MSc REM

Reservoir Evaluation and Management

Well Testing Semiinfinite Acting Reservoir

Systems

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

SYZ

+q

Active
Well

Image
W el l

Linear
Sealing
Fault

+q

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

Fig 4.1.1

SYZ

Well

Well

Case B
- Juxtaposition

No Communi cation
because of Linear
Al tered Zone Due to
Clay Smeari ng and
Diagenesi s

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

Fig 4.1.2

SYZ

Fault
F aultDetection
Detection
Single Linear Discontinuity

Active

Image
Well

Well
Linear
Sealing
Fault

Fig 4.1.1

Using Superposition

pD

2
2
c
r

c
L

(
)
2

1
1
t w
t

+ Ei
=
Ei

4k t
2
2
4kt

active well

image well

Dimensionless pressure drop at active well

Active well term can be replaced by
logarithmic approximation to Ei function

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

SYZ

CRD

tx =
MTR

Intersection Time

LTR
slope

q
2
4 kh

slope
q
4 kh
Transition

p = p i - pwf
5

kt x
L=
ct

Ln

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

Fig 4.2.1

SYZ

 c t L2
4kt
1
1

+S
p D = ln
+ Ei
2 c t rw2
2

kt
At early times
this term is
negligible

t D > 25
CRD

tx =
MTR

Intersection Time

LTR
slope

slope
q
4 kh
Transition

q
4 kh

L =

k tx
ct

Ln t
p = pi - pwf

Fig 4.2.1

Infinite-Acting MTR Region

pD

4kt
1
= ln
+S
2 c t rw2

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

SYZ

At very late time i.e.

t D,2 L =

kt
> 25
c t (2L)2

the second Ei (image well) term can be

replaced by a logarithmic approximation

Thus

4kt
4kt
1 ln
p D = 1 ln
+
+S
2 c t rw2 2 c t (2L)2
i.e.

p D = ln t D + cons tan t
. . . Slope doubles on a semilog graph
"Fingerprint" of sealing fault
Also caused by other phenomena

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

SYZ

t DL =0.3

LTR

pD

CRD

t DL = 20
1
2

E i(L D /t D)

Ideal
Slope
Period

m D = 0.5

t D L x = 1.781
Tra nsit ion

Do ub le
Sl o pe
P er io d

Pe riod

m D = 1.0

ln t D
Singl e Linear No-Flow Boundary

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

Fig 4.2.2

SYZ

Drawdown Behaviour
L T R

t D,L = 20

t D,L = 0.3

pD

t D,Lx

Dim.
half
slope
period

1
2

Transition
period

MTR

Ei

FL I
GH t JK
2
D

Unit i.e.
double
slope
period

ln t D
Note long duration of the transition period

1 log cycles

t D ,L =

tD
L 2D

kt
c tL2

t D , L x = 1. 7 8 1

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

SYZ

Intersection of Two Straight Lines

t
1 4 t D, x
1 4t
1
ln
+ S = ln D, x + S + ln D, x2
2

2 LD
First S.L.

Second S.L.

1 ln t D, x = 0
2 L2D

i. e.

t D, x
=
L2D

k tx
2 =
ct L
L=

k tx
ct

where

= 1.781

Field Units

L = 0.0122

10

k tx
ct

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

SYZ

Hemiradial Flow

p
slope , m h r
q
2 kh
p(t=1)

MTR Masked by

Intercept

Wellbore Storage

ln t
p =
D

11

1
2

ln

4t D
+ Sd +

1
2

ln

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

tD
2
LD

Fig 4.2.3

SYZ

Hemiradial Flow
First (I.-A.) straight line hidden by
wellbore storage
Analysis of second straight line
of double slope
p
slope , m h r
q
2 kh
p(t=1)

MTR Masked b y

Intercept

Wellbore Stora ge

Fig
4.2.3

ln t

pD =

1
2

ln

4 tD

+ S +

1
2

ln

tD
L 2D

Image well term given

12

by log approximation

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

SYZ

Analysis of Hemiradial Flow Straight Line

p=

i.e.

q
k
1
4k
1
S
ln
t
+
ln
+
ln
+

2kh
2
c t rw2
2
c t L2

p =

4k
q
rw
+
ln
+
S

ln t + ln
2k h
c t rw2
2L

p = m hr ln t + p(t = 1)
slope

m hr =

q
2kh

intercept

hence

k=

q
m hr 2 h

4k
rw
p(t = 1) = m hr ln
+
ln
+ S
2
2L
c t rw

S=

4k
rw
1 p(t = 1)
ln
2 ln
c t rw
2 m hr
2 L

L nee ds to be k no wn to c o mp ut e
tr ue da m age sk i n

13

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

SYZ

Fault Detection in Buildup

CRB
Rate

q
Fig

Schedule

4.3.1

Double Superposition

2 p D = ln

4 k (T + t)
4 k t

ln
c t rw2
c t rw2

c t (2L)2
c t (2L)2
+ Ei
Ei 4 k t
4 k (T + t)

If T i s l a r g e th i s te rm
is significant at early
shut-in times

2p D

14

For small t
this term is
negligible

L2D
L2D
T
+

= ln
+ Ei
Ei t
t
(T + t)D
D

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

SYZ

Single Fault
0

Diagonal
1

2 pD
2

Double
Slope

TD
= 10 , 4 , 2 , 1 , 0.5
2
LD

ln
D imens ionles s
Buildup R es ponse
on a Horner Plot

15

T + t
t

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

Fig 4.3.2

SYZ

Single Fault
1

Diagonal

2p*

MTR

2 pD
2

tx
Double
Slope

Ei(10)
Single
Fault
Dimensionless
Semilog
Buildup
Response

16

TD

LD
5

ln

= 10

T + t

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

Fig
4 . 3 .2 b

SYZ

M TR

LTR

2nd
S.L.

st

1
S.L.
ideal slope

pw s

m=

p**

Transition

p*

q
4kh

t x
ln

Time of
Intersection

t p + t
t

tp
2
.
t D, x = 1781
LD
t p + t x
i.e.

t e, DL, x = 1781
.

t e = Agarwal

17

equivalent drawdown time

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

SYZ

Pressure Extrapolation in Buildup

Fault "seen" in drawdown

LTR

MTR

HR
Flow

pi

pw s

p*

L2
m Ei D
TD

slope, m =

q
4kh

2nd
S.L.
slope
2m

ln T + t
t
L2
m Ei D
TD

similar to MBH correction

MTR straight line does not extrapolate

to reservoir pressure
Only second straight line of double slope
yields

18

pi

as an intercept

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

SYZ

Intersection of the Two Straight Lines on Horner Plot

M TR

L TR

2nd
S.L.

st

1
S.L.
ideal slope

pw s

m=

p**

Transition

p*

q
4kh

t x
ln

Time of
Intersection

t p + t
t

tp
2
LD
.
t D, x = 1781
t p + t x
i.e.

t e, DL, x = 1781
.

t e = Agarwal

19

equivalent drawdown time

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

SYZ

Benefit of Surface Readout

pi ,

unknown

pi

Case I - Initial pressure,

pw s

p*

ln

T + t
t

Long shut-in required to determine

continuation of data plot
Case II - Initial pressure,

pw s

pi

pi

by

, known

pi

pi

from RFT or
Initial Buildup

p*
t*
T + t
t
Only necessary to confirm
by extrapolation

ln

20

t*

and obtain

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

p*

SYZ

MTR

LTR

RF

.
I.-A

pD

slope =

HRF

m
yste

p*D

Single Sealing Fault Case

2
D
D

p Dlin =

21

FL I
Ei G J
2 HT K
1

MTR Extrapolated Pressure, p*

1
2

ln

T + t
t
ln

F
L I
+ EiG J
2 HT K
1

2
D

T + t

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

SYZ

Derivative Diagnostics
Intercept

Ideal
Semilog
Straight Line

CRD
Late Time
Boundary
Effects

t =1

Wellbore
Storage

slope , m
q / ( 4 k h)

ETR

MTR

ETR

LTR

Ln t
MTR

LTR

ln p
Derivative
Plateau

Ln t
Fig 4.4.1

22

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

SYZ

III

II

IV

Elementary Fault Systems

23

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

Fig 4.5.1a

SYZ

Image and Active Well Summations

2
rDj
1 4 tD
1 K

p D = ln
+ S + b j Ei
2
2 j=1

4 tD

Image Well Summation

b j = no

o f i m ag e w el ls a di s ta nc e

rj

f rom t he a c t iv e w e ll
K = number of image well distances

Writing

2
rDj
2
= a j LD
4

where

LD =

L
rw

the summation may be written:

pD

Note the importance of

24

F
GH(

L 2DD
L
1 4 tD
1 K
= ln
+ S + bj E
Eii aa jj
2
2 j =1

tt D
D

I
JK)

LD / t D

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

SYZ

Elementary Fault Systems

Case I - Single Sealing Fault

r1

K = 1 b1 = 1 a 1 = 1

One image well a distance 2L from the active well

Case III - Right Angle Fault System with

the Well on the Bisector
r1
L

K = 2 b1 = 2 a1 = 1
b 2 = 1 a2 = 2

r2

Three Image Wells

Two a distance 2L away
One a distance 2 2 L

25

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

SYZ

Case III - Right Angle with General Well Position

r2
L1
r3

r1
Three Distinct
Image Wells

K =3
r = 2L
1
1

r = 2L
2
2

r =
3

b =1
1

=1

a =1
1
L
a = 2
2
L
1

2
2
4L + 4L = 2
1
2

2
2
L +L
1
2

=1

2
a = 1+ 1
2
3
L
2

Characteristic Dimension is

26

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

L1

SYZ

Case II - Parallel Faults

W = 2L

L
2L
4L

Large num ber of im age wells required

to reproduc e the res ponse of
parallel f aults
For central well :

bj = 2

27

aj =

(2 j)2
4

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

SYZ

Intersecting Boundaries

45

28

Active Well

Image Well

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

Fig 4.5.1b

SYZ

VI I I

VI
L

VI I
o

29

Fig 4.5.2a

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

SYZ

30

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

SYZ

Logarithmic Derivative
-

Slope of the appropriate semilog graph

p =
D

d pD
d pD d t D
 D tD
=
=p
d ln t D
d t D d ln t D

F o r a fa ul te d s y s te m
K
a j L D2
4tD
1
1

pD = ln
+ S + b j Ei

2 j =1
2

tD

Differentiating w.r.t t D and multiplying by t D gives:

p = 0.5 +
D

2
D

1
a j L
b
exp
j
2
tD

j =1
K

Can be used to compute exact slope

of the semilog plot
pD depends only on tD/LD2
for a given model
2

For large tD/LD

Cases I , III

31

and

(exp1)

1
p = 1 + b j
2
D

j =1

V only

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

SYZ

Elementary Fault Systems

125

IV

L D = 3333.3

pD

S e mi l o g
II

Di me n si o n le ss
P l ot

V
I II
I
0

0.1

10

tD L 2
D
32

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

100

1000

Fig 4.6.1

SYZ

Elementary Fault Systems

100

MTR

IV

LTR

II
10

V
II I
I

0.5

CRD
0.1

0.1

10

tD L2
D
33

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

100

1000

Fig 4.6.2

SYZ

Classical Semilog Plot

pi
CRD

p t=1
slope, m =

pw f

WellBore
Storage

ETR
0

34

q
4kh

Bo undar y
E ff ec ts

MTR

LTR

ln t

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

SYZ

Raw Derivative Data on Compatible Log-Log Scale

Slope of Semilog Graph

100
Fault
Detection

(psi)
10

1
0.1

10

100

10

(hr)

Preparation for Type Curve Overlay

35

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

SYZ

Elementary Fault Systems

100

IV

CRD

II
[p]M
2

10

(psi)

MATCH
POINT

[pD ] M

0.5

[t D /L D ] M
0.1

36

V
II I
I

10

1
0.1

10

0.1

10

tD L 2
D
100

(hr)

10

[ t ] M 10

100

1000

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

Fig 4.7.3

SYZ

Well Near Fault or Faults

Diagnostic Plot

=180
MTR
1st Plateau

37

Specialised Plot

m2

2nd Semi-log Straight Line

=90
m1

m2 = ( 360o/ ) m1

2nd Plateau
1st Semi-log Straight Line

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

SYZ

Semi-infinite Fault Systems

Drawdown Late Transient Analysis
Log - Log Derivative Type Curve

P l o t p ve rs u s t o n l o g- l o g s c al e s
c om p a t i b l e w i t h t yp e c u rv e
M o v e d a ta h o ri z o n ta l l y a n d v e rti c a l l y
u n t i l a m a t c h i s o b t a i n ed
D e t er m i ne k h fr o m p re s s ur e m a t c h

[p D ]M

2 k h [p ]M
q

kh =

q [pD ]M
2 [p ]M

L follows from the time match

L=

k t

L
t O
c M P
MN L PQ
t

38

D
2
D

F aul t Ge om et ry
f rom p aram et er
m at ch

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

SYZ

Sealing Fault Preventing

Lateral Flow

No Juxtaposition

Active
Well

39

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

SYZ

Partially Communicating Fault

Inhibits Lateral Flow

A ctive
Well

Diagenesis
Zone

40

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

SYZ

Types of Linear Discontinuity

k1
1

k2
2

Abrupt Change of Rock or Fluid Properties

kf

lf
Vertical Semipermeable Barrier

41

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

SYZ

Areal View

Cross-section

L
q
Active
Well

kf

lf

Infinite

Dimensionless Transmissibility Ratio

PCF

A =
P artia lly Commu nicatin g
Faul t

42

k fh
lf
kh
L

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

k fL
l fk

for eq ua l kh

SYZ

Partially Communicating Fault - Dimensionless Pressure Response

15
0

Semilog Plot

CR D

pD

Active Well

0.01

Sealing Fault

0.05
0.1

S=0

= 1.0

No Fault Case, =
5
0.1

43

10

tDL

100

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

10

10

SYZ

Parallel and Intermediate Lines Construction on Semilog Graph

MTR

Final
S.L.

Tra nsition
Intermediate
S.L.

p
Total System
First
S.L.

e j

pD = e 4 Ei 4

tx

Time of Intersection

ln t
Partially Communicating Fault

44

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

SYZ

Partially Communicating Fault - Log-Log Derivative Type Curve

0.0
0.01

pD
0.05
0.1

= 1.0
0.5

0.1

45

1.0

10

tDL

100

Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing

10

10

Fig 4.9.7

SYZ