Proponents of outcomes research believe that which one of the .

1
?following is true
.Outcomes research is synonymous with pharmacoeconomics

.A

We should measure not only the clinical and cost impacts of health
care, but also the outcomes that take the patients perspective into
.account

.B

Only clinical effects, and not functional status or well-being, should

.be included as outcomes

.C

.All outcomes research is pharmacoeconomic research

.D

The economic, clinical, and humanistic outcomes (ECHO) model .2

recognizes the existence of intermediate outcomes. Which one of the
?following is an example of an intermediate outcome
.A. A patients physical functioning or mental wellbeing
.B. A specific laboratory value
.C. The total cost of hospitalization
D. Adherence to a drug regimen

Which one of the following statements best describes economic .3

?outcomes
The direct, indirect, and intangible costs compared with the
.consequences of medical treatment alternatives

.A

.The medical events that occur as a result of a disease or treatment

The consequences of a disease or treatment on a patients
.functional status or quality of life

.C

.The cost-savings associated with a disease or treatment alternative

?Which one of the following best represents a direct medical cost .4

.A. Pain
.B. Transportation
.C. Mortality
D. Medical professional time

.B

.D

Lost productivity is an example of which one of the following cost .5

?categories
.A. Direct medical cost
.B. Direct nonmedical cost
.C. Indirect cost
.D. Intangible cost

Which one of the following statements regarding the perspective of .6

?economic evaluations is true
Economic evaluations are valid only if conducted from a single
.perspective

.A

B. Economic evaluations can be conducted from multiple

.perspectives
Economic evaluations should only be conducted from

.C

.the perspective of the patient

Society is the only valid perspective for economic

.D

.evaluations

From the perspective of a provider, which one of the following is a direct .7

?cost of health care
The amount paid out-of-pocket by patients directly to their

.A

.physicians for a clinic visit

.B. The patient charge for a visit to an emergency department
.C. The prescription cost of insulin at the community pharmacy
The salary of the clinical pharmacist who monitors a patients
.therapy

.D

From the perspective of an employer, indirect costs are best described .8

?by which one of the following
.A. Hospitalization costs borne by the patient
.B. Drug effects on patient functioning
C. Loss of patient income associated with missed

.workdays
.D. Family care giving costs
The costs and consequences of health care can be different depending .9
on the perspective of the evaluation. Costs from a patients perspective
?are best described as which one of the following
.A. Essentially, what patients are charged for a product or service
,B. Essentially, the true cost of providing a product or service
.regardless of the charge
C. Essentially, the charges allowed for a health care product or
.service
,D. Essentially, the cost of giving and receiving medical care
.including patient morbidity and mortality

?Which one of the following constitutes a full economic evaluation .10

Two antibiotics are compared and relative cure rates are

.A

.determined
The costs for treatment of hypertension by general practice

.B

physicians, versus pharmacists, are considered in light of the blood

.pressure control achieved
The costs and efficiency of treatment of hypercholesterolemia
.with a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor are determined
The acquisition costs of two therapeutically equivalent
.antihypertensive agents are compared

.D

.C