vary from country to country.
However, this is looked upon as one of the main disadvantage of 2g technology.
2)Angular decay curve
One of the other disadvantages of 2g technologies is due to the fact that the digital signal has
jagged decay curve, unlike the Analog, which has a smooth decay curve. Under unfavorable
conditions, digital will have occasional dropouts, and may fail completely if the conditions
worsen.
3)Reduced range of sound
The digital calls, although are free of static and background noise, the use of lossy
compression by the codecs takes a toll and the range of sound that they transmit is reduced.
You may hear less of the tonality of someone's voice conversing on a digital cellphone, which
is one of the drawbacks of 2g technology.
Some of the other disadvantages of 2g technologies are that the pulse nature of TDMA
transmission used here often interferes with some electronics, like certain audio amplifiers.
Moreover, as the intellectual property is concerted among a few industry members, it creates
obstacles for new entrants. This in turn limits the competition among phone manufacturers.
Another disadvantage of 2g technology is that GSM has a fixed maximum cell site range of
35 km, which is imposed by technical limitations.

2.5 GENERATION
2.5G, which stands for "second and a half generation," is a cellular wireless technology
developed in between its predecessor, 2G, and its successor, 3G. The term "2.5G" usually
describes a 2G cellular system combined with General Packet Radio Services (GPRS), or
other services not generally found in 2G or 1G networks. The main focus of 2G is to provide
voice services and utilize circuit switching mainly. GPRS is a service commonly associated
with 2.5G technology. It has data transmission rates of 28 kbps or higher. GPRS came after
the development of the Global System for Mobile (GSM) service, which is classified as 2G
technology, and it was succeeded by the development of the Universal Mobile
Telecommunication Service (UMTS), which is classified as 3G technology. The advantages
that 2.5G provides are a result of the previous difference. Mainly, the increased data speed
ranging from 56kbps to 115kbps. Probably the most important service provided by 2.5G is
web browsing via WAP. WAP is a simplified version of websites that are necessary because
mobile phones back then were unable to render full web pages due to very weak hardware.
Although very simple, it still provided a basic level of web interaction that was not available
till then. A 2.5G system may make use of 2G system infrastructure, but it implements a

packet-switched network domain in addition to a circuit-switched domain. This does not

necessarily give 2.5G an advantage over 2G in terms of network speed, because bundling of
timeslots is also used for circuit-switched data services (HSCSD). It just needs compatible
handsets and a few modifications to the base stations. But the new features it implements
make it very worthwhile for both the telecoms and the subscribers.
The services and infrastructure of a 2.5G network may be used on a per-transaction basis
rather than a per-minute-of-use basis, thanks to its packet-switched domain. This makes its
infrastructure more efficient and improves the service delivery. This impetus is known as the
"always-on" capability.
Another new feature provided by 2.5G is the ability to send and receive photos and videos via
MMS, or the Multimedia Messaging Service. This uses the packet switched network, pretty
much like the internet to deliver the multimedia content from the one phone to the other. This
service is not possible without the new 2.5G technologies. It just needs compatible handsets
and a few modifications to the base stations. But the new features it implements make it very
worthwhile for both the telecoms and the subscribers. 2.5G was classified as such because it
did not really provide adequate speed like true 3G does. It also uses the transmitters and other
infrastructure of the older 2G networks. 3G typically operates in separate frequencies than 2G
and 2.5G uses, thus allowing mobile phones to switch from one to the other when
Capable.

MERITS:1. 2.5G implements packet switching along with the circuit switching in 2G
2. 2.5G has much faster data rates than 2G
3. 2.5G allows limited web browsing while 2G does not
4. 2.5G has MMS services while 2G does not

3G
3G, short form of third generation, is the third generation of mobile telecommunications
technology. This is based on a set of standards used for mobile devices and mobile
telecommunications use services and networks that comply with the International Mobile
Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications by the International
Telecommunication Union. 3G finds application in wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet
access, fixed wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV.

3G telecommunication networks support services that provide an information transfer rate of

at least 200 kbit/s. Later 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile
broadband access of several Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers.
This ensures it can be applied to wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed
wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV technologies.
Several telecommunications companies market wireless mobile Internet services as 3G,
indicating that the advertised service is provided over a 3G wireless network. Services
advertised as 3G are required to meet IMT-2000 technical standards, including standards for
reliability and speed (data transfer rates). To meet the IMT-2000 standards, a system is

required to provide peak data rates of at least 200 kbit/s (about 0.2 Mbit/s). However, many
services advertised as 3G provide higher speed than the minimum technical requirements for
a 3G service. Recent 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile
broadband access of several Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile modemsin laptop computers.
The communication spectrum between 400 MHz to 3 GHz was allocated for 3G. Both the
government and communication companies approved the 3G standard. The first precommercial 3G network was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1998, branded as
FOMA. It was first available in May 2001 as a pre-release (test) of W-CDMA technology.
The first commercial launch of 3G was also by NTT DoCoMo in Japan on 1 October 2001,
although it was initially somewhat limited in scope; broader availability of the system was
delayed by apparent concerns over its reliability.
The first network to go commercially live was by SK Telecom in South Korea on the CDMAbased 1xEV-DO technology in January 2002. By May 2002 the second South Korean 3G
network was by KT on EV-DO and thus the South Koreans were the first to see competition
among 3G operators.
3G networks offer greater security than their 2G predecessors. By allowing the UE (User
Equipment) to authenticate the network it is attaching to, the user can be sure the network is
the intended one and not an impersonator. 3G networks use the KASUMI block cipher
instead of the older A5/1 stream cipher. However, a number of serious weaknesses in the
KASUMI cipher have been identified. In addition to the 3G network infrastructure security,
end-to-end security is offered when application frameworks such as IMS are accessed,
although this is not strictly a 3G property.

Application of 3G
The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gives rise to applications not
previously available to mobile phone users. Some of the applications are:

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Location-based services

Mobile TV

Telemedicine

Video Conferencing

Video on demand

Merits of 3G:

Overcrowding is relieved in existing systems with radio spectrum

Bandwidth, security and reliability are more

Provides interoperability among service providers

Availability of fixed and variable rates

Support to devices with backward compatibility with existing networks

Always online devices 3G uses IP connectivity which is packet based

Rich multi media services are available

The 3G mobile can be used as a modem for a computer which can access internet and
can download games and songs at high speed.

3G technology provides high quality voice calls and video calls.

View live TV broadcasting in mobile. Get weather updates and news headlines in
mobiles.

3G increases bit rate which helps the service providers to provide high speed internet
facility and many applications to its customers.

3G devices can provide data transmission speed upto 2Mbits/s when used in
stationary mode

Provides multimedia services such as sharing of digital photos and movies.

This technology provides real time multi player gaming and location-based services.

3G allows users to be online all the time.

3G also includes mobile office services, like virtual banking and online selling.

Teleconferencing at work is one of the best applications.

Demerits of 3G:

The cost of cellular infrastructure , upgrading base stations is very high

Needs different handsets.

Roaming and data/voice work together has not yet been implemented

Power consumption is high

Requires closer base stations and are expensive

Spectrum-license costs, network deployment costs and handset subsidies subscribers

are tremendous.

Upgrading the base station and cellular infrastructure to 3G incurs very high costs.

Service provider has to pay high amount for 3G licensing and agreements.

Problem with the availability of handsets in few regions and their costs.

High power consumption

4G
4G, short for fourth generation, is the fourth generation of mobile
telecommunications technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G. A 4G system, in addition
to the usual voice and other services of 3G, provides mobile broadband Internet access, for
example to laptops with wireless modems, to smartphones, and to other mobile devices.
Potential and current applications include amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming
services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, 3D television, and cloud computing.
TeliaSonera was the first operator in the world to commercially launch 4G. It was in
late 2009, in the city centres of Stockholm and Oslo. A year later, 4G was launched in
Finland. In 2014 TeliaSonera offers 4G services in 10 countries.
With 4G, the fourth generation of mobile telephony, the users can reach mobile broadband
speed up to ten times higher than of Turbo-3G, or 80 Mbit/s in optimal conditions. 4G is
based on the LTE technology (Long Time Evolution), an international standard and a
complete IP based technology for data transmission.

MERITS

The most obvious advantage of the 4G mobile network is its amazing speed.
Increased bandwidth leads to much faster data transfer speed, which is especially
advantageous for mobile devices. Users of the 4G network get the advantage of
superior, uninterrupted connectivity, especially for advanced tasks such as video
chats and conferences. Considering the younger generation of mobile device users,
they can stream music, videos and movies at a much faster rate than ever before
and can also easily share information online. 4G is 10 times faster than 3G.

4G networks have extremely high voice quality. WiMAX, LTE, and HSPA+ are all
versions of 4G, WiMAX is used by Sprint, LTE is used by Verizon and AT&T,
HSPA+ is used by AT&T and TMobile.

4G networks offer much more coverage than other systems such as WiFi, which
forces users to depend upon hotspots in each area you visit. Since 4G offers a
coverage of 30 miles and more, as also overlapping network ranges, users would be
assured of complete connectivity at all times.

One of the biggest problems with WiFi networks is that of online security. This is
especially true for mobile devices. 4G networks offer complete privacy, security and
safety. This is especially beneficial for corporate establishments and business persons,
who hold sensitive information on their respective mobile devices.

4G networks are quite affordable these days, what with pricing schemes being
considerably slashed to fit users budgets. Of course, this type of connectivity is more
expensive than traditional WiFi networks, but it also has a lot more advantages to
offer to users.

This network also offers users several options to choose from, as regards plans and
equipment to connect to the 4G network. Many mobile carriers also offer special
introductory offers for new customers, which works out to be very reasonable for
them.

Provides mobility\

More Flexible and Reliable

Easier to Standardise.

Global access, service portability, and scalable mobile services.

Seamless switching.

Better spectral efficiency.

Better scheduling and call admission control techniques.

DEMERITS

Though the concept of 4G mobile networks is steadily gaining popularity,

connectivity is still limited to certain specified carriers and regions. Of course, the
number of cities that have 4G coverage is increasing by the day. However, it would
take its own time for this network to be available in all the major cities of the world.

It is expensive and hard to implement as it needs complex hardware. Though the

hardware compatible with 4G networks is available at much cheaper rates today than
earlier, the fact remains that this new equipment would necessarily have to be
installed in order to supply these services. This would prove to be a cumbersome
process for most mobile carriers planning to launch these services.

Since 4G mobile technology is still fairly new, it will most likely have its initial
glitches and bugs, which could be quite annoying for the user. Needless to say, these
teething troubles would be sorted out in due course of time, as well as with increase in
network coverage.

4G mobile networks use multiple antennae and transmitters and hence, users would
experience much poorer battery life on their mobile devices, while on this network.
This would mean that they would have to use larger mobile devices with more
battery power, in order to be able to stay online for longer periods of time.

Users would be forced to make do with 3G or WiFi connectivity in the areas that
do not yet have 4G mobile network coverage. While this is a problem in itself, the

worse issue is that they would still have to pay the same amount as specified by the
4G network plan. This loophole has already resulted in many disgruntled customers.
This situation can only be resolved once mobile carriers expand their 4G network
coverage to include more regions.

Consumer is forced to buy a new device to support the 4G as it is impossible to make

your current equipment compatible with the 4G network.

Higher data prices for consumers.

New frequencies means new components in cell towers.

References

http://www.angelfire.com/nd/ramdinchacha/MAY01.html

http://www.3g.co.uk/All%20About%203G.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G

http://www.2gprod.com/advantages-2g-technology-review.html

Telecommunication Switching System and Network

(By Thigarajan Vishwanatham)