THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

Chazars
Cheese

1869; Frahn, De Chazaris; Excerpta de Seriptorihus Arabics, St. Petersburg, 1821; idem, urn Foszlan (Fadlan), of
St.CHEDOBIiAOMEE,.Biblical Data: Name
Petersburg, 1823; Grigoryev, Rossia i Asia, St. Petersburg, a king of Elam (Gen. xiv. 1), who made conquests
1876; Harkavy, Soobslicheniya o Chazarakya, in Yevreiskaas far west as Canaan and exercised supremacy over
ya Biblioteka, viii., SU Petersburg, 1880; idem, Ghazarskia
southeastern part. After paying tribute to him
PUma, in Yevreiskayd Blblioteka, vii., St. Petersburg,its1879;
idem, in Geiger's Jttd. Zeit. ill., lireslau, 1865; idem, in Bazfor twelve years, the five local kings, or princes,
svyet, 1880, No. 4; idem, Nyekotoryya Dannyya, in Trudy
h. Areheologicheskavo Syezda v Kazani, Kazan,rebelled
1884; in the thirteenth year, and in the fourteenth
idem, in liussisehe Revue, 1875,1877; Hirschfeld, Das Buch
assailed and reduced by Chedorlaomer, assisted
Al-Chazari, Breslau, 1885; Klaproth, M&molre sur leswere
Khazars, in Journal Aslatique, ser. 1, vol. iii.; Neumann, Die
by AMUAPIIEL, King of Slrinar; AIUOCH, King of
Volkerjles Sildllchen Russlands, Leipsic, 1847; C. d'O
hsson, and Tidal, King of Goyim.
Ellasar,
Les Peuples du Cauease, Paris, 1828; Sprenger, Al-Mas'
udi's
Meadows of Gold, t, London, 1841; Vambery, Der Ursprung
der Magyaren, Leipsic, 1882; Vivien de St. Martin, Sur les Critical View: The name " Chedorlaomer"
Khazars, in Nouvelles Annales des Voyages, 1851;has
Bacher,
long been the subject of controversy, that has
La Conversion des Khazars d'apres un Uuvrage Midraschique, in Rev. Et. Julves, xx. 144-146; and works menincreased,
rather than diminished, since the discovtioned In the text. See, also, ARMENIA, CAUCASUS, and ery of native
Elamite and Babylonian documents.
CRIMEA.
JT T>
The first clue to an identification of the name is
CHEBAR: Name of a Baby Ionian river or canal, found in the fact, everywhere now regarded as estabby the side of which Ezekiel" saw visions" (Ezek. i. 1, lished, that the name is a correct Elamite compound.
3; iii. 15, 23; x. 15 et seq.). The Hebrew "nahar" Its first half, "Chedor" (= "Kudur," "servant of,"
(1ITJ), usually rendered "river,"was evidently used or "worshiper of"), is found frequently in Elaalso for " canal" (= Babylonian " naru"; compare Ps. mite proper names, such as " Kudur-nanhundi"
cxxxvii. 1, "naharoth Babel"; that is, "canals of ("nahhunte" in Susian or Elamite) and "KudurBabylon "). In Babylonian, " Naru Kabaru " means, mabuk." The latter half of the name, "la'omer,"
literally, "greatcanal." Theriver has usually been (= "lagamaru"), is the name of an Elamite deity,
identified with the Chabor, a tributary discharging mentioned by Assurbanipal.
Apart from these certain facts, all else is matter
its waters into the Euphrates at Circesium; a mistake not to be justified in view of the definite state- of controversy. Scheil believed that he had found
ment that it was in the land of Chaldea. The stream the name on a tablet of Hammurabi in the form
intended is undoubtedly the Kabaru, a large navi- "Ku-du-la-uh-ga-mar" ("Revue Biblique," 1896, p.
gable canal near Nippur, twice mentioned in an in- 600), but the name is now proved to be " Inuhshamscription recovered by the Babylonian Expedition mar." Pinches has found the name " Kudur-ku-kuof the University of Pennsylvania (see Hilprechtand mal" in a tablet dating probably from the period of
Clay, " Babylonian Expedition of the University of the Arsacida;. In spite of the difficulty of the reading and the late date of the text, it is possible that
Pennsylvania," ix. 50).
the person intended is really the same as the ChedorJ. JK.
R. W. R.
CHECHELNIK: Town in the government of laomer of Genesis, though most scholars are opposed
Podolia, Russia, having (1898) a population of about to this view. The tablet in question is couched in
7,000, including 1,967 Jews. Their principal occu- aflorid,poetical style, and little material of historical
pation is commerce; but 352 are engaged in various value can be gleaned from it. For the present the
handicrafts, and 96 are journeymen. About 200 records give only the rather negative result that
Jews earn a livelihood as farm-laborers; and 41 are from Babylonian and Elamite documents nothing
employed in the local factories. There are no char- definite has been learned of Chedorlaomer. It is,
itable organizations, and poverty among the Jewish however, a matter of some consequence in estimainhabitants is general. A private school for boys ting the character of the narrative in Gen. xiv. to
with 100 pupils, and 23 hadarim with 367 pupils, have learned that the name of Chedorlaomer is not a
constitute the Jewish educational institutions of fiction.
Chechelnik.
BIBLIOGRAPHY : Schrader, Keilinsehriften des Alten Testaments, 2d ed., pp. 135 et seq.; (compare paper read by Pinches
H. R.
S. J.
before the Victoria Institute) Jan. 20,1896; L. W. King, Letters and Inscriptions of Hammurabi, 1898, vol. i.
CHECHERSK: Town in the government of
j. JK.
R. W. R.
Mohilev, Russia, with a population (in 1898) of
2,819, including 1,692 Jews. The latter are princiCHEESE: The curd of milk run into molds and
pally engaged in commerce, but 323 follow various
handicrafts. Of these 158 own shops, 60 are wage- allowed to coagulate. This article of food was
workers, and 105 are apprentices. Shoemaking is the known to the ancient Hebrews. Three expressions
predominant industry, 120 persons being engaged in seem at least to indicate that various kinds and
it. There are, besides, 31 day-laborers. The chari- forms of cheese were in use: 1. "Gebinah" (Job x.
table organizations consist of a Gemilut Ilasadim, a 10) denotes the ordinary article, prepared in Biblical
Lehem Ebyonim and a Bikkur Holim. Over 40 times as it is to this day in Syria. Milk is passed
families apply yearly for aid for the Passover holi- through a cloth, and"the curd, after being salted, is
days. The educational institutions include an ele- molded into disks about the size of the hand and
mentary government school with 80 pupils, 15 being dried in the sun. From such cheese a cool, acid
Jews, and 15 hadarim, with 140 scholars. When the drink is made by stirring it in water. 2. "Harize
uprising under Bogdan Chmielnicki broke out in he-halab" (I Sam. xvii. 18) appears to have been
1648, Chechersk was taken by the Cossacks, who made of sweet milk, and to have been something
like cottage-cheese. It is not certain what "shemassacred all the Jews there.
BIBLIOGRAPHY ; Regesty, i. 403, 411, St. Petersburg, 1899. fot bakar" (II Sam. xvii. 29) signifies. Perhaps
the Masoretic reading is corrupt. If not, " cream "
H. K.
S. J.