Ec 1110-2-288 Standard Designs For Lock Dam and Waterway Signs

CECW-ED
CECW-OD
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Washington, DC 20314-1000
Circular
No. 1110-2-288
EC 1110-2-288
28 February 1997
EXPIRES 31 March 1998

Engineering and Design
STANDARD DESIGNS FOR
LOCK, DAM, AND WATERWAY SIGNS
1. Purpose. This circular transmits information to be used as interim guidance for the structural design of Lock,
Dam, and Waterway signs. This manual supplements EP 310-1-6a and EP 310-1-6b, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Sign Standards Manual. Guidance for implementation, engineering recommendations, and standard structural designs
for the Lock, Dam, and Waterway signs are provided.
2. Applicability. This applies to all HQUSACE elements and USACE commands having responsibilities for the
design and maintenance of Lock, Dam, and Waterway Signs.
3. Discussions. This circular provides guidance for implementing standard designs of Lock, Dam, and
Waterway sign panels design and fabrication. The existing EP 310-1-6a and 6b, Chapter 14, does not fully address
design and fabrication of the sign panels, framing, and supports. The benefits of this document are 1) cost savings
resulting from standardization of sign panels and material selection, and 2) resulting ease of fabrication. Additional
guidance for the design of sign support structures will be provided at a later date.
4. Action Required. This manual should be used as interim guidance pending final publication. This manual
was prepared by St. Paul District, Mandatory Center of Expertise (MCX) for Waterway Signs. Any comments
regarding improvements and/or clarifications during this interim period are to be submitted to Department of the Army,
St. Paul District, Corps of Engineers (CENCS), 190 Fifth St. E., St. Paul, MN 55101-1638 ATTN: Russel Snyder
(612) 290-5439.
FOR THE COMMANDER:
ROBERT W. BURKHARDT
Colonel, Corps of Engineers
Executive Director of Civil Works
This EC supplements EP 310-1-6a and EP 310-1-6b.
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Washington, DC 20314-1000
Circular
No. 1110-2-288
EC 1110-2-288
28 February 1997
Engineering and Design
STANDARD DESIGNS FOR
LOCK, DAM AND WATERWAY SIGNS
Table of Contents
Subject
Paragraph
Page
Paragraph
Page
Chapter 5
Sign Refurbishing
Chapter 1
Introduction
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Subject
1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4
1-1
1-1
1-1
1-1
Chapter 2
Engineering Recommendations
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sign Standardization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sign Face Fastening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-1
2-2
2-3
2-4
2-1
2-1
2-1
2-1
Chapter 3
Standard Sign Panel Geometry
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Viewing Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Standardizing the Capital Letter Height . . . . . . . .
Standardizing the Sign Panel Dimensions . . . . . .
Chapter 4
Standard Designs
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Standard Wall Mounted Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Standard Sign Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
3-1
3-1
3-2
3-2
4-1
4-1
4-5
4-6
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
Effective Life of Reflective Sheeting. . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Sign Panel Refurbishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
5-1
5-1
5-1
Chapter 6
Sign Implementation
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flow Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Procedure for Standard Legends . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Procedure for Customized Legends . . . . . . . . . . . .
Procedures for Design Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6-1
6-1
6-1
6-1
6-2
6-1
6-2
6-3
6-4
6-5
Appendix A
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A-1
Appendix B
Standard Sign Panel Dimensions . . . . . . . . . .
B-1
Appendix C
Standard Sign Drawings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C-1
Appendix D
Specifications: Lock, Dam
and Waterway Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D-1
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
Chapter 1
Introduction
1-1. Purpose
This manual supplements EP 310-1-6a and EP 310-1-6b, U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers Sign Standards Manual. It specifically
addresses Lock, Dam and Waterway signs (Section 14 of the
Sign Standards Manual). Guidance for implementation,
engineering recommendations, and standard structural designs
for Lock, Dam and Waterway sign panels are provided.
1-2. Applicability
This manual applies to all HQUSACE elements and USACE
commands having responsibilities for the design and maintenance
of Lock, Dam and Waterway signs.
1-3. References
c. Guidance Limitations. The guidance pertains to Lock,

Dam and Waterway signs described in EP 310-1-6a and 6b. The
wall mounted signs and sign panels are designed in accordance
with the stated design criteria. Where the site specific conditions
do not meet the stated design criteria, engineering will be
required on an individual basis.
(1) The guidance presents standard designs for wall mounted
signs. Where signs are installed on walls other than concrete
meeting the design criteria, engineering may be required to verify
the structural integrity of the wall.
(2) Standard sign panels are presented along with spacings
for the sign support structures. Where other support spacings are
used, engineering will be required to verify the design.
The sign panels can be used on many different sign
support structures.
(3) Sign panel support structures require engineering on an
individual basis. Standard designs for sign support structures are
being developed. Interim designs may be obtained from the
MCX for Waterway Signs on a fee-for-service basis.
Related and required publications are listed in Appendix A.

1-4. Scope
a. Overview. This manual presents engineering guidance for
implementation, design, and maintenance of Lock, Dam and
Waterway signs. Readers of this manual should have a thorough
understanding of EP 310-1-6a and 6b (U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers Sign Standards Manual).
b. Guidance. Guidance provided includes engineering
recommendations, standardization of sign panels, sign
refurbishment, guidance on sign implementation and design
criteria for the design of sign supports. Chapter 2 summarizes
engineering recommendations that account for a change to or
clarification of EP 310-1-6a and 6b. Chapter 3 presents standard
sign panel geometry, including standardized letter height and
sign panel dimensions. Chapter 4 presents standard wall
mounted sign designs and standard sign panel designs for the
Lock, Dam and Waterway signs. A guide specification for the
standard designs is included in Appendix D. Chapter 5 presents
sign refurbishment for the standard designs. Chapter 6 presents
guidance on implementation of the standard designs.
1-1
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
Chapter 2
Engineering Recommendations
2-1. General
a. Investigations. Several sign design alternatives were
investigated including current USACE signs, State Department
of Transportation (DOT) sign designs, billboard designs, and
hybrid designs.
The investigation led to new design
recommendations for waterway signs, new material
specifications, and other engineering recommendations.
b. Recommendations. This chapter presents, in general,
recommendations which represent changes to or clarifications of
EP 310-1-6a and 6b. Recommended changes include sign
standardization, material selection, and fastening systems. These
engineering design recommendations have been incorporated
into the standard sign designs.
2-2. Sign Standardization
Standardization of the letter heights and sign panel dimensions
was required to effectively produce a standard design. EP 3101-6a was evaluated as it pertains to Lock, Dam, and
Waterway signs.
a. Sign Sizing. The sign sizing procedures in EP 310-1-6a and
6b, Section D, produce an infinite number of sign sizes that can
not easily be categorized. Standardization of the Lock, Dam, and
Waterway signs was predicated on standardizing the letter
heights and sign panel dimensions. Letter heights are limited to
standard whole numbers, and sign panel dimensions are rounded
to standard increments. Further details are presented in
Chapter 3.
b. Sign System Alternatives. Several sign system alternatives
were studied as part of the evaluation of EP 310-1-6a and 6b.
The findings show that portions of the design intent for Lock,
Dam, and Waterway signs in EP 310-1-6a and 6b were not the
most economical or feasible. As a result, the sign panels were
redesigned to an extruded sign panel system, which is more
economical than a sheet/plate and stringer design. The design
intent for the wall mounted signs was preserved, but expanded to
include larger multi-stringer designs and recommended stringer
spacings. Design details are presented in Chapter 4 for the wall
mounted signs and extruded sign panels.
c. Effective Life. The life of a sign depends on the effective

life of the reflective sheeting, vandalism, and other adverse
events which affect the function of the sign. Procedures for sign
refurbishment are included in the standard design. Details are
presented in Chapter 5.
2-3. Materials
a. Review. A thorough review of aluminum alloys was
conducted to determine the feasibility and economics of the
materials recommended in EP 310-1-6a and 6b. Based upon this
review, and sign industry standards, changes are recommended
for the aluminum alloy of the sign panel. Recommendations
are given for the structural support material.
b. Sign Panels. EP 310-1-6a and 6b specifies aluminum alloy
6061-T6 for the sheeting of the sign panel. The use of 6061-T6
for sign panel sheeting is not recommended. The sheeting shall
be aluminum alloy 5052-H38. The main motivation for the
change was the cost difference, as alloy 5052 is approximately
half the price of 6061. Although the strength of alloy 5052H38 is slightly less than alloy 6061-T6, it has enhanced
corrosion resistance, especially in marine environments.
c. Sign Supports. EP 310-1-6a and 6b specifies a galvanized

steel structure to support the signs. Some sign implementation
plans throughout the USACE are specifying an aluminum
structure for sign supports. The use of galvanized steel is more
feasible than the aluminum due to the lower cost, the higher
availability, and the greater strength. Galvanized steel has a
projected effective life of 40 to 50 years.
2-4. Sign Face Fastening
a. Fastening System Problems. Problems with the fabrication
and installation of larger waterway signs arose from specifying
(per EP 310-1-6a and 6b) the use of welded studs as the main
fastening system for the sign panel stringer supports.
b. Recommendations.
(1) Based upon a review of the fabrication processes and
additional requirements for installation, the use of welded
aluminum studs is not recommended for primary structural
applications. The use of welded studs is allowed for splice bar
connections.
2-1
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
(2) A through-the-sign face fastening system shall replace the
use of aluminum studs, as shown on the standard drawings in
Appendix C of this report (SSD-2 through SSD-5). This
fastening system is widely used within the sign fabrication
industry. A brief justification for the exclusion of welded
studs follows.
c. Welded Studs.
(1) Welded studs are intended to perform so that the weld
connection is stronger than the stud material itself (i.e., the stud
should fail before the weld connection). The failure of a weld
connection on a sign panel may be attributed to problems with
set-up, quality control by visual inspection during fabrication,
and mishandling during shipping and installation. In general, the
sensitivity of the set-up with manual installation inherently
causes the welded studs to be unreliable.
(2) Regarding quality control, according to the American
Welding Society Structural Welding Code - Aluminum,
paragraph 7.17, the acceptance criterion is by visual inspection.
Visual inspection alone can only identify the more severe
welding problems, thus allowing for inconsistency in the strength
of the welds passing the visual inspection.
(3) When designing with welded studs, a certain amount of
failures are to be expected which forces specification of an
unusually large number of welded studs to ensure that the larger
sign panels will perform satisfactorily.
(4) When installing large signs with welded studs, it is
recognized that extra care must be exercised. Although signs can
be braced during installation, the welded studs are not very
forgiving if an excessive amount of flexing occurs during
installation.
(5) The ease of fabrication and the aesthetic value of using
welded studs are countered by the large number of studs
required, the extra cost to minimize damage during installation,
the sensitivity of the set-up, and managing the failure rate of the
studs. The difficulty of assuring a quality product increases the
ultimate cost of the sign.
2-2
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
Chapter 3
Standard Sign Panel Geometry
3-1. General
Sign panels have been standardized to facilitate the creation of a
template design for all sign sizes, as well as to complement the
design, fabrication, and installation. Modifications were made to
the information and procedures in EP 310-1-6a and 6b for the
viewing distance criteria, the selection of the legend letter height,
and the sign panel dimensions.
3-2. Viewing Distance
a. Definition. The viewing distance of a sign is the distance
required to allow time to read the sign, process the information,
and react. The required viewing distance of the sign is site
specific and is affected by many variables as discussed in EP
310-1-6a and 6b.
A complete understanding of the
recommendations and requirements for computing the viewing
distance is required to properly execute this requirement. A
thorough examination of the layout and structural mounting
options available at the site is required to determine the
appropriate viewing distance. The sign placement relative to a
line of vision directly affects the size of the sign legend and panel
dimensions.
b. EP 310-1-6a. The procedures for determining the viewing
distance are outlined in Section 14, pages 14.47 through 14.49.
The procedure consists of determining sign needs, determining
the distances of the warning, danger and restricted zones
approaching the waterway structure(s), determining and locating
site-specific conditions which may affect sign viewing and
readability, and placing the sign at optimum angles to the river to
enhance readability. Two provisions in EP 310-1-6a for sign
placement pertain to viewing distance calculations.
(1) Optimum angle for the sign placement. A 45 degree
angle is recommended which allows for the smallest required
sight distance, and sign panel dimensions, while still maintaining
the required legibility. A formula is provided in EP 310-1-6a for
calculating the required viewing distance, V, given two signs are
placed on opposing sides of the river, at a 45 degree angle to the
direction of the oncoming watercraft. Note that this situation
is extremely simplistic and most sites will require a more
extensive evaluation.
(2) Maximum angle of vision. An angle of 60 degrees to the

normal of the sign face was established in EP 310-1-6a as the
maximum readable rotation of the sign. At angles greater than 60
degrees, the distortion of the sign legend is unacceptable. The
angle of vision, or entrance angle, also affects the reflective
properties of Diamond Grade sheeting. EP 310-1-6a and 6b
requires application of the Diamond Grade sheeting to the sign
panel material such that a vertical orientation of the prisms
is maintained, and the sign is operational to an entrance
angle of 60 degrees.
c. Technical Product Information. 3M Product Bulletin
3970 provides guidance on the properties of the Diamond Grade
reflective sheeting. The reflective properties of the prisms in the
sheeting differ with the orientation of the prisms.
(1) A 90 degree orientation of the prisms corresponds to a
vertical orientation of the Diamond Grade sheeting. This
orientation provides the required reflective properties up to an
angle of vision (entrance angle) of 60 degrees. 3M recommends
vertical orientation for sign placement in "disadvantaged
locations" where the entrance angle between the viewer and the
normal to the sign face was at angles greater than 45 degrees.
(2) A zero degree orientation of the prisms corresponds to
a horizontal orientation of the Diamond Grade sheeting. This
orientation provides the same required reflective properties of the
vertical orientation up to an entrance angle of 45 degrees.
(3) Either a vertical or a horizontal orientation is
recommended for "most driving conditions." Both orientations
provide an optimum performance up to a 45 degree
entrance angle.
d. Recommendations. Based upon its reflective properties,
Diamond Grade sheeting may be applied in either the horizontal
or the vertical orientation, with limitations placed on the angle of
vision (entrance angle) for determining the viewing distance of
the sign.
(1) Vertical Orientation. A vertical orientation of the
Diamond Grade sheeting shall be allowed for Lock, Dam and
Waterway sign panels. The angle of vision (entrance angle)
for vertical orientation shall be limited to 60 degrees (See
Figure 3-1a.).
3-1
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
(2) Horizontal Orientation. A horizontal orientation of the
Diamond Grade sheeting shall be allowed; however, a more
stringent limit shall be placed on the angle of vision for sign
placement. The angle of vision (entrance angle) for horizontal
orientation shall be limited to 45 degrees (See Figure 3-1b.).
3-3. Standardizing the Capital Letter Height
The capital letter height, or legend size, denoted in EP 310-16a and 6b as "A," is directly dependent upon the viewing
distance of the sign. The letter height affects the dimensions
of the sign panel.
a. EP 310-1-6a. Table A (EP 310-1-6a, page 2.6) tabulates
capital letter heights as a function of the viewing distance. A
single capital letter height is assigned to a viewing distance
range. The single letter height corresponds to the largest viewing
distance within the range.
b. Recommendations. Table A (EP 310-1-6a, page 2.6) shall
be used for determining the required capital letter height. The
letter height shall be taken directly from the table and shall not
be interpolated from the range. For viewing distances exceeding
those in Table A, the procedure described on page 2.6 of EP
310-1-6a shall be followed to determine the capital letter height.
a. Angle of Vision with Reflective Sheeting Applied

with Vertical Orientation.
3-4. Standardizing the Sign Panel Dimensions

The dimensions of the sign panels were standardized due to the
large number of unique sign sizes produced using the sign panel
formulas. The standardized sign sizes for the Lock, Dam and
Waterway signs are found in the tables provided in Appendix B
of this report.
a. EP 310-1-6a and 6b. The Lock, Dam and Waterway signs
(Chapter 14) are each assigned a panel formula which is a
function of the legend size (A). The coefficients of the panel
formula were determined from the length of the legend and its
layout on standard grid charts. The formulas produced sign
dimensions to an accuracy of 1/8 inch (3 mm). EP 310-1-6b,
Section D, provides legend worksheets and a general procedure
for dimensioning a Lock, Dam, and Waterway sign legend. The
grid layout charts are found in EP 310-1-6a, Section 7, pages
7.35 through 7.37.
b. Angle of Vision with Reflective Sheeting Applied

with Horizontal Orientation.
Figure 3-1. Angle of Vision Diagram for

Different Reflective Sheeting
Orientations
3-2
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
b. Recommendations. A table is provided in Appendix B of

this report for each standard Lock, Dam, and Waterway sign in
Chapter 14. The signs are split up into two categories, water
viewed and land viewed, and a table of contents is provided for
each category of sign. The required height, width, and left
margin are tabulated for the standard legend sizes. These tables
shall supersede the panel formulas in EP 310-1-6a, Chapter 14.
For custom sign legends, the procedure for standardizing the sign
panel dimensions is outlined in Chapter 6.
(2) The layout of the sign legend shall start from the top and
left side of the sign panel. The top and left margins shall be as
shown on the grid charts in EP 310-1-6a, Section 7, prior to
increasing the sign panel dimensions. The bottom and right
margins shall increase by the amount the dimension was rounded.
The adjusted dimensions do not significantly alter the sign panel
graphic image and have no measurable effect on the sign
legibility.
c. Rounding of Dimensions. Using the procedures for

dimensioning sign panels in EP 310-1-6a and 6b, the panel
dimensions were calculated and rounded up to the nearest 3-inch
(67 mm) or 6-inch (152 mm) increment. The smaller signs in
Chapter 14 with a specified legend size were rounded to the
nearest half-inch increment. It is standard practice in the sign
industry to use panel dimensions on 6-inch (152 mm) and 12inch (305 mm) increments, and it is also required for the
standardized ground mount sign design. Figure 3-2 shows the
effect rounding has on the legend layout and margins.
(1) The legend length shall not be modified. The legend shall
be laid out from the left-hand border, with no modifications to
the dimensions of the letters or spaces specified in EP 310-1-6a
and 6b.
Figure 3-2. Adjustments to Sign Panel

Dimensions
3-3
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
Chapter 4
Standard Designs
(2) Aluminum Design Manual, The Aluminum Association,

Inc., 1994.
4-1. General
(3) Manual of Steel Construction, American Institute of Steel

Construction, 1994.
EP 310-1-6a and 6b provides design intent and engineering

examples for the Lock, Dam, and Waterway signs. The
information provided in EP 310-1-6a is only referential and, as
stands, each sign must be engineered on an individual basis.
Standard engineered designs were developed for wall mounted
signs and larger sign panels. Design criteria for sign support
structures are presented. Standard designs for sign support
structures are being developed.
a. Standard Wall Mounted Signs. Standard designs for wall
mounted signs were developed by expanding the current
WTW-06 specification code (spec. code) design in EP 3101-6a. The current design was expanded to larger signs using
multiple stringers.
b. Standard Sign Panels. A new sign panel design (spec.
code WTW-08A, WTW-08B, WTW-08C and WTW-08D) was
developed using an extruded aluminum sign panel. This type of
sign system is typical of most highway directional and guide
signs (see Figures 4-1 and 4-2). The system balances initial cost,
long-term durability, and sign refurbishment. This design shall
replace the current L-rail/sheet design for large (widths
greater than or equal to 8 feet (2 400 mm) Lock, Dam, and
Waterway signs.
c. Other Waterway Signs. Smaller signs shall use the Lrail/sheet designs using the specified materials in Appendix D of
this report. L-rails for non-wall mounted signs shall be L3x3x1/4
(L 76x76x6.4) aluminum and spaced as shown for wall mounted
signs.
(4) Reflectorized Sign Installation and Handling Guide, 3M,

Traffic Control Materials Division (undated).
b. Structural Loading Criteria.
(1) Dead Loads. Dead load should be based on the unit
weight of the materials used.
(2) Wind Loads. The wind load is considered as a wind
pressure acting over the entire sign panel and support structure.
Permanent Lock, Dam, and Waterway Signs shall be designed
for a wind speed based on a 50-year mean recurrence interval.
(a) Wind load is determined by the following wind
pressure formula:
P = 0.00256(1.3V)2CdCh or
(P = 0.0473(1.3V)2CdCh)
where:
P=
V=
(1.3V) =
Ch =
Cd =
Wind pressure in psf (Pa).

Wind speed in mph (kmph).
Gust speed, 30 percent.
Coefficient for height above ground measured
to the centroid of the corresponding limits of
the loaded area.
Wind drag coefficient.
4-2. Design Criteria

a. General Design Criteria. The guidance presented is
based upon the design criteria in the publications listed
below. The criteria from these references included
structural design criteria, material properties, loads, and
load application. Reference (4) provides an understanding
of how signs are loaded during installation.
(1) Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for
Highway Signs, Luminaries and Traffic Signals 1994,
American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials, 1994.
(b) For the design of sign panels and structural supports, the
wind load depends on the height of the sign above ground level,
the shape of the element subject to the wind, and its geographical
location. Wind load to be applied to the sign supports
themselves shall be in accordance with reference(1) in paragraph
4-2.a above (AASHTO). For low level signs, the wind load
applied to the sign supports is negligible compared to the wind
load applied to the sign panel. Table 4.1 lists the wind load to be
applied to the sign panel for the design wind velocity and Hc.
4-1
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
a. Minnesota Department of Transportation highway sign using Diamond Grade material

and aluminum extrusion panels. Sign size is 8' x 24'.
b. Typical two post sign using one foot aluminum extrusions for sign panel structure.
Figure 4-1.
4-2
Typical highway guide sign.
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
Figure 4-2. Detail of Diamond Grade sheeting face with

horizontal joints.
4-3
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
(c) Hc is defined as the distance measured from the
centroid of the sign panel to the top of the foundation. The
wind pressures are based on signs with an L/W ratio (ratio of
length to width, where L equals the long dimension) equal to
or less than 5 (Cd = 1.2). Where required, the wind load
may be reduced by 7 percent for signs having an L/W ratio
equal to 1 (Cd = 1.12).
(3) Ice Loads. According to AASHTO, ice load is specified
for a majority of the United States, with the exception of the
southern most reaches. The ice load is 3 psf (143.6 Pa) and is
applied around the surfaces of any support members and on
either side of the sign panel. Ice load should not be applied to
both sides of the sign (at the same time) for any given load case.
(4) Seismic Loads. The standard designs do not account for

seismic loadings.
(5) Standard Design. Loads for the standard designs were
applied to the sign structure as shown on Figure 4-3.
c. Structural Design Criteria.
(1) Safety. Allowable stresses and load combinations are
specified in the above cited design criteria references.
(a) The following load combinations are specified in
AASHTO to be used for the design of sign support structures.
DL
DL + W
DL + Ice + (W)
(b) It should be noted that several load cases may be required,
depending on the type of sign structure. Load cases shall
consider the wind from any direction and shall be applied only to
a certain portion of cantilevered and unsymmetrical signs.
Section 2 of AASHTO provides guidance on load application for
different sign configurations.
(2) Deflections. AASHTO provides guidance on deflections
for sign support structures. A polling of industry sources (sign
manufacturers, State departments of transportation, and the
billboard industry) indicated that an industry standard for
deflections of the sign panel is nonexistent.
(a) Generally, for sign support structures, deflections cause
by loadings from wind or ice are not considered critical as long
as the structure will satisfy the specified structural strength
4-4
Figure 4-3. Loads on Sign Structure

design criteria. Structures which are light weight (slender tubes
or open truss type) shall consider the dynamic loadings caused
by the wind load.
(b) Deflections from dead load, especially for cantilevered
structures, should be considered. This type of deflection can
normally be controlled by camber or by limiting the deflection.
(c) The deflection of the sign panel was limited to reduce the
deterioration of the aluminum panel and the reflective glare of
the Diamond Grade sheeting. Because no guidance could be
found in the literature, span ratios for typical highway signs were
determined by analysis. Based on the analysis, the criteria for
limiting the deflection of waterway sign panels shall be L/165.
The specified span ratio is approximately half of that determined
for typical highway signs.
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
Table 4.1 Wind Pressure on Sign Panels, psf (Pa)

Wind Velocity, mph (kmph)
Height, ft (m)
60(97)
70(113)
80(129)
90(145)
100(161)
110(177)
0< Hc <= 14 (4.27)
15(718)
20(958)
27(1293)
34(1628)
42(2011)
50(2394)
14(4.27) <Hc<=29(8.84)
19(910)
25(1197)
33(1580)
42(2011)
52(2490)
63(3016)
29(8.84) <Hc<=49(14.94)
21(1005)
28(1341)
37(1772)
46(2202)
57(2729)
69(3304)
49(14.94)<Hc<=99(30.18)
23(1101)
32(1532)
42(2011)
53(2538)
65(3112)
79(3783)
4-3. Standard Wall Mounted Signs

Standard wall mounted signs are presented in Appendix C of this
report (Drawings SSD-2 through SSD-5). The designs are
labeled with spec. codes WTW-06A through WTW-06C to
account for the number of stringers used on the sign panel. The
designs are a modification of the WTW-06 design shown in EP
310-1-6b, page B.13-6.
a. Design Criteria.
The following were used in the
development of the standard wall mounted signs.
(1) Wind Load. The sign panels and mounting were designed
for a wind load of 30 psf (1 628 Pa). The wind was assumed to
act on either the front or the back side of the sign. The design
wind load corresponds to the following AASHTO parameters.
Wind Speed:
Gust Speed 30 percent
Height Above Ground Level:
Wind Drag Coefficient, Cd:
85 mph
110 mph
0-14 feet
1.2
(a) The above wind speed covers nearly the entire United
States, except for the Atlantic coast, Gulf of Mexico, Upper
Northwest coast, Alaskan coast, and Puerto Rico.
(b) Typically, wall mounted signs are in and around
structures, in areas with less tendency for high wind loads.
Where wind loads are typically in excess of 30 psf (1 628
Pa), the sign panel and mounting shall be designed on an
individual basis.
(2) Ice Load. A 3 psf (144 Pa) ice load was applied to the
front of the sign. Because the sign is mounted on a surface,
significant ice load on the back of the sign is not expected
to occur.
b. Sign Panel. The sign panel is constructed using aluminum
sheeting and L-rails. When the width of the sign is larger than
readily available aluminum sheet sizes, individual aluminum
sheets shall be spliced together to form the sign panel.
Aluminum angles (L-rails) are attached to the sheeting to
distribute the loads from the sign panel sheeting to the wall
mounted angle. The reflective sheeting is applied directly to the
aluminum sheeting.
c. Mounting Angle. The sign panel assembly is mounted to
the wall using a wall mounted support angle. A standard anchor
bolt design for fastening the angle to the wall was developed
using typical expansion anchors, assuming a concrete strength of
3,000 psi (20.7 kPa).
d. Fastening System. A through-the-face fastening system
shall replace the use of aluminum welded studs for most
applications.
(1) Aluminum Sheeting Splices. For large waterway sign
panels requiring disassembly for shipping, the aluminum sheets
shall be spliced using a through-the-face fastening system. For
signs shipped fully assembled, the aluminum sheets may be
spliced using aluminum welded studs.
4-5
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
(2) Sheeting to Stringer Connection. The sign panel sheeting
shall be attached to the aluminum angles using a through-the-face
fastening system with stainless steel bolts.
(3) Angle Mounting Connection. Stainless steel bolts shall be
used for the mounting connections to form pins in both the sign
panel stringer and the wall mounted shelf angle. Two or three
mounting bolts may be used per stringer, as determined by the
standard design (Drawing SSD-2, Table 1). Mounting bolts are
secured to either the panel stringer or wall mounted angle using
a hex nut (see Drawings SSD-3 through SSD-5). When the sign
is installed, the pins are aligned with the receiving holes and the
sign is dropped into place. The sign is then secured with a
locknut at the perimeter mounting bolt connections. Proper
installation of the pin and receiving hole system allows access to
bolts for final attachment and allows secure suspension during
attachment of the final nut assembly.
(4) Anchor Bolt. The standard designs are based on
mounting to a concrete wall. The anchor bolt design is based on
a concrete strength of 3,000 psi (20.7 kPa). The number of
anchor bolts was conservatively estimated to account for the
variability of wall conditions. These signs may be mounted to
other vertical surfaces, provided the surface is structurally
capable of withstanding the loads.
4-4. Standard Sign Panels
Standard sign panels are presented in Appendix C (Drawings
SSD-6 through SSD-11). There are four sign configurations with
the following spec. codes: WTW-08A, WTW-08B, WTW-08C
and WTW-08D. The spec. codes separate the designs by sign
panel size and number of required vertical supports.
a. Design Criteria. The following criteria were used in the
development of the standard sign panels.
(1) Wind Load. The sign panels were designed for wind
loads up to 70 psf (1 628 Pa). The wind was assumed to act on
either the front or the back side of the sign.
(2) Other Loads. Ice load and dead load did not affect the
designs. These loads must be considered when designing sign
support structures.
4-6
b. Sign Panel.
(1) Extruded Panels. The sign panel is constructed using 12inch extruded aluminum sign panels. The panels are stacked on
top of each other and connected with panel bolts. The extruded
panels form the sign face and also act as stringers to transfer the
load to the sign posts.
(2) Reflective Sheeting. The background reflective sheeting
is applied to each of the extruded sign panels before they are
assembled and connected. The reflective sheeting is applied with
a horizontal orientation, creating a horizontal joint every 12
inches. The sheeting shall not span the joint between the
extruded panels. The legend is applied to the fully assembled
panel. Any part of the legend crossing a panel joint shall be cut
along the joint line. The panel is then disassembled into
shippable sizes, which can vary on a sign-by-sign basis.
(3) Angle of Vision. For new signs with an angle of vision
exceeding 45 degrees, vertical orientation of the reflective
sheeting is required. In this case, an aluminum overlay is used
instead of applying the reflective sheeting directly to the extruded
sign panels (see Appendix C, Drawing SSD-12).
(4) Post Clips. The sign panel is connected to the post
using clips. The post clip assembly consists of a T-bolt,
lever clip, nut, and washer. The head of the T-bolt slides
into the slot in the extruded sign panels, and the nut forces
the lever clip to grab onto the post. This is a friction type
connection, and nylon insert locknuts are used to prevent
loosening caused by vibration. The nylon insert also serves
as a deterrent to vandalism.
c. Vertical Supports.. The sign panel requires a vertical
support with a flange on both sides so that a clip may be clamped
to each flange. Typically, galvanized steel W-sections are used
for vertical supports. The required post size depends on the size
of the sign and the height above ground level (HAGL).
Depending on the size of the sign panel, the vertical supports will
act as sign posts. Where three or more vertical supports are
required, a transfer beam may be more economical. Standard
designs for sign supports are being developed. Interim designs
may be obtained from the MCX for Waterway Signs on a fee-forservice basis. In some cases (high HAGL, high H/W ratio or
high wind) for signs mounted on vertical sign posts, the
required number of vertical supports is governed by sign
support structure design. In these cases, the spec. code shall
be changed so the number of vertical supports matches the
number of sign posts required.
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
d. Specification Code WTW-08A. This design is for sign
panels continuous over two vertical supports. At the minimum
wind load of 30 psf (1 437 Pa), the maximum sign width is 24
feet (7 315 mm). At higher wind loads, the limiting width is
shown on the Limiting Panel Width Chart (see Appendix C,
Drawing SSD-6). This sign panel is typically mounted on
vertical sign posts founded at ground level. The sign panel may
be used for other sign configurations, including overhead,
cantilevered, or wall mounted signs.
(2) Overhead and Cantilver Structures. Overhead and

cantilevered structures for this type of sign are usually cost
prohibitive for sign widths exceeding 48 feet (14 630 mm) .
e. Specification Code WTW-08B. This design is for sign

panels continuous over three vertical supports. In general, the
design is for sign widths greater than 24 feet (7 315 mm) but not
exceeding 40 feet (12 162 mm). The 40-foot width is based on
shipping constraints. For wind loads greater than 40 psf (1 915
pa), the limiting sign width is less than 40 feet (see Appendix C,
Drawing SSD-6). The sign panel is typically mounted on vertical
sign posts founded at ground level. The sign panel may be used
for other sign configurations, including overhead, cantilevered,
or wall mounted signs.
f. Specification Code WTW-08C. This design is for sign
panels continuous over four vertical supports. In general, the
design is for sign panel widths of 30 (9 122 mm) to 40 feet
(12 162 mm) subjected to larger wind loads. The 40-foot
(12 162 mm) width is based on shipping constraints. Depending
on the HAGL, the sign panel is typically mounted on two types
of structures. For a lower HAGL, it is mounted on vertical sign
posts founded at ground level. As the HAGL increases, it may
be more economical to provide a transfer beam than to extend
all four vertical supports to ground level. The four vertical
supports are connected to a transfer beam, from which two or
three column posts are extended to the ground. The sign panel
can be used for other sign configurations, including overhead and
cantilevered signs.
g. Specification Code WTW-08D. This design is for sign
panels requiring five vertical supports. The design is intended
for sign panels greater than 40 feet (12 162 mm) wide. Due to
shipping constraints, the panel width is limited to 40 feet,
and two individual sign panels are spliced over the center
vertical support.
(1) Beam and Post. A transfer beam and column posts are
typically used to mount this type of sign panel. A sizable
structure is required for this type of sign panel. Significant
engineering effort should be planned when considering sign
panels of this size.
5-1
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
Chapter 5
Sign Refurbishing
5-1. General
The readability or function of a sign has a finite life, and
signs require refurbishing on a periodic basis. The life of a
sign depends on the effective life of the reflective sheeting,
vandalism, and other adverse events which affect the function
of the sign.
5-2. Effective Life of Reflective Sheeting
a. Degradation. The effective life of the reflective sheeting
is limited by degradation of its reflective properties. The
reflective performance of the sheeting will be reduced by
exposure to direct sunlight. Effective life may be shortened in
areas with warmer climates and for signs facing south. Signs
covered with ice or snow for a prolonged period of time may
have a reduced effective life. Signs which are inundated by
floodwaters for a prolonged period of time may also have a
reduced effective life.
b. Effective Life. The reflective sheeting as specified by the
USACE is warranted for 7 years by the manufacturer. The
effective life can be assumed to be 7 years, and as much as 10
years, depending on the location of the sign and its orientation to
the sun. Of course, signs located in areas with a high incidence
of vandalism could have a much shorter life.
5-3. Sign Panel Refurbishment
The recommended refurbishment plans are based on the
philosophy that much of the initial effort to construct and
fabricate the sign should not be duplicated. This philosophy
provides a low cost means of refurbishment since field
disassembly and large shipments to and from the sign shop are
eliminated. The sign is out of service only during refurbishment.
a. Small Signs (one panel). Small signs can typically be
refurbished by fabricating a new sign panel. The old sign panel
should stay in place until the new panel is ready to be installed.
The old panels should be recycled to help recover the cost of
refurbishment. For wall mount signs (WTW-06A through
WTW-06C), an overlay (see paragraph 5-3. b.) may be more
economical since the sign panel must be removed from the wall
to remove the old sheeting and reattach the new sheeting to the
aluminum stringer.
b.
Large Multi-Panel Signs.
Overlay panels are
recommended to refurbish the face of an existing sign. A
schematic of the overlay system is shown in Appendix C,
Drawing SSD-12. Overlays are thin sheets of aluminum that are
installed over the face of an existing sign.
(1) Overlay Panels. Overlay panels are fabricated using
0.080 inch (2 mm) aluminum sheeting. The long dimension of
overlay panels is vertical. Vertical joints are self-cleaning and
tend to increase the effective life of the sheeting. The vertical
panels provide for a vertical orientation of the Diamond Grade
reflective sheeting, which increases the allowable entrance angle
to 60 degrees. Vertical overlays are much easier to install than
horizontal overlays because the overlay is more stable in the
vertical position.
(2) Application of Reflective Sheeting. The reflective
sheeting background and legend are applied in the same manner
as other sign panels. Because of the color matching
requirements, an entire sign may require overlays for a small area
of damage. Overlay panels are set out as they will be assembled
on the sign, following color matching instructions. The legend
is positioned and applied in the shop and shall be cut where it
crosses the overlay panel joints.
(3) Installation. The installer removes any debris and
generally checks to see that the existing sign panel is flat.
Overlay panels are installed in order. Panels are riveted along
the top edge. Panels should be riveted down the center and then
riveted along the edges from the top down. The second and
subsequent panels are installed by butting the edges and
installing in the same manner.
(4) Shims. Signs having headed fasteners protruding from
the face should have overlay panels shimmed out so that a
smooth, flat surface results. Two- by four-inch shims of the same
overlay material shall be used. Shims are attached at rivet
locations with double-faced tape. The shim thickness shall be
sufficient to smoothly bridge fastener heads. Shims shall be
placed at rivet locations. Shims located at panel edges
should be installed so that adjacent panels can be riveted to
the same shims.
5-1
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
Chapter 6
Sign Implementation
6-1. General
A general procedure for sizing Lock, Dam, and Waterway signs
and determining the appropriate standard design is outlined in
this chapter. Flow charts have been designed to aid the user in
determining the appropriate sign size, whether the legend is
standard to EP 310-1-6a and 6b or customized, and the
appropriate standard design for a wall mounted or ground
mounted sign.
6-2. Flow Charts
Flow charts are provided in this section for determining the
dimensions of the sign panel and the appropriate standard design.
Figure 6-1 shall be used for the standard sign legends in EP 3101-6a, Chapter 14, and Figure 6-2 shall be used for custom sign
legends. Figures 6-3 and 6-4 are extensions of both of these flow
charts for determining the design details.
6-3. Procedure for Standard Legends
Figure 6-1 outlines the procedure for designing Lock, Dam, and
Waterway signs with standard legends. The procedure for
determining the panel size and design details has been simplified
to choosing numbers from tables.
a. Viewing Distance. The viewing distance (V) must be
calculated on a site-by-site basis, with little standardized
guidance provided. The orientation of the Diamond Grade
sheeting on the sign panel must be considered when determining
the required viewing distance and angle of vision.
(1) Vertical Orientation. An angle of vision up to 60 degrees
is allowed.
(2) Horizontal Orientation. The angle of vision must be
limited to 45 degrees.
b. Capital Letter Height. The capital letter height is
determined from EP 310-1-6a, Table A, page 2.6. The capital
letter height shall be taken directly from Table A for the
calculated viewing distance. The letter height shall not be
interpolated from the viewing distance range.
c. Sign Panel Dimensions. The sign panel dimensions

(height and width) shall be taken from the tables in Appendix B
of this report for the required legend size (A) and sign type.
d. Mounting Option. The type of mounting structure will
govern the standard sign panel design. The mounting options
include either a wall mount or ground mount.
(1) Wall Mount Design. The procedure for determining the
wall mount design details is outlined on Figure 6-3. The design
details are found in Appendix C of this report, on Drawings SSD2 through SSD-7, and a description of the design may be found
in Chapter 4.
(2) Ground Mount Design. The procedure for determining
the ground mount design details is outlined on Figure 6-4. The
details of the ground mount designs are found in Appendix C of
this report, on Drawings SSD-8 through SSD-11, and a
description of the design may be found in Chapter 4.
(3) Obtaining Design Details. Section 6-5 describes the
procedure for obtaining the design details for wall mounted and
ground mounted signs.
6-4. Procedure for Customized Legends
Figure 6-2 outlines the procedure for designing Lock, Dam, and
Waterway signs with custom legends. The procedure for
designing custom waterway signs is slightly more detailed than
for the standard sign legends because not all of the information
is contained in tables. Only the deviations from the procedure
for the standard sign legends will be discussed in detail.
a. Sign Panel Formula. The sign panel formula must be
determined for the sign legend using the procedure described in
EP 310-1-6b, on pages D.2 and D.4.
(1) Worksheets. Worksheets are provided in EP 310-1-6b,
Appendix D, for determining the length of the longest line in the
legend. The appropriate type face must be used, depending upon
whether the sign is viewed from land or water.
(2) Grid charts. Grid charts are provided in EP 310-1-6a,
Section 7, pages 7.35 through 7.37, to determine the appropriate
layout of the legend. The grid charts are used to determine the
height and width coefficients of the sign panel formula.
6-1
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
b. Sign Dimensions. Using the legend size (A) and the
calculated panel formula, determine the sign panel dimensions.
For standardization of the panel design, the final dimensions for
the height and width shall be rounded up to the nearest 6-inch
increment.
6-5. Procedures for Design Details
The procedures for determining the wall mount and sign panel
design details have been outlined on Figure 6-3 and Figure 6-4,
respectively. The referenced drawings and tables may be found
in Appendix C of this report.
a. Wall Mount Design Details. The design details for the
wall mount signs are on Drawings SSD-2 through SSD-5.
(1) Table 1 on Drawing SSD-2. Using the sign panel
dimensions (height and width), standard design details such as
the number of stringers, the size of the angle (stringer), the
number of mounting bolts per stringer, and the specification code
number may be determined from Table 1.
(2) Specification Code. The spec. code obtained from Table
1 is used to reference the appropriate standard design details.
Using the appropriate Drawing (SSD-3 through SSD-5), the user
may determine the vertical spacing of the stringers, the size of the
mounting bolt, and the size and minimum embedment of the
anchor bolts, as well as other design details.
b. Sign Panel Design Details. The design details for the sign
panels are on Drawings SSD-6 through SSD-11.
(1) Drawing SSD-6. Drawing SSD-6 shows the standard
designs for sign widths ranging from 8 feet (2400 mm) to 72 feet
(22 000 mm). The wind load for a proposed sign must be
previously determined. Using the sign width (W) and the
required wind load, the appropriate spec. code may be
determined from Drawing SSD-6, Limiting Sign Panel Width
Chart. The sign support structure shall be engineered. If the
sign support structure requires more vertical supports than the
spec. code selected from the chart, then the sign panel spec. code
shall be changed so the number of vertical supports for the sign
panel matches the number of vertical supports for the sign
support structure. There are four standard designs that vary with
the width of the sign and wind load.
6-2
(2) Specification Code. The spec. code required for the sign
panel is used to reference the appropriate design details. Details
for the four designs are found on Drawings SSD-7 through SSD11. Drawing SSD-11 lists the required vertical support spacings
for the four designs.
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
Determine required legend for sign
Is the sign a
Standard Lock, Dam and
Waterway sign from
EP 310-1-6a?
For non-standard sign

legends, see Figure 6-2
No
Yes
Site locate the sign and

determine the viewing distance
and angle of vision
Determine the required letter size

from Table A, page 2.6,
EP 310-1-6a
Determine the dimensions of the sign

using the Standardized Sign Tables
Appendix B, EC 1110-2-288
Yes
Is the sign a wall mount?
See Figure 6-3
No
See Figure 6-4
Figure 6-1. Flow Chart for Sign Panels with Standard Legends.
6-3
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
Determine required legend for sign
Site locate the sign and determine the

viewing distance and angle of vision
Determine the required letter size

from Table A, page 2.6, EP 310-1-6a
Is the sign
viewed from the
water or land?
Water
Viewed
Use Helvetica Medium with extended

letter spacing matrix for water viewing
worksheets pages D.29 and D.32
Land
Viewed
Use Helvetica Bold with bold letter

spacing matrix for land viewing
worksheets pages D.3 and D.9
Determine the length of the sign

legend following the procedure described on
pages D.2 and D.4 of EP 310-1-6b
Determine the sign layout using the grid charts

on pages 7.35-7.37 of EP 310-1-6a
The Sign Manager

Software can be
used here.
Determine the sign panel formulas for sign

dimensions using the longest legend
length and the grid chart
Calculate the sign dimensions

using the panel formula for the sign
Round dimensions up to the

nearest 3- or 6-inch increment
as specified in Appendix B
Yes
No
Are the width

and height mutiples of 3
or 6 inches as specified
in Appendix B?
Yes
Is the sign a wall

mount?
See Figure 6-3
Figure 6-2. Flow Chart for Sign Panels with Non-Standard Legends.
6-4
Dimensions are in 3- or 6-inch

increments as specified in
Appendix B
No
See Figure 6-4
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
No
Does the height

exceed 12 feet?
Standard Drawing SSD-2, Table 1:

Locate height (H) and width (W) from
the sign dimension columns.
Standard Drawing SSD-2, Table 1:

Determine the stringer data, mounting
bolt data, number of anchor bolts, and spec.
code number for the sign panel dimensions.
Yes
Sign panel shall be engineered for

the specific project application.
Prepare engineering drawings to

details and drawings as required
for fabrication.
Reference the standard drawing for

the spec. code (SSD-3 through SSD-5)
Determine the stringer spacing from

the table of vertical dimensions.
Complete project sign order worksheet,

EP 310-1-6b, Section F, Page F.145.
Figure 6-3. Flow Chart for Detailing Wall Mount Signs.
6-5
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
No
Is the required
angle of vision greater
than 45 degrees?
(See Figure 3-1)
Horizontal orientation of
sheeting allowed
Yes
Vertical orientation of
sheeting required
Overlays required for initial sign

installation (See SSD-12)
Determine the panel Specification

Code from Standard Drawing SSD-6
based upon the sign panel
dimensions and wind load.
Engineer the sign support structure.
Yes
Does the number

of required vertical supports
for the sign support structure
match the initial sign panel
spec. code.
Reference the standard drawings

for the initial sign panel spec.
code (SDD-7 thru SSD-11)
No
Select the appropriate sign panel

spec. code for the required
number of vertical supports.
Reference the standard drawing

for the sign panel spec. code
(SSD-7 thru SSD-11)
Figure 6-4. Flow Chart for Detailing Sign Panels.

6-6
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
Appendix A
References
A-1. Required Publications
EP 310-1-6a and EP 310-1-6b
US Army Corps of Engineers Sign Standards Manual.
TM 5-809-1
Structural Design Criteria Loads, Department of the Army and
Air Force, May 1992.
AASHTO
American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials, Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for
Highway Signs, Luminaries and Traffic Signals 1994, 444 North
Capital Street, NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001.
American Society of Civil Engineers (1996)
American Society of Civil Engineers (1996). Minimum Design
Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (Revision of ASCE 793), New York, New York 10017-2398.
American Institute of Steel Construction

American Institute of Steel Construction. LRFD Manual of Steel
Construction (Volume I and II), Second Edition.
American Welding Society

American Welding Society (AWS). Structural Welding Code Aluminum, 1990. ANSI/AWS D1.2-90, Second Edition. 550
N.W. LeJeune Road, P.O. Box 351040, Miami, Florida 33135.
OAAA
Outdoor Advertising Agency of America (1994). OAAA Safety
Manual Guidelines to OSHA, HAZMAT and Other Regulations
Pertaining to the Outdoor Advertising Industry, 1850 M Street,
NW, Suite 1040, Washington, DC 20036.
OAAA
Outdoor Advertising Agency of America (1994). OAAA Plant
Operation Guidelines, 1850 M Street, NW, Suite 1040,
Washington, DC 20036.
3M
3M Incorporated. Reflectorized Sign Installation and Handling
Guide, Traffic Control Materials Division (undated).
3M
3M Incorporated. Durable Sheeting Technical Information
Manual, 3M Traffic Control Materials Division (1992).
A-2. Related Publications
American Aluminum Association
The American Aluminum Association, Inc., Aluminum Design
Manual Specifications and Guidelines for Aluminum Structures,
1994, 900 19th Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20006.
A-1
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
Appendix B
Standard Sign Panel Dimensions
e. WRE-22 and REG-4. Dimensions for signs WRE-22 and

REG-4 were rounded to the nearest half inch.
B-1. General
f. Lake Mile Markers. Dimensions for Lake Mile Marker

signs WPM-01 and WSM-01 were based on an average letter
width and rounded to the nearest inch.
a. Standard Panel Dimensions. The standardized panel

dimensions are tabulated for the Lock, Dam, and Waterway
signs. These dimensions should not be modified without
approval of the MCX for Waterway Signs.
b. Water or Land Viewed. The Lock, Dam, and Waterway
signs are viewed from either water or land. The signs from EP
310-1-6a, Chapter 14, are organized in this Appendix by these
two categories, and are summarized on page B-2.
c. Larger Signs. Signs with an unassigned legend size are
generally larger signs and were rounded up to the nearest 6-inch
increment. These signs are listed below in the order they appear
in EP 310-1-6a:
g. Industrial Safety and Lake Symbol Guide Signs.

Dimensions for Industrial Safety Signs for Waterways (EP 3101-6a, page 14.27) and Lake Symbol Guide signs, WS-000, were
not modified. Dimensions in EP 310-1-6a shall be used when
sizing these signs.
h. Custom Legends. Sign panels with custom legends shall
be rounded up to the nearest 3-inch or 6-inch increment. Where
the legend size is 6 inches or larger, the sign panel shall be
rounded up to the nearest 6-inch increment. Sign panels with a
legend size less than 6 inches shall be rounded up to the nearest
6-inch increment.
WWA-01, 02
WDA-01, 02
WRE-01, 02, 03
WDA-03
WLI-01, 02, 03, 04
WLI-05
WLI-06, 07, 08, 09
WLI-10, 11
d. Smaller Signs. Signs with an assigned legend size are
generally smaller signs and were rounded up to the nearest 3-inch
increment. These signs are listed below in the order they appear
in EP 310-1-6a:
WDA-21, 22, 30
WDA-23, 31
WDA-32, 33, 34
WWA-27, 28, 29
WLI-12
WLI-13
WDA-24, 25
WRE-24
WWA-20
WDA-26, 27, 28, 29
WWA-21, 22, 23, 24
WWA-25, 26, 30
B-1
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
Signs Viewed From the Water

Table
Number
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.22
WDA
Sign Description Number

WWA
WRE
WLI
WPM/WSM
01
02
03
25
34
01
02
22
27, 28
01, 03
02
01, 02, 03, 04
05
06, 07
08, 09
10
11
12
13
01
01
01
Signs Viewed From Land

Table
Number
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
B-2
WDA
21
22
23
24
26, 28
27
29
30
31
32, 33
Sign Description Number

WWA
WRE
WLI
REG
30
21
20
23
24
25
26
29
22
24
4
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
Table 1.1
Signs: WDA-01
Danger
Submerged
Dam 0000 Ft.
Ahead
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
84-111
60
42
12
112-167
90
66
18
168-251
138
96
27
252-335
12
180
126
36
336-503
18
270
192
54
504-671
24
360
252
72
672-839
30
450
318
90
840-1007
36
540
378
108
1008-1175
42
630
444
126
1176-1343
48
720
504
144
1344-1512
54
810
570
162
Table 1.2
Signs: WDA-02
Danger
Dam 0000 Ft.
Ahead
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
84-111
60
36
12
112-167
90
54
18
168-251
138
84
27
252-335
12
180
108
36
336-503
18
270
162
54
504-671
24
360
216
72
672-839
30
450
270
90
840-1007
36
540
324
108
1008-1175
42
630
378
126
1176-1343
48
720
432
144
1344-1512
54
810
486
162
B-3
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
Table 1.3
Signs: WDA-03
Danger
Turbulent
Water
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
84-111
48
36
9.5
112-167
72
54
14.25
168-251
108
84
21.375
252-335
12
144
108
28.5
336-503
18
216
162
42.75
504-671
24
288
216
57
672-839
30
360
270
71.25
840-1007
36
432
324
85.5
1008-1175
42
504
378
99.75
1176-1343
48
570
432
114
1344-1512
54
642
486
128.25
Table 1.4
Signs: WDA-25
Danger
Restricted Area
Keep Off
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
42-55
33
18
6.625
56-83
51
27
10.00
Table 1.5
Signs: WDA-34
Danger
Water Subject to
Sudden Rise
and Turbulence
When Horn Sounds
Proceed Immediately
To Shore
B-4
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
42-55
45
33
8.875
56-83
66
48
13.25
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
Table 1.6
Signs: WWA-01
Warning
Submerged
Dam Ahead
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
84-111
54
36
10.50
112-167
84
54
15.75
168-251
120
84
23.625
252-335
12
162
108
31.50
336-503
18
240
162
47.25
504-671
24
318
216
63.00
672-839
30
396
270
78.75
840-1007
36
474
324
94.50
1008-1175
42
552
378
110.25
1176-1343
48
630
432
126.00
1344-1512
54
714
486
141.75
Table 1.7
Signs: WWA-02
Warning
Dam Ahead
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
84-111
54
30
10.50
112-167
84
48
15.75
168-251
120
72
23.625
252-335
12
162
90
31.50
336-503
18
240
138
47.25
504-671
24
318
180
63.00
672-839
30
396
228
78.75
840-1007
36
474
270
94.50
1008-1175
42
552
318
110.25
1176-1343
48
630
360
126.00
1344-1512
54
714
408
141.75
B-5
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
Table 1.8
Signs: WWA-22
Warning
Submerged
Hazards
Stay Clear
No Mooring
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
42-55
27
27
5.5
56-83
42
39
Table 1.9
Signs:
WWA-27
WWA-28
Warning
B-6
Warning
When Horn Sounds

Beware of Turbulence
When Siren Sounds

Beware of Turbulence
Stay 0000 Ft. Away
Stay 0000 Ft. Away
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
42-55
48
24
56-83
69
33
13.5
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
Table 1.10
Signs:
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
WRE-01
WRE-03
Restricted
Restricted
No Boats
Here to Dam
Keep Back
0000 Feet
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
84-111
66
36
13
112-167
102
54
19.5
168-251
150
84
29.25
252-335
12
198
108
39
336-503
18
294
162
58.5
504-671
24
390
216
78
672-839
30
492
270
97.5
840-1007
36
588
324
117
1008-1175
42
684
378
136.5
1176-1343
48
780
432
156
1344-1512
54
882
486
175.5
Table 1.11
Signs: WRE-02
Restricted
No Boats Beyond
This Sign
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
84-111
72
36
14.5
112-167
108
54
21.625
168-251
162
84
32.5
252-335
12
216
108
43.25
336-503
18
324
162
64.875
504-671
24
432
216
86.5
672-839
30
540
270
108
840-1007
36
648
324
129.625
1008-1175
42
756
378
151.25
1176-1343
48
864
432
172.875
1344-1512
54
972
486
194.5
B-7
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
Table 1.12
Signs:
WLI-01
WLI-02
WLI-03
WLI-04
Lock
Traffic
Keep
Right
Lock
Traffic
Keep
Left
Lock
Lock
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
84-111
36
36
6.375
112-167
48
54
9.5
168-251
72
84
14.25
252-335
12
96
108
19
336-503
18
144
162
38.375
504-671
24
192
210
37.875
672-839
30
240
264
47.25
840-1007
36
288
318
56.75
1008-1175
42
336
372
66.25
1176-1343
48
378
420
75.625
1344-1512
54
426
474
85
Table 1.13
Signs: WLI-05
Arrival
Point
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
84-111
36
24
6.25
112-167
48
36
9.25
168-251
72
54
14
252-335
12
96
72
18.5
336-503
18
144
108
27.875
504-671
24
186
138
37
672-839
30
234
174
46.375
840-1007
36
282
210
55.625
1008-1175
42
330
246
65
1176-1343
48
372
276
74.25
1344-1512
54
420
312
83.5
Note: Sign Panel Formulas in EP 310-1-6a and 6b were incorrect. The

grids from Section 7 and legend worksheets from Section D
of EP 310-1-6a and 6b were used to determine sign panel
dimensions for Tables 1.12 and 1.13.
B-8
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
Table 1.14
Signs:
WLI-06
WLI-07
Stop Here
Wait for
Signal to
Proceed
Stop Here
Wait for
Light to
Proceed
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
84-111
48
36
9.125
112-167
72
54
13.625
168-251
108
84
20.5
252-335
12
138
108
27.375
336-503
18
210
162
41
504-671
24
276
210
54.625
672-839
30
342
264
68.25
840-1007
36
414
318
82
1008-1175
42
480
372
95.5
1176-1343
48
546
420
109.25
1344-1512
54
618
474
122.875
Table 1.15
Signs:
WLI-08
WLI-09
Stay
Right
Stay
Left
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
84-111
30
48
5.5
112-167
42
72
8.125
168-251
66
102
12.25
252-335
12
84
138
16.25
336-503
18
126
204
24.375
504-671
24
162
270
32.5
672-839
30
204
342
40.5
840-1007
36
246
408
48.625
1008-1175
42
288
474
56.75
1176-1343
48
324
540
64.875
1344-1512
54
366
612
73
Note: Sign Panel Formulas in EP 310-1-6a and 6b were incorrect. The grids
from Section 7 and legend worksheets from Section D of EP 310-1-6a and 6b
were used to determine sign panel dimensions for Tables 1.14 and 1.15.
B-9
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
Table 1.16
Signs: WLI-10
Pull Chain
In Recess
For Lockage
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
84-111
54
30
10.625
112-167
84
48
16
168-251
120
66
23.875
252-335
12
162
90
31.875
336-503
18
240
132
47.75
504-671
24
318
174
63.625
672-839
30
402
222
79.5
840-1007
36
480
264
95.5
1008-1175
42
558
306
111.375
1176-1343
48
636
348
127.25
1344-1512
54
720
396
143.125
Table 1.17
Signs: WLI-11
Pull Signal
Cord for
Lockage
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
84-111
48
30
9.625
112-167
72
48
14.5
168-251
108
66
21.625
252-335
12
144
90
28.875
336-503
18
216
132
43.25
504-671
24
288
174
57.625
672-839
30
360
222
72
840-1007
36
432
264
86.5
1008-1175
42
504
306
100.875
1176-1343
48
576
348
115.25
1344-1512
54
648
396
129.625
Note: Sign Panel Formulas in EP 310-1-6a and 6b were incorrect, and

the grids from Section 7 and legend worksheets from Section D
B-10
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
Table 1.18
Signs: WLI-12
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
750
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
Right
Margin, RM
(inches)
0-251
36
21
4.5
252-335
12
48
27
Table 1.19
Signs: WLI-13
Pike Island
Gate Opening
0.00 Ft.
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
0-167
87
48
16.875
NOTES:
1. Table 1.19 is accurate for signs when the gate name on the sign
is shorter than the words "Gate Opening" as shown in the
legend (EP 310-1-6a, page 14.29). When the gate name is
longer, the sign width shall be calculated using the
Helvetica Medium typeface, following the Corps standard width
letter and word spacing (EP 310-1-6b, Appendix D, page D.12).
If the gate name is more than one line, the sign height must be
calculated using Grid 3 (EP 310-1-6a, page 7.37).
2.
Sign Panel Formulas in EP 310-1-6a and 6b were incorrect, and

the grids from Section 7 and legend worksheets from Section D
B-11
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
Table 1.20
Signs: WPM-01, 1 Character Sign
WSM-01, 1 Character Sign
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
Margin
Size, M
(inches)
0-400
14
24
24
401-600
21
36
36
601-800
28
48
48
801-1000
35
60
60
1001-1200
42
72
72
Table 1.21
28
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
Margin
Size, M
(inches)
0-400
14
36
24
401-600
21
54
36
601-800
28
72
48
801-1000
35
90
60
1001-1200
42
108
72
Table 1.22
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
Margin
Size, M
(inches)
0-400
14
48
24
401-600
21
75
36
601-800
28
99
48
801-1000
35
123
60
1001-1200
42
147
72
Note: Center the legend on the sign panel.
B-12
R-3
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
Table 2.1
Signs: WDA-21
Danger
Strong Currents
and Undertow
No Swimming
or Wading
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
42-55
36
27
6.75
56-83
51
39
10
Table 2.2
Signs: WDA-22
Danger
Strong Currents
No Swimming
or Wading
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
42-55
36
24
6.75
56-83
51
33
10
Table 2.3
Signs:
WDA-23
WWA-30
Danger
Warning
Water Subject
to Sudden Rise
and Turbulence
No Swimming
or Wading
Water Subject
to Sudden Rise
and Turbulence
No Swimming
or Wading
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
42-55
33
30
6.5
56-83
51
42
9.75
Table 2.4
Signs: WDA-24
Danger
Restricted Area
Keep Off
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
42-55
33
18
6.5
56-83
51
27
9.75
B-13
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
Table 2.5
Signs: WDA-26
WDA-28
WWA-21
Danger
Danger
Warning
No Hand Rail
Uneven Surface
Deep Water
Surface Uneven
and Slippery
When Wet
Surface Uneven
and Slippery
When Wet
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
42-55
33
21
6.5
56-83
51
33
9.875
Table 2.6
Signs: WDA-27
Danger
No Swimming
or Diving
Within 000 Ft.
of Breakwater
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
42-55
33
24
6.375
56-83
48
36
9.5
Table 2.7
Signs: WDA-29
Danger
Waves Flood
Surface
Keep Off
During Storms
B-14
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
42-55
33
27
56-83
48
39
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
Table 2.8
Signs:
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
42-55
56-83
WDA-30
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
2
3
WWA-20
Danger
Warning
Strong Currents
Structure is Not
and Hazardous
Designed for
Bottom
Public Access
No Swimming
Proceed at Your
or Wading
Own Risk
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
36
51
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
30
42
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
6.75
10
Table 2.9
Signs:
WDA-31
WWA-23
Danger
Warning
Water Subject
to Sudden Rise
and Turbulence
Water Subject
to Sudden Rise
and Turbulence
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
42-55
33
21
6.5
56-83
51
33
9.75
Table 2.10
Signs:
WDA-32
WDA-33
Danger
Danger
When Horn Sounds

Beware of Rapid
Rise in Water Level
When Siren Sounds

Beware of Rapid
Rise in Water Level
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
42-55
39
21
7.75
56-83
60
33
11.75
B-15
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
Table 2.11
Signs: WWA-24
Caution
Surface
Hazardous
for Walking
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
42-55
27
21
56-83
39
33
7.5
Table 2.12
Signs: WWA-25
Caution
Ocean Swells
Develop at High
Water Despite
Calm Seas
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
42-55
33
24
6.5
56-83
51
36
9.75
Table 2.13
Signs: WWA-26
Caution
Waves Flood
Surface During
Storms and
Rough Seas
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
42-55
56-83
B-16
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
2
3
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
33
48
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
24
36
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
6.25
9.375
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
Table 2.14
Signs: WWA-29
Warning
Flashing Lights
Indicate Dangerous
Wind Conditions
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
42-55
56-83
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
2
3
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
42
60
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
21
33
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
7.875
11.875
Table 2.15
Signs: WRE-22
Restricted
Area
Keep Out
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
0-20
21-41
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
0.75
1.5
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
12
24
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
7.5
15
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
2.375
4.75
Table 2.16
Signs: WRE-24
Restricted Area
Water Levels Change
Rapidly
Walkway Subject to
Sudden Flooding
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
42-55
56-83
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
2
3
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
48
72
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
27
39
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
9.375
14
Table 2.17
Signs: REG-4
No Trespassing
U.S. Government Property
Viewing
Distance
(feet)
0-20
21-41
Legend
Size, A
(inches)
0.75
1.5
Sign
Width, W
(inches)
21
39
Sign
Height, H
(inches)
6
12
Left
Margin, LM
(inches)
3.875
7.75
B-17
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
Appendix C
Standard Sign Drawings
C-1
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
Appendix D
Specifications: Lock, Dam, and Waterway Signs
SECTION 10435
LOCK, DAM, AND WATERWAY SIGNS
03/96
******************************************************************************
NOTE:
This specification was developed for use in procuring signs in a
construction or supply contract. It covers basic requirements of fabrication,
shipping, and installation of the standard Lock, Dam and Waterway signs.
Standard designs for supports had not been defined at the time this document was
developed, so most components of the sign supports are not included in this
specification. No site specific information is included; therefore, users must
tailor this guide to meet site specific needs.
******************************************************************************
PART 1
1.1
GENERAL
REFERENCES
The publications listed below form a part of this specification to the extent
referenced. The publications are referred to in the text by basic designation
only.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS (ASTM)
ASTM A 36
(1994) Structural Steel
ASTM A 123
(1989a) Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and

Steel Products
ASTM A 167
(1994a) Stainless and Heat-Resisting Chromium-Nickel

Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip
ASTM A 307
(1994) Carbon Steel

Tensile Strength
ASTM A 325
(1994) Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105

ksi Minimum Tensile Strength
ASTM B 108
(1995) Aluminum-Alloy Permanent Mold Castings
ASTM B 209
(19995) Aluminum and Sheet and Plate
ASTM B 221
(1995a) Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Extruded Bars,

Rods, Wire, Shapes, and Tubes
ASTM B 308
(1995a) Aluminum-Alloy 6061-T6 Standard Structural

Shapes
Bolts
and
Studs,
60,000
PSI
D-1
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
ASTM B 633
(1985; R 1994) Electrodeposited Coatings of Zinc on

Iron and Steel
ASTM D 2000
(1995) Rubber Products in Automotive Applications
ASTM F 593
(1995) Stainless Steel Bolts, Hex Cap Screws, and

Studs
ASTM F 594
(1991) Stainless Steel Nuts
AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY (AWS)

AWS A5.10
(1992) Bare Aluminum

Electrodes and Rods
and
Aluminum
Alloy
AWS D1.1
(1994) Structural Welding Code - Steel
AWS D1.2
(1990) Structural Welding Code - Aluminum
Welding
FEDERAL SPECIFICATIONS (FS)

FS FF-S-325
(1994) Shield, Expansion; Nail, Expansion; and Nail,

Drive Screw (Devices, Anchoring, Masonry)
U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS ENGINEER PAMPHLET (EP)

EP 310-1-6a and 6b
1.2
Sign Standards Manual
GENERAL
Signage shall be of the size and type shown on the drawings, shall conform to the
requirements specified herein, and shall be provided at the locations indicated.
Signs shall be complete with lettering, framing as detailed, and related components
for a complete installation. Materials and equipment shall be the standard product
of a manufacturer regularly engaged in the manufacture of the products.
1.3
SUBMITTALS
Government approval is required for submittals with a "GA" designation; submittals

having an "FIO" designation are for information only.
The following shall be
submitted in accordance with Section 01300 SUBMITTAL DESCRIPTIONS:
D-2
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
SD-04 Drawings
Signs; GA.
Drawings including elevations of each type of sign; dimensions, details, and
methods of mounting or anchoring; shape and thickness of materials; and details of
construction. A schedule showing the location of each sign type shall be included.
Bracing for Handling and Installation; GA.
Drawings including the layout of temporary bracing in relation to the sign panel,
the method of attachment to the sign panel, the materials used for bracing, and a
mechanism for grasping the sign panel during shipping, handling, and installation.
SD-06 Instructions
Signs; FIO.
Manufacturer's descriptive data, catalog cuts, and installation instructions.
SD-08 Statements
Welding Procedures; GA.
Fabricator's proposed procedures for welding operations.
SD-13 Certificates
Welder Qualifications; FIO.
Certified copies of welder's qualification test records showing qualification in
accordance with AWS D1.1 and D1.2.
1.4
DELIVERY AND STORAGE
1.4.1 Packaging
Materials shall be wrapped for shipment and storage, delivered to the job site in
the manufacturer's original packaging, and stored in a clean, dry area in
accordance with the reflective sheeting manufacturer's instructions. Sign panels
shall be shipped in a vertical position. Signs shall be packed in cartons, crates,
or other containers of sufficient strength so that the package will not break nor
will the signs be damaged in any way during shipment.
Sign faces shall be
protected with coated paper that will not stick to the sign face material.
D-3
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
1.4.2
Temporary Bracing
Sign panels shall be packaged and shipped with temporary stiffeners and bracing as
approved. Temporary bracing shall remain until the sign is in place and mounted
to the permanent sign posts.
1.4.3 Labeling
Sign panels and packaging shall be clearly labeled to identify consecutive panels
for installation.
1.5
REFURBISHMENT
Existing signs that are considered by the Contracting Officer to be safety critical
shall not be taken out of service for more than one 8-hour period from 8:00 a.m.
to 4:00 p.m. If refurbishment will require the sign to be out of service beyond
the allowable 8-hour period, an approved temporary sign shall be erected prior to
refurbishment activities.
PART 2
2.1
PRODUCTS
ALUMINUM ALLOY PRODUCTS
2.1.1 Sheet or Plate

Products shall conform to ASTM B 209, Alloy 5052-H38. Original sign panels for
standard WTW-06 designs shall have a nominal thickness of 0.125 inch. Overlays
shall have a nominal thickness of 0.080 inch. Splice plates shall be at least as
thick as the panels being spliced.
2.1.2
Structural Shapes
ASTM B 308, Alloy 6061-T6.

2.1.3 Extruded Sign Panels
2.1.3.1 Extrusions
Products shall conform to ASTM B 221, Alloy 6063-T6. Minimum weight per linear
foot of panel section shall be 1.02 pounds for 6-inch-width panels and 2.53 pounds
for 12-inch-width panels. The general shape of the extrusion shall be as shown on
the drawings.
2.1.3.2 Fabrication
Saw cuts shall be straight and square, and the resulting edge shall be smooth.
Slotted holes for panel bolts shall be milled or punched.
D-4
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
2.2
2.2.1
HARDWARE
Stainless Steel Bolts and Nuts
ASTM F 593, Alloy Group 1.

2.2.2
Steel Bolts and Nuts
ASTM A 307, zinc coated: hot dipped in accordance with ASTM A 123, or mechanically
deposited in accordance with ASTM B 633.
2.2.3
High Strength Steel Bolts and Nuts
ASTM A 325, zinc coated: hot dipped in accordance with ASTM A 123, or mechanically
deposited in accordance with ASTM B 633.
2.2.4
Expansion Anchors
Stainless steel, FF-S-325 Group II, Type 4, Class 1.

2.2.5
Rivets
Aluminum, open-end blind rivets.

2.2.6
Lock Nuts
Stainless steel, nylon insert lock nuts, ASTM A 167.

2.2.7
Nylon Washers
As recommended by the retroreflective sheeting manufacturer.

2.2.8
Welded Studs
Aluminum, AWS A5.10, Alloy 5356-H12 or 5356-H32.

2.2.9
Post Clip Assemblies
As recommended by the extruded aluminum sign panel manufacturer.

be new, not salvaged or reused.
Assemblies shall
2.2.10 Panel Bolts, Nuts, and Lock Washers

2.2.10.1 Bolts
Aluminum, ASTM B211, Alloy 6061-T4; or Stainless Steel, ASTM F 593, Alloy Group 1.
D-5
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
2.2.10.2 Nuts
Aluminum, ASTM B211, Alloy 6061-T6; or Stainless Steel, ASTM F 594, Alloy Group 1.
2.2.10.3 Lock Washers
Aluminum, ASTM B211, Alloy 7075-T6; or Stainless Steel.
2.3
RETROREFLECTIVE SHEETING
Retroreflective sheeting shall consist of prismatic lenses which are formed in a

transparent, synthetic resin, sealed, and backed with a pressure-sensitive adhesive
and removable liner. The sheeting shall be intended for use on durable signs which
are exposed vertically in service and shall be in accordance with the requirements
of EP 310-1-6b, Appendix B, Specifications: Waterway Signs (WTW).
2.4
STEEL PRODUCTS
ASTM A 36 for structural steel.

2.5
CAST ALUMINUM
ASTM B 108. Components shall be fabricated with sharp corners, flat faces, and
accurate profiles. Burrs and rough spots shall be removed and polished. Faces
shall be finished to a uniform high luster.
2.6
NEOPRENE INSULATING MATERIAL
ASTM D 2000 M1BC 507, Durometer hardness 50 +/- 5, minimum tensile strength 1015
psi.
2.7
2.7.1
SHOP FABRICATION AND MANUFACTURE

Fabrication
The Contractor shall fabricate the sign panels in accordance with the standard sign
drawings contained in EC 1110-2-XXX, Standard Designs for Lock, Dam, and Waterway
Signs, or as detailed on the Contract Drawings.
2.7.2
Workmanship
Work shall be assembled in the shop, insofar as practicable, ready for installation
at the site. Work that cannot be shop assembled shall be given a trial fit in the
shop to ensure proper field assembly. Welding shall be in accordance with AWS D1.1
and AWS D1.2. Welding shall be continuous along the entire area of contact.
Exposed welds shall be ground smooth. Exposed surfaces of work shall have a smooth
finish, and exposed riveting shall be flush. Items specified to be galvanized
D-6
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
shall be by hot-dip process after fabrication. Galvanization shall be in accordance
with ASTM A 123, as applicable. Joints exposed to the weather shall be formed to
exclude water. Drainage and weep holes shall be included as required.
2.7.3 Holes
Required holes shall be made in the shop unless field drilling is necessary for
installation. Round holes shall be drilled or punched. Slotted holes shall be
milled or punched. Drilling, milling, and punching shall produce clean, true lines
and surfaces. Holes shall be 1/16 inch larger than the diameter of the mechanical
fastener to be inserted, unless otherwise specified. Holes drilled through a panel
with reflective sheeting applied shall be drilled from the sheeting side of the
panel.
2.7.4
Aluminum Surface Preparation
Aluminum surfaces to which reflective sheeting will be applied shall be prepared

as recommended by the sheeting manufacturer.
Surfaces shall be degreased and
etched. After treatment and cleaning, sign base material shall not be handled
except by device or clean canvas gloves until after application of sign face
material.
2.8
2.8.1
GRAPHICS
Graphics
Signage graphics shall conform to the requirements of EP 310-1-6b, Appendix D,

Typography Reference. Color, typographic, and Corps identification graphics shall
conform to the standards outlined in EP 310-1-6a and shown on the layout drawing
for each specific sign panel.
2.8.2
Messages
See [drawings] [and] [schedule] for message content. Typeface:

[_____]. Type size as indicated. Color as indicated.
PART 3
3.1
3.1.1
[Helvetica medium]
EXECUTION
GENERAL
Protection and Cleaning
The work shall be protected against damage during fabrication, shipping, assembly,
and installation in accordance with the reflective sheeting manufacturer's
instructions. Sign surfaces shall be cleaned prior to final acceptance.
D-7
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
3.1.2
Sign Dating
Signs shall be marked with the dates of manufacture and installation. Permanent
marks shall be made on the back of each panel by metal stamping, permanent marking
crayon, durable sticker, or other approved means. Information shall include the
manufacturer's name, date of fabrication, and date of installation. When signs are
overlayed, this information shall be added to the back of the original sign so that
both the original and the overlay information are visible. Marks shall be located
where they will be visible for inspection upon completion of installation.
3.1.3
Dissimilar Materials
Where aluminum is in contact with dissimilar metals (except galvanized steel or

stainless steel), concrete, mortar, masonry, wet or pressure-treated wood, or
absorptive materials subject to wetting, the surfaces shall be protected with a
neoprene insulator to prevent galvanic or corrosive action.
3.1.4 Construction Tolerance
Installed sign panels shall be essentially flat. Variations from the plane of the
sign shall not be greater than L/1450 between any two points on the sign face,
where L is the distance between the two points.
3.2
STANDARD DESIGN WTW-06
3.2.1 Bolted Connections Through the Sign Face

Bolts shall be installed in a manner that prevents damage to the reflective
sheeting. The bolt head shall be held stationary while tightening the nut on the
back of the sign panel. Avoid overtightening of bolts.
3.2.2 Welded Studs
Welded studs shall be installed in accordance with AWS D1.2.
3.2.3 Expansion Anchors
Expansion anchors shall be installed in accordance with the
instructions. Anchor size shall be as shown on the drawings.
3.3
STANDARD DESIGN WTW-08
3.3.1 Post Clip Connections

Torque on post clip nuts shall be 140 to 165 lb-in.
D-8
manufacturer's
EC 1110-2-288
28 Feb 97
3.4
OVERLAYS
3.4.1 Existing Surface Preparation

Remove all previously installed overlays. Remove debris and protrusions from the
sign face to restore it to an essentially flat condition. On signs with headed
fasteners protruding from the face of the sign, overlays shall be shimmed out to
create a flat surface.
Install 2-inch by 4-inch minimum shims at each rivet
location with sufficient thickness to clear fastener heads.
Shims shall be
constructed from aluminum sheet of the same alloy as the overlay panels. Attach
shims to the existing sign with double-stick tape. Shims at edges between overlay
panels shall be located so that adjacent panels can be riveted to the same shims.
3.4.2 Installation Procedure
Install overlays with the sign in the vertical position. Install panels in order.
Position the first overlay panel and install the top rivets, then rivet the center
from top to bottom, and finally the edges from top to bottom. Install subsequent
panels by butting edges and riveting in the same manner.
-- End of Section --
D-9

Ec 1110-2-288 Standard Designs For Lock Dam and Waterway Signs

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Ec 1110-2-288 Standard Designs For Lock Dam and Waterway Signs

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ec 1110-2-288 Standard Designs For Lock Dam and Waterway Signs

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CECW-ED

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

EXPIRES 31 March 1998

This EC supplements EP 310-1-6a and EP 310-1-6b.

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

c. Guidance Limitations. The guidance pertains to Lock,

Related and required publications are listed in Appendix A.

c. Effective Life. The life of a sign depends on the effective

c. Sign Supports. EP 310-1-6a and 6b specifies a galvanized

(2) Maximum angle of vision. An angle of 60 degrees to the

a. Angle of Vision with Reflective Sheeting Applied

3-4. Standardizing the Sign Panel Dimensions

b. Angle of Vision with Reflective Sheeting Applied

Figure 3-1. Angle of Vision Diagram for

b. Recommendations. A table is provided in Appendix B of

c. Rounding of Dimensions. Using the procedures for

Figure 3-2. Adjustments to Sign Panel

(2) Aluminum Design Manual, The Aluminum Association,

(3) Manual of Steel Construction, American Institute of Steel

EP 310-1-6a and 6b provides design intent and engineering

(4) Reflectorized Sign Installation and Handling Guide, 3M,

Wind pressure in psf (Pa).

4-2. Design Criteria

a. Minnesota Department of Transportation highway sign using Diamond Grade material

Typical highway guide sign.

Figure 4-2. Detail of Diamond Grade sheeting face with

(4) Seismic Loads. The standard designs do not account for

Figure 4-3. Loads on Sign Structure

Table 4.1 Wind Pressure on Sign Panels, psf (Pa)

0< Hc <= 14 (4.27)

4-3. Standard Wall Mounted Signs

(2) Overhead and Cantilver Structures. Overhead and

e. Specification Code WTW-08B. This design is for sign

c. Sign Panel Dimensions. The sign panel dimensions

Determine required legend for sign

For non-standard sign

Site locate the sign and

Determine the required letter size

Determine the dimensions of the sign

Is the sign a wall mount?

See Figure 6-3

See Figure 6-4

Determine required legend for sign

Site locate the sign and determine the

Determine the required letter size

Use Helvetica Medium with extended

Use Helvetica Bold with bold letter

Determine the length of the sign

Determine the sign layout using the grid charts

The Sign Manager

Determine the sign panel formulas for sign

Calculate the sign dimensions

Round dimensions up to the

Are the width

Is the sign a wall

See Figure 6-3

Dimensions are in 3- or 6-inch

See Figure 6-4