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MSC REM1
MSC REM1
SYZ
Introduction
Definition of well testing
Stabilised well test
Un-stabilised WT (transient test) - DST
DD test
falloff test
BU test
Why test a well?
Appraisal, production design
What do you need to know?
SYZ
P
DD
BU
t
Production well
-q
P
Fall-off
t
Injection well
SYZ
Drillstem
Casing
Testing
Tubing
Assembly
Testing Valve
(operated by
annulus pressure)
Packer
(set by weight on
string)
Pressure
Transducer
Downhole
Memory
Surface
Recording
Tailpipe
Figure 2.1.1
SYZ
Q
Surface Choke provides
Rate Control
Gas
Choke
Test
Separato
r
Oil
Orifice Plate
Flow Measurement
qo
Fig 2.1.1b
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BUT
Safety is Paramount
From
EPR
Manual
SYZ
From
EPR
Manual
SYZ
Initial
Shutin
Afterflow
Final Flow
Final
Shutin
Time
Initial Res. Pressure
BHP
Drawdown
Buildup
Time
SYZ
SYZ
T yp e s o f P re ss u re Tr a n sie n t Te s t
P r e s su r e D r a w d o wn ( R e s e r vo i r L i m i t ) T e s t
P r e s su r e B u i l d u p o r Fa l l o f f Te s t
- D r i l l S t e m Te s t ( Do w n h o l e v a l v e )
- P r o d u c t i o n o r In j e c t i o n W e l l T e s t
In terf erence T es t
P u l s e T e s t - h o r i z o n t a l o r v e r t i ca l
10
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Initial
Shutin
Afterflow
Final Flow
Final
Shutin
Time
Initial Res. Pressure
BHP
Drawdown
Buildup
Time
11
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12
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13
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14
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Well test
15
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CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT
Inj. Well
Prod. Well
W.B.T.
RATE
For an Offshore
Field the Target
Plateau Rate is
Typically 10% of
Recoverable
Reserves p.a.
TIME
16
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17
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GAS
WELL-HEAD
ps
OIL
WATER
S EP ARA TO R
(1
st
ST AG E)
p r = Reservoir Pressure
p s = Separator Pressure
q
pr
pe
pi
p
RESERVOIR
p wf
18
SYZ
pr
IPR
VL
P
Bottom-Hole Pressure
pr pwf
pwf
ps
Drawdown
Total
p
Lift
Operating
Point
pwf p s
qs
Oil Production Rate
Match vertical lift performance (VLP) to inflow performance
relation (IPR) i.e. find qs from nodal analysis
Due to Gilbert
19
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Well measurements at
Exploration and Appraisal
Well testing
PI, kh, Pi,reserve,fluid sampling (O&W)
Logging (composite logs)
Layering, porosity, k, So, Sg, Sw, N:G
Coring
K, porosity, layering
Key measurement
K (core, logs, WT)
How?
20
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Darcys Law
L AMINAR SINGLE-PHASE FLOW IN A POROUS MEDIUM
q
x
q
A
=u=
k dp
dx
21
Fig 1.2.1
SYZ
Darcys Law
k dp
q
=u=
dx
A
. . . single-phase, linear
horizontal flow
p
x
k
22
m3 /s
2
m
m/s
2
Ns/m
Pa
m
m2
SYZ
Forcheimer Equation
dp
= u + u
dr k
r
2
r
u r
is comparable to
/k
u
k u
Re =
=
0.1
k
r
o n ly ev er t ru e n ea r t h e w e llb o re
ratio of inertial to viscous forces
23
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Darcy Units
q : cc/s
A : cm
: cp
x : cm
p : atm
k : Darcy
Oil Field Units
. . . practical unit of permeability : md
- the millidarcy
qs : bbl/day
A : ft2
: cp
p : psi
x : ft
k : md
10 3 k dp
11271
.
=
A
dx
qs B
24
1 md = 0.986923 *10
-15
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Controlled
Measured
Flow
Cylindrical Core of
Cross-sectional Area
A
Transducer
k p1 p 2
L
25
i. e .
k=
qL
A p
Fig 1.3.1
SYZ
Precautions
Cores must be cleaned and dried
without causing any alteration
Faces must be cut without causing
damage
When fluid is air, corrections must be made
for gas slippage (Klinkenberg effect) and
change to liquid condition
26
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36 D v s2
3
k 1 (1 )
k1 = 150
27
Fig 1.3.2
SYZ
36 D
k=
k1 1
3
2
vs
2
a f
k : permeability
: porosity
28
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29
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qs B re
ln
Pe Pw =
2 kh rw
(SS)
qs B 1 4 A
ln
P Pw =
(SSS)
2
2 kh 2 C A rw
P(r , t ) or
30
PD (1, t D )
(USS, transient
SYZ
Construction of
A Single Uniform well Model
31
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re
RE GI O N O F AREA L
OBSERVATION WELL
RADI AL F LO W
ACCESSIBLE FROM
RFT DATA
pe
pe
WELL SHUT-IN
ACCESSIBLE
FROM PLT
wf
32
re
Fig 1.4.1
SYZ
h
rw
re
Radial Flow
Situation
Fig 1.4.2
33
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Derivation of
Steady-State Solution:
qs B re
ln
Pe Pw =
2 kh rw
34
(SS)
SYZ
ur
pe
ur
rw
q h
pe
r
re
rw
re
ur =
35
q
2r h
k dp
dr
Fig 1.4.3
SYZ
q sB
k dp
ur =
=
2 hr dr
Separating the Variables and Integrating:
q sB
2 kh
Dimensionless
Pressure
36
z z
re
rw
dr
=
r
Darcy's Law
pe
dp
pw
q sB
re
ln
pe pw =
2 kh
rw
pD
pe pw
re
=
= ln
= ln rDe
q sB
rw
2 kh
SYZ
P RE SS UR E PR OF IL E I N T HE VI CI NI TY OF A WE LL
6
5
p pw
pD =
qsBoo 4
2kh
3
p = ln rD
D
2
1
0
1
37
100
r /r w
200
300
400
Fig 1.4.5
SYZ
Well Productivity
Index Index, PI
Productivity
then
qs
J ss =
pe p w
No Skin
Since:
1127
.
10 3 2 kh
qsB =
pe p w
re
ln
rw
J sse
1127
.
103 2 kh
=
re
B ln
rw
g
Field
Units
bbl/day/psi
38
SYZ
Derivation of
Semi-Steady-State Solution:
qs B 1 4 A
ln
P Pw =
(SSS)
2
2 kh 2 C A rw
39
SYZ
Pressure in Reservoir
CL OS ED (N O F LO W)
O UT ER BO UN DA RY
WELL PRODUCED AT
CONSTAN T RATE
t
TRANSIENT
INFINITE-ACTING
PERIOD
SEMI -STEADY STAT E
rw
r
Transient Pressure Behaviour of a Single Well
at the Centre of a Closed Reservoir
40
re
Fig 1.5.1
SYZ
ur =
ej
qr
2 hr
k dp
dr
ur
re
41
rw
Fig 1.5.10
SYZ
Closed System
qr
qr
rw
q r = cVr re
0
rw
42
Flow Distribution
qr
re
dp
dt
re
SYZ
qr
qr
rw
q r = cVr re
re
dp
dp
2
2
= c re r h
dt
dt
dp
2
q = c re h
dt
qr
re2 r 2
r2
=
= 1 2
2
q
re
re
Darcy's Law
qr
k dp
ur =
=
2 rh dr
43
qr
0
rw
re
SYZ
F
r I 2 rkh dp
=
q = q G1
J
H r K dr
FG1 r IJ dr = 2 kh dp
H r K r q
Hence on substitution:
2
e
2
e
Integration gives:
FG 1 r IJ dr = 2 kh dp
zH r K r q z
44
re
pe
rw
2
e
pw
SYZ
q =
F
r
G ln
H r
2 kh
e
2
w
r
1
+
2 2 re2
p
b
IJ
K
pw
2 kh
q=
r
r2
rw2
2 + 2
ln
rw 2 re
2 re
For re >> rw
pp g
b
FG
IJ
H
K
2 kh
q =
p p g
b
F
r
1I
G ln
J
H r 2K
w
45
SYZ
qs = Jsss(pe pwf)
i.e.
p wf = p e
1
J sss
pe
pwf
slope
qs
. . . Definition of
P.I.
. . . equation of a
straight line
1
Jsss
IPR
qs
46
SYZ
pe pw
FBHP
pw
(psi)
(pe)1
DRAWDOWN
slope = -
1
J
(pe)2
(pe)3
IPR
VLP
Production Rate,
(STbbl/D)
qs
47
SYZ
qs B 1 4 A
ln
P Pw =
(SSS)
2
2 kh 2 C A rw
48
SYZ
Compressibility of a Liquid
1 V
c =
V p
Reservoir
Material
Balance
V = qdt = cVdp
Volume produced
in time interval dt
Expansion of the
Liquid in the reservoir
dp
q
q sB
=
=
dt
cV
c re2 h
. . . simplest possible form of the material balance equation
49
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Initial
Shutin
Afterflow
Final Flow
Final
Shutin
Time
Initial Res. Pressure
BHP
Drawdown
Buildup
Time
50
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c t = c w S wc + 1 S wc c o + c f
c w . . . water compressibility
c o . . . oil compressibility
1 Vp
cf =
Vp p
Definition of Rock
Compressibility
51
SYZ
dp
q
q sB
=
=
2
dt
ctV
c t re h
V = re2h . . . Pore Volume (Large) ct
. . . Total compressibility (Small)
qs . .
slope
m*
q sB
c t re2h
52
SYZ
Jsss
qs
q
=
=
p pw
B p pw
q=
g
3I
J
4K
2 kh p p w
F
r
G ln
H r
J SS S
hence
2 kh
=
3
r
B ln e
rw 4
FG
H
or in field units:
J SSS =
11271
.
10 3 2 kh
F
r
B G ln
H r
53
IJ
K
SYZ
IJ
K
Approaching to
Situations in Practice 1st Correction
54
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Radial streamlines in a
circular drainage area
with a central well
55
SYZ
q
p p w = 2 kh
FG ln r
H r
IJ
K
q 1
re2
p pw =
ln 2 3 / 2
2 kh 2 rw e
The natural log term can be rearranged as:
56
SYZ
4r
4 e
where
2
e
3/ 2 2
w
4A
4A
=
=
2
56.32 rw
31.62 rw2
CA = 31.62
p pw
57
q 1
4A
=
ln
2 kh 2
C A rw2
SYZ
JSSS
4 kh
=
4A
B ln
C A rw2
FG
H
IJ
K
CA < 31.62
and the PI is smaller than that of a well in the centre of a circle
Dietz evaluated CA for a wide variety of shapes and well positions
e.g.
rectangle
CA = 4.514
58
SYZ
Fig 1.6.2
CA
27.6
tDAsss
0.2
CA
12.98
tDAsss
0.7
CA
30.88
tDAsss
0.1
CA
21.9
tDAsss
0.4
CA
4.51
tDAsss
0.6
1/3
7/8
CA
31.6
tDAsss
0.1
CA
0.098
tDAsss
0.9
CA
3.34
tDAsss
0.7
7/8
2
7/8
1
4
1
4
59
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Approaching to
Situations in Practice 2nd Correction
60
SYZ
pw
altered profile
ps
pwf
rw
rs
Fig 1.7.1
Formation damage
For a variety of reasons there is often an annular region of altered
permeability around the wellbore
Since most of the pressure drop in radial flow occurs within the region
from rw to 100r w near wellbore permeability alteration is very important
61
SYZ
ks
pe
Ideal Pressure Profile
Based on Homogeneous
Permeability, k
pw
ps
p wf
rw
rs
62
SYZ
63
SYZ
SK IN
PRESSURE PROFILE
IN THE FORMATION
BASED ON UNALTERED
PERMEABILITY k
pw f
pw
ps
pw f
pw
ps
ps
q
2 kh
Incremental
skin
pressure
SKIN
PRESSURE
DROP drop
ps = INCREMENTAL
(POSITIVE FOR DAMAGE)
64
Fig 1.7.6
SYZ
Possible
Actual
Profile
pwf
ps
pw
Region of
Increased
Permeability
S=
Homogeneous Medium
Prediction
ps
q
2 kh
. . . ps is a negative quantity
"Skin"
65
SYZ
acidising
hydraulic fracturing
High Shot Density Perforation
Thermal Fracturing of Injection W ells
Well Deviation
"Geoskin"
High Permeability
Lens Straddling
the Wellbore
66
Formation of
Permeability, k
SYZ
Hawkins Equation
Relates Skin Factor, S
to the Intrinsic
Properties of the
Altered Zone
rs
k
ks
rw
re
67
SYZ
Hawkins Equation
(Open-Hole)
q
rs
q
rs
p s =
ln
ln
rw 2 kh
rw
2 k sh
Actual Pressure Drop
over Altered Zone
LM F k 1I ln r OP
G
J
k
NH K r Q
L
F
I
k
r O
p
S=
= MG
1J ln P
q
Hk K r Q
N
2 kh
q
p s =
2 kh
68
SYZ
Bulk Formation
Permeability, k
k s=
0
1
Damaged Zone
k
2
20
40
60
80
100
rD
69
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Generalised Inflow
And Productivity Equation
70
SYZ
pe p wf
q
=
2 kh
FG ln r
H r
I
+ SJ
K
p De
p e p wf
=
= ln rD e + S
q
2 kh
J SS =
qs
=
p e p wf
2 kh
r
B ln e + S
rw
FG
H
IJ
K
71
SYZ
p p wf
or
pD
q
=
2 kh
FG ln r
H r
3
+S
4
IJ
K
p p wf
3
=
= ln rDe + S
q
4
2 kh
SSS Productivity
Index
J SSS
72
qs
=
=
p p wf
F
BG
H
2 kh
re
3
+S
ln
rw 4
SYZ
IJ
K
Generalised Formulation
SSS
2 k h
JSSS =
PI
1
ln 4 A 2
2
Ca rw
3
WELLBORE
DAMAGE
OIL
VISCOSITY
5
WELL
SPACING
73
4
DRAINAGE
AREA SHAPE
6
WELL
DIAMETER
SYZ
pr
pwf
High kh Well
(Tubing Control)
Low kh Well
(Formation Control)
VLP
IPR+S
qs
74
IPR-S
qs
qs
SYZ
75
SYZ
CONNATE
(IMMOBILE)
WATER
IMMOBILE
WATER WET
FINES
Fig 1.7.11
76
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Pseudo-Skin Concept
Situations in Practice
77
SYZ
PARTIAL PENETRATION
78
Fig 1.9.1
SYZ
hp
hs
hp
hp
h
hs
hs
Top or Bottom
h = Formation Height
hp = Perforated interval
hs = Height of a Symmetry
Element
79
General Position
Central
b=
hp
h
hD =
k hs
k v rw
SYZ
Limited Entry
Geometric
30
Brons
25
= 10000
and
Skin
Marting
Correlation
20
Sp
hD =
15
k h
k z rw
1000
100
10
b=
20
5
hp
h
5
0.1
b = Penetration Ratio
80
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Fig 1.9.3
SYZ
pe p wf
p
geom
s
pe p wf
q
=
2 kh
p e p wf = p e p wf
ideal
q
r
ln e
2 kh rw
q
Sp = pe p wf
=
2 kh
. . .
actual
FG ln r
H r
ideal
I
+S J
K
p
+ p geom
s
q
re
ln
2 kh rw
81
SYZ
FORMATION
PRESSURE PROFILE
pD
Sa
Sp
Sd
NO DAMAGE
NO CONVERGENCE
FLOW
CONVERGENCE
ZONE
CONVERGENCE WITH
NO DAMAGE
rD
82
Fig 1.9.4
SYZ
Flow
Convergence
into
Groups of
Perforations
Form of
Limited
Entry
Skin
Plugged
Perforation
Fig 1.9.5
83
SYZ
GAS
Water
and
Gas
OIL BEARING
RESERVOIR
Coning
HIGH GOR
WELL
WATER
HIGH WOR
Coning
WELL
OG C
WOC
Fig 1.10.1
84
SYZ
Partially Penetrating
Well
Fig 1.10.2
q
F or mation o f Wa ter Co ne
W h e n W e ll i s U n d e r l a i n
by Wat er
O OW C
85
SYZ
Negative-Skin Concept
Situations in Practice
86
SYZ
Deviated Wells
Sswp
15
o
30
-2
45o
-4
60
-6
=75
102
87
Due to
Cinco &
Miller
h
rw
103
104
Fig 1.11.1
SYZ
S sw p
F
I
= G J
H 41K
0 < <75o
88
2 . 06
F
I
G
H 56 JK
1. 865
h
> 40
rw
F
h I
log G
H 100 r JK
w
SYZ
h
s
co
b=
S a = S d + S swp =
hp
h
S tr
b
h
cos
h
+ S swp
1
cos
i.e. b > 1
p s
where: S tr =
q
2 k
89
h
cos
F k 1I ln r
GH k JK r
Fig 1.11.2
SYZ
90
SYZ
ps
pwf
reff rw
re
rw , eff = rw e S
91
Fig 1.12.1
SYZ
pe
Effective
ps
Well Radius
S = ln rw ln rw ,eff
pwf
reff rw
re
re
p D = ln
+ S = ln
rw
rw ,eff
re
rw ,eff = rw e
or
S = ln
rw
rw ,eff
92
SYZ
re
xf
Vertical Fracture of
Limited Radial Extent
h
xf
93
xf
= Fracture Half-Length
Fig 1.12.2
SYZ
re
h
xf
xf
rw ,eff
xf
=
2
provided
re
>2
xf
94
SYZ
Situations in Practice:
Heterogeneous Reservoir and fluid
95
SYZ
Stratified Reservoir
q = qi
Common Wellbore
Pressure, pw
Layer 1
pe
Layer 2
Layer 3
q1
q2 p
q3
S1
k1 h1
S2
k2 h2
S3
k3 h3
No Reservoir Communication
96
Fig 1.13.1
SYZ
q1
pe
q2
q3
97
Fig
1.13.1
pw
k2 h 2
pe
k3 h3
SYZ
2 k i h i
pe pw
qi =
re
ln
rw
qi = q =
i =1
2 k i h i
i =1
re
ln
rw
bp p g
e
98
SYZ
i. e . q =
2 kh
pe pw
re
ln
rw
where:
k=
k h
i
i =1
. . . .
Arithmetic
Average
Permeability
q1
L ayered System
pe
q2
q3
99
pw
k2 h2
k3 h3
pe
Fig
1.13.2
SYZ
Layered System
q = qi
Common Wellbore
Pressure, pw
Layer 1
pe
Layer 2
Layer 3
q1
q2 p
q3
S1
k1 h1
S2
k2 h2
S3
k3 h3
Reservoir Communication
100
Fig 1.13.2
SYZ
VLP
pe
pwf
pND = Bqs
slope = A
pwh
101
p ND
Operating
Point
IPR
qs
SYZ
psND
ks
(unaltered formation
permeability)
Damaged
Region
rw
102
rs
SYZ