Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Nursing in The Philippines Has A Deep and Enigmatic History
Nursing in The Philippines Has A Deep and Enigmatic History
evil spirits
2.Belief that evil spirits could be driven away by persons with powers to expel demons.
Belief in special gods of healing, with the priest -physician (called word doctors) as
intermediary. If they used leaves or roots, they were called herb doctors (herbolarios)
Hospital Real de Manila (1577) it was established mainly to care for the
Spanish kings soldiers, but also admitted Spanish civilians; founded by Gov.
Francisco de Sande.
San Lazaro Hospital (1578) founded by Brother Juan Clemente and was
administered for many years by the Hospitalliers of San Juan de Dios; built
exclusively for patients with leprosy.
Rosa Sevilla de Alvero- converted their house into quarters for the Filipino
soldiers; during the Philippine-American War that broke out in 1899
Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora) nursed the wounded Filipino soldiers and
gave them shelter and food
completed elementary education to the seventh grade. Julia Nichols and Charlotte
Clayton taught the students nursing subjects. American physician also served as
lecturers.
In 1910, the Act No. 1976 modified the organization of the school placing it under the
supervision of the Department of Health. The Civil Hospital was abolished and the
Philippine General Hospital was established.
St. Lukes Hospital School of Nursing (Quezon City, 1907)
The hospital is an Episcopalian Institution. It began as a small dispensary in 1903. In
1907, the school opened with three girls admitted. These three girls had their first year
in combined classes with the PGH School of Nursing and St. Pauls Hospital School of
Nursing. Miss Helen Hicks was the first principal. Mrs. Vitaliana Beltran was the first
Filipino superintendent of nurses and Dr. Jose Fores was the first medical director of the
hospital.
Mary Johnston Hospital and School of Nursing (Manila, 1907)
It started as a small dispensary on Calle Cervantes (now Avenida). It was called the
Bethany Dispensary and funded by the Methodist Mission for the relief of suffering
among women and children. In 1907, Sister Rebecca Parrish together with registered
nurses Rose Dudley and Gertude Dreisbach, organized the Mary Johnston School of
Nursing. The nurses training course began with three Filipino young girls fresh from
elementary as their first students.
Philippine Christian Mission Institute Schools of Nursing
The United Christian Missionary Society of Indianapolis, Indiana- a Protestant
organization of the disciples of Christ operated three schools of nursing:
Sallie Long Read Memorial Hospital School of Nursing (Laoag Ilocos Norte, 1903)
Mary Chiles Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1911)
The hospital was established by Dr. WN Lemon in a small house on Azcarraga,
Sampaloc, Manila. In 1913, Miss Mary Chiles of Montana donated a large sum of
money with which the preset building at Gastambide was bought. The Tuason Annex
was donated by Miss Esperanza Tuason, a Filipino Philantropist.
Frank Dunn Memorial Hospital (Vigan Ilocos Sur, 1912)
San Juan de Dios Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1913)
In 1913, through the initaiative of Dr. Benito Valdez, the board of inspectors and the
executive board of the hospital passed a resolution to open school of nursing. The
school has been run by the Daughters of Charity since then. Sister Taciana Tinanes was
the first Directress of the School
Emmanuel Hospital School of Nursing (Capiz, 1913)
In 1913, the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society sent Dr. PH Lerrigo to Capiz for
the purpose of opening a hospital. Miss Rose Nicolet assisted him. The school offered a
3-year training course for an annual fee of Php 100.00. Miss Clara Pedroso was the first
principal
Southern Islands Hospital School of Nursing (Cebu, 1918)
The hospital was established in 1911 under the Bureau of Health. The school opened in
1918 with Anastacia Giron-Tupas as the orginizer. Miss Visitacion Perez was the first
principal
Other Schools of Nursing
1.Zamboanga General Hospital School of Nursing (1921)
2.Chinese General Hospital School of Nursing (1921)
3.Baguio General Hospital School of Nursing (1923)
4.Manila Sanitarium Hospital and School of Nursing (1930)
5.St. Paul School of Nursing in Iloilo City (1946)
6.North General Hospital and School of Nursing (1946)
7.Siliman University School of Nursing (1947)
In a glance
1909
3 female graduated as qualified medical-surgical nurses
1919
The 1st Nurses Law (Act#2808) was enacted regulating the practice of the nursing
profession in the Philippines Islands. It also provided the holding of exam for the
practice of nursing on the 2nd Monday of June and December of each year.
1920
1st board examination for nurses was conducted by the Board of Examiners, 93
candidates took the exam, 68 passed with the highest rating of 93.5%-Anna Dahlgren
theoretical exam was held at the UP Amphitheater of the College of Medicine and
Surgery. Practical exam at the PGH Library.
1921
Filipino Nurses Association was established (now PNA) as the National Organization Of
Filipino Nurses
PNA: 1st President Rosario Delgado
Founder Anastacia Giron-Tupas
1953
Republic Act 877, known as the Nursing Practice Law was approved.
Miss Librada Javelera was the first Filipino director of the school.
6. Philippine Christian mission Institute School of Nursing.
The United Christian Missionary of Indianapolis, operated Three schools of Nursing:
1. Sallie Long Read Memorial Hospital School of Nursing (Laoag, Ilocos Norte,1903)
2. Mary Chiles Hospital school of Nursing (Manila, 1911)
3. Frank Dunn Memorial hospital
7. San Juan de Dios hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1913)
8. Emmanuel Hospital School of Nursing (Capiz,1913)
9. Southern Island Hospital School of Nursing (Cebu,1918)
The hospital was established under the Bureau of Health with Anastacia Giron-Tupas as the organizer.
The First Colleges of Nursing in the Philippines
University of Santo Tomas .College of Nursing (1946)
Manila Central University College of Nursing (1948)
University of the Philippines College of Nursing (1948). Ms.Julita Sotejo was its first Dean
The Basic Human Needs
Each individual has unique characteristics, but certain needs are common to all people.
A need is something that is desirable,useful or necessary.
Human needs are physiologic and psychologic conditions that an individual must meet to achieve a
state of health or well-being.
Self-Actualization Needs
The need to learn, create and understand or comprehend
The need for harmonious relationships
The need for beauty or aesthetics
The need for spiritual fulfillment
Characteristics of Basic Human Needs
1. Needs are universal.
2. Needs may be met in different ways
3. Needs may be stimulated by external and internal factor
4. Priorities may be deferred
5. Needs are interrelated
Concepts of health and Illness
HEALTH
is the fundamental right of every human being. It is the state of integration of the body and mind
Health and illness are highly individualized perception. Meanings and descriptions of health and illness
vary among people in relation to geography and to culture.
Health - is the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity. (WHO)
Health is the ability to maintain the internal milieu. Illness is the result of failure to maintain the
internal environment.(Claude Bernard)
Health is the ability to maintain homeostasis or dynamic equilibrium. Homeostasis is regulated by the
negative feedback mechanism.(Walter Cannon)
Health is being well and using oness power to the fullest extent. Health is maintained through
prevention of diseases via environmental health factors.(Florence Nightingale)
Health is viewed in terms of the individuals ability to perform 14 components of nursing care unaided.
(Henderson)
Positive Health symbolizes wellness. It is value term defined by the culture or individual. (Rogers)
Disease
An alteration in body function resulting in reduction of capacities or a shortening of the normal life
span.
Common Causes of Disease
Biologic agent e.g. microorganism
Inherited genetic defects e.g. cleft palate
Developmental defects e.g. imperforate anus
Physical agents e.g. radiation, hot and cold substances, ultraviolet rays
The physical environment in which a person works or lives can increase the likelihood that certain
illnesses will occur.
4. Lifestyle
Lifestyle practices and behaviors can also have positive or negative effects on health.
Classification of Diseases
1. According to Etiologic Factors
a. Hereditary due to defect in the genes of one or other parent which is transmitted to the
i. offspring
b. Congenital due to a defect in the development, hereditary factors, or prenatal infection
c. Metabolic due to disturbances or abnormality in the intricate processes of metabolism.
d. Deficiency results from inadequate intake or absorption of essential dietary factor.
e. Traumatic- due to injury
f. Allergic due to abnormal response of the body to chemical and protein substances or to physical
stimuli.
g. Neoplastic due to abnormal or uncontrolled growth of cell.
h. Idiopathic Cause is unknown; self-originated; of spontaneous origin
i. Degenerative Results from the degenerative changes that occur in the tissue and organs.
j. Iatrogenic result from the treatment of the disease
2. According to Duration or Onset
a. a.Acute Illness An acute illness usually has a short duration and is severe. Signs and symptoms
appears abruptly, intense and often subside after a relatively short period.
b. Chronic Illness chronic illness usually longer than 6 months, and can also affects functioning in any
dimension. The client may fluctuate between maximal functioning and serious relapses and may be life
threatening. Is is characterized by remission and exacerbation.
Remission- periods during which the disease is controlled and symptoms are not obvious.
Exacerbations The disease becomes more active given again at a future time, with recurrence of
pronounced symptoms.
c. Sub-Acute Symptoms are pronounced but more prolonged than the acute disease.
3. Disease may also be Described as:
a. Organic results from changes in the normal structure, from recognizable anatomical changes in an
organ or tissue of the body.
b. Functional no anatomical changes are observed to account from the symptoms present, may result
from abnormal response to stimuli.
c. Occupational Results from factors associated with the occupation engage in by the patient.
d. Venereal usually acquired through sexual relation
e. Familial occurs in several individuals of the same family
f. Epidemic attacks a large number of individuals in the community at the same time. (e.g. SARS)
g. Endemic Presents more or less continuously or recurs in a community. (e.g. malaria, goiter)
h. Pandemic An epidemic which is extremely widespread involving an entire country or continent.
i. Sporadic a disease in which only occasional cases occur. (e.g. dengue, leptospirosis)
Leavell and Clarks Three Levels of Prevention
a. Primary Prevention seeks to prevent a disease or condition at a prepathologic state ; to stop
something from ever happening.
Health Promotion
-health education
-marriage counseling
-genetic screening
-good standard of nutrition adjusted to
developmental phase of life
Specific Protection
-use of specific immunization
-attention to personal hygiene
-use of environmental sanitation
-protection against occupational hazards
-protection from accidents
-use of specific nutrients
-protections from carcinogens
-avoidance to allergens
b. Secondary Prevention also known as Health Maintenance.Seeks to identify specific
illnesses or conditions at an early stage with prompt intervention to prevent or limit disability;
to prevent catastrophic effects that could occur if proper attention and treatment are not
provided
Early Diagnosis and Prompt Treatment
-case finding measures
-individual and mass screening survey
-prevent spread of communicable disease
-prevent complication and sequelae
-shorten period of disability
Disability Limitations
- adequate treatment to arrest disease process and prevent further complication and
sequelae.
-provision of facilities to limit disability and prevent death.
c. Tertiary Prevention occurs after a disease or disability has occurred and the recovery
process has begun; Intent is to halt the disease or injury process and assist the person in
obtaining an optimal health status.To establish a high-level wellness.
Many nurses worked during the American Civil War; their stories and letters paid tribute to
their circumstances and the large volume of casualties. Later, in 1881, Clara Barton
developed a humanitarian program designed to meet the needs of those affected by
disaster. Barton had served during the Civil War and understood the necessity of volunteer
cooperation to meet the needs for food, clothing, and shelter for those in trouble. The
organization was known as the Red Cross, and Barton served as its leader for over 20 years.
At the end of the 19th century, more nurses began to work toward changing policy in
leadership and education in nursing schools, recognizing their role as more than that of a
bedside caregiver. By implementing change, many nurses went beyond the scope of care to
educate those in leadership about the need for prevention and to reach some groups of
people that may have fallen through the cracks. In 1893, Lillian Wald began promoting the
role of the public health nurse to help those living outside of the hospital setting; and in
1925, Mary Breckinridge started the Frontier Nursing Service to help some of the poor and
destitute living in rural parts of America.
During the 20th century, nursing continued to evolve, with the addition of new programs and
professional organizations designed to specifically address some of the challenges of the
nursing profession. The American Nurses Association began publishing the American Journal
of Nursing, which continuously provides new information about research and trends in
current practice. Nursing programs changed to offer students new courses to become
licensed practical nurses and to require certification and testing to become registered
nurses. Nursing schools began to evolve from traditional hospital-based programs to
university-level curricula. Nurses began to gain further education in the form of advanced
degrees. In 1956, Columbia offered the first program for a masters degree in nursing, and in
1979, Case Western offered the first doctoral program.
Nursing skills developed during the 20th century as nurses filled greater roles with more
critical functions. The rise of intensive care units and specialty areas saw the expansion of
many areas of expertise in nursing. Nurses began to work in more specialized care settings
and studied care of patients in their respective fields. Nursing schools taught skills in areas
such as orthopedics, pediatrics, critical care, trauma and flight nursing, neonatal nursing,
and psychiatric nursing, among many other specialties, all of which became identifiable
concentrations in which to work.
Nurses also moved beyond the role of being the doctors assistant, and the scope of nursing
practice expanded in many specialties. Nurses now perform many procedures and lifesaving
measures that were once restricted only to the practice of medical doctors. Nursing
diagnoses guide the care of patients depending on their needs during hospitalization or
supervision. The role of the nurse practitioner as a type of advanced specialty nursing
brought nurses up to a level in which they could prescribe medication, perform procedures,
and follow the course of clinical patient care. Nurses play an essential role in not just the
physical or emotional care of patients, but in the management of social issues, prevention of
disease, and monitoring of trends. Nursing continues to expand into a distinct element of the
health care team, providing caring and service to those in need worldwide.