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Fricatives and Plosives
Fricatives and Plosives
1.0 Introduction
Sounds are root of a language. In English language sounds are divided into two
which are consonants and vowels.
The
articulators play a vital role in producing each consonant sound. Contraction between the
various speech organs such as tongue, lips, teeth and so on are involved in producing a
consonant (Curzan and Adams, 2009). The picture below shows the articulators involved in
consonant sounds.
Furthermore, consonants are described in three different ways namely place of articulation,
manner of articulation and force of articulation.
Point of Articulation
Place of Articulation
Lower lip
Upper lip
Bilabial
The manner of articulation is the interaction between assorted articulators and the airstream
(Kelly, 2000). The table below shows an example of manner of articulation with its
description.
Manner of Articulation
Description
An absolute closure is made in the vocal
Stops / Plosives
The vibration of vocal folds denotes the voicing of consonants. There are two types of
vibrations which are voiceless (fortis; strong force of air) and voiced (lenis; wear force of
air).
Example :
/p/
/b/
Voiceless
Voiced
Bilabial
Labial
Dental
Alveolar
Manner
Stop
/p/
Nasal
/b/
/t/
/m/
Palata
l
velar
/d/
/k/ /g/
/n/
//
Lateral
glottal
/l/
/t/
/d/
Affricate
Fricative
approximan
t
PalatoAlveolar
/f/
/v/
//
//
//
//
/s/
/z/
/w/
/h/
/r/
/j/
Three
Bilabial
/p/
Alveolar
/b/
/t/
Velar
/d/
/k/
/g/
Voiceless
/p/
Voiced
/b/
Example of sentence with /p/ & /b/ sounds and its transcription :
John packs some food and placed it in his bag. He plans to go for a walk in the park before
the sun sets.
Transcription : /dn pks sm fud nd plest t n z bg/ /hi plnz t fr wk n
pk b.f sn sets/
(By Lalitha Raj Rajandren)
Table 3 shows the examples of bilabial plosive sounds and its force of articulation.
Plosive/Stop
Transcription
Voiceless
Packs
/pks/
Placed
/plest/
Bag
/bg/
Park
/pk
Before
/b.f/
Voiced
Voiceless
/t/
Voiced
/d/
Example of sentence with /t/ & /d/ sounds and its transcription :
The two young girls are listening to light tunes while drinking coffee whereas their dad is
dancing for a rock song.
Transcription : / tu j lz ls.nn . t lat tjunz wal drk k.fi wer.z e
dd z dns. fr rk s/
(By Lalitha Raj Rajandren)
Table 4 shows the examples of alveolar plosive sounds and its force of articulation.
Plosive/Stop
Transcription
Voiceless
Voiced
Two
/tu/
Tunes
/tjunz/
Drinking
/drk/
Dad
/dd/
Dancing
/dns./
/k/
Voiced
/g/
Example of sentence with /p/ & /b/ sounds and its transcription :
The girl with curly hair is my cousin. She looks good with a cap.
Transcription : / l w k.li he z ma kz.nn | i lks d w kp/
(By Lalitha Raj Rajandren)
Table 5 shows the examples of velar plosive sounds and its force of articulation.
Plosive/Stop
Girl
Transcription
/l/
Voiceless
Voiced
Curly
/k.li/
Cousin
/kz.nn /
Good
/d/
Cap
/kp/
2.2 Fricative
There are nine consonant phonemes whose main sounds all have frictions their most
important feature (Curzan and Adams, 2009). Fricatives occurs when the articulators create
friction as the air passes through the mouth. In fricatives glottal has only one phoneme and
there are four voiceless consonants and three voiced consonants.
Place of
Labio- dental
Dental
Alveolar
Palato-
Articulatio
Glottal
Alveolar
n
Fricative
/f/
/v/
//
//
/s/
/z/
//
//
/h/
/f/
Voiced
/v/
Example of sentence with /p/ & /b/ sounds and its transcription :
Mary speaks very fast and her voice is loud and clear and she always win the first prize in
public speaking competitions.
Transcription : /mer.i spiks ver.i fst nd h vs z lad nd kl nd i l.wez wn
fst praz n p.blk spik km.p.t.nn z /
Table 7 shows the examples of labio-dental sounds and its force of articulation.
Labio-dental
Transcription
Very
/ver.i/
Fast
/fst/
Voice
/vs/
First
/fst/
Voiceless
Voiced
Voiceless
//
Voiced
//
The thin boy thanked his mother for the gift on his birthday.
Transcription : / n b kt z m. f ft n z b.de/
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Table 8 shows the examples of dental fricative sounds and its force of articulation.
Dental fricative
Transcription
Voiceless
The
//
Thin
/n/
Thanked
/kt/
Mother
/m./
Birthday
/b.de/
Voiced
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Voiceless
/s/
Voiced
/z/
Example of sentence with /s/ and /z/ sounds and its transcription :
Teacher said that all the students should get parents permission to go the zoo trip.
Transcription : /ti.t sed t l stjudnts d et pe.rnts p.m.nn t zu
trp/
(By Lalitha Raj Rajandren)
Table 9 shows the examples of alveolar fricative sounds and its force of articulation.
Alveolar fricative
Transcription
Voiceless
Said
/sed/
Students
/stjudnts/
Zoo
/zu/
Voiced
12
Voiceless
/ /
Voiced
//
Example of sentence with // and // and its transcription:
Table 10 shows the examples of alveolar fricative sounds and its force of articulation.
Palato-alveolar fricative
Transcription
Voiceless
Voiced
Wash
/w/
Garage
/.r/
Measures
/me.z/
Shoe
/u/
/h/
The weather was so hot and dry. All the animals in the jungle were inside the hut.
Transcription : / we. wz s ht nd dra | l i .nm.lzn n d.l n wr n.
sad ht/
(By Lalitha Raj Rajandren)
Table 11 shows the examples of glottal fricative sounds and its force of articulation.
Glottal fricative
Transcription
Voiceless
Hot
/ht/
Hut
/ht/
Voiced
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Differences
Definition
When
Fricative
two vocal
organs
come
close
enough
released explosively.
friction sound.
(Kelly, 200)
There are three places of
(Kelly, 2000)
There are five places of
articulation
involved
Place of Articulation
in
articulation
involved
in
dental,
Type of sound
of
voiceless phonemes
/p/, /t/, /k/
There
are
Number of Phonemes
Number of voiceless
phonemes
voiced
phonemes
Number of voiced
phonemes
dental,
palate-
of
voiceless phonemes
/f/, //, /s/, //, /h/
There
are
4
voiced
phonemes
/v/, //, /z/, //
There are four major differences between stops/plosives and fricatives. The key words for
definitions of plosive is the air is released explosively whereas in fricatives the air produces
hissing or friction sound. In terms of place of articulation, there are three places of
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articulation while in fricatives there are five places of articulation. Fricative has greater
number of phonemes compared to plosive which is nine and six respectively. Furthermore,
plosive has less number of voiceless ( 3) and voiced (3) phonemes whereas fricative has 5
voiceless and 4 voiced phonemes.
4.0 Conclusion
As a conclusion, different articulators function in its own way to produce different sounds.
This enables human to speak a language and understand it. Consonants are very important
elements of English language because words are mainly consist of consonants. Each and
every consonant sounds are very important in pronunciation. As far as force of articulation is
concerned, the voiceless and voiced consonants also play a significant role in pronouncing
words correctly. Lastly, consonants sounds need to be clearly used so that the phonemes
function in a word.
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