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ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015)

E.S.-362
f'k{kk esa dEI;wVj
(Computers in Education)
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Auhtors for the help and Guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy
of these sample Answers as these are based on the knowledge and cabability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers
may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Question given in the assignment. As
these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be denied.
Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact
information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university.

iz'u 1- dk;Ze funsZ'ku osQ flkUrksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

mkjeknsf'kr vfkxe vuqfed vuqHkoksa dh ,d O;oLFkk gksrh gS] ftlosQ iQyLo:i mhiu vuqf;k (stimulus response)
lEcUkksa osQ :i eas oh.krk gkfly gksrh gSA
M~;wfYdll osQ vuqlkj eknsf'kr vfkxe] v;kiu dh ,d fofk gS] tks vuqf;k&mhiu flkar ij vkkkfjr gSA
ks- xSjus osQ vuqlkj] eknsf'kr vfkxe esa ,sls v;kid ekWMyksa dk fuekZ.k 'kkfey gksrk gS] tks f'k{kkFkhZ oQh kjafHkd vkSj vafre
vuqf;k dk ;ku j[krk gS] ftUgas foLr`r vuqlwph osQ vuqlkj ec fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ftlesa ;qDr dk;Zuhfr;kas dk e;orhZ
ewY;kadu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
eknsf'kr vfkxe eq[; :i ls ks- ch-,iQ- LuhosQj osQ ;ksxksa osQ dkj.k 'kSf{kd ifjn`'; ij igqpk gSA ks- LuhosQj dh vksisjsaV
dfUM'kfuax (operent conditioning) vFkkZr~ f;klwr vuqowQyu dh F;ksjh eknsf'kr vfkxe rduhd (Programmed Learning
Technology) dk vkkkj cuhA bl e esa rhu fof'k"V ro gksrs gSa] tks fuEufyf[kr gSa %
mhid (a stimulus) ;g kjaHk ls gh fo|eku gksrk gS vkSj vuqf;k (response) osQ fy, ,d volj (occasion) curk gSA
vuqf;k (a response)bls mRiUu djus osQ ctk, 'kh"kZdc fd;k tkrk gSA
,d ,slk mhid tks vuqf;k dk vuqlj.k djrk gS vkSj bl lEHkkouk dks c<+krk gS fd vuqf;k Hkfo"; esa gksxhA bl ro
dks SR osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gS vkSj bls fjbUiQkslax fLVeqyl (reinforcing stimulus) vFkkZr~ cy mhid dgk tkrk gSA
eknsf'kr vfkxe us bl vkWijsUV dUMh'kfuax (operent conditioning) dh f;kfofk dks viuk fy;k gS vkSj vkt ;g v;kiu
oQh ,d rduhd osQ :i esa LFkkfir gSA
eknsf'kr vfkxe osQ flkar

(Principles of Programmed Learning)

eknsf'kr vfkxe osQ fuEufyf[kr flkar gSa %

1- vfHky{; fofunsZ'k (Objective Specification) fdlh ikB~;e&lkexzh oQh R;sd bdkbZ dk ms';] vfHky{; fofunsZ'k
flkar dk ikyu djuk gS] tks f'k{kkFkhZ dks i<+us osQ fy, vfHksfjr djrk gSA bl flkar dk ms'; vard O;ogkjksa (Terminal
behaviours) dh igpku djuk gksrk gS] ftUgsa v;srk ml le; fu"ikfnr djus osQ ;ksX; gks tkrk gS] tc og dk;Ze dks iwjk dj ysrk
gSA ;g flkar LFkk;h&fo"k;oLrq dh vis{kk vfHksr ifj.kke dk o.kZu djrk gSA
2- y?kq dne vkdkj (Small Step Size)bl flkar esa cyrkvksa }kjk Lohr vko';d f;kdyki djus osQ fy, lwpukvksa
dks NksVs&NksVs dneksa ;k bdkb;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA
3- R;{k vuqf;k (Overt Responding)bldk vfHkk; ;g gS fd Nk=kksa ;k f'k{kkFk;ksa dks vkRelkRdj.k djus osQ fy, fn,
x, vH;klksa osQ ek;e ls R;sd ^lwpuk bdkbZ* ij dk;Z djuk pkfg,A
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4- U;wure =kqfV;ksa dh liQyrk (Success of Minimal Error);g flkar gj dher ij eknsf'kr vfkxe e dh =kqfV;ksa vkSj
foiQyrk dks nwj djus ij tksj nsrk gS] D;kasafd bUgsa vfkxe osQ fy, ckkd ;k #dkoV le>k tkrk gSA
5- rRdky friqf"V (Immediate Feedback);g flkar liQyrk vkSj larqf"V dks lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, bl ckr ij tksj nsrk
gS fd Nk=k dks bl ckr ls fHkK gksuk pkfg, fd mlosQ }kjk fd;k x;k dk;Z (action) lgh gS ;k xyrA
6- roZQlEer vkSj xzsM;qDr xfr (Logical and Graded Progress);g flkar fo"k;oLrq dh klafxdrk vkSj mlosQ dfBurk
osQ Lrj osQ vkkkj ij Lrqfr ij tskj nsrk gSA
7- Lo&varjkyu (Self-pacing);g flkar vfkxe dh f;k esa Nk=k dks mlosQ Lo;a dh xfr ls c<+us@lh[kus ij tksj nsrk
gSA vr% ;g flkar f'k{k.k osQ O;fDrdj.k dh odkyr djrk gSA
8- vkuqHkkfod ijh{k.k (Empirical Testing);g ksxzke osQ fodkl (development) vkSj ekU;hdj.k (validation) osQ fy,
;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA
ekns'ku osQ dkj (Types of Programming)
ekns'ku (Programming) eq[;r% nks dkj osQ gksrs gSa %
1- jSf[kd ekns'k (Linear Programming)
2- 'kk[ku ekns'ku (Branching Programming)
jSf[kd ekns'k (Linear Progamming)R;sd f'k{kkFkhZ ,d leku vuqe dk vuqlj.k djrk gS vFkkZr~ ekWM~;wyksa ;k izQseksa dks
Nk=kksa osQ le{k ,d iwoZfukkZfjr e esa Lrqr fd;k tkrk gSA
'kk[ku ekns'ku (Branching Programming) esa fdlh [kkl ekWM~;wy ;k izsQe ij dh xbZ [kkl vuqf;k f'k{kkFkhZ dks vkxs c<+us
osQ oSdfYid iszQe@iszQeksa dks fukkZfjr djrh gSA
jSf[kd ekns'k dh eq[; fo'ks"krk, (Main Features of Linear Programming)
jSf[kd ekns'ku dh eq[; fo'ks"krk, fuEufyf[kr gSa %
(a) jSf[kd ksxzke (linear programme) NksVs&NksVs pj.kksa (steps) dk cuk gksrk gSA
(b) mhid vuqf;k (stimulus response) dk O;oLFkkiu jSf[kd (linear ) gksrk gSA
(c) ksxzkej f'k{kkFkhZ oQh vuqf;kvksa (responses) dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA
(d) vuqf;k (response) dh =kqfV U;wure gksrh gSA
(e) ;g vuqf;kvksa (responses) ij tksj nsrk gS_ vr% f'k{kkFkhZ dks vkxs c<+us ls iwoZ R;qkj nsuk vko';d gksrk gSA
(f) ekns'ku (programming) osQ kjaHk eas f'k{kkFkhZ dks sfjr fd;k tkrk gSA
'kk[ku ekns'ku dh ekU;rk, (Assumptions of Branching Programming)
'kk[ku ekns'k dh ekU;rk, fuEufyf[kr gSa %
(a) Nk=k }kjk R;sd i`"B ij iBu&lkexzh ns[kus osQ nkSjku gh cqfu;knh vfkxe gksrk gSA
(b) ;g rduhd vFkkZr~ 'kk[ku ekns'ku =kqfV;ksa dks Kkr djus vkSj mUgsa Bhd djus dh laHkkouk ij vkkkfjr gSA
(c) f'k{kkFkhZ vius vfkxe osQ fy, ikB~;lkexzh osQ vuqe dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA
(d) vfkxe dh 'kfDr 'kk[kk foHksnu (branch discrimination) osQ Lrqrhdj.k osQ ek;e ls LokHkkfod rjhosQ ls ?kfVr gksrh gSA
iz'u 2- ,d vPNs V~;wVksfj;y dk vFkZ rFkk y{k.kksa dh O;k[;k mfpr mnkgj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls dhft,A
mkjvuqf'k{k.kvuqf'k{k.k dk rkRi;Z ml ekns'k ls gksrk gS] tks fdlh ,d fo"k; ij vuqns'k nku djrk gSA f'k{kk esa dEI;wVj
dk ;ksx djus osQ fy, loZFke vuqf'k{k.k fokk dk gh ;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA dEI;wVjhr vuqf'k{k.k esa fo"k; fo'ks"k dks oqQN
kFkfed Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS] ftUgsa LFkkuh; :i ls laxfBr fd;k tkrk gSA R;sd kFkfed Hkkx dks ,d en (item) dgk
tkrk gSA R;sd en (item) dks f'k{kkFkhZ osQ vuqjksk ij Lrqr fd;k tkrk gS ,oe~ mldh Lrqfr osQ i'pkr~ iwNk tkrk gS D;k Nk=k us
en fo'ks"k dks lgh <ax ls ;kn fd;k gS ;k ugha vkSj rRi'pkr~ ldkjkRed ;k udkjkRed friqf"V (feedback) dh tkrh gSA
vfkxe (learning) dh bl fokk (vuqf'k{k.k fokk) dh fuEufyf[kr dfe;k gSa %
blesa f'k{kkFkhZ dksbZ igy ugha dj ldrkA
blesa vfkxe (learning) mckmQ gS_ D;ksafd bldk Lo:i iquo`ZkkRed gSA
blesa f'k{kkFkhZ ls dksbZ 'u ugha iwNs tkrsA
blesa fdlh ikB osQ fdlh Hkkx dks NksM+dj vkxs c<+uk] dfBukbZ osQ Lrj dks ifjorr djuk] ikB osQ fiNys Hkkx ij okil
tkuk vkfn lEHko ugha gSA
viuh mi;qDZ r dfe;ksa osQ ckotwn vuqf'k{k.k&fokk vfkdka'k ekeyksa esa Hkkodkjh gksrh gSA vuqf'k{k.k dk fMtkbu js[kh; (linear)
vFkok 'kk[kh; (branched) gks ldrk gSA loZFkk bldk ;ksx LowQyksa vkSj fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa ugha fd;k tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx mu fo"k;ksa dks

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i<+kus osQ fy, fd;k tk jgk gS] ftuesa eq[; :i ls fofHkUu fo"k;ksa osQ fy, tkp lwph lajpuk (bysDVkfW ud nks"k fuokj.k) gksrh gSA
vfHkK vuqf'k{k.k .kkyh (ITS) osQ varxZr os vfkxe .kkfy;k vkrh gSa] tks v;kiu osQ fy, f=ke cqf rduhdksa (Artificial
Intelligent techniques) dk ;ksx djrh gSaA pwfd (ITS) lkWVos;j esa f=ke cqfekk dk ;ksx fd;k tkrk gS_ vr% ;s djhc&djhc
ekuo dh rjg O;ogkj djrs gSaA ;s .kkfy;k yxkrkj Nk=k osQ Kku dk vkdyu djrh gSa] leL;kvksa osQ mkjksa ;k gy dk fo'ys"k.k djrh
gSa] R;sd mkj dks ekWfuVj (monitor) djrh gSa] lh[kus dh f;k esa vkus okyh dfBukb;ksa dk irk yxkrh gSa vkSj muosQ mipkjkRed
mik; rFkk vuqns'k nku djrh gSaA f=ke cqfekk dk la;kstu ITS dks CAI dh vis{kk vfkd vuqf;k'khy vkSj vU;ksU;f;k'khy
(interactive) cukrk gSA
vfHkK vuqf'k{k.k .kkyh (ITS) osQ fodkl dks vfHkK dEI;wVj&lkfkr f'k{k.k (Intelligent Computer Assisted Instruction
[ICAI]) osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA bldk fodkl 1960 osQ n'kd osQ e; essa vkjaHk gqvk Fkk] tc ^mgj ,y* vkSj mlosQ lg;ksfx;ksa
us ,slh .kkfy;ksa dh ka`[kyk f;kfUor dh] ftlus vadxf.kr esas vkSj 'kCnkoyh vuqLej.k esa leL;k, mRiUu dhaA ckn esa] vadxf.kr esa
fMy vkSj vH;kl miyCk djkus osQ fy, vkSj lexz fu"iknu dh mi;qDr dfBukbZ osQ Lrj ij leL;k osQ p;u gsrq dbZ .kkfy;ksa dk
vkfo"dkj fd;k x;kA bl dkj dh .kkfy;ksa dk uke ^vuqowQyh .kkyh* fn;k x;kA blosQ ckn vks* f'k;k (1981) .kkyh vkbZ] ftlus
Nk=kksa osQ ,d lewg osQ fy, v;kiu dk;Z;qfDr lqkkjus dk ;kl fd;kA ^fdecky* .kkfy;ksa (1981) us v;kiu f;k dk ekxZn'kZu
djus osQ fy, mkj dh 'kqrk dh vis{kk gy djus dh fofk dh xq.kokk dk ;ksx fd;kA fiNys n'kd esa bu .kkfy;ksa us vuqf'k{k.k
dh vU;ksU;f;kvksa (interactions) osQ Hkkoh ekxZ& funsZ'ku ls leL;k lekkku vkSj vfkxe osQ vfHksj.k ls rqyuk djus dk ;kl fd;k
gSA vkt ILIC viuh bruh l'kDr igpku cuk pqdk gS fd lHkh egoiw.kZ dEI;wVj&vkkkfjr vuq;ksx ikjEifjd dkS'kyksa dks 'kh?kzrk
ls] n{krk ls vkSj de dher ij fl[kkus dk u osQoy ;kl dj jgs gSa] oju~ vfkxe (learning) vkSj v;kiu dh fofk;ksa dks ifjHkkf"kr
djus osQ fy, ILIC dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks viukus dk Hkh ;kl dj jgs gSaA
ITS osQ fofHkUu ?kVdksa dks lqkkjus ,oe~ vfkdkfkd tfVy fo"k;ksa esa vuq;ksxksa dk fodkl djus osQ fy, fHkUu&fHkUu lewg bldk
lrr~ fodkl dj jgs gSaA vusd ITS us gkbZ LowQy Lrjh; xf.kr fo"k;d ljy dyksa ls ysdj mUur dyksa rd ij ;ku osQafr fd;k
gSA ITS dk fodkl xf.kr vkSj vU; vkSipkfjd fo"k;ksa osQ vfrfjDr bfrgkl] Hkk"kk vkSj lkekftd foKku osQ dj.kksa dks 'kkfey djus
osQ fy, Hkh gqvk gSA ITS us LowQyh ikB~;fooj.k ls fHkUu f'k{k.k vkSj O;kolkf;d f'k{kk osQ fo"k;ksa dks 'kkfey djosQ fofokrk Hkh kIr
dj yh gSA mnkgj.kLo:i] bysDVkWfuDl] vuqj{k.k vkSj nks"k&fuokj.k osQ fy, lksiQh (SOPHIE) ij kjafHkd dk;Z esa u;k ITS cuk;k x;k
gSA (czkmu] cVZu vkSj fMDyhV] 1982)
ITS dk dk;Z fu"iknu lqkkjus osQ fy, fd, x, oqQN ;klksa esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls ,d ;k vfkd vfHky{k.k 'kkfey gSa %
;wtj&sQUMyh (User-friendly) vFkkZr~ mi;ksDrk& eS=khiw.kZ_
xzkfiQdy ;wtj bUVjisQl (Graphical User Interface) _
Nk=k vkSj v;kid osQ chp ljy lapkj_
mPprj cSaMfoM~Fk (higher bandwidth) osQ laokn_
ljy ,oe~ euksjatd O;k[;kA
ITS osQ ?kVd (Components of ITS)
fdlh Hkh vfHkK vuqf'k{k.k .kkyh (ITS) osQ fuEufyf[kr pkj ?kVd gksrs gSa%
(i) fo'ks"kK .kkyh (Expert System)
(ii) Nk=k ekWMy (Student Model)
(iii) fiMkxksfxdy ekWM~;wy (Pedagogical Module)
(iv) xzkfiQdy bUVjisQl (Graphical Interface)

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Nk=k ekW M y (Student
Model) (vyx&vyx Nk=kksa
dk iwoZo`k fjdkWMZ esUVsu djrk
gS rFkk mls viMsV (Update)
Hkh djrk gS)

fiMkxkW f xdy ekW M ~ ; w y

(Pedagogical Module)

(f'k{k.k&fu.kZ; djrk gS)

fo'ks"kK .kkyh (Expert

System) ( v k n ' k Z N k = k
f;kvksa dk ekWMy)

xzkfiQdy bUVjisQl vU;ksU;f;k

(Interaction) osQ fy, buiqV vkSj
vkmViqV fMokblslA

vfHkK vuqf'k{k.k .kkyh (ITS) osQ ?kVd

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Kku dk iquu:i.k
vfHkK vuqf'k{k.k .kkfy;ksa (ITS) dk kjaHk mRiknd .kkfy;ksa dh dfe;ksa ij fopkj djus osQ ;kl osQ :i esa vkjaHk gqvkA ;g
mie f=ke cqf osQ {ks=k esa mu 'kkskdkkZvksa osQ dk;Z ls ykHkkfUor gqvk] tks bl leL;k ij yEcs le; ls vfHkK .kkyh osQ vanj
Hkkoh <ax ls Kku dk fu:i.k djus dk ;kl dj jgs FksA mRiknu .kkyh] dEI;wVj&vkkkfjr fo'ks"kK .kkfy;ksa esa Kku dks fu:fir
djus dh fofk osQ :i esa ;qDr dh tkrh gS vkSj fHkUu&fHkUu Jsf.k;ksa esa Kku laxfBr djus dh fofk nku djrh gSA
ITS dh v;kiu esa Hkwfedk (Role of ITS in Teaching)
lSkfUrd :i esa] ITS vR;fkd vU;ksU;f;kRed okrkoj.k (interactive environment) miyC/ djkrk gS] tks vyx&vyx
f'k{kkFkhZ dh vko';drkvksa osQ vuqlkj vuqowQfyr gksrk gSA ITS ,d ekuo&v;kid dh rjg lykgdkj osQ :i esas dk;Z djrk gS vkSj
;g r; Hkh djrk gS fd Nk=k dh tkudkjh dgk rd gS ,oe~ mldh tkudkjh osQ Lrj osQ vuqlkj lgh rjhosQ ls mldk ekxZn'kZu djrk
gS vkSj lkFk gh Nk=k dks fu;a=k.k esa cuk, j[krk gS ,oe~ lnSo Nk=k dks lh[kus osQ fy, vfHksfjr djrk gSA
v;kiu ifjos'k osQ varxZr ITS dh nks eq[; Hkwfedk, gksrh gSalykgdkjh vkSj vuqns'kkRedA mnkgj.kLo:i] lykgdkjh Hkwfedk
esa ITS dk ;ksx Nk=k osQ O;ogkj ls lacafkr vkdM+ksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus] Nk=k ;k vuqns'kd ls leqfpr ijke'kZ ysus rFkk vuqns'kkRed
;k vuqf'k{k.k dk;Zuhfr dh lykg nsus osQ fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA vuqns'kkRed Hkwfedk esa ITS dk ;ksx Nk=k osQ vfkxe dk;Zdyki
esa lgk;rk djus osQ fy, rFkk mlosQ Kku vkSj fu"d"kZ dh f;kfofk;ksa dks Li"V djus osQ fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ITS oQh mijksDr nksuksa Hkwfedkvksa osQ f;kUo;u osQ fy, nks rjhosQ viuk, tk ldrs gSa %
fo'ks"k :i ls fMtkbu fd, x, ekuo&dEI;wVj f'k{kkRed laoknksa dk ;ksx djosQ_ ;k
Kku&pkfyr ikB~;lkexzh dk ;ksx djosQA
ITS ,d v;kid Hkh gS vkSj leL;k dks gy djus dk ,d fo'ks"k ekWMy HkhA foLr`r v;kiu dh lgk;rk djus osQ fy, ITS
^Nk=k ekWMy* (Student Model) dk l`tu djrk gS ,oe~ mls viMsV (update) Hkh djrk gSA
ITS dh fo'ks"krk, (Features of ITS)

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rkfydk&1: CBI esa dk;kZRed vk;ke

vk;ke
v;kiu 'kSyh

fuEu
iqujko`k fMy vkSj vH;kl

vU;ksU;f;k (interaction) dh ek=kk vYi

ikB~;e fo"k;oLrq
Nk=k vkdM+s ;k Nk=k ekWMy

ljy fo"k;oLrq
Nk=k }kjk fn, x, gky&fiQygky osQ
mkj ij vkkkfjr ljy ekWMy fu"iknu
(performance) fjdkWMZ ugha j[krk gSA

Nk=k&dEI;wVj laokn

vH;kl osQ nkSjku Nk=k osQ buiqV dks

Lohdkj djrk gSA

'kS{kf.kd vuqe dk fu;a=k.k

Nk=k osQ buiqV dk ewY;kadu

Nk=k dks friqf"V (feedback)

flLVe R;sd Nk=k osQ fy, ,d leku

jSf[kd vuqe (linear sequence)
Lrqr djrk gSA
flLVe osQoy ,d v{kj osQ mkj dk
ewY;kadu djrk gSA
fjdkWMZ dh xbZ friqf"V (canned
feedback); flLVe }kjk dksbZ vkns'kkRed
lykg (prescriptive advice) ugha

mPp
ljy vH;kl miyC/ djkrk gS_ xfr dh
fofk Nk=k osQ mkj osQ frekuksa ij fuHkZj
djrh gSA
fizQDoSUV (frequent), tks ikB osQ kjaHk ls
gh 'kq: gks tkrh gSA
ljy vkSj mUur fo"k;oLrqA
Nk=k osQ mkj osQ frekuksa (Reponse
patterns) ij vkkkfjr tfVy ekWMyA foLr`r
fu"iknu fjdkWMZ (detailed performance)
fjdkWMZ j[krk gS_ y{; dh vksj Nk=k dh
xfr dks Li"Vr% Lrqr djrk gSA
Nk=k osQ buiqV dks fdlh Hkh le; Lohdkj
djrk gS_ Nk=k vkSj f'k{kd loky&tokc
djrs gSaA
Nk=k fdlh fuf'pr vuqe osQ fy, vuqjksk
dj ldrk gS ;k flLVe }kjk p;fur vuqe
dk p;u dj ldrk gSA
flLVe Nk=k osQ mkj osQ Hkko (sense) dks
le>rk gSA
vuqowQfyr friqf"V (tailored feedback);
flLVe Nk=k osQ mkj osQ freku (response
pattern) osQ vkkkj ij lykg nsrk gSA

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vk;ke
ikB~;e fo"k;oLrq
'kS{kf.kd j.kuhfr (strategy)
Nk=k ekWMy
Nk=k dks friqf"V (feedback)
xzkfiQDl

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rkfydk&2% CBI esa lajpuk cqf osQ vk;ke

mPp
fuEu
fo"k;oLrq vius ukWystcsl (knowledgefo"k;oLrq ikB~;lkexzh ksxzke esa
base) osQ vkkkj ij ksxzke fd;k x;k gksrk
var%LFkkfir gksrh gSA
gSA
dk;Zuhfr (strategy) ikB~;lkexzh&ksxzke vius fu;eksa osQ vkkkj ij ksxzke dh xbZ
dk;Zuhfr_ flLVe vuqns'k mRiUu djrk gS
esa var%LFkkfir gksrh gSA
rFkk fu;eksa osQ vkkkj ij ijh{k.k djrk gSA
dksbZ Nk=k&iQkby (student file) ugha ;k Nk=k&iQkby (student-file) esa 'kS{kf.kd
ikB~;lkexzh esa var%LFkkfir ,d lkkkj.k dk;Zuhfr :ycsl (rulebase) }kjk vkns'kkRed
lykg vkSj funku lfUufgr gksrs gSaA
iQkbyA
'kS{kf.kd dk;Zuhfr :ycsl (rulebase) osQ
ljy] ,d 'kCn
vuqlkj l`ftr vuqowQfyr friqf"V (tailored
feedback)A
f=k&vk;keh xR;kRed vuqfr (3-dimenykbu MkWbx
sional dynamic simulation)

O;k[;ku

O;k[;ku&{kerk vuqiyCk

flLVe Nk=kksa ls ckrphr djrh gS vkSj mudh

igpku djrh gSA

ITS dh

fo'ks"krkvksa dks nks Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS %

CBI osQ v;kiu dk;Z lacakh fo'ks"krk,_ vkSj
CBI dh lajpuk ls lacafkr fo'ks"krk,A
rkfydk 1 esa CBI osQ dk;kZRed vk;keksa rFkk rkfydk 2 esa CBI osQ lajpukRed cqf osQ vk;keksa dh lwph nh xbZ gSA ITS Nk=k
dh fdlh leL;k dks gy djus esa ;g fukkZfjr djrk gS fd mls friqf"V (Feedback) dh vko';drk dc gksxh vkSj Nk=k dks lwpuk
fdl Lo:i esa miyCk djkbZ tk,xhA
vuqowQfyr friqf"V (tailored feedback); flLVe Nk=k osQ mkj osQ freku (response pattern) osQ vkkkj ij lykg nsrk gSA
ITS osQ mi;ksx (Uses of ITS)
ITS vUos"k.k dkj osQ vfkxe (learning) ksxzkeksa vkSj leL;k gy djus osQ {ks=k esa vR;Ur mi;ksxh gSA T;knkrj ITS
fo'ofo|ky;&Nk=kksa] lSU;&Nk=kksa vkSj vkS|ksfxd&Nk=kksa osQ fy, fMtkbu fd, x, gSa_ ijUrq oqQN ITS ksxzkeksa dks kFkfed LowQy osQ cPpksa
osQ fy, Hkh fMtkbu fd;k x;k gS] tSls ^osLV* uked ITS lkWVos;j kFkfed LowQy osQ cPpksa dks [ksy&[ksy esa vadxf.krh; leL;kvksa
dks gy djuk fl[kkrk gSA tc f'k{k.k dh vofk de gks vkSj fo"k;oLrq vfkd gks rks ITS osQ ;ksx ij fopkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ITS ml ifjs{; esa Hkh mi;ksxh gksrk gS] tc Nk=kksa dk v;kiu Lrj fiNyh d{kkvksa osQ Nk=kksa osQ Lrj dh rqyuk esa fuEu ;k fuEurj
gksrk gS_ D;ksafd fo'ks"k vuqf'k{k.k fo'ks"kKrk bu Nk=kksa dh xfr esa lqkkj dj ldrh gSA leqUur vuqf'k{k.kh; fo'ks"kKrk vFkkZr~ ljy
Nk=k&dEI;wVj vU;ksU;f;k (interaction) bu Nk=kksa esa ijEijkxr CAI fofk;ksa dh rqyuk esa vfkd rsth ls oh.krk yk ldrh gSA
ITS orZeku d{kkvksa osQ fy, mi;qDr gS vkSj ;g fiNys CAI ksxzkeksa vkSj mu ,dhr v;kiu .kkfy;ksa dk LFkku vklkuh ls
Hkj ldrk gS_ ftUgksaus de ls de lkkkj.k liQyrk kIr dh gSA
ITS ra=k ,oe~ ifj;kstuk, (ITS System and Plans)
orZeku esa ,d gtkj ls Hkh vfkd 'kk[kh; CAI (branched CAI) ksxzke ;ksx esa gSa_ ijUrq vfHkK CAI (ICAI) ksxzke dh la[;k
25 gh gSA pfyr ICAI vFkkZr~ ITS ksxzke@lkWVos;j gSa %
xqbZMkWu (GUIDON)jksfx;ksa dh vuqfr (simulation) osQ }kjk R;sd fpfdRlk&lykg osQ fy,A
'ksjykWd (SHERLOCK)xzkfiQd ekufp=k.k dh fofk dk ;ksx fl[kkus osQ fy,A
lksiQh (SOPHIE)bysDVkWfud ifjiFkksa (circuits) esa uSnkfud f;k fl[kkus osQ fy,A
fevksekbflu (MEOMYCIN)fpfdRlk uSnkfud dk;Zuhfr (strategy) osQ fy,A
orZeku esa T;knkrj ITS lkWVos;j cgqr gh de ek=kk esa ;qDr gks jgs gSaA ITS dh liQyrk eq[; :i ls xf.kr vkSj foKku fo"k;ksa
rd gh lhfer jgh gS] D;ksafd bu nksuksa {ks=kksa esas ITS dks cukuk vkSj vfkxe ifj.kke lqkkjksa dks ekiuk vklku gSA ,aMjlu dh T;kfefr
vkSj fyIl vuqf'k{kd 'kk;n lcls vPNh rjg ls ij[kh xbZ ITS gSaA

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ITS dh

lhek, (Limitations of ITS)

;|fi ITS NksVs iSekus ij oqQN lhek rd liQy jgs gSa_ ijUrq bUgsa O;kid cukus osQ fy, dbZ leL;kvksa dk lek/ku fd;k tkuk
vko';d gSA fofHkUu ys[kdksa us ITS dh fHkUu&fHkUu dkj dh lhekvksa dh ppkZ dh gS] ftUgsa fo'ks"kK .kkyh (Expert system)] Nk=k
ekWMy (Student Model), f'k{kk'kkL=kh ?kVd (Pedogogical Module) vkSj bUVjisQl (Interface) tSls ?kVdksa ls lac fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ITS dh fuEufyf[kr lhek, gSa %
vfkxe ifj.kkeksa esa lhek,f'k{kk&kS|ksfxdh dk ms'; fHkUu dkj osQ vfkxe y{; (learning objectives) ;k ifj.kke gks
ldrs gSa] tks ijEijkxr fo"k;ksa vkSj ikB~;&fooj.kksa esa Nk=kksa dks dkS'ky lh[kus esa lgk;rk djus] fd'kksj&Nk=kksa osQ fy, u, dj.kksa dks
xzk cukus] xgu ladYiukRed le> dks lqdj cukus vkSj nks"kektZu tSls vfkd laKkukRed dkS'ky fodflr djus rd gks ldrs gSaA
vc rd T;knkrj ITS us fo'ks"k :i ls kFkfed vkSj gkbZLowQy Lrj osQ ikB~;eksa esa i<+k, tk jgs fo"k;ksa ij vius vkidks osQfUr fd;k
gS vkSj nwljk ;g fd ;s osQoy oqQN gh fo"k;ksa dks lh[kkus osQ fy, fodflr fd, x, gSaA bUgsa f'k{kk esa vU; fo"k;ksa esa vU; vusd fo"k;ksa
osQ fy, fodflr fd;k tkuk vHkh 'ks"k gSA
lhfer v;kiu ,oe~ f'k{kk'kkL=kh; (Pedagogical) fo'ks"kKrkITS dh nwljh lhek muosQ v;kiu lhfer Kku ls lacafkr gSA
vfkdka'kr% ITS osQ f'k{kk'kkL=kh; ?kVd (Pedagogical Components) cgqr ?kfV;k gSaA bl dkj osQ f'k{kk'kkfL=k;ksa (Pedogogies) esa mu
fu;eksa dk oLrqr% laxzg gksrk gS] tks vH;kl gsrq vPNs ,oe~ i;kZIr gksrs gSa] ijUrq ;s vPNk dk;Z&fo'ys"k.k nku ugha dj ldrs] D;ksafd
laKku foKku us ml Lrj rd xfr ugha dh gS] ftl Lrj rd blus rhd dyu] chtxf.kr vkSj vadxf.kr esa xfr dh gSA
lhfer ladYiukRed (Conceptual) KkuITS esa var%LFkkfir (embedded) v;kiu dh fMy ,oe~ vH;kl .kkyh u, Kku osQ
i;kZIr va'k osQ ladYiukRed vfkxe (conceptual learning) dh vis{kk orZeku Kku dks vuqowQy cukus osQ fy, dgha vfkd mi;qDr
rhr gksrh gS (vksgYlu] 1991)A mnkgj.kkFkZ] ^cXxh* (Buggy) uked ITS ksxzke vadxf.kr esa la'k;ksa osQ lw{e tuu dk foLr`r ekWMy
miyC/ djkrk gSA laKku foKku esa Kku osQ o`gkj Hkkxksa osQ kjafaHkd vfkxe osQ lerqY; le> ugha gksrh gS_ vr% gekjs ikl ,sls
lSkfUrd vkkkj ugha gSa] tks ladYiukRed Kku izkIr djus osQ fy, v;kiu .kkfy;ksa osQ fMtkbu gsrq ekxZn'kZu dj losQA
iz'u 3- ,d fo"k;oLrq dk pquko dhft, vkSj le>kb;s bl fo"k;oLrq dks vki daI;wVj dh lgk;rk ls oSQls i<+k;saxsA
mkjdEI;wVj&lkfkr f'k{k.k D;k gS\ [What is Computer Aided Instruction (CAI)?]dEI;wVj&lkfkr f'k{k.k (CAI) ,d
,slh f'k{k.k .kkyh gS] tks u osQoy v;kiu lkefxz;ka eqgS;k djkrh gS] cfYd Nk=kksa dks lf; lgHkkfxrk nku djus osQ fy, muls
'u iwNrh gS ,oe~ iwNs x, 'u osQ fy, x, mkj dk R;qkj Hkh eqgS;k djkrh gSA ,ojsLV (1995) osQ vuqlkj CAI dk ;ksx 'kSf{kd
fu"iknu dks lqkkjus osQ fy, dEI;wVj vkSj vU; lacafkr kS|ksfxdh osQ fy, fd;k x;k gSA CAI iz.kkyh dk lcls cM+k ykHk ;g gS fd
dksbZ Nk=k fdlh fo"k;&lkexzh esa fuiq.krk gkfly djus ds fy,] ftruh ckj pkgs vf/xe&izf;k (learning process) dks nksgjk ldrk
gS] D;ksafd CAI dh vokkj.kk dk f;kUo;u ,d lkWVos;j osQ :i esa fd;k x;k gSA
CAI osQ ewy :i ls nks ms'; gSavfkxe (learning) vkSj v;kiu (teaching) nku djukA vfkxe (learning) dks Nk=k osQ
O;ogkj esa vis{kkr LFkk;h ifjorZu osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA vfkxe (learning) og f;k gS] tks Nk=kksa dks vYi Kku ls
o`gr~ Kku rd xfr osQ iFk ij vxzlj djrk gS vkSj ;g rHkh laHko gS tc dksbZ oLrq] tSlsdEI;wVj ;k euq"; ,d v;kid osQ :i
esa Nk=k dh xfr esa lgk;rk djsA
v;kiu (teaching) og f;k gS] ftlesa fdlh v;kid (euq"; ;k dEI;wVj) }kjk Nk=kksa osQ KkuoZu osQ fy, lEikfnr fd,
x, lHkh f;kdyki vkrs gSaA ;krO; gS fd v;kiu&f;k esa lfUufgr f;kdykiksa esa fuEufyf[kr izf;k,a vkrh gSa %
Nk=kksa dks u,&u, 'kS{kf.kd volj nku djuk_
fo"k;&fo'ks"k dk i;kZIr vH;kl djokuk_
vko';drkuqlkj iqujkoyksdu djuk_
Nk=kksa dks muosQ R;qkjksa dh 'kqrk osQ ckjs esa lwfpr djuk_
Nk=kksa dks fo"k;&fo'ks"k esa izoh.k cukus gsrq mu fo"k;&lkefxz;ksa esa ls fdlh lkexzh fo'ks"k dks miyC/ djkuk_ vkSj
Nk=k dh xfr ij utj j[kukA
CAI dks fofHkUu lkWVos;j iSosQt osQ :i esa is'k fd;k x;k gS rFkk bls fo'oO;kih osc (World Wide Web) osQ ek;e ls Hkh
vfHkxE; cuk;k x;k gSA ;krO; gS fd osc (Web)] bUVjusV dk ,d fgLlk gS] tks vusdksa osclkbV~l (Websites) dk ,d tky gS] ftu
ij vusdkusd osc istksa dks lax`ghr fd;k x;k gS] ftuesa cgqr cM+h la[;k esa ys[kksa dk Hk.Mkj.k fd;k x;k gSA

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CAI osQ

HkkSfrd ?kVd (Physical Components of CAI)

caMjlu osQ vuqlkj v;kiu (teaching) dks fuEufyf[kr rhu ?kVdksa osQ miHkksx ls lEikfnr fd;k tk ldrk gS %
dEI;wVj vFkkZr~ gkMZos;j_
lkWVos;j (dEI;wVj pkyu osQ vko';d ksxzke)_ vkSj
ikB~;lkexzh (Courseware)v;kiu lapkyu ds fy, ;k v;srkvksa ds fy, ikB izLrqr djus ds fy, fo'ks"k :i ls fMtkbu
fd;k x;k izksxzke@lkWVos;jA
dEI;wVj ds lHkh HkkSfrd] bysDVkWfud vkSj oS|qr ;kaf=kd ?kVdksa dks gkMZos;j dgrs gSa] tSlsCPU, ekml] dh&cksMZ bR;kfnA CAI
lkWVos;j dks iluZy dEI;wVj ls ysdj esusQe dEI;wVj rd ;k fofHkUu IysViQkWeZ (platfrom)] tSlsDOS, foaMkst+] ;wfuDl bR;kfn osQ
fy, fMtkbu fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj fd;k Hkh x;k gSA
lkWVos;j dk rkRi;Z mu ksxzkeksa vkSj iSosQtksas ls gksrk gS] ftlesa ge fdlh dk;Z fo'ks"k dks lEikfnr djrs gSaA CAI lkWVos;j nks
dkj osQ gksrs gSa %
forj.k .kkyh lkWVos;j (Delivery System Software) vkSj
lays[ku .kkyh lkWVos;j (Authoring System Software)
forj.k .kkyh lkWVos;j] dEI;wVj osQ LkkFk f'k{kkFkhZ ls bUVjisQl (interface) djrk gS_ tcfd lays[ku .kkyh lkWVos;j
ikB~;lkexzh dks fMtkbu djus gsrq ikB~;e ys[kd (Course Writer) ls bUVjisQl (interface) djrk gSA
ikB~;lkexzh (Courseware) dk rkRi;Z mu ksxzkeksa ls gksrk gS] tks f'k{kkFkhZ dks f'k{kk nku djus osQ fy, vuqnsf'kr ;k lapkfyr
djrk gS rFkk ftudk (izksxzkeksa) lEcUk ikB~;e oQh iqfLrdk (handbook) vkSj fu"iknu lkkuksa (performance aids) ls ugha gksrkA
CAI dh f;k&ifr

(Functioning Method of CAI)

CAI lkWVos;j

viuh kjafHkd voLFkk esa ^sQe&vkkkfjr* gksrs Fks] ftlesa f'k{kkFkhZ dks ikB~;lkexzh dks ,d fu;r vuqe esa
sQe&nj&sQe (frame by frame) miyCk djk;k tkrk FkkA dEI;wVj kS|ksfxdh esa fodkl osQ lkFk&lkFk 'kS{kf.kd lkexzh dks Lrqr djus
osQ fy, dbZ yphys vkSj leqUur rjhosQ fodflr fd, x,] tks sQe&vkkkfjr ugha gSaA vkt osQ ifjs{; esa CAI lkWVos;j O;kdj.k ij
fMy (drill) vkSj vH;kl l=k nku dj ldrk gS] chtxf.kr dh vokkj.kkvksa (concepts) dks le>kus osQ fy, vuqf'k{k.k pyk ldrk
gS ,oe~ foKku ;ksxksa dk vuqdkj dj ldrk gSA ;krO; gS fd fdlh CAI lkWVos;j@iSosQt dk ;ksx djus osQ fy, miHkksDrk (user)
dks fdlh ksxzkeu Hkk"kk dh tkudkjh dh vko';drk ugha gksrh] osQoy mls ;g tkuus dh vko';drk gksrh gS fd dEI;wVj dk pkyu
oSQls fd;k tkrk gS] lkWVos;j dks oSQls yksM fd;k tkrk gS ,oe~ rRi'pkr~ mlesa dk;Z oSQls fd;k tkrk gSA
CAI dh eq[k fofk;k ;k .kkfy;k fuEufyf[kr gSa %

ikB ;k vuqf'k{k.k (og ekns'k tks fdlh ,d fo"k; ij vuqns'k nku djrk gS)

fMy (drill) vkSj vH;kl

vfHkK dEI;wVj&lkf/r f'k{k.k [Intelligent Computer Aided Instruction (ICAI)]

f'k{k.k vuqfr (Training Simulation)

'kS{kf.kd hM+k, (Educational Games)

fo'ks"kK .kkfy;k (Specialist Systems)

dEI;wVj cafkr v;kiu (Computer Managed Teaching)

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