Gondwana Research 27 (2015) 825839

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Gondwana Research
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Vestiges of Saxothuringian crust in the Central Sudetes, Bohemian

Massif: Zircon evidence of a recycled subducted slab provenance
Stanisaw Mazur a,, Krzysztof Turniak a, Jacek Szczepaski a, Neal J. McNaughton b
a
b

Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, 50-204 Wroclaw, Pl. Borna 9, Poland
John de Laeter Centre for Isotope Research, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 26 March 2013
Received in revised form 20 October 2013
Accepted 6 November 2013
Available online 12 December 2013
Handling Editor: T. Gerya
Keywords:
Geochronology
SHRIMP dating
Variscan tectonics
Terranes
Rheic suture

a b s t r a c t
Four detrital zircon concentrates from the metasediments and metavolcanics of the Central Sudetes, Bohemian
Massif, have been dated using SHRIMP II. The Wyszki paragneiss yielded Precambrian age spectra similar to
those characteristic of the Cadomian terranes: (1) Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic zircons are scattered between
2830 and 1867 Ma, and (2) there are abundant Neoproterozoic zircons dated at 803577 Ma. The estimated
maximum sedimentation age for this rock is 566 4 Ma. The Kodzko Fortress pyroclastic metarhyodacite
gave an igneous emplacement age of 536 2 Ma. The magmatic precursor to the subvolcanic Gniewoszw
metarhyolite was dated at 501 3 Ma. Finally, the cinawica subvolcanic rhyolite yielded an igneous emplacement age of 338 3 Ma and a large population of inherited zircons dated at: Palaeoproterozoic, Neoproterozoic,
Cambro-Ordovician and Late Devonianearly Carboniferous.
The dated samples come from two adjacent suspect terranes the Orlicanienik dome and the Kodzko massif
in the Central Sudetes that are characterised by contrasting timing of metamorphism and exhumation. Despite
this difference, the results obtained show, in conjunction with earlier data, a similar provenance of the studied
units and their common afnity to the Saxo-Thuringian terrane. Since the Central Sudetes are separated from
Saxo-Thuringia by a collisional suture, the pre-Variscan rocks must represent the deformed and metamorphosed,
allochthonous equivalents to Saxo-Thuringian lithologies. They were probably subducted together with the
Saxo-Thuringian passive margin during a Variscan collision and then exhumed within an accretionary wedge
in front of Brunia/East Avalonia. The Central Sudetic suspected terranes must have been derived from a dismembered single accretionary complex and were then juxtaposed by strikeslip faults.
2013 International Association for Gondwana Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
The Central Sudetes comprise a mosaic of various presumably
allochthonous tectonic units that are squeezed between the
Saxothuringian and Brunian microplates in the west and east, respectively. A number of small suspected terranes were previously distinguished in the area (e.g., Cymerman et al., 1997; Aleksandrowski and
Mazur, 2002), based on different lithological inventories, contrasting
metamorphic paths and widespread tectonic contacts. However, due
to scarce stratigraphic evidence available and the lack of provenance
studies it was virtually impossible to reconcile whether the terranes
in question are exotic units assembled in an active margin setting
(e.g., Johnston et al., 1994) or represent fragments of a dismembered
single accretionary wedge.

Corresponding author at: ARKeX Ltd., 1 Mercers Manor Barns, Sherington, Newport
Pagnell MK16 9PU, UK. Tel.: +44 7890 652229.
E-mail addresses: stan.mazur@arkex.com, stanislaw.mazur@ing.uni.wroc.pl (S. Mazur),
krzysztof.turniak@ing.uni.wroc.pl (K. Turniak), jacek.szczepanski@ing.uni.wroc.pl
(J. Szczepaski), N.McNaughton@curtin.edu.au (N.J. McNaughton).

We present SHRIMP (Sensitive High Resolution Microprobe) UPb

data for detrital and igneous zircons from selected metasediments and
metavolcanic rocks of the western Orlicanienik dome and the
Kodzko massif in the Central Polish Sudetes (Fig. 1). These geochronological data, in combination with eld relationships, are used to identify
the plate-tectonic setting(s) and afnity of Neoproterozoic to Cambrian
rock units of the study area. Our present research is a follow-up study to
the recently published geochronological investigation from the eastern
Orlicanienik dome (Mazur et al., 2012). We aimed at testing whether
the Central Sudetic suspected terranes share a common provenance or
were derived from contrasting protoliths. Consequently, we address
the question whether a dozen of Sudetic terranes ever existed as independent palaeogeographic entities. If yes, large-scale strikeslip displacements (Arthaud and Matte, 1977; Aleksandrowski, 1995) or an
Andean type active margin setting (e.g., Schulmann et al., 2009) have
to be invoked to explain their present-day proximity. Otherwise we
can possibly stick to the classical models of the Variscan accretion
assuming a continental collision between Laurasia and Gondwana or
large Gondwana-derived terranes as Armorica/Cadomia (e.g., Matte
et al., 1990; Franke, 2000; Tait et al., 2000; Linnemann et al., 2008).

1342-937X/$ see front matter 2013 International Association for Gondwana Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2013.11.005

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S. Mazur et al. / Gondwana Research 27 (2015) 825839

Fig. 1. Geological sketch map of the Sudetes. Colour coding: gold Saxo-Thuringia/Cadomia; yellow Brunia/Avalonia; green Central Sudetic accretionary wedge including dark
green NeoproterozoicCambrian units with a Saxo-Thuringian afnity. Abbreviations: BU Bardo Sedimentary unit; ISF Intra-Sudetic fault; KMB Kamieniec Metamorphic belt;
KM Kodzko massif; KZG KodzkoZoty Stok granite; LM Lusatian massif; NM Niedwied massif; NZ Niemcza shear zone; OSD Orlicanienik dome; SU wiebodzice
sedimentary unit; SBF Sudetic boundary fault; SM Strzelin massif; SMB Star Msto belt; SMS Star Msto suture; STS Saxo-Thuringian suture; ZG ulov granite. Abbreviations
inset: MGCH Mid-German Crystalline High; MO Moldanubian zone; MOF Middle Odra fault; MS Moravo-Silesian zone; NP Northern Phyllite zone; RH Rhenohercynian zone;
ST Saxothuringian zone; UEF Upper Elbe fault. Age assignments: Pt Proterozoic; Pz Palaeozoic; Cm Cambrian; Or Ordovician; D Devonian; C Carboniferous; 1 Early; 2
Middle; 3 Late.

2. Geological setting
The tectonic units of the Central Sudetes are mostly, if not entirely,
allochthonous and may represent fragments of a Variscan accretionary
prism (Baranowski et al., 1990; Mazur et al., 2006; Chopin et al., 2012).
They comprise medium-grade supracrustal assemblages of poorly
constrained Neoproterozoic to Cambrian age that were intruded by
abundant late Cambrian granite bodies, subsequently transformed into
orthogneisses (e.g., Oliver et al., 1993; Turniak et al., 2000; Krner
et al., 2001). Medium- to high-grade Variscan metamorphism and pervasive deformation occurred in the Late Devonian and early Carboniferous
and were followed by late- to post-orogenic Carboniferous granite
plutonism. Supracrustal and orthogneiss units of the Central Sudetes

are juxtaposed against a little metamorphosed Late SilurianEarly

Devonian ophiolite complex (Oliver et al., 1993; Dubiska et al., 2004;
Kryza and Pin, 2010) and onlapped by Late Devonian to Carboniferous
intramontane basins (e.g., Aleksandrowski and Mazur, 2002). Towards
the west and east, the Central Sudetes are separated by well-exposed
tectonic sutures from two Peri-Gondwanan microplates, SaxoThuringia and Brunia, respectively (Fig. 1).
An accretionary prism setting for the Central Sudetes is indicated by
the widespread occurrence of blueschists and MORB-type igneous complexes, thrust over the Saxo-Thuringian passive margin along the SaxoThuringian suture (Fig. 1; Mazur and Aleksandrowski, 2001). Farther to
the east (Fig. 1), the Orlicanienik dome has been interpreted as a
large gneiss dome created by expulsion of lower crustal material at

S. Mazur et al. / Gondwana Research 27 (2015) 825839

the rear of the Sudetic accretionary prism (Chopin et al., 2012). Furthermore, occurrences of (U)HP rocks in the Orlicanienik dome and the
Gry Sowie Massif (Fig. 1; e.g., Kryza et al., 1996) provide a record of
continental subduction and subsequent exhumation by buoyancy forces
within an accretionary wedge. Finally, the presence of an obducted
ophiolite corroborates a collisional setting and supports the afnity to
a fossil active margin.
The provenance of Neoproterozoic units of the Central Sudetes for
long remained enigmatic (e.g., Mazur et al., 2006), but the recent
geochronological study of Mazur et al. (2012) suggested their afnity
to Saxo-Thuringia. However, the Central Sudetes are separated from
Saxo-Thuringia by a suture (Mazur and Aleksandrowski, 2001), and
thus both areas were previously assigned to different tectonostratigraphic
terranes (Aleksandrowski and Mazur, 2002). These conicting evidences can be reconciled if the Central Sudetes comprise dismembered
fragments of the Saxo-Turingian passive margin that were subducted at
the time of Variscan collision and then exhumed in front of the rigid
buttress of Brunia/East Avalonia (Chopin et al., 2012; Mazur et al.,
2012).
The Central Sudetes comprise two domains with contrasting metamorphic and exhumation histories that are juxtaposed along a tectonic
contact: (1) the Orlicanienik dome in the south and (2) the Gry
Sowie and Kodzko massifs in the north (Fig. 1). The Orlicanienik
dome (Fig. 1) is characterised by pervasive early Carboniferous metamorphism and deformation (c. 340 Ma; e.g., Turniak et al., 2000) that
was preceded by a high grade event of older (c. 380370 Ma; Gordon
et al., 2005; Anczkiewicz et al., 2007) or nearly identical age (c. 340 Ma;
tipsk et al., 2004; Brcker et al., 2009). In contrast, the Gry Sowie
massif (Fig. 1) experienced MiddleLate Devonian metamorphism
beginning from a high grade event at 400395 Ma (O'Brien et al.,
1997; Kryza and Fanning, 2007) and evolving into decompression
under amphibolite-facies conditions at c. 385380 Ma (e.g., Brcker
et al., 1998; Kryza and Fanning, 2007). Also, the Kodzko massif was
deformed and metamorphosed in the Devonian during a relatively
short time interval of 10 Ma between the early Givetian and late
Frasnian (c. 390380 Ma). This is constrained by the late Frasnian/
Famennian age of limestones unconformably overlying metamorphic
basement (Grich, 1902; Bederke, 1929; Gunia, 1977) and the early
Givetian age of a coralline fauna from the greenschist-facies crystalline
limestone (Hladil et al., 1999).

827

Fig. 2. Tectonic setting of the supracrustal series within the western Orlicanienik dome
(Orlica massif).

2.2. Kodzko massif

2.1. Orlicanienik dome
The Orlicanienik dome (Fig. 1) is dominated by amphibolitefacies orthogneiss, locally containing lenses of (U)HP rocks, and alternating with generally NS trending belts of biotite- to staurolite-grade
supracrustal assemblages (Don et al., 1990). The supracrustal succession
of the eastern Orlicanienik dome was originally divided into two
distinct formations: (1) the monotonous Mynowiec paragneisses and
(2) the variegated Stronie sequence (Fisher, 1936; Vangerov, 1943;
Don et al., 2003). The Mynowiec sequence comprises a thick monotonous complex of plagioclase paragneiss that is only in places intercalated
with mica schist and sparse lenses of probably younger amphibolite
(Don et al., 2003). The main component of the variegated Stronie
sequence is mica schist accompanied by paragneiss, quartzite, arkosic
sandstone, graphite schist, marble, and in its upper part by abundant
amphibolite and felsic volcanic rocks (Don et al., 2003). Detrital zircon
geochronology suggests a maximum sedimentation age of 563
6 Ma and 532 6 Ma for the Mynowiec and Stronie sequences,
respectively (Mazur et al., 2012; but see the alternative interpretation
by Jastrzbski et al., 2010). In the western wing of the Orlicanienik
dome the supracrustal assemblage has never been subdivided into the
Mynowiec and Stronie sequences, even though the occurrences of
plagioclase paragneiss and mica schist can be inferred from maps and
petrographic descriptions (Fig. 2; Dumicz, 1964; Szczepaski, 2010).

The Kodzko massif (Fig. 3) forms a nappe stack, assembled due

to top-to-the WNW thrusting, and emplaced on the essentially
unmetamorphosed Nowa Ruda (Central Sudetic) ophiolite (Fig. 4;
Mazur et al., 2004, 2006). Two uppermost thrust units are (1) the
Orla-Googowy unit, being composed of Neoproterozoic MORB-type
gabbros and mac volcanic rocks (Kryza et al., 2003; Mazur et al.,
2004). These are associated with some felsic subvolcanic rocks and
locally accompanied by graphite bearing black cherts, (2) the Kodzko
Fortress unit, consisting of ne-grained siliciclastic deposits that contain
basaltic lavas, pyroclastic sandstones and rhyodacitic/andesitic tuffs
(Mazur et al., 2004). Bulk chemical and Nd-isotope results show that
the Orla-Googowy unit is characterised by an association of calcalkaline felsic metavolcanic rocks with metagabbros and cumulates of
variable trace element features, partly resembling N-MORB, and suggesting a subduction-related environment for their emplacement
(Kryza et al., 2003). Multigrain conventional zircon dating yielded an
age of 590.1 7 Ma for the protolith of a gabbro-plagioclase gneiss
suite.
The Kodzko Fortress unit consists of a differentiated volcanosedimentary succession with greenstones, phyllites, albitechlorite
schists and intermediate to acidic metavolcanic rocks. The geochemistry
of the latter may suggest derivation from a subduction-related setting
(Kryza et al., 2003). The middle section of the Kodzko Fortress unit is

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S. Mazur et al. / Gondwana Research 27 (2015) 825839

Fig. 3. Generalized geological map of the Kodzko massif showing the division into tectonic units.

dominated by albitechlorite schists with several intercalations of

metamorphosed rhyodacites/dacites and andesites. An imprecise age
estimate of 590600 Ma was obtained through multigrain zircon dating
for a volcaniclastic metasedimentary rock from the Kodzko Fortress
unit, constraining the maximum depositional age (Mazur et al., 2004).
SHRIMP analyses on zircons from the same unit (Turniak et al., 2005)
yielded two groups of 206Pb/238U ages, interpreted to indicate the time
of protolith formation (528.4 5 Ma) and the age of an inherited component (543 5 Ma).
3. Analytical procedures
Zircon separation was carried out at the Institute of Geological
Sciences University of Wrocaw. Grains were extracted from c. 5 kg of
crushed rocks using conventional heavy liquid and magnetic techniques, followed by hand picking under a binocular microscope. Representative zircons from each rock were mounted in an epoxy disc and
polished to expose grains in section. The mount was cleaned and goldcoated prior to cathodoluminescence imaging to visualise internal
growth structures to aid selection of areas to be analysed and data
interpretation. CL images were taken using the VEGA3 TESCAN
scanning electron microscope operating at 10 kV equipped with a
cathodoluminescence (CL) detector at the Centre for Microscopy
Characterisation and Analysis at the University of Western Australia.
Isotopic measurements were performed at the SHRIMP facility at Curtin
University, Western Australia. The analytical procedures for the Curtin
consortium SHRIMP II have been described by de Laeter and Kennedy

(1998) and Kennedy and de Laeter (1994) and are similar to those
described by Compston et al. (1984) and Williams (1998). An elliptical
2530 m diameter spot was used, with a mass-ltered O
2 -primary
beam of 23 nA. Data for each spot were collected in sets of scans
through the mass range of 196Zr2O +, 204Pb +, background,
206Pb +, 207Pb +, 208Pb +, 238U +, 248ThO +, and 254UO +. Six
scans were used for (meta)igneous samples, and ve scans for
metasedimentary samples. The 206Pb/238U age standard used was
BR266, a Sri Lankan single zircon gem megacryst (903 ppm U; 206Pb/
238
U = 0.090583 0.000038, equivalent to an age of 559 0.2 Ma,
Stern and Amelin, 2003). Calibration 2 errors for 206Pb/238U ratios for
the analytical sessions were 0.46% (samples TKT03 and SNW), 1.01%
(sample G1) and 1.14% (sample W1). The common Pb correction was
based on the measured 204Pb (Compston et al., 1984). The Pb composition of initial lead was estimated following Stacey and Kramers (1975).
The correction formula for Pb/U fractionation was 206Pb+/238U+ =
a(238U16O+/238U+)b (Claou-Long et al., 1995) using the parameter
values of Black et al. (2003). Software SQUID1 (Ludwig, 2002) and
Isoplot/Ex v.3.70 (Ludwig, 2009) were used for data reduction and
presentation, using the decay constants of Steiger and Jger (1977).
SHRIMP analytical results are shown in Table 1 and plotted in Figs. 69.
Analytical errors in the data table are 1, whereas the pooled age data
are given at 2 level. Interpreted ages are based on 206Pb/238U for
b800 Ma grains and on 206Pb/207Pb for N800 Ma grains. This division
at 800 Ma results from the increasing uncertainty of 206Pb/238U ages
and the decreasing uncertainty of 206Pb/207Pb ages as a function of age
(e.g., Ireland, 1992; Brown and Gehrels, 2007). The degree of concordance

S. Mazur et al. / Gondwana Research 27 (2015) 825839

829

in a crag that is situated near the road directly north of the village of
Wyszki (location 22 of Szczepaski, 2010).
Zircon grains from sample W1 are mostly ovoid, with elongation
(length/width aspect ratio) below 2. They differ from one another in
many respects including size, colour and cathodoluminescence (CL)
brightness (Fig. 5). Most grains show oscillatory zoning (Fig. 5). Some
zircons contain ovoid or rarely irregular inherited cores of different
CL-brightness and internal structures. The features listed above are
characteristic of detrital zircon grains.
Fourteen of 55 results were rejected due to high common 206Pb
(N1%) or discordance exceeding 10% (Table 1). The remaining 41 analyses provided a mixture of different ages with the largest Neoproterozoic
population within a narrow time range of c. 550650 Ma (Table 1). The
youngest, statistically coherent (that is, statistically within analytical
error) group of eleven results, yielded a Concordia age 566 4 Ma
(2; Fig. 6). The MSWD value of 0.74 shows that the selected analyses
form a single age population, with a probability of t of 0.39 suggesting
that the mean age calculated is very close to concordant. Assuming that
this population has not suffered variable Pb-loss resulting in a smear of
ages along the Concordia curve, the obtained mean age is considered
the best estimate for the maximum deposition age of the paragneiss
precursor. Older zircons in sample W1 are mostly Neoproterozoic in
age (19 results; between c. 577 and c. 803 Ma) or Palaeoproterozoic
(9 analyses; between c. 1867 and 2176 Ma). Two zircons gave Archaean
ages at c. 2697 and 2830 Ma (Table 1).
4.2. Gniewoszw metarhyolite G1

Fig. 4. Lithotectonic column for the Kodzko massif. For detailed explanation of lithologies
see legend to Fig. 4. Samples GPL, SCI and K-163 are from Mazur et al. (2004).

for calculated 206Pb/238U and 207Pb/206Pb ages is shown in Table 1 by

parameter Conc. = [(206Pb/238U age) / (207Pb/206Pb age) 1] 100.
4. Results
4.1. Wyszki paragneiss W1
Sample W1 is a medium-grained, grey paragneiss comprising
plagioclase, white mica, biotite, garnet and quartz. Common accessories
are chlorite, apatite, zircon, rutile and opaque minerals. Well visible
foliation of the rock is dened by the parallel alignment of mica akes.
The sample comes from a monotonous paragneiss succession exposed

Sample G1 is a medium grained, cream-coloured quartzo-feldspatic

schist (metarholite) composed of quartz, plagioclase and white mica
with accessory chlorite, zircon and opaque minerals. The rock exhibits
a pronounced foliation dened by parallel alignment of white mica,
quartz laminae and elongated feldspar grains. The foliation is parallel to
highly tectonised lithological contacts between the quartzo-feldspatic
body and surrounding paragneisses that are jointly exposed in natural
crags near the village of Gniewoszw.
Zircons from sample G1 are mostly yellow to brown, translucent,
subhedral grains. Euhedral crystals are usually transparent and colourless.
They show morphology with {100} prism better developed than {110}
and main {101} bypyramid. Individuals with {211} dominated terminations are rare. On CL images zircons show ne magmatic oscillatory and
sometimes sector zoning (Fig. 5). Grains range in length from 46 to
170 m. The zircons are free of inherited components.
The analysed zircons have relatively high U and Th-contents, and
slight discordance was common. Twenty eight analyses on 28 grains
yielded 14 analyses with low common Pb-content (i.e. b 0.4% of 206Pb
was attributed to common Pb) and are concordant (Table 1). The results
yielded a concordia age at 501 3 Ma (2; n = 14; MSWD = 0.042;
Fig. 6) which is considered to be the age of the magmatic precursor
of the metarhyolite. Thirteen analyses had either high common
Pb-content and/or were discordant, and one slightly younger analysis
was a statistical outlier and is inferred to have experienced either
some diffusional Pb-loss or Pb-loss in response to later metamorphism.
4.3. Kodzko rhyodacitic metatuff TKT03
Sample TKT03 was collected from a natural exposure on a slope of
the Kodzko Fortress. The metarhyodacitic tuffs form regular layers
(tens of centimetres to several metres in thickness), which locally
show continuous transitions into the surrounding schists. The sample
is a well foliated, cream-coloured, ne grained quartzto-feldspatic
schist composed predominantly of quartz with subordinate plagioclase
porhyroclasts and accessory white mica, chlorite, zircon, opaque
minerals and carbonates. The rock exhibits strong foliation dened
by parallel alignment of white mica akes and attened quartz
grains.

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S. Mazur et al. / Gondwana Research 27 (2015) 825839

Table 1
UPb SHRIMP zircon data from the Central Sudetes.
Grain-spot

U ppm Th ppm

232

Sample W1, Wyszki paragneiss

54-1a
43-1
29-1
11-1
22-1
60-1
10-1
38-1a
1-2
13-1a
49-1
25-1
23-1
53-1
36-1a
27-1
16-1
32-1
48-1
41-1a
15-1
21-1
39-1a
34-1
58-1
26-1a
17-1a
37-1
51-1
62-1
50-1a
31-1
12-1
14-1
35-1
20-1
57-1
56-1
45-1
33-1a
24-1
18-1a
55-1
42-1
40-1
47-1
59-1
46-1
44-1
61-1
52-1a
30-1a
2-2a
28-1
19-1

265.6
314.8
495.4
511
866.4
334.2
534.6
581.8
397.5
457.6
206.9
433
503.4
426.5
276.5
495.4
238.8
555.4
425.9
226.9
440
625
650.8
559.2
348.5
438.2
202.5
414.4
387.8
865.2
228.9
684.1
257.4
425.4
652.6
279.6
279.8
245.7
398.9
348.3
295.5
445.5
301.6
140.5
206.7
132.4
346.3
344.9
185.8
231.6
442.7
575.6
262.9
259.1
208.8

0.80
0.47
0.50
0.51
0.46
0.35
0.45
0.45
0.59
0.38
0.67
0.54
0.36
0.76
0.51
0.68
0.68
0.36
0.40
0.61
0.45
0.47
0.48
0.42
0.65
0.80
0.42
0.64
1.26
0.11
1.08
0.74
0.68
0.68
0.23
0.38
0.80
1.16
0.23
0.79
0.43
0.50
0.07
0.82
0.95
1.38
0.28
0.34
0.60
0.59
0.89
0.13
0.47
0.04
0.65

205.6
143
238.8
251.6
382.2
113.7
233.3
254.5
227
170.3
135
224.5
173.3
311.9
136.1
326.5
156.4
194.7
164.8
135
191.1
282.4
305
227
220.9
337.5
81.78
255.1
472
94.87
240.2
489.3
170.3
281.3
143.2
102.9
215.7
276.9
87.42
264.8
123
216.1
21.39
111.2
190.7
177.1
94.34
113.3
108
132.5
383
71.82
120.6
10.82
132.3

Th/238U f206 (%)

1.11
0.23
0.05
0.04
0.30
0.11
0.05
0.61
0.12
0.13
0.01
0.03
0.02
0.10
0.17
0.15
0.03
0.28
0.16
0.19
0.08
0.18
0.13
0.02
0.10
3.56
0.02
0.05
0.18
0.03
1.22
0.06
0.18
0.06
0.00
0.03
0.60
0.07
0.07
1.27
0.87
3.54
0.14
0.32
0.34
0.11
0.41
0.59
0.73
0.13
5.87
2.02
1.63
0.06
0.30

207

Pb/206Pb 1 err

0.0590
0.0582
0.0579
0.0590
0.0586
0.0605
0.0593
0.0608
0.0599
0.0572
0.0592
0.0591
0.0580
0.0600
0.0611
0.0607
0.0596
0.0605
0.0602
0.0574
0.0580
0.0588
0.0575
0.0589
0.0592
0.0597
0.0581
0.0597
0.0608
0.0598
0.0590
0.0603
0.0593
0.0605
0.0606
0.0594
0.0610
0.0637
0.0649
0.1137
0.1142
0.1154
0.1226
0.1243
0.1251
0.1256
0.1290
0.1344
0.1356
0.1359
0.1627
0.1642
0.1785
0.1849
0.2005

0.0018
0.0013
0.0007
0.0005
0.0014
0.0007
0.0006
0.0009
0.0008
0.0010
0.0008
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0007
0.0005
0.0008
0.0008
0.0006
0.0008
0.0008
0.0007
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0027
0.0009
0.0006
0.0007
0.0004
0.0024
0.0005
0.0010
0.0006
0.0004
0.0011
0.0015
0.0007
0.0005
0.0006
0.0006
0.0005
0.0005
0.0008
0.0011
0.0011
0.0008
0.0005
0.0009
0.0006
0.0018
0.0017
0.0014
0.0006
0.0008

207

Pb/235U 1 err

0.723
0.718
0.723
0.737
0.735
0.763
0.749
0.770
0.762
0.729
0.756
0.755
0.743
0.771
0.787
0.784
0.770
0.784
0.781
0.745
0.753
0.764
0.752
0.770
0.782
0.789
0.771
0.796
0.826
0.814
0.803
0.826
0.824
0.844
0.851
0.842
0.892
1.039
1.188
4.765
4.944
3.770
6.098
6.183
6.530
6.492
6.647
7.124
7.192
7.482
7.815
9.917
11.848
13.230
15.142

206

Pb/238U 1 err

Age (Ma) 1 err Conc. %

0.024
0.018
0.012
0.011
0.020
0.013
0.012
0.014
0.014
0.015
0.014
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.014
0.012
0.015
0.014
0.013
0.015
0.014
0.013
0.012
0.012
0.013
0.037
0.016
0.013
0.015
0.011
0.034
0.012
0.017
0.013
0.012
0.019
0.024
0.018
0.018
0.065
0.068
0.049
0.083
0.093
0.144
0.106
0.095
0.095
0.106
0.103
0.130
0.160
0.176
0.176
0.208

0.0889
0.0895
0.0906
0.0907
0.0910
0.0915
0.0916
0.0919
0.0924
0.0925
0.0926
0.0927
0.0929
0.0932
0.0935
0.0936
0.0937
0.0940
0.0941
0.0941
0.0941
0.0942
0.0948
0.0948
0.0959
0.0959
0.0963
0.0967
0.0986
0.0987
0.0988
0.0993
0.1008
0.1012
0.1018
0.1028
0.1059
0.1183
0.1327
0.3040
0.3140
0.2370
0.3607
0.3608
0.3785
0.3748
0.3736
0.3844
0.3848
0.3992
0.3483
0.4380
0.4813
0.5189
0.5477

0.0012
0.0012
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
0.0012
0.0011
0.0011
0.0012
0.0012
0.0013
0.0012
0.0011
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0013
0.0012
0.0012
0.0013
0.0012
0.0011
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
0.0014
0.0013
0.0013
0.0012
0.0013
0.0012
0.0013
0.0013
0.0013
0.0013
0.0014
0.0016
0.0017
0.0038
0.0040
0.0029
0.0047
0.0050
0.0076
0.0053
0.0048
0.0049
0.0051
0.0052
0.0042
0.0053
0.0061
0.0067
0.0072

549
553
559
560
561
564
565
566
570
570
571
571
573
574
576
577
577
579
579
580
580
581
584
584
590
590
593
595
606
607
607
610
619
621
625
631
649
721
803
1859
1867
1886
1994
2019
2031
2037
2085
2156
2171
2176
2484
2499
2639
2697
2830

7
7
7
7
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
7
8
7
8
7
8
7
7
8
8
9
10
10
9
8
8
11
16
15
12
7
11
8
19
18
13
6
7

3
3
6
1
2
9
2
11
5
15
1
0
8
5
11
8
2
7
5
15
9
4
14
3
3
0
11
1
4
2
7
1
7
0
0
9
1
2
4
8
6
27
0
2
2
1
2
3
3
0
22
6
4
0
1

0.022
0.019
0.011
0.014
0.015
0.022
0.013
0.011
0.011
0.016
0.013

0.0674
0.0750
0.0762
0.0768
0.0769
0.0772
0.0779
0.0781
0.0792
0.0792
0.0793

0.0007
0.0008
0.0008
0.0009
0.0008
0.0009
0.0008
0.0008
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009

420
466
473
477
478
480
484
485
491
492
492

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

11
5
4
5
3
18
1
0
3
9
3

Reproducibility of Pb/U for BR266 zircon standard was 1.14% (1; n = 15).
f206 % of 206Pb attributed to common Pb.
Pb isotope ratios corrected for common Pb.
Age shown is 206Pb/238U age if b800 Ma and 207Pb/206Pb age for others.
Concordance = [(206Pb/238U age) / (207Pb/206Pb age) 1] 100.
a
Data with common Pb correction N1% and/or discordance N10%. Data not considered in age discussion (see text).
Sample G1, Gniewoszw metarhyolite
13-1a
21-1a
3-1a
1-1a
15-1a
6-1a
2-1a
27-1@
11-1
4-1a
23-1

1031
747
973
886
1227
713
1159
851
577
972
769

783
437
689
504
850
489
828
578
322
685
288

0.78
0.60
0.73
0.59
0.72
0.71
0.74
0.70
0.58
0.73
0.39

2.45
0.71
0.46
0.59
0.90
1.10
0.54
0.23
0.16
0.44
0.40

0.0565
0.0569
0.0570
0.0573
0.0562
0.0548
0.0569
0.0568
0.0566
0.0583
0.0567

0.0023
0.0017
0.0009
0.0012
0.0012
0.0020
0.0010
0.0008
0.0008
0.0013
0.0010

0.525
0.588
0.599
0.606
0.596
0.584
0.611
0.612
0.618
0.637
0.620

S. Mazur et al. / Gondwana Research 27 (2015) 825839

831

Table 1 (continued)
Grain-spot

U ppm Th ppm

232

Sample G1, Gniewoszw metarhyolite

16-1
5-1a
14-1
28-1
9-1
12-1
8-1a
10-1
17-1a
26-1a
18-1a
25-1
20-1
19-1
7-1
22-1
24-1

808
835
595
974
966
778
472
690
189
443
458
956
659
736
687
591
606

0.57
0.66
0.59
0.73
0.64
0.65
0.54
0.61
0.42
0.55
0.48
0.69
0.58
0.63
0.57
0.46
0.61

444
533
343
693
599
487
245
407
77
234
211
637
372
453
379
262
360

Th/238U f206 (%)

0.08
0.21
0.05
0.05
0.38
0.04
0.25
0.01
0.17
8.21
0.72
0.02
0.05
0.02
0.02
0.08
0.04

207

Pb/206Pb 1 err

0.0572
0.0587
0.0570
0.0569
0.0577
0.0561
0.0591
0.0566
0.0526
0.0605
0.0573
0.0578
0.0579
0.0583
0.0567
0.0570
0.0576

0.0007
0.0008
0.0007
0.0007
0.0010
0.0007
0.0008
0.0008
0.0029
0.0071
0.0023
0.0005
0.0006
0.0008
0.0009
0.0007
0.0007

207

Pb/235U 1 err

0.628
0.646
0.633
0.633
0.644
0.626
0.659
0.631
0.588
0.678
0.643
0.648
0.649
0.655
0.640
0.644
0.652

0.010
0.011
0.010
0.010
0.013
0.011
0.012
0.012
0.034
0.080
0.027
0.009
0.010
0.011
0.013
0.011
0.011

206

Pb/238U 1 err

0.0796
0.0798
0.0805
0.0807
0.0809
0.0809
0.0809
0.0809
0.0811
0.0814
0.0814
0.0814
0.0814
0.0814
0.0818
0.0820
0.0822

0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
0.0011
0.0011
0.0010
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009

Age (Ma) 1 err Conc. %

494
495
499
500
501
501
502
502
503
504
504
504
505
505
507
508
509

5
5
5
5
5
5
6
5
7
7
6
5
5
5
5
5
6

2
11
1
2
3
10
12
6
61
19
0
3
4
7
6
3
1

Reproducibility of Pb/U for BR266 zircon standard was 1.01% (1; n = 11).
f206 % of 206Pb attributed to common Pb.
Pb isotope ratios corrected for common Pb.
Concordance = [(206Pb/238U age) / (207Pb/206Pb age) 1] 100.
a
Data with common Pb correction N0.4% and/or discordant: i.e. 206Pb/238U and 207Pb/206Pb ages not overlapping as 2; discordance generally N10%. Data not considered in age discussion.
@ statistical outlier. Data not considered in age discussion (see text).
Sample TKT03, Kodzko Fortress rhyodacitic metatuff
4-1
565
11-1
508
5-1
549
7-1
579
28-1
491
31-1
441
34-1
513
26-1
295
14-1a
572
9-1
617
13-1
606
16-1
606
1-1
494
17-1
543
2-1
672
25-1
559
24-1
604
8-1
640
15-1
608
10-1
623
6-1
468
21-1
704
3-1
515
22-1a
615
23-1
467
19-1
581
27-1
731
12-1
625
32-1
711
30-1
583
29-1
647
33-1
478
a
20-1
500
18-1
612

173
134
150
172
126
128
130
84
158
160
168
142
130
141
241
158
180
172
128
187
108
204
144
164
132
175
208
185
197
162
156
88
123
187

0.32
0.27
0.28
0.31
0.27
0.30
0.26
0.29
0.29
0.27
0.29
0.24
0.27
0.27
0.37
0.29
0.31
0.28
0.22
0.31
0.24
0.30
0.29
0.28
0.29
0.31
0.29
0.31
0.29
0.29
0.25
0.19
0.25
0.32

0.34
0.14
0.14
0.28
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.84
0.41
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.09
0.66
0.12
0.08
0.13
0.11
0.25
0.39
0.35
0.09
0.02
0.08
0.22
0.10
0.27
0.19
0.15
0.24
0.40
0.25
0.40
0.16

0.0585
0.0592
0.0589
0.0589
0.0570
0.0582
0.0583
0.0568
0.0560
0.0581
0.0588
0.0582
0.0587
0.0581
0.0586
0.0582
0.0584
0.0595
0.0582
0.0574
0.0571
0.0589
0.0591
0.0603
0.0587
0.0583
0.0572
0.0577
0.0594
0.0570
0.0574
0.0576
0.0568
0.0596

0.0009
0.0007
0.0007
0.0008
0.0007
0.0008
0.0011
0.0016
0.0010
0.0007
0.0011
0.0008
0.0007
0.0011
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0008
0.0009
0.0009
0.0005
0.0005
0.0006
0.0008
0.0006
0.0007
0.0006
0.0007
0.0007
0.0008
0.0009
0.0015
0.0007

0.688
0.696
0.693
0.693
0.673
0.687
0.689
0.672
0.664
0.689
0.698
0.691
0.697
0.691
0.697
0.693
0.697
0.710
0.696
0.686
0.685
0.707
0.711
0.727
0.708
0.704
0.692
0.699
0.721
0.693
0.698
0.702
0.693
0.731

0.013
0.012
0.013
0.012
0.013
0.013
0.015
0.021
0.014
0.012
0.016
0.013
0.011
0.015
0.010
0.010
0.014
0.010
0.012
0.013
0.014
0.011
0.011
0.013
0.014
0.012
0.011
0.011
0.013
0.012
0.014
0.013
0.020
0.012

0.0853
0.0853
0.0853
0.0854
0.0855
0.0857
0.0857
0.0859
0.0859
0.0860
0.0861
0.0862
0.0862
0.0863
0.0863
0.0864
0.0866
0.0866
0.0867
0.0868
0.0869
0.0871
0.0872
0.0874
0.0875
0.0876
0.0877
0.0878
0.0881
0.0881
0.0882
0.0884
0.0885
0.0889

0.0009
0.0011
0.0012
0.0009
0.0011
0.0011
0.0009
0.0013
0.0011
0.0011
0.0010
0.0011
0.0009
0.0010
0.0009
0.0009
0.0014
0.0009
0.0010
0.0009
0.0009
0.0011
0.0011
0.0014
0.0013
0.0012
0.0009
0.0009
0.0013
0.0009
0.0013
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010

528
528
528
528
529
530
530
531
531
532
532
533
533
533
534
534
535
535
536
536
537
538
539
540
540
541
542
543
544
544
545
546
547
549

5
7
7
5
7
7
6
8
7
6
6
7
6
6
5
5
8
5
6
5
6
6
7
8
7
7
5
6
8
6
8
6
6
6

4
8
7
6
7
1
2
10
17
0
5
1
4
0
4
1
2
8
1
6
8
5
6
12
3
0
8
5
6
10
8
6
13
7

0.053
0.020
0.053
0.075
0.016
0.030
0.046
0.012

0.0517
0.0523
0.0528
0.0528
0.0529
0.0531
0.0533
0.0534

0.0008
0.0007
0.0009
0.0011
0.0006
0.0007
0.0009
0.0007

325
329
332
332
332
333
335
335

5
4
5
7
4
4
5
4

24
54
213
206
2
2
14
2

Reproducibility of Pb/U for BR266 zircon standard was 0.46% (1).

f206 % of 206Pb attributed to common Pb.
Pb isotope ratios corrected for common Pb.
Concordance = [(206Pb/238U age) / (207Pb/206Pb age) 1] 100.
a
Data with common Pb correction N1% and/or discordance N10%. Data not considered in age discussion (see text).
Sample SNW, cinawica subvolcanic rhyolite
1-1a
47-1
4-1a
2-1a
18-1
15-1a
73-1a
75-1

78
190
91
85
452
143
74
403

41
94
40
43
403
97
30
232

0.54
0.51
0.46
0.52
0.92
0.70
0.43
0.60

2.69
0.83
2.62
3.16
0.30
1.30
1.74
0.42

0.0515
0.0504
0.0409
0.0406
0.0532
0.0533
0.0522
0.0530

0.0074
0.0027
0.0072
0.0102
0.0021
0.0040
0.0062
0.0014

0.366
0.364
0.298
0.296
0.388
0.390
0.383
0.390

(continued on next page)

832

S. Mazur et al. / Gondwana Research 27 (2015) 825839

Table 1 (continued)
Grain-spot

U ppm Th ppm

232

Sample SNW, cinawica subvolcanic rhyolite

82-1a
12-1a
60-1
80-1
36-1a
14-1
51-1
61-1
53-1a
27-1a
72-1
22-1a
24-1a
30-1a
55-1
58-1a
83-1
44-1
35-1a
70-1
52-1
40-1a
54-1
69-1
71-1a
5-1
68-1a
49-1a
57-1
65-1a
3-1
16-1
62-1
67-1
6-1
64-1
17-1
20-1a
74-1a
38-1a
29-1
11-1
9-1
25-1a
77-1a
33-1
42-1
79-1
78-1a
19-1a
39-1
45-1a
8-1
66-1
13-1
32-1a
31-1
76-1
34-1
37-1
50-1
63-1
10-1a
46-1a
41-1
23-1
26-1
59-1
7-1a
43-1
56-1a
48-1a
81-1
28-1
21-1

121
77
660
64
84
129
386
92
133
206
578
101
121
459
450
73
477
172
94
79
388
86
123
755
145
211
88
121
294
106
100
187
151
278
374
194
286
78
153
75
839
475
496
180
133
567
284
445
133
178
245
128
367
234
244
163
439
638
225
728
421
258
256
212
175
317
232
166
424
198
149
503
75
73
112

0.61
0.50
0.52
0.44
0.43
0.69
0.43
0.43
0.62
0.84
0.69
0.43
0.70
0.55
0.46
0.43
0.64
0.50
0.45
0.61
0.57
0.45
0.72
0.61
0.47
0.94
0.60
0.57
0.78
0.71
0.56
0.50
0.60
0.47
0.48
0.86
1.03
0.41
1.10
0.46
0.16
0.08
0.47
0.37
0.29
0.14
0.45
0.24
0.49
0.20
0.27
0.31
0.62
0.48
0.31
0.33
0.47
0.33
0.28
0.35
0.47
0.62
0.38
0.64
0.32
0.86
0.88
0.60
0.27
0.20
0.73
0.52
1.28
0.77
0.60

71
37
333
27
35
85
161
38
80
167
389
42
82
245
201
30
297
83
41
47
215
37
86
449
65
193
51
67
221
73
54
91
88
126
175
161
285
31
163
34
126
35
224
65
37
76
124
102
63
35
65
39
222
110
74
51
201
201
62
250
192
155
94
131
55
264
196
96
110
38
105
254
92
54
65

Th/238U f206 (%)

1.45
3.31
0.17
0.31
1.11
0.75
0.52
0.84
1.80
1.09
0.36
1.56
1.31
1.16
0.21
2.13
0.04
0.25
1.80
0.25
0.52
1.86
0.27
0.62
0.53
0.45
1.29
1.30
0.35
1.36
0.29
0.84
0.67
0.32
0.28
0.00
0.55
1.47
0.73
1.63
0.22
0.25
0.43
1.13
0.31
0.24
0.76
0.18
0.23
1.20
0.00
0.83
0.40
0.06
0.39
0.73
0.27
0.25
0.34
0.03
0.11
0.26
0.20
0.00
0.63
0.19
0.08
0.58
0.54
0.28
0.79
0.12
0.37
0.11
0.12

207

Pb/206Pb 1 err

0.0509
0.0452
0.0534
0.0566
0.0492
0.0541
0.0512
0.0593
0.0441
0.0525
0.0515
0.0595
0.0507
0.0520
0.0551
0.0601
0.0563
0.0523
0.0478
0.0569
0.0516
0.0403
0.0587
0.0521
0.0657
0.0547
0.0530
0.0516
0.0556
0.0526
0.0579
0.0503
0.0523
0.0539
0.0526
0.0540
0.0536
0.0527
0.0533
0.0512
0.0580
0.0570
0.0566
0.0552
0.0624
0.0563
0.0567
0.0572
0.0634
0.0526
0.0587
0.0543
0.0573
0.0591
0.0565
0.0531
0.0583
0.0588
0.0577
0.0589
0.0592
0.0602
0.0604
0.0610
0.0596
0.0599
0.0615
0.0600
0.0577
0.0623
0.0607
0.1210
0.1230
0.1322
0.1937

0.0042
0.0102
0.0008
0.0032
0.0044
0.0040
0.0015
0.0044
0.0044
0.0027
0.0011
0.0063
0.0038
0.0018
0.0010
0.0062
0.0008
0.0019
0.0050
0.0027
0.0014
0.0058
0.0034
0.0012
0.0041
0.0023
0.0046
0.0038
0.0014
0.0045
0.0030
0.0024
0.0028
0.0015
0.0015
0.0011
0.0016
0.0054
0.0024
0.0055
0.0010
0.0012
0.0012
0.0031
0.0019
0.0011
0.0023
0.0009
0.0018
0.0029
0.0008
0.0026
0.0011
0.0010
0.0014
0.0021
0.0009
0.0008
0.0013
0.0005
0.0007
0.0012
0.0010
0.0008
0.0018
0.0010
0.0009
0.0018
0.0011
0.0016
0.0025
0.0006
0.0015
0.0013
0.0010

207

Pb/235U 1 err

0.377
0.335
0.397
0.421
0.367
0.404
0.383
0.445
0.332
0.395
0.389
0.449
0.383
0.393
0.418
0.457
0.428
0.399
0.366
0.435
0.396
0.310
0.454
0.403
0.509
0.428
0.415
0.405
0.441
0.417
0.462
0.403
0.421
0.439
0.430
0.445
0.442
0.459
0.542
0.537
0.611
0.602
0.599
0.585
0.673
0.612
0.618
0.623
0.693
0.588
0.657
0.610
0.646
0.676
0.647
0.610
0.681
0.697
0.697
0.714
0.730
0.742
0.747
0.774
0.784
0.789
0.833
0.826
0.807
0.963
0.964
3.829
5.542
7.284
13.914

0.032
0.076
0.008
0.025
0.033
0.031
0.013
0.034
0.034
0.021
0.009
0.048
0.029
0.015
0.009
0.049
0.009
0.015
0.038
0.023
0.012
0.045
0.027
0.010
0.033
0.019
0.037
0.031
0.012
0.037
0.025
0.020
0.023
0.013
0.013
0.010
0.014
0.047
0.025
0.058
0.016
0.014
0.014
0.033
0.022
0.014
0.026
0.012
0.024
0.034
0.012
0.030
0.016
0.014
0.020
0.027
0.014
0.014
0.018
0.010
0.013
0.021
0.015
0.016
0.026
0.015
0.015
0.026
0.019
0.027
0.043
0.060
0.105
0.132
0.193

206

Pb/238U 1 err

0.0538
0.0538
0.0540
0.0540
0.0542
0.0542
0.0543
0.0544
0.0546
0.0547
0.0547
0.0547
0.0548
0.0549
0.0550
0.0551
0.0551
0.0553
0.0555
0.0555
0.0557
0.0559
0.0561
0.0561
0.0562
0.0567
0.0567
0.0569
0.0575
0.0575
0.0579
0.0580
0.0584
0.0591
0.0593
0.0598
0.0598
0.0632
0.0737
0.0761
0.0764
0.0766
0.0767
0.0769
0.0782
0.0788
0.0791
0.0791
0.0793
0.0811
0.0811
0.0814
0.0817
0.0829
0.0831
0.0833
0.0848
0.0860
0.0876
0.0879
0.0893
0.0893
0.0896
0.0920
0.0953
0.0954
0.0982
0.0998
0.1014
0.1120
0.1151
0.2295
0.3268
0.3995
0.5209

0.0007
0.0009
0.0006
0.0008
0.0008
0.0011
0.0009
0.0008
0.0011
0.0007
0.0006
0.0008
0.0007
0.0006
0.0006
0.0017
0.0008
0.0007
0.0008
0.0012
0.0007
0.0014
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0008
0.0008
0.0006
0.0012
0.0009
0.0008
0.0007
0.0007
0.0009
0.0007
0.0008
0.0010
0.0009
0.0012
0.0014
0.0008
0.0009
0.0009
0.0010
0.0010
0.0009
0.0010
0.0015
0.0010
0.0009
0.0010
0.0012
0.0010
0.0015
0.0015
0.0011
0.0013
0.0010
0.0010
0.0011
0.0018
0.0010
0.0014
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
0.0012
0.0013
0.0013
0.0020
0.0034
0.0047
0.0061
0.0067

Age (Ma) 1 err Conc. %

338
338
339
339
340
340
341
341
343
343
343
344
344
344
345
346
346
347
348
348
349
351
352
352
352
355
356
357
360
360
363
364
366
370
371
374
374
395
459
473
475
476
477
478
485
489
490
491
492
503
503
505
506
513
514
516
525
532
542
543
551
552
553
568
587
588
604
613
623
684
702
1971
2000
2128
2774

5
6
4
5
5
7
6
5
7
4
4
5
4
4
4
10
5
4
5
7
4
8
4
4
4
4
5
5
4
7
5
5
5
4
5
4
5
6
6
7
9
5
6
6
6
6
5
6
9
6
6
6
7
6
9
9
7
8
6
6
6
11
6
8
7
6
7
7
8
8
12
8
22
17
8

44
820
2
29
117
9
37
41
434
12
29
41
52
22
17
43
25
17
291
29
29
205
37
22
56
11
8
34
18
15
31
73
22
1
20
1
5
25
34
90
10
3
0
14
30
6
2
1
32
61
10
31
0
10
9
55
3
5
5
4
4
10
11
11
1
2
8
1
20
0
11
32
9
2
3

S. Mazur et al. / Gondwana Research 27 (2015) 825839

833

Zircons in sample TKT03 constitute a homogenous population of

mostly stubby, colourless, transparent crystals ranging in length from
50 to 143 m. Yellowish and brown grains are rare. Euhedral crystals
with well-developed {100} and {110} forms (c. 75% of population) dominate over subhedral individuals. Their elongation (length/width aspect
ratio) varies from 1.4 to 2.8. Crystal faces of zircons are smooth or rarely
pitted. On cathodoluminescence (CL SEM) images zircons usually show
both concentric oscillatory and sector compositional zoning. The most
intense luminescence shows sectors related to prisms growth. Some
zircons show cavities lled with alkali plagioclase.
SHRIMP analyses were done on 34 randomly chosen crystals representative of the sample (Table 1). Three results were rejected due to
their strong discordance. A concordia age for all 31 results was calculated
at 536 2 Ma (2; n = 31; MSWD = 2.5; Fig. 7). An identical age of
536 2 Ma (95% conf.; MSWD = 0.97; probability 0.52) was provided
by the weighted average of 206Pb/238U ages.
4.4. cinawica subvolcanic rhyolite SNW
Sample SNW was collected from an abandoned quarry to the west of
cinawica village. The sample represents a relatively large and massive
rhyolitic body, at the boundary between the Kodzko massif and the
Bardo sedimentary unit (Fig. 3). The analysed sample is a very ne
grained, isotropic, cream-coloured rock composed of quartz, feldspar
(represented almost exclusively by plagioclase with preserved growth
twins) and white micas with accessory opaque minerals and zircon.
The rock bears no signs of deformation and metamorphism.
The SNW sample contains a mixture of euhedral/subhedral magmatic
crystals and inherited grains (44%) of zircon. Their length varies from 58
to 170 m with elongation mostly below 2. Zircons are transparent,
colourless to yellowish-brown sometimes translucent with cloudy interior. Euhedral crystals mostly show {100} prisms better developed
than {110} and two bipyramids {101} and {211}, usually equally well developed. On CL images sections of crystals often show cores, mostly with
oscillatory zoning, mantled by more luminescent rims.
UPb analysis was carried out on eighty three grains (83 analyses).
Thirty three results were rejected from age calculation because of high
common-Pb content or their discordance (Table 1). A coherent (that is
statistically within analytical error) group of ten youngest results yielded
a Concordia age of 338 3 Ma (2; MSWD = 0.012; probability =
0.91; Fig. 7). Grouping of more ages caused a rapid increase in MSWD
and decrease in probability values jointly indicating an age heterogeneity within the group. Assuming negligible lead-loss in dated material,
the obtained age is interpreted as the best estimate for the emplacement of the cinawica rhyolite. A slightly older age of 343 2 Ma
(fraction 0.67) can be obtained through the deconvolution of 206Pb/
238
U ages lower than 400 Ma using ISOPLOT (Ludwig, 2009), the procedure following the mixture modelling method by Sambridge and
Compston (1994). The remaining results provided a large spectrum
of Palaeozoic and Neoproterozoic ages ranging from c. 346 to
c. 684 Ma. The oldest grains yielded Palaeoproterozoic (c. 2000 Ma
and c. 2128 Ma) and Archaean (c. 2774 Ma) ages (Table 1; Fig. 8).
5. Discussion
The monotonous metagreywacke from the Wyszki locality (W1
Fig. 2) contains Archaean to Palaeoproterozoic detrital zircons with
ages between c. 2167 and 1867 Ma and a common population at
c. 2000 Ma (Table 1; Fig. 9). An outstanding feature is a lack of

Fig. 5. Secondary electron and back scattered electron images of zircons from the Orlica
nienik Dome. (A) Back-scattered image of detrital zircon from sample W1. The ellipse
marks #12 SHRIMP analytical point belonging to the 569 8 Ma population, which is
the youngest detrital population of the W1 sample. Large crater on right tip of the grain
was by subsequent LA-ICPMS analysis, (B) Cathodoluminescence image of the same zircon
(W1 sample) showing section with ne oscillatory zoning, (C) Cathodoluminescence
image of zircon crystals representative of G1 metavolcanic sample. Zircons show primary,
magmatic oscillatory and sector zoning.

Mesoproterozoic and late Palaeoproterozoic zircons from the time span

of c. 8001860 Ma (Fig. 9). Instead, there is a signicant population of
Neoproterozoic zircons dated at c. 577803 Ma. The age spectrum representative of sample W1 is comparable to those reported from Cadomian
terranes (e.g., Linnemann et al., 2004, 2008; Drost et al., 2011) which
formed along the West African margin by recycling of ancient
(c. 2.02.2 Ga) West African crust (Nance et al., 2008). Furthermore,

Notes to Table 1
Reproducibility of Pb/U for BR266 zircon standard was 0.46% (1).
f206 % of 206Pb attributed to common Pb.
Pb isotope ratios corrected for common Pb.
Age shown is 206Pb/238U age if b800 Ma and 207Pb/206Pb age for others.
Concordance = [(206Pb/238U age) / (207Pb/206Pb age) 1] 100.
a
Data with common Pb correction N1% and/or discordant: in general 206Pb/238U and 207Pb/206Pb ages not overlapping as 2. Data not considered in age discussion (see text).

834

S. Mazur et al. / Gondwana Research 27 (2015) 825839

Fig. 6. UPb Concordia diagrams for samples from the Orlicanienik Dome.
(A) Gniewoszw metarhyolite (sample G1), (B) Wyszki paragneiss (sample W1; the
youngest group of detrital zircon grains).

the Wyszki metagreywacke resembles metasediments of the Mynowiec

sequence in the eastern Orlicanienik dome in terms of lithology as
well as detrital zircon population (Fig. 9). The maximum depositional
ages for the Wyszki and Mynowiec metagreywackes are c. 569
8 Ma and 566 4 Ma, respectively. These ages overlap, within error,
supporting the similarity between the protoliths of both sequences.
The Wyszki/Mynowiec metagreywackes collectively bear a resemblance
to the Rothstein Formation cropping out in the TorgauDoberlug
Syncline of the Saxo-Thuringian zone. Zircon data suggest deposition of
the Rothstein Formation at c. 565570 Ma (Buschmann et al., 2001;
Linnemann et al., 2007) i.e. at the same time as the maximum depositional age for the Wyszki/Mynowiec sequence. The geochemical signature of the Wyszki metagreywacke succession is characteristic of
sediments laid down in an arc-related setting (Szczepaski, 2010),
similar to the Rothstein Formation that is assumed to have originated
in a back-arc setting (Linnemann et al., 2007). The ages for the Wyszki
(W1) and Mynowiec (Mazur et al., 2012 their sample ML20)
metagreywackes are statistically older than ages reported for the
Mynowiec sequence by Jastrzbski et al. (2010) whose sample MT-1
has a population at 549 7 Ma (n = 5; MSWD = 0.81).
The emplacement mode of felsic metavolcanics into the upper part
of the Stronie sequence has thus far remained unclear since their contacts are tectonised, and primary features obliterated by pervasive

Fig. 7. UPb Concordia diagrams for (A) the Kodzko rhyodacitic metatuff (sample TKT03)
and (B) the youngest zircons from the cinawica subvolcanic rhyolite (sample SNW).

deformation. However, the igneous protolith age of the Gniewoszw

metarhyolite (G1 Fig. 2) is 501 3 Ma (Fig. 6) i.e. it is identical to
the age of the igneous precursor to the Orlicanienik orthogneisses.
Therefore, the Gniewoszw metarhyolite probably represents a
subvolcanic intrusion into the lower Cambrian Stronie sequence as
also suggested by eld evidence (Finckh et al., 1942; Don et al., 2003).
This conclusion can tentatively be extrapolated to the other occurrences
of felsic metavolcanic rocks since their geochemical signature is fairly
uniform and ts to that of the orthogneisses (Murtezi, 2006).
The zircons from the Kodzko metatuff (TKT Fig. 3) yielded a
uniform population of zircons dated at c. 536 2 Ma (Fig. 7) and is
interpreted to represent the age of the igneous precursor to the intrasedimentary tuff layer. The result nearly overlaps within error, with
the SHRIMP data for the Kodzko Fortress unit (528 5 Ma; Turniak
et al., 2005) and indicate that the earlier reported provisional multigrain
age of c. 590-600 Ma (Mazur et al., 2004) is imprecise, due to mixing of
grains with different internal structures and ages.
The age of syn-depositional volcanism in the Kodzko massif
(536 2 Ma) is similar to the maximum sedimentation age for the
Stronie sequence (532 6 Ma; Mazur et al., 2012). Both ages overlap
within error and suggest a common or similar source for those volcanosedimentary units. Indeed, the Kodzko Fortress unit was derived from
a protolith accumulated in a shallow marine basin (Mazur, 2003), an
environment that can be also inferred for the Stronie sequence.

S. Mazur et al. / Gondwana Research 27 (2015) 825839

835

Fig. 8. Zircon age relative probability plot for the cinawica subvolcanic rhyolite (sample
SNW).

Furthermore, the geochemistry of metavolcanic rocks from the Kodzko

Fortress unit (Kryza et al., 2003), western limb of the Orlicanienik
Dome (Ilnicki et al., 2012), and metasediments from the Stronie
sequence (Szczepaski, 2010) as one suggest derivation from a
subduction-related setting. A similar geochemical signature was also
reported for the lower Cambrian Zwethau Formation of the SaxoThuringian zone (Linnemann and Romer, 2002). In this case, however,
an arc-related afnity for the protoliths was explained by recycling of
Cadomian orogenic crust (Linnemann and Romer, 2002). As a result,
the Zwethau Formation was considered a shallow marine deposit
(Buschmann et al., 2006) that accumulated in an incipient rift basin,
succeeding cessation of the Cadomian orogeny (Linnemann et al.,
2007). A similar interpretation seems also plausible for the Kodzko
Fortress unit and the Stronie sequence, taking into account their lithological inventory and maximum deposition age similar to that of the
Zwethau Formation (534 Ma; Elicki, 1997).
A large spectrum of inherited zircons giving insight into the age relationships within the deep basement of the Kodzko massif is provided
Fig. 10. Tectonic setting for emplacement of rocks dated in this study (AC) and architecture
of the Cadomia/Saxo-Thuringia passive margin before closure of the Rheic (?) Ocean (D).
A Neoproterozoic back-arc basin at the northern margin of the West African craton; age
of basin oor is constrained by dating of metaigneous complex of the Kodzko massif
(Mazur et al., 2004); age of sedimentary ll is constrained by dating of the Mynowiec
and Wyszki metagreywackes from the Orlicanienik dome (Mazur et al., 2012, this
study). B Early Cambrian rift basin succeeding the Cadomian orogeny; age of syn-rift
sediments is constrained by dating of the Stronie sequence from Orlicanienik dome
(Mazur et al., 2012) and the Kodzko Fortress unit from the Kodzko massif (this study).
C Late Cambrian syn-rift magmatism producing granite plutons and subvolcanic
intrusions; age of plutonism is constrained by dating of the Orlicanienik gneisses
(see text for references) and the cinawka gneiss (Mazur et al., 2004; Turniak et al.,
2005); age of volcanism is constrained by dating of the Gniewoszw metarhyolite (this
study). D Middle Devonian closure of the Rheic (?) Ocean; the Neoproterozoic to
Cambrian sedimentary and igneous rocks are collectively included into basement of the
Saxo-Thuringia passive margin that was subsequently subducted beneath the Brunia/
Avalonia microplate.

Fig. 9. Zircon age relative probability plot for the Wyszki paragneiss (W1 sample; red line)
compared to data from the Mynowiec paragneiss (ML20 sample; black line; Mazur et al.,
2012) and the Cadomia terrane (grey line) based on data by Linnemann et al. (2007, 2008)
and Samson et al. (2005).

by the sample of Lower Carboniferous subvolcanic rhyolite (SNW

Fig. 3). This rock, despite its age, shows a general geochemical similarity
to Neoproterozoiclower Cambrian metavolcanic rocks of the Kodzko
massif (Kryza et al., 2003 their sample M62). This is either due to geochemical inheritance from the Cadomian basement or imprint of a
Variscan subduction-related setting. Populations of Proterozoic zircons
dated at c. 20002128 Ma and 684551 Ma (Fig. 8) correspond well
to West African crust and Cadomian magmatism, respectively. They

836

S. Mazur et al. / Gondwana Research 27 (2015) 825839

match inherited zircon populations identied in the Wyszki

metagreywacke (Fig. 9). The early Cambrian zircons (543525 Ma)
represent the same magmatic event that was documented for the
Kodzko Fortress metarhyodacite (Fig. 7). Younger ages comprise
(1) voluminous late CambrianEarly Ordovician granite plutonism
(514475 Ma) that was widespread in the Sudetes (Pin et al., 2007),
(2) an early Variscan tectonothermal event (374360 Ma), and
(3) Variscan magmatism (c. 355339 Ma; Fig. 8).
The Neoproterozoic MORB-type gabbros and volcanic rocks dated in
the Kodzko massif at 590 7 Ma (Mazur et al., 2004) may represent a
oor of the Cadomian back-arc basin hosting the deposition of the
Wyszki/Mynowiec sequence. In the Saxo-Thuringian zone, the opening
of the Cadomian back-arc basin was inferred at c. 590 Ma, even if relics
of the crystalline oor of the basin are not preserved (Linnemann et al.,
2007). This analogy is reinforced by the association of metagabbros and
metavolcanic rocks with black chert. The latter may be an equivalent of
massive black chert of the Rothstein Formation that is assumed to have
originated in a back-arc basin setting (Linnemann et al., 2000).
Although the structure of the Sudetes has sometimes been described
in terms of collage tectonics (Aleksandrowski and Mazur, 2002), our
new results suggest correlation between the Orlicanienik dome
and the Kodzko massif in the Central Sudetes. Furthermore, we can
demonstrate the afnity of these two units to Saxo-Thuringia, a
Cadomian terrane adjoining the Central Sudetes from the west. The
Central Sudetes have been compared in the past to the SaxoThuringian zone, understood as an orogenic zone of the European

Variscides (Franke et al., 1993). This concept has been then abandoned
after the identication of the Saxothuringian suture at the boundary between the West and Central Sudetes (Fig. 1; Mazur and Aleksandrowski,
2001). The presence of a suture seems to preclude afliation of the
Central Sudetes neither to the Saxo-Thuringian terrane. However,
Chopin et al. (2012) speculated that the Orlicanienik dome may
represent a gneiss dome formed by expulsion of lower crustal material
derived from the previously subducted passive margin of SaxoThuringia. This interpretation has been reinforced by the provenance
study of Mazur et al. (2012), pointing to the similarity between the
metasedimentary series of the Orlicanienik dome and the sediments
of Saxo-Thuringia. The present study brings further evidence supporting
the aforementioned hypothesis. It shows that tectonic units of the
Central Sudetes may represent the dismembered margin of SaxoThuringia that was recycled within a Variscan accretionary wedge
(Fig. 10). The oor and sedimentary ll of the Neoproterozoic back-arc
basin were onlapped by the lower Cambrian rift succession and then
intruded by the late Cambrian granites and subvolcanic rhyolites
(Fig. 10). All these lithological units were tectonically mixed during
Variscan subduction of the Saxothuringian passive margin and subsequent exhumation within the Central Sudetic accretionary wedge
(Fig. 10).
The case of the Central Sudetes shows that in terrane models widely
applied to the European Variscides (e.g., Cymerman et al., 1997; Pharaoh,
1999; Franke, 2000; Franke and elaniewicz, 2000; Aleksandrowski
and Mazur, 2002) the term terrane was often understood as an

Fig. 11. High resolution reduced-to-pole magnetic image of the Central Sudetes (digitised and reprocessed by S. Wybraniec 2004 pers. com.). The Intra-Sudetic Fault is clearly imaged to
the SW of the Gry Sowie Massif. The fault splits into at least two branches squeezing the Kodzko massif and the Nowa Ruda ophiolite. Farther to the east the Intra-Sudetic Fault terminates
against the left-lateral Niemcza and Zoty StokSkrzynka shear zones that balance the shortening produced by right-lateral movement on the fault. BO Braszowice ophiolite; BU Bardo
Sedimentary unit; KM Kodzko massif; KZG KodzkoZoty Stok granite; NRO Nowa Ruda ophiolite; NSZ Niemcza shear zone; SO Szklary ophiolite; SSZ Zoty Stok Skrzynka
shear zone.

S. Mazur et al. / Gondwana Research 27 (2015) 825839

allochthonous or exotic tectonic unit without palaeogeographic connotations. As a result a large number of terranes has been distinguished
the size of which was an order of magnitude smaller than the smallest
terranes in the Alaskan Cordilleras. An important role of provenance
studies is now to separate tectonic diversity from palaeogeographic derivation and thus support plate tectonic reconstructions of the Variscan
orogen. Although we analysed only two of numerous Variscan terranes
the bigger contrasts in metamorphic history, deformation age and structural pattern can nowhere be observed throughout the Variscan belt.
Despite these differences a common palaeogeographic afliation can
still be proven for the Orlicanienik Dome and the Kodzko Massif.
Therefore, distinct orogenic records revealed by these units cannot be
used as a proxy for their different palaeogeographic derivation. Our

837

case study implies that a Himalayan-type collision may still best describe
the accretion of the Variscides with a few large terranes colliding each
other. Of course, the present-day position of Variscan sutures reveals
more complexity due to late collisional deformation as discussed below.
Since the protolith of the Orlicanienik dome and the Kodzko
massif share a common afnity to Saxo-Thuringian crust, both units
must have developed within a single accretionary wedge and were
tectonically juxtaposed during a late stage of the Variscan orogeny. A
likely candidate is the Intra-Sudetic fault an important WNW-ESE
right-lateral dislocation located immediately south of the Gry Sowie
massif (Aleksandrowski, 1995; Aleksandrowski et al., 1997). However,
according to the classical interpretation, the Orlicanienik dome and
Kodzko massifs lie on the same side of the fault (Aleksandrowski

Fig. 12. Two competing hypotheses explaining the location of the Rheic suture in central Europe: (A) oroclinal bending of the Rheic suture beneath the Carboniferous and Permo-Mesozoic
sedimentary successions of SW Poland, and (B) termination of the Rheic suture against a set of major right-lateral strike slip faults that parallel the edge of the East European craton.
(A) Peri-Gondwanan terranes of southern and central Europe (modied from Linnemann et al., 2007; Nance et al., 2008). AM Armorican Massif; BM Bohemian Massif; Br Brunia;
CIZ Central Iberian zone; CS Central Sudetes; Ga Ganderia; FMC French Massif Central; IM Iberian Massif; IS Iapetus suture; MC Midland craton; MZ Moldanubian zone;
OMZ Ossa-Morena zone; P Pyrnes; RM Rhenish Massif; RS Rheic suture; SPZ South Portuguese zone; ST Saxo-Thuringia; TB TeplBarrandian zone; TS Thor Suture;
TTZ TeisseyreTornquist zone. (B) Right-lateral strikeslip faults reshufing the structure of the European Variscan belt (modied from Aleksandrowski, 1995). BCBF Bristol Channel
Bray Fault; EB Elbe Fault; ISF Intra-Sudetic Fault; OF Odra Fault; STS Saxo-Thuringian suture. For remaining abbreviations see caption to panel (A).

838

S. Mazur et al. / Gondwana Research 27 (2015) 825839

et al., 1997). This interpretation can be rened using high-resolution

magnetic data (Fig. 11). The latter clearly show that the Intra-Sudetic
fault splits into two strands and dies out between the Gry Sowie massif
and the Orlicanienik dome. Moreover, the Kodzko massif is tectonically squeezed between two branches of the fault and is juxtaposed,
due to right-lateral displacement, against the Orlicanienik dome.
The occurrence of recycled Saxo-Thuringian crust on one side and
the proximity of the Brunia terrane on the other reinforce the equivalence of the Central Sudetic accretionary wedge with the Rheic suture.
This would be particularly true if the inferred afnity of the Brunia
microplate to East Avalonia is correct (Finger et al., 2000; Friedl et al.,
2000; Mazur et al., 2010; Jastrzbski et al., 2013). The presence of the
Rheic suture in the Central Sudetes unavoidably implies the existence
of the Variscan orocline hidden beneath the Polish basin in the north
(Fig. 12). This is not easily veriable without advanced geophysical
investigations over the basement of SW Poland. Therefore, it is still not
excluded that the Central Sudetes are linked with the Saxothuringian
suture of Franke (2000) and Mazur and Aleksandrowski (2001) that is
parallel to the Rheic suture but has an opposite polarity (Fig. 12). In
that case the Rheic and Saxothuringian sutures must have been entirely
cut off by major right-lateral dislocations in the mode proposed by
Aleksandrowski (1995).
6. Conclusions
Our results suggest that the Central Sudetes, squeezed between two
larger microplates Saxo-Thuringia/Cadomia and Brunia/Avalonia
(Figs. 1, 11), include tectonic units recycled from the subducted SaxoThuringian passive margin. Consequently, the Central Sudetes may
represent an accretionary prism comprising a collage of units with a
Saxo-Thuringian/Cadomian provenance that are mixed with the Central
Sudetic ophiolite. As a result, the Central Sudetes form, as a whole, the
broad zone of a Variscan collision between Gondwana and Laurasia
that may correspond to the Rheic suture. The suspected terranes of
the Central Sudetes, despite their contrasting metamorphic and exhumation histories, are not far-travelled units with an exotic provenance
but may represent fragments of a single dismembered accretionary
wedge.
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