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Math
Math
Page 1
TYPES
OF DESCRIPTIVE MEASURES:
Central tendency describes the extent to which all of the data values group around a
typical center value.
Variation describes the amount of dispersion, or scattering, of values away from a central
value.
Shape is the pattern of the distribution of values from the lowest value to the highest
value.
Page 2
3.1
MEASURES OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY
THE MEDIAN
THE MEAN
1, 3, 5, 7, 9
Sum:
25
Number:
X = 25/5 = 5
19
Values:
1, 3, 5, 7, 30
Sum:
46
Number:
THE MODE
1, 9, 5, 7, 3
Sum:
25
Number:
California
35
New York
Nebraska
72
X = 25/5 = 5
Page 3
The Z score is a measure of how far an outlier is away from the mean.
Z = (X-X)/S
Page 4
3.3
Means, standard deviations, and variances for the entire population, not just a sample
Sample
Population
Mean
(mu)
Standard Deviation
(lower-case sigma)
Variance
S2
Note: There are slight differences in how sample and population standard deviations and
variances are measured, but you can ignore them.
THE EMPIRICAL RULE AND THE CHEBYSHEV RULE
Percentage of Values Within the Interval
Normal Bell-Shaped Distribution
(Empirical Rule)
Any Distribution
(Chebyshev Rule)
Approximately 68%
NA
Approximately 95%
At least 75%
Approximately 99.7%
At least 88.89%
Typically, a value more than two standard deviations from the mean is viewed as an outlier.
Page 5
Page 6
3.4
QUARTILES
In General
Q1 = (N+1)/4 ranked value
Q2 = 2(N+1)/4 ranked value
Q3 = 3(N+1)/4 ranked value
Example
Times in Minutes:
29, 31, 35, 39, 39, 40, 43 44, 46, 52
10 Values
Q1 = (10+1)/4 = 2.75th value
This is 35 (the third value)
Q2 = 2*(10+1)/4 = 5.5th value
The 5th value is 39
The 6th value is 40
Choose 39.5
Q3 = 3*(10+1)/4 = 8.25th value
Page 7
Page 8
3.5
CORRELATION
RELATIONSHIPS
NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP
As one variable increases, the other variable
decreases or
As one variable decreases, the other variable
increases.
NO RELATIONSHIP
As one variable changes, this has no impact on
the other variable.
Page 9
THE COVARIANCE
THE COEFFICIENT OF CORRELATION CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
Page
10
3.6
Page
11
HOMEWORK
Region
Honolulu
Orlando
Omaha
Ventura
Dallas
Chicago
Nashvill
e
Boston
San
Francisc
o
Boise
Advertisin
g pc
$10
$6
$3
$2
$4
$1
Sales
pc
$153
$135
$116
$115
$126
$114
$7
$9
$140
$153
$5
$8
$127
$143
Page
12
AND
SALES PER
2. CREATE
SCATTER CHART
FOR
PRICE
AND
UNITS SOLD
DATA.
Region
San
Francisco
Price
5
Dallas
Omaha
Orlando
Chicago
Ventura
Boston
Boise
Honolulu
10
Nashville
Units
Sold
21.73195
57
32.17653
48
35.63134
42
21.65274
18
29.78496
33
36.48239
21
25.11031
28
25.68419
31
12.00501
18
30.79009
04
Chart:
*
Correlation Coefficient
Answer:
Page
13
3. CREATE
SCATTER CHART
SALES
DATA.
FOR
PER
CAPITA
AND INCOME
Region
Honolulu
Orlando
Omaha
Ventura
Dallas
Chicago
Nashvill
e
Boston
San
Francisc
o
Boise
Sales
pc
$56
$48
$3
$54
$34
$34
Income
pc
$46,079
$26,355
$83,108
$23,164
$74,177
$34,859
$12
$74
$16,414
$92,937
$44
$100
$31,164
$89,303
Chart:
*
Correlation Coefficient
Answer:
Page
14
PER CAPITA
4. FOR SALES
PER
CAPITA,
Sales per
Capita
Chicago
Ventura
Omaha
Dallas
San
Francisco
Orlando
Nashville
Boise
Boston
Honolulu
Cheyenne
Raleigh
Detroit
Denver
Seattle
Bismark
New York
Trenton
Topeka
New Orleans
$145.66
$127.27
$145.41
$120.69
$151.42
$120.92
$149.06
$156.05
$125.91
$121.10
$165.61
$138.08
$112.99
$140.55
$157.04
$140.40
$161.95
$109.60
$139.17
$163.87
Mean: ______
Median: _____
Standard Deviation: _______
Variance: __________
Z value for Trenton; ________
Z value for Bismark: _________
Page
15