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ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015)

E.H.I.-4
Hkkjr % 16oha 'krkCnh ls 18oha 'krkCnh osQ e; rd
(India: From 16th to mid18th Century)
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Auhtors for the help and Guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy
of these sample Answers as these are based on the knowledge and cabability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers
may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Question given in the assignment. As
these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be denied.
Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact
information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university.

Hkkx1
iz'u 1- vdcj osQ 'kklu dky esa eqxy lkezkT; osQ foLrkj dh ppkZ dhft,A
mkjokLro esa eqxy lkezkT; dk lkj vdcj osQ dky esa gh gqvkA lkklhu gksus rFkk laj{k.k ls eqDr gksus osQ ckn vdcj
us viuh lqfu;ksftr foLrkj dh uhfr dks kjaHk fd;kA ns'k osQ fHkUu&fHkUu Hkkxksa esa Lok;k ljnkjksa ,oa jktkvksa dk 'kklu FkkA jktiwrksa
dh 'kfDr jktLFkku esa jktuSfrd foLrkj esa lcls cM+h ck/k FkhA viQxkuksa dk fu;a=k.k caxky] fcgkj rFkk xqtjkr ij FkkA nf{k.k esa
cgeuh osQ iru osQ ckn [kkuns'k] vgenuxj] xksyoqQ.Mk vkfn fj;klrsa etcwr fLFkfr esa FkhaA mkj&if'pe esa ;|fi eqxyksa dk gh
'kklu Fkk] fdarq os vdcj osQ fojks/h FksA vr% vdcj osQ le{k cM+h pqukSrh Fkh] ftldk mlus MVdj lkeuk fd;k vkSj eqxy
lkezkT; dk foLrkj fd;kA
mkj rFkk e; Hkkjrmkj rFkk e; Hkkjr esa 1559&60 ;q vfHk;ku 'kq: fd;k x;k] ftlesa Xokfy;j osQ jke'kkg vkSj
tkSuiqj osQ viQxku 'kkldksa us ;qksijkar leiZ.k dj fn;kA ekyok dk cktcgknqj v/e [kku ls gkj x;k rFkk cqjgkuiqj Hkkx x;kA
1564 bZ- esa x<+ dVaxk dh jkuh nqxkZorh ijkftr gqb rFkk vdcj us bl jkT; dks jkuh nqxkZorh osQ nsoj pUnz'kkg dks lkSai fn;kA
fot; vfHk;kuksa osQ nkSjku vdcj dks vCnqYyk [kka mtcsx tSls fonzksgh usrkvksa dk Hkh lkeuk djuk iM+k] ftldk mlus neu
fd;kA vdcj us viuh owQVuhfr ,oa laxBukRed ;ksX;rk rFkk fo'oklik=k fe=kksa dh lgk;rk ls dbZ fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk eqdkcyk
fd;kA
if'pe Hkkjrif'pe Hkkjr esa eq[; :i ls jktiwrkuk vkSj xqtjkr vkrs gSa] tks lkekfjd n`f"V ls vR;ar egoiw.kZ Fks] vdcj
us bu ij fot; vfHk;ku vkjaHk fd;k vkSj liQyrk ikbZA
jktiwrkuk dh fot;jktiwr 'kfDr dks vdcj us egoiw.kZ ekuk rFkk jktiwrksa dks lg;ksxh cukus ,oa v/hu djus dh oqQ'ky
uhfr dk mi;ksx fd;kA fpkkSM+ osQ egkjk.kk rki dks NksM+dj lHkh jktiwr 'kkldksa us vdcj osQ lkFk fe=krk fuHkkbZ vFkok ijkt;
osQ mijkar v/hurk Lohdkj dhA jktiwrksa dh 'kfDr osQ eqxyksa dh 'kfDr esa 'kkfey gksus ls eqxy lkezkT; osQ foLrkj vkSj lqn`<+rk
dks vR;f/d ykHk feykA
xqtjkr dh fot;xqtjkr dk vR;f/d ego FkkA O;kikj vkSj f"k osQ lkFk&lkFk lSfud n`f"V ls Hkh xqtjkr ij vkf/iR;
vko';d FkkA gqek;wa osQ vfHk;ku osQ i'pkr xqtjkr esa osQUnzh; lkk dk vHkko gks x;kA ogk NksVs&NksVs jkT; Fks] tks ijLij ;qjr
jgrs FksA vdcj us 1572 bZ- esa xqtjkr vfHk;ku vkjaHk fd;kA lqYrku eqtiQj'kkg r`rh; ukeek=k dk 'kkld FkkA vdcj us jktoqQekj
bfrekn osQ vkea=k.k ij vgenkckn dh vksj owQp fd;k vkSj fdlh xaHkhj fojks/ osQ fcuk uxj ij vf/dkj dj fy;kA osQoy lwjr
esa frjks/ dk lkeuk djuk iM+k vU;Fkk lHkh fj;klrksa us v/hurk Lohdkj dj yhA vdcj fetkZ vtht dksdk dks ogk dk 'kklu
lkSai jkt/kuh okil ykSV x;kA blh chp fonzksg gks x;k vkSj b[kR;k#y eqYd rFkk eksgEen gqlSu fetkZ osQ dkj.k eqxyksa dks dbZ
{ks=kksa dk ifjR;kx djuk iM+kA fonzksg dh [kcj ls vdcj us vR;ar nqzr xfr ls vFkkZr 10 fnu osQ vanj gh xqtjkr rd dk liQj
r; dj fy;k vkSj xqtjkr esa iqu% 'kkafr LFkkfir dhA

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iwohZ HkkjriwoZ esa fcgkj rFkk caxky ij viQxkuksa dk 'kklu FkkA 1564 esa fcgkj osQ xouZj lqyseku djkZuh us caxky dks vius
v/hu dj fy;k rFkk vdcj dh v/hurk Lohdkj dj yhA djkZuh dh e`R;q osQ i'pkr mlosQ iq=k nkmn us eqxy dh v/hurk ekuus
ls badkj dj fn;kA 1574 esa vdcj vkSj [kku&,&[kkuk us fcgkj dh vksj LFkku fd;kA nkmn Hkkx x;k rFkk iqu% fonzksg djus ij
nkmn dh gR;k dj nh xbZ rFkk [kku&,&tgk osQ v/hu eqxykssa us caxky ij Hkh vf/dkj dj fy;kA 1592 bZ- esa mM+hlk Hkh ekuflag
osQ usr`Ro esa ijkftr gqvkA
1581 bZ- dk fonzksgvdcj osQ dky dk lokZf/d cM+k fonzksg 1581 bZ- dk FkkA oh-,- fLeFk uked bfrgkldkj us bldh
iqf"V dh gSA vdcj dh uhfr;ksa esa dHkh rFkk oqQyhuksa esa vlarks"k osQ dkj.k ,d lkFk caxky] fcgkj] xqtjkr rFkk mkj&if'pe esa
fonzksg HkM+d mBk] ftldk vdcj us oqQ'kyrk ls neu fd;kA vU;Fkk ;g fonzksg vdcj osQ lkezkT; osQ fy, ?kkrd fl gksrkA
tkxhjnkjh uhfr esa dM+kbZ ls ys[kk&tks[kk osQ dkj.k caxky esa fonzksg gqvk] fiQj fcgkj esa] ftlesa eklwe [kka dkcqyh] jks'ku csx] fetkZ
'kiqZQhu rFkk vjc cgknqj usrk FksA jktk VksMjey rFkk 'ks[kiQjhn osQ usr`Ro esa fo'kky lsuk neu osQ fy, Hksth xbZA fonzksfg;ksa dk
neu gqvkA blh chp esa dkcqy fonzksfg;ksa us vdcj osQ HkkbZ gdhe fetkZ dks jktk ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA eqtiQj'kkg dks ijkftr fd;k
rFkk 1591&92 esa mls fxjrkj dj fy;k x;kA
mkj&if'pe esa fot;vdcj osQ HkkbZ gdhe fetkZ osQ fonzksg osQ neu osQ i'pkr dkcqy dks jktk ekuflag dks tkxhj osQ
:i esa lkSai fn;k x;kA blh le; mkj&if'pe osQ fonzksfg;ksa osQ neu osQ fy, vdcj us LFkku fd;kA
jks'kukb;ksa dk neujks'kukbZ lank; dh LFkkiuk ihj jks'kukbZ uked flikgh us dh FkhA mldks O;kid leFkZu kIr FkkA mlosQ
iq=k tyky us eqxyksa dk fonzksg fd;k rFkk dkcqy vkSj Hkkjr osQ chp dk ekxZ vo# dj fn;kA fo"ke vkSj frowQy HkkSxksfyd
ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ dkj.k jktk chjcy bl vfHk;ku esa ekjs x,] ftlls vdcj dks xgjk vk?kkr yxkA varr% VksMjey rFkk ekuflag
dh 'kfDr'kkyh lsukvksa us budk neu fd;kA
d'ehj fot;vVd esa iM+ko Mkyus osQ mijkar vdcj us d'ehj fot; osQ fy, Hkxoku nkl rFkk 'kkgoqQyh ejge dks Hkstk]
d'ehj osQ 'kkld ;qlwiQ [kka us vdcj dh v/hurk Lohdkj dj yh] fdarq ;kowQc [kka osQ fonzksg osQ i'pkr 1586 bZ- esa d'ehj
dks eqxy lkezkT; esa feyk fy;k x;kA
FkV~Vk (fla/) dh fot;fla/ kar dk FkV~Vk {ks=k vHkh Hkh Lora=k FkkA vdcj us 1590 esa [kku&,&[kkuk dks fla/ fot;
rFkk cywfp;ksa osQ neu dk vkns'k fn;kA FkV~Vk ij fot; osQ mijkar mls eqYrku osQ xouZj osQ v/hu dj fn;k x;kA 1595 bZ- esa
mkj&if'peh {ks=k iw.kZ:i ls eqxyksa osQ v/hu dj fy;k x;kA
nDdu rFkk nf{k.kmkj rFkk if'pe esa fot; osQ mijkar vdcj us nf{k.k dh vksj vfHk;ku vkjaHk fd;kA 1591 esa vdcj
us eqxy v/hurk dks Lohdkj djus osQ fy, nDdu jkT;ksa osQ ikl nwr HkstkA nDduh jkT;ksa us v/hurk Lohdkj djus ls euk dj
fn;kA rRi'pkr loZFke 'kkgtknk eqjkn rFkk vCnqy jghe [kku[kkuk osQ usr`Ro esa [kkuns'k ij vke.k fd;k x;kA 1595 esa
vgenuxj ij vf/dkj dj fy;k x;k rFkk ogk dh 'kkld pkan chch ls laf/ osQ rgr cjkj dk {ks=k leir djus dks dgk x;kA
pkan chch us cjkj dks okil ysus osQ fy, vke.k dj fn;k rFkk futke'kkgh] oqQrqc'kkgh rFkk vkfny'kkgh lsukvksa us la;qDr :i
ls eqxyksa dk lkeuk fd;kA eqxyksa dks Hkkjh uqdlku dk lkeuk djuk iM+k rFkk eqjkn vkSj [kku[kkuk osQ chp erHksn gks tkus ls eqxyksa
dh fLFkfr detksj iM+ xbZA
varr% vcqy iQty dks Hkstk x;k rFkk 1598 esa eqjkn dh e`R;q osQ i'pkr vdcj Hkh bl vfHk;ku esa 'kkfey gks x;kA pkan
chch dh e`R;q gks xbZ rFkk 1600 bZ- esa vlhjx<+ rFkk vkl&ikl osQ {ks=kksa ij eqxyksa dk HkqRo LFkkfir gks x;kA blosQ lkFk gh chtkiqj
osQ vkfny'kkg us eqxyksa dh v/hurk Lohdkj dj yhA bl dkj nDdu esa vlhjx<+] cqjgkuiqj] vgenuxj rFkk cjkj dks eqxy
lkezkT; esa 'kkfey dj fy;k x;kA
iz'u 2- Hkkjr esa HkfDr vkUnksyu ds fodkl ds dkj.kksa dk fooj.k nhft,A bldk lekt ij D;k izHkko iM+kA
mkjHkfDr vkUnksyuHkkjr esa e;dkyhu HkfDr fLFkfr Hksniw.kZ rFkk er&erkarjksa esa my>h gqbZ FkhA 'kadj osQ v}Sr n'kZu osQ
ckotwn bZ'ojokn] oS".kookn] 'kfDr vkfn dk cksyckyk FkkA /kfeZd vO;oLFkk iSQy pqdh FkhA czk.kokn dks laiw.kZ HkfDr roksa dks
lkoZtfud rkSj ij miyCk djus rFkk ,d tulewg bdV~Bk djus dh vko';drk FkhA
fopkjkkjkHkfDr esa vkRek vkSj ijekRek osQ chp ,dkRE; LFkkiuk ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA HkfDr 'kCn dk iz;ksx 8oha
'krkCnh esa ikyh lkfgR; esa fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA oscj rFkk ckFkZ vkfn fo}kuksa us Hkh HkfDr dks Hkkjr esa mith gh Lohdkjrs gSaA

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Hkkxorxhrk fgUnw HkfDr lkfgR; esa loksZke vkSj vR;ar oanuh; xzaFk gSA bl xzaFk esa deZ dks izkkurk nsrs gq, lHkh keks esa
lkeatL; LFkkiuk dh ckr dgh xbZ gSA Hkkxorxhrk esas ,d bZ'oj rFkk losZ'ojokn dks feyk fn;k x;k gSA
vr% bLyke osQ Hkkjr esa izos'k osQ dky esa HkfDr ckSfdrkokn osQ ?ksjs esa iM+h gqbZ FkhA
izeq[k erHkkjrh; HkfDr vkanksyu esa fofHkUu erksa dk lekos'k FkkA 'kadj dk v}Sr n'kZu flkar Fkk] ftlesa mifu"kn osQ
}kjk izlkfjr Kku osQ }kjk eqfDr dh ckr dgh xbZ FkhA jkekuqt dk fof'k"Vk}Sr flkar] ftlesa bZ'oj dks xq.kjfgr ugha cfYd
xq.klfgr ekuk gSA jkekuUn osQ f'k";ksa us ,d u, iaFk dh LFkkiuk dh rFkk fganw vuq"Bkuksa dk fojksk fd;k o vius vki dks
laiw.kZ kkfeZd jhfr&fjoktksa ls eqDr dj fy;kA ;s vuq;k;h vn~okqrk dgykrs Fks] ;s vfkd fnuksa rd izflf u ik losQA
jkekuUn osQ f'k";ksa esa dchj rFkk jSnkl us fuxqZ.k fopkjkkjk dk iks"k.k fd;k rFkk ,d c`gr tulewg dks ,d=k fd;kA rqylhnkl
us lxq.k HkfDr kkjk dks izfr"Bk fnykbZ rFkk jke dh yksdfiz;rk tu&tu osQ eaqg ls lqukbZ nsrh gSA
flD[k keZxq#ukud nso us fofHkUu erksa rFkk keks dk vkdyu fd;k rFkk flD[k keZ dh LFkkiuk dhA ewfrZiwtk]
rhFkZ;k=kk] vorkjokn vkfn dk fojksk fd;k] ekuoh;rk ij cy fn;kA mUgksaus yksxksa dks vkkkj rFkk iwtk osQ ikap flkarksa osQ
ikyu ij cy fn;klp] gyky] [kSj] fu;r rFkk bZ'oj dh lsokA ukud us xq# dh egkk dks Lohdkj fd;k rFkk lp vkSj
uke dks bZ'oj izkfIr dk vkkkj ekukA
ejkBk oS".ko keZlar Kkus'oj dks ejkBh oS".ko HkfDr dk izfriknd crk;k tkrk gSA bl oS".ko keZ esa vuq"Bkuksa dk
fojksk feyrk Fkk rFkk tkfr&ikafr osQ izfr Hkh ln~Hkko FkkA lar Kkus'oj us egkjk"V esa Hkkxor keZ dh izfr"Bk dh rFkk cjdjh
laiznk; dks c<+kok izkIr gqvkA buosQ iaFk esa tkfr osQ vkkkj ij dksbZ caku ugha FkkA Kkus'oj dh ijaijk dks vkxs c<+kus okyksa esa
ukenso] rqdkjke] jkenkl] ,dukFk vkfn FksA cjdjh laiznk; dk ;g izxfr'khy vkanksyu fdlkuksa rFkk O;kikfj;ksa dks vkdf"kZr
djrk FkkA
xkSfM+;k oS".kookn;g vkUnksyu fcgkj] caxky] vle vkfn izns'kksa esa pSrU; egkizHkq ls izHkkfor FkkA xkSM+h; laiznk; us
pSrU; dks egkizHkq vFkkZr bZ'oj esa vorkj osQ :i esa izfrf"Br fd;kA ;g dky fofHkUu izdkj osQ kkfeZd rFkk lkekftd
foo`Qfr;ksa dk dky FkkA blesa xkSM+h; laiznk; us tkfrxr fo'ks"krk dks vLohdkj dj fn;k rFkk lHkh izdkj dh lkekftd :f<+;ksa
ls Lo;a dks eqDr dj fy;kA
HkfDr vkUnksyu dk izHkkoHkfDr vkUnksyu us Hkkjrh; lkekftd fLFkfr esa O;kIr :f<+;ksa ,oa vakfo'oklksa dks rksM+ fn;k
rFkk fofHkUu {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa dks u;k Lo:i iznku fd;kA deZdkaM] tkfrHksn] vkMEcj] NqvkNwr vkfn dh fopkjkkjk ls nwj
HkfDr larksa rFkk muosQ lkfgR; us ekuo izse dk nhi tyk;kA
HkfDr vkUnksyu us iwjs tulewg dks tkfr&o.kZ&oxZ osQ HksnHkko ls ij mBkdj ,dtqV djus dk dk;Z fd;k rFkk fofHkUu {ks=kh;
Hkkkkvksa dks u;k Lo:i iznku fd;kA lkfgR; esa laxhr vkSj mke dksfV osQ dkO; dk ltu HkDr dfo;ksa }kjk gqvkA fgUnh esa
^jkepfjrekul* rFkk rfey ,oa ejkBh esa vusd xzaFk fy[ks x,A
bl vkUnksyu dk izHkko eqlyeku turk ij Hkh iM+k rFkk lekt esa lekurk ,oa HkkbZpkjs dh Hkkouk dk lkj gqvkA
iz'u 3- gqek;wa dh leL;kvksa dk ijh{k.k dhft,A mlus mu ij fdl izdkj fot; izkIr dh\
mkjgqek;wagqek;wa dks lkklhu gksus osQ lkFk gh la?k"kZ vkSj ;q djuk iM+kA oqQyhuksa rFkk lacaf/;ksa osQ "kM~;a=k osQ lkFk&lkFk
iwoZ ,oa if'pe esa viQxkuksa osQ fo# la?k"kZ djuk iM+kA blosQ vfrfjDr gqek;wa dk HkkbZ dkejku Hkh blosQ fy, fojks/ mRiUu dj
jgk FkkA
cgknqj 'kkg rFkk gqek;wavkjaHk esa cgknqj 'kkg vkSj gqek;wa osQ chp fe=krk jgh] ysfdu viuh lkj dh uhfr osQ dkj.k cgknqj
'kkg vkSj gqek;wa osQ chp Vdjko dh fLFkfr mRiUu gks xbZA ekyok ij vf/dkj] O;kikfjd vkSj lkefjd n`f"V ls egoiw.kZ Fkk] vr%
1531 esa cgknqj 'kkg us ekyok ij vf/dkj dj fy;k rFkk fcgkj esa 'ksj'kkg rFkk caxky esa uqljr us gqek;wa osQ fo# xBca/u cukuk
vkjaHk dj fn;kA mkj&iwoZ osQ viQxku Hkh viuh fr"Bk ikus gsrq ,dtqV gksdj fonzksg dh :ijs[kk rS;kj djus esa tqV x,A ,d lkFk
gqek;aw dks pkSrjiQk fonzksgksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA cgknqj 'kkg dk fot; vfHk;ku yxkrkj tkjh FkkA Hkhylk] jk;lsu] mTtSu] xxjkSu
ij fot; ikbZ rFkk vkxjk] Xokfy;j] c;kuk] dkfyatj ls eqxyksa dks nwj j[kkA
gqek;wa rFkk cgknqj 'kkg nksuksa gh R;{k Vdjko ls cpuk pkgrs Fks fdarq tc 1534 esa eqxy fonzksgh dks cgknqj 'kkg us laj{k.k
fn;k rks 1535 esa gqek;wa us vke.k dj fn;kA gqek;wa us cgknqj 'kkg dks Hkkxus ij etcwj dj fn;k rFkk xqtjkr dks vius vf/dkj

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esa dj fy;kA fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj vkxjk esa fonzksg osQ dkj.k gqek;aw dks ek.Mw ls okil ykSVuk iM+k vkSj mldh vuqifLFkfr esa
eqxy lsukvksa us ywVikV vkSj mRikr epkbZA bl dkj.k vke turk us cgknqj 'kkg dks iqu% LFkkfir fd;k vkSj eqxyksa dks vgenkckn
esa ijkftr fd;kA blh chp iqrZxkfy;ksa ls ;q esa fo'okl?kkr }kjk cgknqj 'kkg dh gR;kA (1537) dj nhA vc viQxkuksa osQ chp
usr`Ro dk 'u mB x;k vkSj 'ksj'kkg dks volj kIr gqvkA
iwohZ viQxku rFkk gqek;wagqek;wa dks fujarj fonzksgksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA mlosQ eq[; fonzksgh vkSj lkk osQ fr nkosnkjh j[kus
okys viQxku FksA xqtjkr esa cgknqj 'kkg dk neu djus osQ vfHk;ku us iwoZ dh fLFkfr dks 'ksj'kkg osQ vuqowQy dj fn;kA 'ksj'kkg
us loZFke viuh fLFkfr dks lqn`<+ djus osQ fy, caxky dh vksj vfHk;ku fd;kA 1532&33 ,oa 1534 osQ ;q esa caxky dh ijkt;
gqbZ rFkk 'ksj'kkg dh fr"Bk esa o`f gqbZA cgknqj 'kkg dh e`R;q osQ i'pkr 'ksj'kkg dh vksj viQxkuksa dh Hkh n`f"V xbZA 'ksj'kkg viQxku
ljnkjksa dk loZekU; usrk fl gqvkA iqu% 1535 esa caxky ij vke.k fd;k rFkk fot; ikbZA caxky dks le>kSrk djuk iM+k] ftlesa
mi;qDr ;qksolj ij caxky dks gkfFk;ksa rFkk /u dh vkiwr djuh iM+sxhA 'ksj'kkg dk eukscy c<+k rFkk mlus eqxyksa dks pqukSrh
nhA 'ksj'kkg dks caxky ij vf/dkj djus ls jksdus gsrq gqek;aw us ;kl ugha fd;k vkSj pqukj ij vf/dkj esa oDr yxk fn;kA
bfrgkldkjksa us bls ^Hk;adj Hkwy* dgk gS ftldk ewY; gqek;wa dks viuk lkezkT; [kksdj pqdkuk iM+kA 'ks'kkg us volj dk iQk;nk
mBk;k vkSj caxky ij vf/dkj dj fy;kA gqek;wa caxky igqpk vkSj ogk dh vO;oLFkk dks fu;af=kr fd;kA 'ks'kkg us fo'ks"k j.kuhfr
osQ rgr mlosQ okil ykSVus dk bartkj fd;kA 1538 bZ- esa pkSlk osQ fudV deZuk'kk unh gqek;wa osQ fy, nqHkkZX; dk dkj.k cuh]
ftls ikj dj Lo;a dks vuko';d [krjs esa Mky fy;kA bl fLFkfr dk iQk;nk mBkdj 'ksj'kkg us eqxyksa ij geyk dj fn;k vkSj
gqek;wa dks tku cpkdj Hkkxuk iM+kA 1540 bZ- esa dUukSt ;q esa gqek;wa dh ijkt; gqbZ vkSj 'ksj'kkg us Lo;a dks lqYrku ?kksf"kr dj
fn;kA
gqek;wa ,oa mlosQ HkkbZgqek;wa us ckcj dh e`R;q osQ i'pkr lkezkT; dks vius pkj Hkkb;ksa osQ lkFk ckaV fy;kA esokr fgUnky
dks] lEHky vldjh dks] iatkc] dkcqy rFkk dka/kj dkejku dks rFkk Lo;a fnYyh dk lqYrku cukA ;g mnkjrk dh uhfr gqek;wa osQ
fy, fouk'kd lkfcr gqbZA mlosQ HkkbZ dkejku fetkZ us lokZf/d [krjk mRiUu fd;k FkkA osQUnzhr 'kklu O;oLFkk esa ck/k igqphA
dkejku vkfn HkkbZ;ksa us ;q osQ oDr fo'okl?kkr dj fn;k rFkk gqek;wa dh gkj osQ ckn 'ksj'kkg dh lhek dks Lohdkj dj fy;kA
vr% gqek;wa dh vliQyrk esa mlosQ Hkkb;ksa dk Hkh gkFk FkkA
iz'u 4- l=kgoha 'krkCnh esa eqxy jktiwr lacakksa dk fooj.k nhft,A
mkjckcj us O;kogkfjd :i esa vius iwoZ esa igys viQxku leL;k ij ;ku fn;kA ckn esa ckcj us esokM+ vkSj ekyok osQ
fr vkked #[k viuk;kA ckcj osQ le; esa eqxyksa vkSj jktiwrksa osQ laca/ jktuhfrd t:jrksa osQ eqrkfcd fu;r gksrs jgsA
gqek;wa us fpkkSM+ dk i{k fy;k vkSj fpkkSM+ dh lSfud 'kfDr dks t:jr ls T;knk cyoku eku fy;kA ckcj vkSj gqek;wa jktiwr
jktkvksa ls nksLrkuk #[k viukus esa fgpfdpkrs jgsA
jktiwrksa osQ lkFk vdcj osQ laaca/ dks rhu pj.kksa esa ckaVk x;kA 1569&70 esa vdcj us fnYyh lqYrkuksa dh uhfr dk vuqxeu
fd;k] mls igyk pj.k ekuk tkrk gSA vdcj us iwooZrh jktiwrksa osQ lkFk nksLrh c<+kus dk ;Ru fd;k] og nwljk pj.k gSA vdcj
us eqfLye dV~VjiaFk ls vius dks vyx dj fn;k] og rhljk pj.k FkkA
Fke pj.kftl le; vdcj eqxy flagklu ij cSBk ml le; jktiwrksa esa vusd NksVs&cM+s jkT; FksA bl le; jktuSfrd
vkSj lkekftd n`f"V ls vkesj] ekjokM+] esokM+] chdkusj] tSlyesj] vksjNk rFkk j.kFkEHkkSj eq[k FksA vdcj us jktiwrksa osQ fr
ln~Hkkouk] fe=krk vkSj mnkjrkiwoZd uhfr viukbZA ;g uhfr fuf'pr :i ls ckcj dh lkezkT; [kksus ls iwoZ osQ gqek;wa dh jktiwr uhfr
ls iw.kZr% fHkUu FkhA
f}rh; pj.kvdcj ,d egku owQVuhfrK vkSj nwjn'khZ lezkV FkkA og ;g tkurk Fkk fd fganw usrk jktiwrksa dks 'k=kq cukdj
LFkk;h vkSj 'kkafriw.kZ 'kklu djuk vlEHko FkkA vdcj tkurk Fkk fd jktiwr egku ohj] vlk/kj.k ;ksk vkSj fodV lsukuh FksA
muesa cfynku LokfeHkfDr] R;kx] lPpkbZ bR;kfn xq.k FksA vdcj Hkkjr dks jktuSfrd ,drk osQ lw=k esa cka/uk pkgrk Fkk] blhfy,
mlus jktiwrksa osQ fr ijEijkoknh eqxy uhfr ls gVdj ,d ,slh uhfr viukbZ] ftlls eqxy lkezkT; dk foLrkj gks] ysfdu ;q
de&ls&de gksA
r`rh; pj.kjktiwrksa osQ lkFk vius laca/ ln`<+ djus osQ fy, vdcj us eq[k jktiwr ?kjkuksa dh jktoqQekfj;ksa ls fookg fd,A
vdcj us viuh lHkh fganw ifRu;ksa dks iwjh /ked Lora=krk nhA mlus viuh jktiwr ifRu;ksa osQ lkFk lEekuh; O;ogkj fd;kA
vdcj us jktiwrksa dks mPp in vkSj eulc nku fd,A vdcj us vusd jktiwrksa osQ lkFk O;fDrxr laca/ LFkkfir fd,A mlus
lHkh jktiwr vf/dkfj;ksa] lSfudksa vkSj jktdh; inkf/dkfj;ksa dks iw.kZ /ked Lora=krk nku dhA bl dkj vdcj vkSj jktiwrksa osQ
laca/ vPNs jgsA
16oha 'krkCnh osQ nkSjku jktuhfrd t:jr osQ eqrkfcd eqxy&jktiwr laca/ksa dk fu/kZj.k gqvkA vdcj }kjk jktiwrksa osQ lkFk
laca/ vkSj etcwr gq,A vdcj us jktiwrksa osQ lkFk oSokfgd laca/ LFkkfir fd,A

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tgkaxhj osQ 'kkludky esa Fke n'kd esa [kqljks dh cxkor osQ dkj.k jktiwrksa dks fn, tkus okys eulc esa rsth ls fxjkoV vkbZ
tcfd vdcj osQ 'kkludky dh vis{kk jktiwr jkT;ksa osQ 'kkldksa dks ps eulc fn, x,A 'kkgtgk osQ 'kkludky esa jktiwrksa dks
egoiw.kZ in vkSj cM+s eulc feysA
vkSjaxtsc1680 osQ ckn oqQN jktiwr jktk vkSjaxtsc ls ukjkt FksA l=kgoha 'krkCnh osQ mkjkZ esa mlus jktiwrksa dh rjiQ ;ku
ugha fn;k vkSj mUgsa dksbZ egoiw.kZ dk;Z ugha lkSaikA vkSjaxtsc dV~VjiaFkh Fkk] blh dkj.k jktiwrksa vkSj vkSjaxtsc esa erHksn gksus yxsA
l=kgoha 'krkCnh dk dky tgkaxhj rFkk 'kkgtgka dk FkkA bu 'kkldksa osQ dky esa vusd ck/kvksa osQ ckotwn vdcj }kjk LFkkfir
jktiwr laca/ vkSj Hkh etcwr gq,A tgkaxhj us o"kks ls pys vk jgs esokM+ la?k"kZ dks lekIr djus esa liQyrk izkIr dhA mlus jk.kk
osQ iq=k dks eqxy njckj esa mifLFkr gksus dh vkKk ns nh rFkk lkjs foftr {ks=k] ;gka rd fd fprkSM+ dk fdyk Hkh jk.kk dks okil
dj fn;k] drq bl 'krZ osQ lkFk fd og fdys dh ejEer ugha djok,xkA tgkaxhj us Hkh jktiwrksa osQ lkFk oSokfgd laca/ LFkkfir
fd,] ftuosQ ifj.kkeLo:i eqxyksa vkSj jktiwrksa osQ chp lkSgknZiw.kZ laca/ LFkkfir gq,A tgkaxhj us pkj egoiw.kZ jktiwr jkT;ksaesokM+]
ekjokM+] vkesj vkSj chdkusjosQ 'kkldksa dks 5000 tkr ;k mlls Hkh apk eulc iznku fd;kA jktiwrksa dks fdys dk fdysnkj ;k
iQkStnkj Hkh cuk;k x;kA
'kkgtgka us jktiwrksa ij vf/d fo'okl fd;k rFkk mUgsa dbZ egoiw.kZ in lkSaisA 'kkgtgka us jktiwrksa dks cM+s eulc rFkk lwcsnkjh
iznku dh] drq vHkh Hkh eqxy iz'kklu esa jktiwrksa dh Hkwfedk ux.; FkhA eqxy ejkBksa dh 'kfDr dks igpkurs Fks rFkk os Hkh tkurs
Fks fd budh enn osQ fcuk os vius lkezkT; dk foLrkj ugha dj ldrs] vr% ;s jktiwrksa osQ lkFk eqBHksM+ ls cprs jgsA drq khjs&khjs
eqxyksa osQ v/huLFk jktiwr ljnkjksa us LorU=krk osQ fy, la?k"kZ tkjh j[kkA eqxyksa vkSj esokM+ osQ chp {ks=kksa ij fu;a=k.k osQ fy, fiQj
ls eqBHksM+ vkjEHk gks xbZA jk.kk us fprkSM+ osQ fdys dh ejEer djokuh vkjEHk dj nh] ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i 'kkgtgka us vke.k
djosQ fprkSM+ osQ fdys dks oLr dj fn;k rFkk cgqr&ls ijxuksa dks vius vf/dkj esa ys fy;kA bl izdkj vf/d le; rd
eqxy&jktiwr laca/ e/qj ugha cus jg losQA
iz'u 5- Hkkjr esa ;wjksih; O;kikfjd dEifu;ksa dh LFkkiuk dk laf{kIr fooj.k nhft,A
mkj;wjksih; O;kikfjd dEifu;k vkSj Hkkjr % 16001750Hkkjrh; O;kikfjd laLFkkvksa vkSj ;wjksih; dEifu;ksa osQ chp fgrksa
osQ Vdjko ls mRiUu la?k"kks us Hkkjrh; 'kfDr;ksa dh iksy [kksy nh vkSj ;wjksih; dEifu;ksa dks vfkdkj feyrs pys x;sA
Mp bZLV bafM;k dEiuhMp bZLV bafM;k dEiuh dh LFkkiuk 1602 bZ- esa gqbZ rFkk ;g dEiuh O;kikfjd xfrfofk;ksa esa
layXu fd;kA 1606 esa blus viuk igyk dkj[kkuk dksjkseaMy esa isVkiwyh esa LFkkfir fd;kA elkys osQ O;kikj esa #fp ysus okyh
bl dEiuh dk >qdko diM+s osQ O;kikj dh vksj gqvk vkSj blus iwfydV (1610), oSQEcs (1620), lwjr (1621), gfjgjiqj (1633),
iVuk (1638), <kdk (1650) esa dkj[kkus LFkkfir fd,A
Mpksa dh c<+rh 'kfDr dks vaxzstksa dks [krjk eglwl gqvk vkSj buosQ chp fgrksa dk la?k"kZ vkjaHk gks x;kA 1623, 165354 esa
Mpksa us vaxzsth tgkt ij geyk fd;k rFkk {kfr igqpkbZA bl izdkj vaxzstksa us iqrZxkfy;ksa ls gkFk feykdj Mpksa dks ijkftr
fd;kA varr% 1795 bZ- esa Mp iwjh rjg ls Hkkjr ls fu"dkflr gks x;sA
bafXy'k bZLV bafM;k dEiuh1600 bZ- esa bZLV bafM;k dEiuh dks jktdh; pkVZj iznku fd;kA 1608 esa lwjr esa igyk
dkj[kkuk LFkkfir djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k rFkk 1619 esa HkM+kSp] vkxjk rFkk vgenkckn esa dkj[kkus yxk,A vaxzstksa us viuk igyk
dkj[kkuk 1611 bZ- esa ewlyhiV~Vue esa LFkkfir fd;kA 1668 esa cEcbZ }hi ij dCtk dj fy;k] 1623 esa gfjgjiqj rFkk tYnh gh
iVuk] dkfle cktkj (caxky) esa Hkh dkj[kkus LFkkfir dj fy,A 1698 esa mUgksaus lwkurh] dydkk] rFkk xksfoUniqj dh tehankjh
gkfly dh] tgk iQksVZ fofy;e dkWyst dh LFkkiuk dhA
Qkalhlh bZLV bafM;k dEiuhQkalhlh Hkkjr esa foyEc ls igqapsA 1664 bZ- esa Qaklhlh bZLV bafM;k dEiuh dh LFkkiuk gqbZ
rFkk igyk dkj[kkuk 1668 bZ- esa lwjr esa LFkkfir fd;kA 1669 esa elwyhiV~Vue esa dkj[kkuk LFkkfir fd;k rFkk 1673 esa
ikafMpsjh ij ,dkfkdkj fd;k] 1674 esa caxky esa uokc ls dydkk esa LFkku kIr fd;k rFkk panzuxj uked 'kgj clk;kA
vkilh ;qksa esa 1693 esa Mpksa us Qakl ls ikafMpsjh Nhu fy;kA vaxzstksa rFkk Qaklhfl;ksa esa la?k"kZ Hkkjr esa gh ugha ;wjksi esa
Hkh py jgk FkkA vr% ;g la?k"kZ vaxzstksa osQ fy, lcls cM+h pqukSrh FkkA Hkkjr esa rhu dukZVd ;q gq,] 174648, 174954,
175863 ftlesa Qaklhfl;ksa dh gkj gqbZ vkSj muosQ Hkkjr esa yxHkx lHkh vM~Ms lekIr gks x,A vaxzstksa dk opZLo iwjs Hkkjr ij
gks x;k rFkk iqrZxkyh xksok vkfn {ks=kksa rd gh lhfer jg x,A
vU; ;wjksih; O;kikfjd dEifu;k1616 esa MsuekoZQ osQ oklh Hkkjr vk, rFkk VsaowQckj leqnzrV ij fdys dk fuekZ.k
fd;k] dkj[kkus Hkh yxk,] fdUrq var esa vaxzstksa dks dkj[kkus cspdj 1845 bZ- esa Hkkjr NksM+ fn;kA
eqxy lkezkT; esa 'kkld Hkh fons'kh O;kikj djuk pkgrs Fks rkfd ykHk vftZr fd;k tk losQA fdUrq leqnzh csM+ksa osQ izfr 'kfDr
laiUu ugha gksus osQ dkj.k ;s fons'kh O;kikfj;ksa dks vius lkezkT; esa txg nsus yxs vkSj khjs&khjs osQUnzh; lkk detksj gksus ij fons'kh
dEiuh dk 'kklu esa izHkko c<+us yxkA

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MpMpksa dks xksyoqaqQMk osQ 'kkldksa us lgk;rk nh rFkk O;kikj dh btktr nhA fons'kh dEifu;ksa osQ izfr Hkkjrh; #[k ldkjkRed
FkkA dEiuh dks diM+s esa dj ij 12% osQ yxHkx NwV nh xbZA fdUrq Hkkjrh; vfkdkjh dEiuh osQ lkFk euekuh djrs Fks vr% Mpksa
us gqxyh fLFkr dkj[kkuk NksM+ fn;kA var esa xksyoqqaQMk osQ 'kkld us Mpksa osQ fy, dj eqDr O;kikj dh vuqefr ns nhA
1690 esa ratkSj osQ uk;d us vkks dj ij Mpksa dks O;kikj dh vuqefr ns nhA 1651 esa fuath osQ uk;d }kjk fo'ks"kkfkdkj nku
fd;k x;kA
172530 esa blh izdkj osQ fo'ks"kkfkdkj dks ugha ekuus osQ dkj.k Mpksa vkSj LFkkuh; vfkdkfj;ksa osQ chp nzd'oje~ esa ;q gqvk
rFkk 1728 esa Mp dkj[kkus ywV fy, x,A
bafXy'ktgkaxhj us vaxzst nwr dks 1607 esa iQjeku fn;k rFkk 1608 esa vaxzstksa us lwjr esa dkj[kkuk LFkkfir fd;kA tgkaxhj us
nwr dk Lokxr fd;k rFkk mls eulc Hkh iznku fd;k x;kA
1615 esa lj Vkeljks dks tgkaxhj osQ njckj esa Hkstk x;k rFkk vaxzstksa us Hkkjrh; ukSlsuk dh detksfj;ksa dk ykHk mBk;k vkSj ncko
rFkk ijs'kkuh esa vkdj mUgsa eqxy lkezkT; osQ lHkh Hkkxksa esa dkj[kkus dh vuqefr fey xbZA
1686 esa vaxzstksa us eqxy lezkV osQ fo# ;q NsM+ fn;k rFkk gqxyh dks jkSan fn;k fdUrq eqxy lkezkT; osQ vkxs os fVd u losQ
vkSj mUgsa caxky osQ lHkh dkj[kkus NksM+us iM+sA iqu% ;kfpdk vkSj owQVuhfr osQ rgr os O;kikj esa 'kkfey gq,A
QaklhlhQaklhfl;ksa dks igyk izdksi f'kokth dk >syuk iM+k rFkk ekfVZu us f'kokth dh lkk Lohdkj dj yhA 1689 esa 'kEHkkth
us Qkalhfl;ksa dks ikafMpsjh esa fdyscanh dh Loho`Qfr ns nhA 1688 esa vkSjaxtsc us pUnzuxj xkao cukus dh vuqefr ns nhA
nf{k.k esa Qaklhfl;ksa us fdyscanh dh btktr ys yhA eksgEen 'kkg us ,eaM~;wek dks uokc dh inoh iznku dhA nf{k.k Hkkjr esa
Qkalhfl;ksa osQ lkFk eSlwj osQ vPNs lacak jgs vkSj dukZVd ;q esa lkFk nsus osQ i'pkr cqjh rjg gkj gqbZ vkSj Qkal dks vaxzstksa osQ
lkeus ?kqVus Vsdus iM+sA
Hkkjr osQ lkFk Qkalhfl;ksa osQ lacak vPNs Fks rFkk fo'oluh; FksA
iz'u 6 kked leqnk;ksa vkSj keZ osQ izfr vdcj osQ n`f"Vdks.k dk ijh{k.k dhft,A
mkjeqxydkyhu Hkkjrh; lkezkT; esa jkT; dk keZ D;k Fkk\ bl fo"k; ij fo}kuksa esa i;kZIr erHksn gSA oqQN fo}ku bLyke
dks jkT; dk keZ dgrs gSa rks oqQN vke turk dh mis{kk ls fopfyr gksrs gSaA dgus dk rkRi;Z gS fd eqfLye lkezkT; dh LFkkiuk
us 'kkld oxZ esa bLyke keZ dh egkk dks izfrf"Br dj fn;k] fdUrq D;k blls laiw.kZ Hkkjr o"kZ dk keZ bLyke gks x;k\ keZ osQ
fr eqxy lezkVksa dk vyx&vyx n`f"Vdks.k jgk gSA mudh ppkZ ls keZ rFkk jkT; osQ chp osQ lacakksa dk mn~?kkVu fd;k tk ldrk
gSA
vdcjvdcj us Hkkjrh; 'kklu dks laHkkyrs gq, keZ ls lacafkr vusd dne mBk,A lkFk gh mldh kkfeZd n`f"Vdks.k
dks mlosQ dk;ks ls ewY;kafdr fd;k tk ldrk gSA mlus jktiwrksa ls oSokfgd lacak LFkkfir fd,A ;qcafn;ksa osQ kekrj.k ij
jksd yxk nh] tft;k dj lekIr dj fn;kA bl dkj vdcj ,d mnkjoknh 'kkld FkkA mldh mnkjrk rFkk mysek osQ fr
vkLFkk dh tkudkjh xqytkj&,&vdcj ls kIr gksrh gSA
vdcj dh bl mnkjuhfr osQ fr fo}kuksa dk fopkj gS fd ;g vdcj dh jktuSfrd owQVuhfr FkhA og jktiwrksa rFkk
Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa dk leFkZu gkfly djuk pkgrk FkkA iqu% mlus tft;k vkjaHk dj fn;kA mlus jktiwrksa osQ f[kykiQ yM+s x,
;q dks tsgkn dgkA
vr% vdcj osQ lkeus keZ dk eqk ugha Fkk] cfYd LFkkuh; ljnkjksa ij fu;a=k.k LFkkfir djuk FkkA nhu&,&bykgh keZ dh
LFkkiuk dks fo}kuksa us vdcj }kjk vius vkl&ikl fu"Bkoku lsod kIr djus dh pky dgh gSA vr% vdcj us keZ osQ fr
dHkh Hkh laosnu'khy gksdj vFkok vakk gksdj fdlh osQ f[kykiQ dne ugha mBk;k] cfYd tc Hkh mlosQ fo# fdlh us Hkh
vke.k fd;k] mls oqQpy fn;kA
iz'u 7 (d) tkxhjnkjh ladV
mkjeqxy lkezkT; osQ iru dh 'kq#vkr esa 'kkldksa osQ O;fDrRo vkSj mudh uhfr;ksa dks ftEesnkj Bgjk;k x;kA fofy;e bjfou
vkSj tnqukFk ljdkj us eqxy lkezkT; osQ iru dk ftEesokj 'kkldksa osQ pfj=k dh fxjkoV dks Bgjk;k gSA eqxy lkezkT; osQ iru
dk eq[k nks"kh vkSjaxtsc dks ekuk gSA eqxy lkezkT; osQ iru dh f;k vkSjaxtsc osQ dky ls 'kq: gks xbZ FkhA mldh vusdkusd
xyfr;ksa ,oa nwf"kr uhfr;ksa us bl fo'kky rFkk frf"Br lkezkT; dks kjk'kk;h dj fn;kA vkSjaxtsc dh dV~Vj kkfeZd uhfr;ksa osQ dkj.k
oqQyhuksa esa xgjk vlarks"k iSQy x;kA vkSjaxtsc osQ mkjkfkdkjh v;ksX; FksA os vkSjaxtsc dh xyfr;ksa dks lqkkjus esa l{ke ugha FksA
tkxhjnkjh ladVeqxy lkezkT; osQ iru dk dkj.k lkearksa dh c<+rh gqbZ la[;k vkSj muosQ [kpZ esa o`f osQ lkFk&lkFk tkxhjksa

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esa vkbZ deh vkSj muls gksus okyh de vk; Hkh FkhA lkeUrksa us viuh tkxhjksa ls vfkdre vk; kIr djus osQ ;kl 'kq: fd,
ftlls fdlkuksa ij vkfFkZd cks> c<+kA blls eqxy lkezkT; dh yksdf;rk kwy esa fey xbZA mUgksaus tkxhjksa dh deh dks iwjk djus
osQ fy, [kkylk Hkwfe dks gfFk;kuk 'kq: fd;kA bls osQUnzh; ljdkj dk fokh; ladV vkSj xgjk x;kA tkxhjksa dh deh osQ dkj.k
lkearksa us viuh lsuk dh la[;k ?kVk nh rkfd os viuk vkfFkZd cks> de dj losQ ftlosQ dkj.k eqxy lkezkT; dh lSfud 'kfDr
fujarj detksj gksrh pyh xbZA
iz'u 7 (?k) fp'rh lwiQh flyflyk
mkjlwiQh laiznk; esa 13 ohaa 'krkCnh rd 14 flyflys LFkkfir gks pqosQ FksA Hkkjr esa lksgjkonhZ lank; osQ laLFkkid 'ks[k
cgkmnnhu tdkfj;k FksA 14 oha 'krkCnh esa fiQjnkSfl;k uked flyflys dk mn; gqvkA 'ks[k 'kiqZQn~nhu vgen ;kg;k blosQ yksdf;
lar FksA [oktk fp'rh us fp'rh flyflys dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA Hkkjr esa bls [oktk eqbZuqnnhu fp'rh ysdj vk,A fp'rh lank; Hkkjr
esa vR;fkd yksdf; gqvkA ckck iQjhn blosQ egoiw.kZ lar Fks ftudh e`R;q osQ mijkar ;g flyflyk futkfe;k rFkk lkcfj;k esa
foHkDr gks x;kA blosQ i'pkr dknjh flyflys dh ckr vkrh gSA blosQ laLFkkid 'ks[k vCnqy dkfnj ftykuh FksA nkjk f'kdksg dknjh
flyflys dk izkku vuq;k;h FkkA uD'kcanh flyflys dk vkjaHk Hkkjr esa [oktk ckdh fcYykg }kjk fd;k x;kA bl flyflys osQ
laLFkkid [oktk cgkmn~nhu uD'kcanh FksA vdcj osQ dky esa fp'rh flyflyk dks egoiw.kZ LFkku feykA
17 oha 'krkCnh osQ i'pkr larkas vkSj ihjksa dh ijaijk esa kl gksus yxk rFkk 18 oha 'krkCnh esa [kkudkg dks eq[k LFkku feykA
[kkudkg vk;kfRed laLo`Qfr dk osQUnz gksrk FkkA
bl flyflys dh LFkkiuk [oktk fp'rh us dh Fkh rFkk bls Hkkjr esa [oktk mleku gk'eh ds f'k"; [oktk eqbuqhu fp'rh ysdj vk, A
;g flyflyk Hkkjr esa lokZfd yksdfiz; gS A bls yksxksa ds chp lEeku Hkh izkIr gqvk gS vkSj blus Hkkjr esa lwQh eZ dh uhao Hkh etcwr dh
gS A [oktk eqbuqhu bZ'oj ds le{k viuh nhurk] y?kqrk vkSj HkfDr izdV djus esa fo'okl djrs Fks A muds vuqlkj tks bZ'oj dks tkurs gSa]
os nwljs yksxksa ds lkFk ?kqyuk&feyuk ilUn ugha djrs vkSj bZ'oj ls lEcfUr Kku ij ekSu jgrs gSa A fp'rh lar laxhr ds vk/;kfRed izHkko
esa fo'okl j[krs Fks A ;s [kqn dks uh rFkk jktuSfrd :i ls 'kfDr'kkyh yksxksa ls nwj j[krs Fks A ;s jktkvksa rFkk dqyhuksa ls fe=rk j[kus dks
xyr ekurs Fks A 'ks[k futkeqhu lcls vfd yksdfiz; fp'rh lar Fks A mudss thoudky esa fnYyh esa lkr lqYrkuksa dk 'kklu gqvk] fdUrq mUgksaus
dHkh njckj esa ikao rd ugha j[kk A vius mnkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k rFkk laxhr ls yxko gksus ds dkj.k bUgsa mysekvksa dh fuank dk lkeuk djuk iM+k A
e`R;q ds i'pkr Hkh bUgsa vk/;kfRed 'kfDr ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS A bUgksaus izse ekxZ dks gh bZ'oj izkfIr dk ekxZ crk;k A budk ekuuk
Fkk fd euq"; ek= dks izse djus ls gh bZ'oj dks izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS A

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