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EE4601
Communication Systems
Lecture 11
Nyquist Pulse Shaping

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c
2009,
Georgia Institute of Technology (lect11 1)

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Matched Filtering and Pulse Shaping

unknown

g(t)

c(t)

^g(t) = g(t)*c(t)

x(t)

h(t)
2/T

w(t)

To maximize the signal-to-noise ratio at the output of the receiver filter h(t),
in theory we match the receiver filter to the received pulse g(t) = g(t) c(t),
i.e., h(t) = g(T t). However, if c(t) is unknown, then so is h(t).
Practical Solution: Choose h(t) matched to the transmitted pulse g(t), i.e.,
choose h(t) = g(T t), over-sample by a factor of 2, and process 2 samples
per baud interval.
This is optimal, similar to the case when c(t) is known, but the proof is
beyond the scope of this course.
&

c
2009,
Georgia Institute of Technology (lect11 2)

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Matched Filtering and Pulse Shaping

To design the transmit and receiver filters, we will assume an ideal channel
c(t) = (t), so that the overall pulse (ignoring time delay) is
p(t) = g(t) h(t)
= g(t) g(t)
Taking the Fourier transform of both sides
P (f ) = G(f )G (f ) = |G(f )|2
Hence

|G(f )| = |P (f )|

For many practical pulses, g(t), we will also see that g(t) = g(t), i.e., the
pulse is even in t, so that h(t) = g(t).
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c
2009,
Georgia Institute of Technology (lect11 3)

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Conditions for ISI free transmission

The condition for ISI-free transmission is

pk = k0 p0 =

p0 k = 0
0 k=
6 0

That is, p(t) must have equally spaced zero crossings, separated by T seconds.
Theorem: The pulse p(t) satisfies pk = k0 p0 iff

PP (f ) =

1
T

n=

P (f + n/T ) = p0

That is the folded spectrum PP (f ) is flat.

P(f)

p(t)

W=1/2T

P (f)

1.0

..........

-W

-3T

-2T

-T

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c
2009,
Georgia Institute of Technology (lect11 4)

2T

3T

-3/2T

..........
-1/2T

1/2T

3/2T

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ISI free transmission

Proof:
pk =
=
=
=

P (f )ej2f kT df
Z (2n+1)/2T

n= (2n1)/2T
Z 1/2T
X

P (f )ej2f kT df f = f n/T

P (f + n/T )ej2k(f +n/T )T df

n= 1/2T

Z 1/2T
n=
X

ej2f kT
P (f
1/2T
n=

To prove sufficiency, we assume that

pk = p0 T

Z 1/2T

1/2T

+ n/T ) df

n= P (f

ej2f kT df =

(1)

+ n/T ) = p0 T is true. Then,

sin k
p0 = k0 pk0
k

To prove necessity, we have from (1)

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pk = T

Z 1/2T

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2009,
Georgia Institute of Technology (lect11 5)

1/2T

P (f )ej2f kT df

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Nyquist Pulse

Hence, pk and P (f ) are a Fourier series pair, i.e.,

P (f ) =

pk ej2f kT

k=

If pk = p0 k0 is assumed true, then from the above equation P (f ) = p0 .

Nyquist Pulse Shaping: A pulse p(t) that yields zero-ISI is one having a
folded spectrum that is flat.
The pulse p(t) can be generated by choosing P (f ) as shown on the
following slide.

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c
2009,
Georgia Institute of Technology (lect11 6)

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Nyquist Pulse Shaping

1

2WP(f)
1/2

-W

W
2WP (f)
N

Ideal Nyquist pulse

-W

W
2WPod(f)
1/2

-W

Note P (f ) = PN (f ) + Pod (f ).
Pod (f ) can be any function that has skew symmetry about f = W .
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c
2009,
Georgia Institute of Technology (lect11 7)

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Nyquist Pulse

Note that P (f ) is flat under this condition.

1

-3W

-2W

-W

2WP (f)

W=1/2T

2W

Example: Raised Cosine

2W Pod (f ) =

)
12 21 sin (|f2f|W
W fx |f | W
x
(|f |W )
1
1
W |f | W + fx
2 2 sin
2fx

fx
fx
100 = excess bandwidth (%), = W
= roll off
fx = bandwidth expansion, W
factor

1
0 |f | W fx




)
2W P (f ) = 12 1 sin (|f2f|W
W fx |f | W + fx
x

0
|f | W + fx

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c
2009,
Georgia Institute of Technology (lect11 8)

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Raised Cosine Pulse

2WP(f)

wfx

w+fx

wfx

w+fx

2WP(f)

=1
looks like a raised cosine

2W

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2009,
Georgia Institute of Technology (lect11 9)

2W

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Raised Cosine Impulse Response

Impulse response - Since P (f ) is even, the inverse cosine transform yields

p(t) = 2

Z W +f
x
0

P (f ) cos 2f tdf

1 Z W fx
1
= 2.
cos 2f tdf + 2.
2W 0
2W
sin 2W t cos 2fx t
.
=
2W t 1 (4fx t)2

1
|f | W
cos 2f tdf
1 sin
2
2fx

Z W +f
x
W fx

T=1/2W

=0
=1

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3T

2T

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2009,
Georgia Institute of Technology (lect11 10)

2T

3T

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Square Root Raised Cosine Pulse

To implement a matched filter, we split the overall pulse P (f ) between the

transmit and receive filters, i.e., p(t) = g(t) g(t).
q
We have seen earlier that P (f ) = G(f )G (f ) = |G(f )|2 , so that |G(f )| =
P (f ).
With square-root raised cosine pulse shaping

2W |G(f )| =

s 

2 1

)
sin (|f2f|W
x

0 |f | wW fx
W fx |f | W + fx
|f | W + fx

The impulse response is

g(t) = 4

cos [(1 + )t/T ] + sin [(1 )t/T ] (4t/T )1

T [1 162 t2 /T 2 ]

where = fx /W .

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c
2009,
Georgia Institute of Technology (lect11 11)