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HEC Pakistan Syllabus For B.S. & M.S.physics 2005
HEC Pakistan Syllabus For B.S. & M.S.physics 2005
OF
PHYSICS
(Revised 2005)
HIGHER
EDUCATION
ISSION
COMM
Adviser (Acad/R&D)
Deputy Director
Assistant Director
Assistant Director
CONTENTS
1.
Introduction
2.
10
10
12
3.
53
54
56
4.
General Recommendations
75
PREFACE
Curriculum of a subject is said to be the throbbing pulse of a nation. By
looking at the curriculum one can judge the state of intellectual
development and the state of progress of the nation. The world has
turned into a global village; new ideas and information are pouring in
like a stream. It is, therefore, imperative to update our curricula
regularly by introducing the recent developments in the relevant fields
of knowledge.
In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1) of section 3 of
the Federal Supervision of Curricula Textbooks and Maintenance of
Standards of Education Act 1976, the Federal Government vide
notification no. D773/76-JEA (Cur.), dated December 4, 1976,
appointed University Grants Commission as the competent authority to
look after the curriculum revision work beyond class XII at bachelor
level and onwards to all degrees, certificates and diplomas awarded by
degree colleges, universities and other institutions of higher education.
In pursuance of the above decisions and directives, the Higher
Education Commission (HEC) is continually performing curriculum
revision in collaboration with universities. According to the decision of
the special meeting of Vice-Chancellors Committee, curriculum of a
subject must be reviewed after every 3 years. For the purpose, various
committees are constituted at the national level comprising senior
teachers nominated by universities. Teachers from local degree
colleges and experts from user organizations, where required, are also
included in these committees. The National Curriculum Revision
Committee for Physics in its meeting held in May 19-21, 2005 at the
HEC Regional Centre, Karachi revised the curriculum after due
consideration of the comments and suggestions received from
universities and colleges where the subject under consideration is
taught. The final draft prepared by the National Curriculum Revision
Committee duly approved by the Competent Authority is being
circulated for implementation by architectural institutions.
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
STAGE-I
STAGE-II
STAGE-III
STAGE-IV
CURRI. UNDER
CONSIDERATION
CURRI. IN DRAFT
STAGE
FINAL STAGE
FOLLOW UP
STUDY
COLLECTION OF
REC
APPRAISAL OF 1ST
DRAFT BY EXP. OF
COL./UNIV
PREP. OF FINAL
CURRI.
QUESTIONNAIRE
CONS. OF CRC.
FINALIZATION OF
DRAFT BY CRC
INCORPORATION
OF REC. OF V.C.C.
COMMENTS
PREP. OF DRAFT
BY CRC
APPROVAL OF
CURRI. BY V.C.C.
PRINTING OF
CURRI.
REVIEW
IMPLE. OF
CURRI.
BACK TO
STAGE-I
Abbreviations Used:
CRC.
VCC.
Vice-Chancellors Committee
EXP.
Experts
COL.
Colleges
UNI.
Universities
PREP. Preparation
REC.
ORIENTATION
COURSES
Recommendations
INTRODUCTION
A meeting of National Curriculum Revision Committee was held at HEC,
Regional Centre, Karachi from 19-21 May, 2005 to finalize the revised draft
curriculum of Physics. The following attended:
1.
Convener
2.
Member
3.
Member
4.
Member
5.
Member
6.
Member
7.
Member
8.
Member
9.
Dr. Jameel-un-Nabi,
Associate Professor & Dean Student Affairs,
Faculty of Engineering Sciences,
GIK Institute of Engg.Science& Technology
Topi, Distt. Swabi, NWFP
Member
10.
Member
11.
Member
12.
Member
13.
Member
14.
Member
15.
Member
16.
Member
17.
Member
18.
Member
19.
Member
20.
Member
21.
Member
22.
Member
23.
Member
24.
Member/Secretary
Meeting started with recitation from the Holy Quran by Prof. Dr. Shaikh
Aftab Ahmad. Prof. Dr. Asghari Maqssod chaired the final NCRC meeting in
Physics. The draft curriculum of BS (4 years) programme were discussed at
length and finalized as Annexed-A.
The committee decided that MS programme should be 2 years programme.
First year consists of two semesters and there will be four courses and 3
credit hours. Hence in each semester and second year will be devoted for
research and if any university wants to give number of credit hour to thesis.
They can do so. Due to academic requirements and shortage of time, it
was felt that there should be a complete list of courses and detail of
courses. Therefore it is recommended that another meeting of
subcommittee be organized by the HEC which was held on July 30, 2005 as
Annexure-B.
The meeting ended with a vote of thanks to the convener.
Cr.h
Mechanics-I
Waves and Oscillations
Lab-I
Mathematics-I
English-I
Pak. Studies
* Minor-I
3
3
1
3
3
2
3
Total
18
Semester-II
Phy-102
Phy-104
Phy-106
Cr.h
Mechanics-II
Thermodynamics & Statistical Mechanics
Lab-II
Thermodynamics & Statistical Mathematics-II
English-II
Islamic Studies
* Minor-II
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
Total
18
2nd Year
Semester-III
Phy-201
Phy-203
Phy-105
Cr.h
Electricity & Magnetism-I
Electronics & Modern Physics
Lab-III
Mathematics-III
English-III
Civilization
* Minor-I
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
Total
18
Semester-IV
Phy-202
Phy-204
Phy-206
Cr.h
Electricity & Magnetism-II
Modern Physics
Lab-IV
Mathematics-IV
English(Communication Skills)
Computer Applications
* Minor-IV
3
3
1
3
3
2
3
Total
18
10
Semester-V
Phy-301
Phy-303
Phy-305
Phy-307
Phy-309
Cr.h
Mathematical Methods-I
Quantum Mechanics-I
Classical Mechanics
Electronics
Lab-V
3
3
3
3
3
Total
15
Cr.h
Semester-VI
Phy-302
Phy-304
Phy-306
Phy-308
Phy-310
Mathematical Methods-II
Quantum Mechanics-II
Electrodynamics
Thermal & Statistical Physics
Lab-VI
Total
4th Year
Semester-VII
Phy-401
Phy-403
Phy-405
Phy-407
Cr.h
Nuclear Physics
Solid Stat Physics-I
Atomic & Molecular Physics
Lab-VII
** Optional
3
3
3
3
3
Total
15
Semester-VIII
Phy-402
Phy-404
Phy-406
3
3
3
3
3
15
Cr.h
Computational Physics
Solid Stat Physics-II
Project
** Optional
** Optional
3
3
3
3
3
Total
15
Chemistry/Geology/Geography/Statistics etc.
11
DETAILS OF COURSES
FOR BS LEVEL
BS Part-I
MECHANICS-I
3 Cr.h
MECHANICS-II
3 Cr.h
3 Cr.h
3 Cr.h
BS Part-II
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM-I
3 Cr.h
Electric Field: Field due to a point charge: due to several point charges.
Electric dipole. Electric field of continuous charge distribution e.g Ring of
charge, disc of charge, infinite line of charge. Point charge in an electric
field. Dipole in an electric field, Torque and energy of a dipole in uniform
field. Electric flux: Gauss's law; (Integral and differential forms) and its
application. Charge in isolated conductors, conductor with a cavity, field
near a charged conducting sheet. Field of infinite line of charge, field of
infinite sheet of charge, field of spherical shell and field of spherical charge
distribution.
Electric Potential: Potential due to point charge, potential due to collection
of point charges, potential due to dipole. Electric potential of continuous
charge distribution. Poissons and Laplace equation without solution. Field
as the gradient or derivative of potential. Potential and field inside and
outside an isolated conductor.
15
3Cr.h
3 Cr.h
MODERN PHYSICS
3 Cr.h
LAB-I
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1 Cr.h
LAB-II
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
LAB-III
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
1 Cr.h
1 Cr.h
19
LAB-IV
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
1 Cr.h
NOTE:
Text Book
1. Halliday, D. Resnick, Krane, Physics, Vol. I & II, John Wiley, 5th ed. 1999
Books Recommended
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
21
3 Cr.h
MATHEMATICAL METHODS-II
3 Cr.h
23
QUANTUM MECHANICS-I
3 Cr.h
24
QUANTUM MECHANICS-II
3 Cr.h
25
CLASSICAL MECHANICS
3 Cr.h
ELECTRODYNAMICS
3 Cr.h
26
27
ELECTRONICS
3 Cr.h
28
3 Cr.h
Lab-V & VI
To study the characteristics of a Geiger-Muller counter and to
examine the attenuations of beta particles in Al-and Pb foils.
Measurement of the half life of a radio nuclide. To study the pulseheight as a function of the H.H.T. in a scintillation counter.
Measurement of the spectrum of gama rays from a radioisotope.
Shielding and attenuation of gamma rays.
To study the characteristics of a solid-state detector and use it to
measure the spectra of alpha and beta particles.
Use of a Lithium-drifted Ge-counter for gamme spectroscopy and to
compare its performance with that of a nal-detector.
AC circuits and dielectric constants of water and ice.
Radio frequency measurement. Skin effect, etc.
29
NUCLEAR PHYSICS
3 Cr.h
30
Nuclear Models: Liquid drop model; Fermi gas model, Shell model;
Collective model.
Theories of Radioactive Decay: Theory of Alpha decay and explanation of
observed phenomena, measurement of Beta ray energies, the magnetic
lens spectrometer, Fermi theory of Beta decay, Neutrino hypothesis, theory
of Gamma decay, multipolarity of Gamma rays, Nuclear isomerism.
Nuclear Reactions: Conservation laws of nuclear reactions, Q-value and
threshold energy of nuclear reaction, energy level and level width, cross
sections for nuclear reactions, compound nucleolus theory of nuclear
reaction and its limitations, direct reaction, resonance reactions, BreitWigner one level formula including the effect of angular momentum.
Books Recommended:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS
3 Cr.h
3.
4.
5.
3Cr.h
3Cr.h
3 Cr.h
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
PROJECT
3 Cr.h
Lab-VII
Measurement of the total neutron cross-section.
To prove the Rutherford law of scattering of charged particles.
Measurement of the spectrum of gamma rays from a radioisotope
Hg).
Determination of the Rydberg constant from the spectrum of
hydrogen.
Fabry-Perot interferometer used as a gas refractometer.
To study the Zeeman effect for a line in the spectrum of helium.
Experiments with microwaves. Study of their optical properties.
Electron spin resonance (E.S.R.) by microwave absorption.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (N.M.R.) of protons in water.
The study of the Mossbauer effect.
The measurement of the Hall effect in germanium and silicon.
To build a medium or short-wave transmitter.
Measurement of the conductivity of Si and Ge as a functions of
temperature.
To determine the energy gap in silicon and Germanium.
Drift mobility. (Shockley-Haynes experiments for Germanium,
demonstrating transistor action).
Simple diode manufacture and point-contact transistor.
NOTE: 1.
2.
34
3 Cr.h
SURFACE PHYSICS
3 Cr.h
FLUID DYNAMICS
3 Cr.h
3 Cr.h
37
ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS
3 Cr.h
38
Egbert Booker and Rienk Van Gron Belle, Environmental Physics, 2nd
ed. John Wiley and sons. 1999.
Physics of Environmental and Climate, Guyot Praxis Publication.
1998.
3 Cr.h
3 Cr.h
40
Text Book
1.
Ben G. Streetman and Sanjay Banarjee, Solid State Electronic
Devices Printice Hall (5th Edition).
PARTICLE PHYSICS
3 Cr.h
41
3Cr.h
3 Cr.h
42
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
3 Cr.h
45
COMPUTER SIMULATION
3 Cr.h
2.
3.
5.
6.
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
3 Cr.h
47
Books Recommended
1.
Larry D. Jones, Principles and applications of digital electronics,
Macmillan Publishing Company, 1993.
2.
Digital System Design and Micro possessor J.C. BORTIE (NBF).
3.
McMillan, Micro Electron, McGraw Hill.
4.
Digital Logic and Computer Design Morris Mono 1995 Prentic Hall
5.
Tocheim, Digital Electronics, (1999).
6.
Barrey B. Brey, Intel UPS Architecture, programming and interfacing,
Prentic Hall (1998).
7.
T.L.Floyd, Digital Fundamental, 8th edition.
8.
Tim Wilmshurst, The Design of Small-Scale Embedded Systems,
Palgrave (2003).
3 Cr.h
48
Books Recommended
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
LASERS
3 Cr.h
49
Lasers Systems : Solid State Lasers: Ruby Laser, Nd: YAG & Nd: Glass
Lasers and Semiconductor Lasers: Homojunction Lasers DoubleHeterostructure lasers, Gas lasers: Helium Neon laser, CO2 laser, Nitrogen
Laser
and
Excimer
Lasers,
Free-Electron
and
X-Ray Lasers
Laser applications: Material Processing: Surface Hardening, Cutting,
Drilling, Welding etc. Holography, Laser Communication, Medicine, Defense
Industry, Atmosphereic Physics
Books Recommended
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
MEDICAL PHYSICS
3 Cr.h
Medical Imaging: Diagnostic X-rays, Production of X-rays, absorption of Xray to other planes, partial volume effect, Artifacts, Contrast agents in
conventional radiography and CT, Diagnostic Ultrasound, Doppler effect,
Radionuclide imaging, Camera position emission tomography (PET),
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Contrast agents for MRI.
Radiation Dosimetry: History of Absorbed Dose, Stochastic and NonStochastic qualities, Units for Absorbed Dose, Absorbed Dose Calorimeters,
Exposure and its measurements. The free-air chamber, Exposure
measurement with calibrated cavity chamber. The concept of Kerma,
absorbed Dose in air, Absorbed dose in other materials. Factors converting
exposure to absorbed Dose. Calibrations in terms of air Kerma, Calibrations
in terms of Absorbed Dose. High energy calibrations, the Bragg-Gray Cavity
theory.
Methods of Dosimetry: Calorimeters, ionization chambers, chemical
Dosimetry, Thermoluminescene Dosimetry (TLD), photographic Dosimetry,
Scintillation Detectors, other Dosimetric Systems.
50
3 Cr.h
51
3 Cr.h
52
CURRICULUM IN MS-PHYSICS
A sub-committee meeting to revise the curriculum for MS level was
held on July 30, 2005 at HEC Regional Centre, Lahore, following experts
attend the meeting:1.
Convener
2.
Member
3.
Member
4.
Member
5.
Member
6.
Member
7.
Member
8.
Member
53
SCHEME OF STUDIES
M.S., Physics (two years/four semester)
Course work
(Ist & 2nd Semester)
Research Thesis (3rd & 4th Semester)
Total:
=
=
24 credit hours
6 credit hours
30 credit hours
COMPULSORY/CORE COURSES
SR. COURSE
TITLE OF THE COURSE
NO.
CODE.
1. Phy. 501 Methods of Mathematical Physics
2. Phy. 502 Methods and Techniques of Experimental Physics
CRH.
3
3
Phy. 503
Phy. 504
Phy. 505
Phy. 506
Phy. 507
Phy. 508
Phy. 509
Phy. 510
Phy. 511
Phy. 512
Phy. 513
Phy. 514
Phy. 515
Phy. 516
Phy. 517
Phy. 518
Phy. 519
Phy. 520
Phy. 521
Phy. 522
Phy. 523
Phy. 524
Phy. 525
Phy. 526
Phy. 527
Phy. 528
Phy. 529
Phy. 530
Electrodynamics
Quantum Electrodynamics
Solid State Physics
Solid State Theory
Material Science - I
Material Science II
Atomic and Electron Physics - I
Atomics and Electron Physics II
Advanced Nuclear Theory - I
Advanced Nuclear Theory - II
Quantum Field Theory I
Quantum Field Theory - II
Laser Physics - I
Laser Physics - II
Plasma Physics - I
Plasma Physics - II
Computational Physics - I
Computational Physics - II
Physics of Non-linear Systems
Advanced Techniques of Experimental Physics.
Micro-Electronics and Semi-Conductor Devices
Images and Signal Processing
Applied Nuclear Physics
Group Theory
Particle Physics
Magnetic Materials
Renewable Energy Resources
Conduction in Solids
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
54
3
3
3
Note:
Universities can add more courses according to their resources.
The contents of the courses given are the guidelines. Each
university may modify the code No. and contents under the same
course title according to its needs.
More reference books can be added in each course as required.
Universities may develop course details for the courses where it
is not provided.
55
DETAILS OF COURSES
COMPULSORY COURSES
METHODS OF MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS
Linear differential equations and special functions. Separation of
coordinates. Series solution. The Wronskian. Two regular singular points.
Three regular singular points. The hypergeometric series. Asymptotic
series. One regular and one irregular singular point. Integral
representations. Green's functions. Types of boundary conditions.
Differential equations and Green's functions. Source points and boundary
points. Green's functions for steady waves. Wave equation. Diffusion
equation.
Books Recommended:
1.
2.
3.
Books Recommended:
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
OPTIONAL COURSES
ELECTRODYNAMICS
Maxwell's equations. Gauge transformation. Poynting vector. Conservation
laws. Plane electromagnetic waves in a nonconducting and conducting
medium. Polarization. Propagation in a dispersive medium. Reflection and
refraction. Total internal reflection. Radiation by moving charges. LienardWiechert potentials and fields. General angular and frequency distributions
of radiation from accelerated charges. Thompson scattering. Cherenkov
radiation. Fields and radiation of localized oscillating sources. Electric dipole
fields and radiation. Magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole fields.
Multipole fields. Multipole expansion of the electromagnetic fields. Angular
distributions. Sources of multipole radiation. Spherical wave expansion of a
vector plane wave. Scattering of electromagnetic wave by a conducting
sphere.
Books Recommended:
1.
2.
Books Recommended:
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
MATERIALS SCIENCES I
Crystallography. Translational periodicity. Crystal classes. Crystal forms.
Point and space groups. Crystal growth. Methods of purification. Zone
refining. Zone levelling. Impurity control. Methods of perturbing the
concertration of impurities in semiconductors. Formation of n-p and n-p-n
junctions. Different techniques of growing single crystals. Structure of
materials. Ionic bond. Covalent bond. Metallic bond. Van der Waals bond.
Polymer chains. Polymerization. Polymer processing. Ceramics. Oxide and
silicate. structures. Phase transformations. Fabrication technology of
semiconductor electronic devices
Books Recommended:
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Books Recommended:
I.
2.
3.
Books Recommended:
I.
2.
3.
LASER PHYSICS I
Review of quantum mechanics. Interaction of radiation and atomic systems.
The density matrix. Homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening of
atomic transitions. Gain and saturation effects. Hole burning. Optical
resonators. Gaussian beams. Laser oscillation. Rate equations for a laser
oscillator. Amplitude fluctuations and spiking. Some specific laser systems.
Q-switching and mode locking. Focusing of laser beams. .
Books Recommended:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
GROUP THEORY
Linear vector spaces. Groups. Representations of groups. Characters.
Schurs Lemmas. Lie groups. Representation of lie groups. Rotation group
and SV(J). Clebsch-Gordon coefficients. Rotation matrices. Wigner-Eckart
theorem. Kronecker product of irreducible representations. Spinor
representations of Lorentz roup. Elementary theory of Wigner's unitary
representations of Poincare group.
59
Books Recommended:
1.
2
Books Recommended:
1.
2.
Books Recommended:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
CONDUCTION IN SOLIDS
Band theory of crystalline solids, intrinsic and extrinsic semi conductors,
impurity conductivity, Anderson localization, Band theory of non-crystalline
solids, CFO model, Mott and Davis model. Metal-insulator interface, ohmic
contacts, neutral contacts, blocking contacts, MIM contacts Electrical
conduction in MIM systems, ohmic conduction, lonic conduction, spacechange-limited conduction, tunneling conduction, hoping conduction, high
60
MATERIALS SCIENCE II
Imperfections in crystals. Impurities. Vacancies. Grain boundaries.
Dislocations. Stacking faults. Frenkel and Schottky disorder. Electrons and
holes. Color centres. Mechanical properties of metals. Polymers and
ceramics. Elastic and plastic deformation. Fracture, creep and fatigue
phenomena. Strengthening mechanism. Annealing. Effect of imperfections
on the mechanical properties of materials. Modulation spectroscopy for
optical properties in solids. Modulation teclmiques. Wavelength modulation.
Temperature modulation. Stress modulation. piezo absorption and piezoreflectance. Electric field modulation.
Books Recommended:
I.
2.
3.
4.
Books Recommended:
1.
2.
3.
Books Recommended:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Books Recommended:
1.
2.
3.
62
PLASMA PHYSICS II
Introduction To Inertial Confinement Fusion (Icl): Basic requirements of ICF.
Laser plasma interaction. Ablation physics. Hydrodynamic compression.
Energy transport.
Nonlinear Plasma Theory: Introduction. Quasilinear theory. Conservation of
particles, momentum and energy. Coherent three waves interaction. Three
waves interaction with random phase. Nonlinear landau damping.
Fluctuation, Correlations And Radiations: Shielding of a moving test
charge. Electric field fluctuations in maxwellian and nonmaxwellian plasmas.
Emission of electrostatic waves. Electromagnetic fluctuations and
radiations. Scattering of incoherent radiation from plasma density
fluctuations. Emission of radiation from a plasma. Blackbody radiation.
Cyclotron radiation. The source theory of radiation from a plasma.
Books Recommended:
I.
2.
3.
4.
COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS -I
Introduction Computer Programming Using "C++":
i.
Introduction to the C++ Language:
Background, Identifiers, Data Types, Variables, Constants,
Coding Constants, Reading and Writing data.
ii.
Structures of C++ Language:
Expression, Precedence and Associatively, Evaluating
Expressions, Mixed Type expressions, Statements.
iii.
Functions:
Designing Structured Programs, Functions in c++, User defined
Functions, Default parameter Arguments, Standard Library
Functions, Scope.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
Pointers:
Concepts, Pointer variables, accessing variables through
pointers, pointer definition and declaration, Initialization of
pointer variables, pointers and functions, pointers to pointers,
Compatibility, Lvalue and Rvalue, Arrays and pointers, pointer
arithmetic and arrays, passing array to a function,
understanding complicated declarations, Memory Allocation
functions, array of pointers.
Arrays, Strings and structure:
Concepts, using arrays in C++, arrays and functions, Two
dimension arrays, Multi-dimension arrays, String concepts, C++
Strings, Strings 10, an-ays of Strings, String manipulation
functions, Enumerated type structure, Accessing Structure,
complex Structures, array of structures. .
Text and Binary Files:
Concept of a file, File and streams, Standard Library
input/output functions, Formatting input/output. Character
input/output functions, Detecting File errors, Using Binary Files,
Standard Library function for Binary Files. Converting File Type.
Truncation Errors.
Recommended Books:
1.
2.
3.
4.
64
Recommended Books:
1
2.
3.
4.
65
NONLINEAR PHYSICS
Chaos
Qualitative description of the chaotic behavior of mechanical and Physical
Systems; Oscillators (D.D. Pendulum) Duffing, Vander Pol, Rayleigh
Bernard Convection, Lasers Forces Surface Waves, Josephson Junction.
Quantitative Description of Chaos in Mechanical Systems:
Phase Space, Poincare section, Spectral analysis of time series, Detailed
analysis of the Driven Damped Pendulum, Sensitivity to initial conditions,
Phase attractors, Diagrams and Poincare sections, time series and power
spectra, Basins o(attraction, Bifurcation diagrams.
Understanding of Chaos.
The logistic map, period doubling, periodic windows, Lyapunov exponents,
Entropy, Stretching and folding of the circle map, horseshoe map,
Application to Pendulum, Universality.
Fractals; dimension, Self similarity, Fractals in Nature, Coastline, Mountain
& Clouds.
Books Recommended:
1. Stable and Random Motions in Dynamical Systems, by Nachr Akad
Wiss Gottingen Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973.
2. Chaos, Dynamics and Fractals- An Algorithmic Approach to
Deterministic Chaos by Joseph L. McCauley, CUP, 1993.
3. Chaos and Nonlinear Dynamics, by R.C. Hilbon, Oxford University
Press, 1994.
4. Chaos in Classical and Quantum Mechanics, by Martin C. Gutzwiller,
Springer-Verlag, 1990.
FIELD THEORY
Classical field theory, lagrangian mechanics, variational principle, vibrating
stings, classical field theory, Lorentz transformations, Lorentz group,
representations of Lorentz group, classical scalar fields, Klein-Gordon
equation, complex scalar fields, energy-momentum tensor, electromagnetic
field, Maxwell's equations, spinor field, Dirac equation, symmetries and
conservation laws, Noether's theorem, translation invariance.
Quantization of fields, canonical quantization of fields, quantization of scalar
fields, particle interpretation of quantum field theory, normal ordering, nonHermitian fields.
66
Books Recommended:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Books Recommended:
1.
2.
4.
5.
6.
Books Recommended:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Wiley, (1993).
An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory by Peskin M E and Schroeder
D V, Addison
SOIL PHYSICS
1.
2.
3.
Soil Air; Air capacity of soils, composition of soil air, Renewal of soil
air. Permeability of soil to air, measuring soil aeration.
4.
5.
PRATICALS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Books Recommended:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Baver, L.D. 1972, Soil Physics, Modern Asia Edition, 7th Printing,
Charles E. Tuttle Company, Tokyo, Japan.
Rose, C.W. 1966, Agricultural Physics, Pergamen Press Ltd. U.K.
Kirkhan I. & Power W.L., 1972. Advanced Soil physics, Wiley
Interscience John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, U.S.A.
Buckman. H.O. & Brady N.C. 1972. The Nature and Properties of Soils
7th Edition. The Macmillan Company, 866 Third Avenue, New York,
10022 U.S.A.
69
Books Recommended:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
MAGNETIC MATERIALS
1.
2.
Kinds of Magnetism
Diamagnetism, Ferromagnetism, Antiferromagetism, Ferrimagnetism
70
3.
Magnetic Anisotropy
Introduction, Anisotropy in cubic crystals, Anisotropy in hexagonal
crystals, Physical origin of crystal anisotropy, Anisotropy
measurement, Anisotropy constants, polycrytalline materials,
Anisotropy in antiferromagnetics, shape anisotroy, mixed
anisotropies.
4.
5.
6.
Books Recommended:
1.
2.
3.
4.
LASER - II
ADY ANCED LASERS AND TECHNIQUES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS
Laser Spectroscopy, Interferrometery, Laser Uranium Enrichment,
Laser Induced Plasma and Fusion.
6.
MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
Medical Laser Systems, Light Interaction with Tissues, Dennatology &
Aesthetic Surgery, General Surgical applications, Neuro-Surgery,
Cancer detection.
7.
8.
Books Recommended:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
72
Lasers
Introduction, Planck's Law, Einstein Coefficients and Stimulated
Emission.
Light Amplification
Introduction, Pumping Schemes, Monochromaticity, coherence,
Directionality,
Brightness
Population Inversion
Gain Curve for Inhomogeneous Transitions
Line Narrowing and Amplified Spontaneous Emission
Three level and Four level Systems
Resonators
Time dependent Solutions and Q-switching
Mode Locking
Types of Lasers
Gas Lasers
Solid State Lasers
Liquid Lasers
X-rays Lasers
Free Electron Laser
74
GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
1. The committee proposed that short assignment and presentation
would be compulsory for each course.
2. The 4 years Bachelor Degree programme be implemented in all
universities and Post Graduate Colleges from the next academic
year.
3. 50% evaluation should be external and an independent body be
assigned to develop an external evaluation test.
4. The colleges to run the 4 years Bachelor programme should be
allowed to run with the following conditions:
a) They should have minimum 10 subjects faculty members (MS and
Ph.D. holders).
b) BS Teaching lab should have capacity for doing at least 20
experiments.
5. Sufficient fund be provided to equip Library and Laboratory to run this
programme.
6. Annual recurring grant for this new programme be allocated.
7. Refresher courses in various specialized areas of Physics be
arranged for Universities and Post-Graduate College Teachers.
8. The teacher should be trained for semester system i.e. problem
solving, quiz, assignment.
9. HEC should contact the provincial government to allocate fund for upgradation in terms of staff and laboratory to affiliated colleges.
10. Until the introduction of 4 year composite bachelor degree
programme in colleges and universities. This programme be split in
two parts. Part-I in colleges and Part-II in universities.
75