E.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Related Literature
Peanut Shell
Peanut is one of the most important oil and protein producing crops in the world. Yet the
amounts of peanut processing by-products containing proteins, fiber and polyphenolics are
staggering. With the environmental awareness and scarcity of space for landfilling,
wastes/by-product utilization has become an attractive alternative to disposal. Several
peanut by-products are produced from crush peanut processes and harvested peanut,
including peanut meal, peanut skin, and peanut hull and peanut vine. Some of peanut byproducts/waste materials could possibility used in food processing industry. The by-products
of peanut contain many functional compounds, such as protein, fiber and polyphenics,
which can be incorporated into processed foods to serve as functional ingredients. This
paper various peanut by-products produced, as well as current best recovering and recycling
use options for these peanut byproducts. Peanut shell are very woody they contain celllulose
and lignin just like a tree's wood does. The numbers are repoted in a lignin to cellulose ratio
79/100 for a peanut shell. To let you compare the California Sequoia tree is 70/100 and an
Oak tree is 62/100.
Rice Husk
Rice husk is one of the agricultural residues. The outer layer of the paddy grain is the rice
husk. It is also called rice hull. It is seperated from the brown rice in rice mills. Rice husk is
produced in the first step in the milling process when the husk is removed from the grain
around 20% of the paddy weight is husk. There are some uses for rice husk, but it is still
considered a waste product and therefore either burned it or dumped on wasteland. Rice
husk is one such material which is being considered as a potential substitute for wood &
wood based boards. Agricultural waste or residue is made up of organic compounds from
organic sources such is rice straw, oil palm empty fruit bunch, sugar cane bagasse, coconut
shell and others. Rice husk from paddy (Oryza sativa) is one example of alternative material
that can be potentially used for making particle board. Rice husk is unusually high in ash,
which is 92 to 95% silica, highly porous and lightweight, with a very high external surface
area. Its absorbent and insulating properties are useful to many industrial applications, such
as acting as a strengthening materials. Rice husks are processes into rectangular shaped
particle boards.
Corkboards
Cork Board is a manufactured wood product. It is actually quite environmentally friendly,
as it is built from compressed shredded wood scraps and recycles wood, held together with a
type of resin. It is cheaper and denser than hardwood, but it is not very strong or resistant to
moisture. It also does not take paint (let alone stain) well. To combat these deficiencies,
most cork boards are covered with veneers glued onto the exterior surfaces made to look

like the desired hardwood. To the untrained eye, a piece of furniture made from veneered
particle board looks like a fine hardwood piece.
As with all manufactured wood products, there is a proper time and place for using
particle board products. For instance, white, melamine covered particle board is wellequipped for use in interior tasks such as building closet shelves. The melamine is clean and
doesnt require painting, and if affixed properly, will be stable and strong for a long time. I
have used melamine coated particle board for numerous shop projects, and it holds up quite
well.

Related Studies
The study entitled The Feasibility Study of Making Pineapple and Leaves (Ananas
Comosus) as Corkboard. The study aimed to produce corkboard out of pineapple peelings
and leaves which needs to observe the answers of the following questions: Does the quality
of the produced corkboard out of pineapple peelings and leaves comparable to the
commercial product when analyzed by strength, appearance, and texture? The major
relevance of this study is to produce alternative materials from recycled things/waste
products, fruit peelings for instance to replace our commercial materials which is really
expensive in making things to be part of our day-to-day life. Experimental method of
research was used. The process involved some phases to be covered in conducting the study.
The researchers collected and gathered information, data and samples about the said study. It
also includes extraction and filtration and the testing. This is a new type of renewable and
sustainable raw material since it recovers from things that we completely thought a total
waste, easy to dispose but we never thought can be very useful. In this study, the waste
product of pineapple peelings becomes recyclable.
Pineapple, Ananas comosus, belongs to the Bromeliaceous family, from which one of its
most important health-promoting compounds, the enzyme brome lain, was named. The
Spanish name for pineapple, pia, and the root of its English name, reflects the fruits visual
similarity to the pine cone. Pineapples are actually not just one fruit but a composite of
many flowers whose individual fruitlets fuse together around a central core. Each fruitlet
can be identified by an eye, through spiny marking on the pineapples surface.
This study above is related to the researchers study because the study of the researcher
was compared in the study above to know which is the most effective.
Johnson, A. C. & Yunus, N. (2009) conducted the study entitled Components of Rice
Husk: A Brief Introduction to Renewable Materials of Construction hes construction
industry is growing at a rapid pace as a consequence of increasing population and standard
of living. High performance synthetic materials for construction such as glass fibre and
carbon fibre reinforced composites are available today. However, these materials are mainly
used for high-tech applications in aerospace and motor sports due to their high costs.
Therefore, lightweight and high-strength wood and wood-based composite boards are still

the preferred option for construction due to their reasonable large quantities are produced
every year after the harvest season renewable material, the use of Rice Husk can is expected
to grow from year to year. Rice husk is the outer covering of the rice grain and is obtained
during the milling process. RH constitutes 20% of the total rice produced. As a renewable
material, the use of RH can eliminate waste disposal and support environmental protection.
Even though Malaysia is not a prominent rice-producing country, large quantities of RH are
produced every year after the harvest season (November to March). Commercially, RH
produced in Malaysia is grounded with broken rice to be used as animal costs. The growing
shortage of wood has also led to the development of suitable alternative materials for
construction. Rice husk particleboard is one such material which is being considered as a
potential substitute for wood and wood-based board products. Rice is a major food crop in
many regions of the world. Global rice production in 2007 was approximately 638 million
tonnes and Malaysias contribution was 2.2 million tonnes. Due to global demand, rice
production is expected to grow from year to year. Rice husk is the outer covering of the rice
grain and is obtained during the milling process. RH constitutes 20% of the total rice
produced. As a renewable material, the use of RH can eliminate waste disposal and support
environmental protection.
It is related to the researchers study because this shows the use of rice husk as a
corkboard.

The study entitled Insulation corkboard for sustainable energy and environmental
protection aimed Corkboard products for the construction industries have an important
contribution and remarkable advantages, namely insulation corkboard (ICB). The
production of insulation corkboards uses only superheated steam, using steam generators fed
with their own waste obtained in cork grinding and board finishing operations, not
introducing any other products that are not exclusively cork. The agglomeration is based on
cork resins, being a 100% natural and ecological product. At the end of the period of use,
this product may come to be used in identical applications, since some tests showed that
after this time the look and the essential properties of this insulation material are unchanged.
In the case that this is not possible its grinding is promoted, obtaining a re- granulate which
is used for new applications in thermal insulation or to be used as inert in the manufacture of
light concrete and mortars. Considering an apparent density average value of 120 kg.m-3
and an average value of 90,000 m3/year for the total ICB production, this corresponds to a
CO2 equivalent (sequestration) of more than 25,500 ton/year and corresponds to the
pollution of more than 11,200 cars/year.
The study entitled Insulation corkboard for sustainable energy and environmental
protection is related to the researchers study because this shows the importance of
corkboard in the environment.

Maroni, M. (n.d.) conducted the study entitled Importance of Particlde Board in Daily
Life. An eye catching bulletin board will build interest in every student. Educators should
strive to create bulletin boards that introduce new concepts in an exciting ways. Bulletin
boards appeal to the visual side of learning for students. To build interest, educators should
decorate the boards before a new concept is discussed with the class. Students curiosity will
begin to work harder with a bulletin board that displays outstanding student work. Educators
should strive to draw attention to every childs work at some point during the year. After
viewing their work posted on a bulletin board, students develop a sense of pride, ownership
and motivation to continue to create work that is worthy of attention.
The study conducted by Maroni, M. is related to the researchers study because it can use
it can relate in the researchers study.

Faith, B. (n.d.) conducted the study entitled Uses of Cork Board Corkboards are
composed of dead cells that accumulate on the outer surface of the cork oak tree. It is a
unique tree material. It has a honeycomb-like structure which makes it very easy to
compress. Cork consists largely of empty space; its density weight per unit volume is onefourth of that of water. Cork boards consist of irregularly shaped and spaced cells having an
average of 14 sides. It is like many layers of microscopic Bubble Wrap, making it an
effective cushioning material. Cork absorbs neither dust nor moisture, and it resist both rot
and insects. It is also used for polishing diamonds. Corkboards maybe used as bulletin
boards or dartboards. On dry basis, it contains approximately 49% cellulose, 26% pentosan
and 19% lignin. It is regarded as waste product but can also be used as a locally-grown
source for manufacturing cellulosic ethanol. Bagasse is currently used as fuel boilers of
sugar mill to generate power and electricity for the plant.
The said study is related to the researchers study because it shows the importance of
cork boards in our life.