Proceedings of The 2nd International Conference on Green Technology and Sustainable Development, 2014

A HIGHER-ORDER SHEAR DEFORMATION THEORY FOR

BUCKLING AND FREE VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONALLY
GRADED SANDWICH PLATES
Nguyen Trung Kien1,a, Vo Phuong Thuc2, Thai Huu Tai3, Nguyen Van Hau1
1

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
and Education, 1 Vo Van Ngan Street, Thu Duc District, Viet Nam
2

Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

Centre for Infrastructure Engineering and Safety, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
a

kiennt@hcmute.edu.vn

ABSTRACT
In this paper, the authors proposed a higher-order shear deformation theory for buckling and free vibration
analysis of functionally graded sandwich plates. Equations of motion derived from Hamiltons principle are
established basing on a refined hyperbolic distribution of transverse shear stress and satisfies the traction free
boundary conditions. Analytical solutions are obtained with various boundary conditions for functionally graded
sandwich plates to verify the validity of the developed theory.
Keywords: Functionally graded sandwich plates; Vibration; Buckling.

1.

linear theory of elasticity for free vibration

of FG sandwich plates, respectively.
Nguyen et al. [9] studied vibration and
buckling responses of functionally graded
sandwich plates with improved transverse
shear stiffness based on the first-order shear
deformation theory. Based on the same
theory, Thai et al. [10] analyzed the
bending, buckling and vibration of FG
sandwich plates. Nguyen et al. [11]
proposed a new inverse trigonometric shear
deformation theory for isotropic and
functionally graded sandwich plates.

INTRODUCTION

Increase of applications of functionally

graded (FG) sandwich structures in
engineering fields led to the development of
many plate theories to accurately predict
static, buckling and vibration behaviors of
FG sandwich plates. By using different
shear deformation theories, Zenkour [1]-[2]
investigated bending, vibration and buckling
behaviors of sandwich plates with FG faces
and homogeneous hardcore. Based on
four-unknown variable refined shear
deformation theories, Meiche et al. [3]
studied vibration and buckling analysis of
FG sandwich plates. Sobhy [4] studied the
vibration and buckling behaviors of
exponentially FG sandwich plates resting on
elastic foundations under various boundary
conditions. Neves et al. [5] proposed the
static, buckling and free vibration analysis
of FG sandwich plates by using a quasi-3D
higher-order shear deformation theory.
Bessaim et al. [6] focused on both bending
and free vibration of FG sandwich plates
using a quasi-3D hyperbolic shear
deformation theory with five unknowns.
Xiang et al. [7] and Li et al. [8] presented a
n-order shear deformation theory and a 3D

This paper aims to propose a refined

four-unknown inverse hyperbolic shear
deformation theory for vibration and
buckling analysis of FG sandwich plates
with various boundary conditions. The
theory contains four unknowns, accounts for
a hyperbolic distribution of transverse shear
stress and satisfies the traction free boundary
conditions. Equations of motion are derived
from Hamilton's principle. Analytical
solutions are obtained for various boundary
conditions. Numerical results for FG
sandwich plates with homogeneous
hardcore and softcore are compared to those
of earlier works.
222

Proceedings of The 2nd International Conference on Green Technology and Sustainable Development, 2014

2.

where

PROBLEM FORMULATION

p is a power-law index, which is

positive. Distribution of material with Vb

through the plate thickness for the thickness
ratio of layers (1-1-1) is displayed in Fig. 2.

Consider a three-layer sandwich plate as in

Figure 1. The face layers are made of a
ceramic-metal material and the core layer is
constituted by an isotropic material.

0.5
p=0.5
0.4

p=1

0.3
0.2

p=5
p=10

z/h

0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3

(a) Homogeneous hardcore

-0.4
-0.5
0

0.2

0.4
0.6
Volume fraction function

0.8

Figure 2. Volume fraction function Vb with

respect to the thickness ratio of layers (1-1-1)

2.1 Higher-order
theory

Figure 1. Geometry of functionally graded

sandwich plates

u1 ( x, y , z ) = u ( x, y ) zwb , x f ( z ) ws , x
u2 ( x, y , z ) = v ( x, y ) zwb , y f ( z ) ws , y

The effective material properties of FG

sandwich plates according to the power-law
form can be expressed by:

where the comma indicates partial

differentiation with respect to the
coordinate subscript that follows, the shape
function f ( z ) at location z is given by:

where Pt and Pb are the Youngs moduli

( E ), Poissons ratio ( ), mass densities ( )
of materials located at the top and bottom
surfaces, and at the core, respectively. The
volume fraction function Vb
power-law form as follows:

16rz 2
rz
h arctan
f ( z ) = z 1 + 2 2
3h ( r + 4 )
h

defined by the

1 z h p
0
Vb( ) =
for z [ h0 , h1 ]

h1 h0
(2)
for z [ h1 , h2 ]
Vb = 1

p
(1) z h3
Vb = h h for z [ h2 , h3 ]
2 3

(3)

u3 ( x, y , z ) = wb ( x, y ) + ws ( x, y )

(1)

( j)

deformation

The displacement field of the present study

is expressed by:

(b) Homogeneous softcore

P ( j ) ( z ) = ( Pb Pt ) Vb( j ) + Pt

shear

(4)

and u , v, wb and ws are the four unknown

displacements of the mid-plane of the plate.
The in-plane and out-of-plane strains
associated with the displacement field in Eq.
(3) are obtained:

(2)

(0)
xx(1)
xx( 2 )
xx xx
(1)
( 2 )
( 0 )
yy = yy + z yy + f yy
( 0)
(1)
(2)
xy xy
xy
xy

223

(5a)

Proceedings of The 2nd International Conference on Green Technology and Sustainable Development, 2014
(0)
xz
xz
= g (0)
yz
yz

M xxb , xx + 2 M xyb , xy + M yyb , yy + N + q

(5b)

&
&
&
&
&
& &
&
= I0 ( w
b + ws ) + I1 ( u, x + v, y )
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
I2 ( w
b , xx + wb , yy ) J 2 ( ws , xx + ws , yy )

where g ( z ) = 1 f , z ; ( 0 ) are membrane

strains; (1) , ( 2) are curvatures and ( 0 ) are
transverse shear strains. These strains are
related to the displacements as follows:
(1)
xx( 0) u
xx wb , xx
,x
( 0)
(1)

yy = v, y , yy = wb , yy
( 0 ) u + v (1) 2 w
b , xy
xy , y , x xy

xx( 2 ) w
s , xx
( 2 )

yy = ws , yy
( 2 ) 2 w
s , xy
xy

M xxs , xx + 2M xys , xy + M yys , yy + Qx , x + Qy , y + N

&
&
&
&
&
& &
&
= I0 ( w
b + ws ) + J1 ( u, x + v, y )

where the dot-superscript convention

indicates the differentiation with respect to
the time variable t ;. N , M , and Q are
the stress resultants defined by:

(6a)

( N xx , N yy , N xy ) =

(M

( j)
xx

( j)
, yy
, xy( j ) dz (10a)

hj

b
xx

b
yy

b
xy

,M ,M

) = z ( ( ) , ( ) , ( ) ) dz (10b)

(6b)

xx( j ) C11( j )
( j ) ( j )
yy = C12
( j)
xy 0

C12( )

xz( j ) C55( j )
( j) =
yz 0

0 xz

( j )
C44
yz

j
xx

j
yy

j
xy

( )
C22
j

j
0 xx( )
j
0 (yy )
( j) ( j)
C66
xy

C11 ( z ) = C22 ( z ) =

j
xx

j
yy

j
xy

hj

(Q , Q ) = g ( ( ) , ( ) ) dz
x

j
xz

j
yz

(10d)

j =1 h j 1

(7a)
and

N = N 0 wb, xx + ws , xx + ( wb, yy + ws , yy )

( is nondimensional load parameter, N 0

is in-plane compressive load). The inertia
terms I i , J i , K i are expressed by:

(7b)

hj

( I 0 , I1 , I 2 ) = (1, z , z 2 ) ( z ) dz
j =1

E( j) ( z )

(11a)

h j 1

1 ( j ) ( z )

( j)

( z ) C11 ( z )

( j)
C44
( z ) = C55( j ) ( z ) = C66( j ) ( z ) =

( ) ( ) ( )
f ( , , ) dz (10c)

j =1 h j 1

( j)

hj

( M xxs , M yys , M xys ) =

where

C12 ( z ) =

j =1 h j 1

The linear constitutive relations of the j-th layer

of FG sandwich plates are written as:

( j)

hj

j =1 h j 1

xz ws , x
(0) =

yz ws , y

( j)

(9d)

&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
J2 ( w
b , xx + wb , yy ) K 2 ( ws , xx + ws , yy )

(0)

( j)

(9c)

hj

( J1 , J 2 , K 2 ) = ( f , zf , f 2 ) ( z ) dz
j =1

(8)

(11b)

h j 1

E( j) ( z )

where

2 1 + ( j ) ( z )

(9a)

& I1w
&
&
&
&
N xy , x + N yy , y = I 0 v&
b , y J1 ws , y

(9b)

is

the

mass

density.

Substituting Eq. (7a) into Eqs. (10a)-(10c), the

stress resultants are obtained in terms of strains
as following compact form:

The application of Hamiltons principle

enables to derive the equilibrium equations
of the plate as:
& I1w
&
&
&
&
N xx , x + N xy , y = I 0u&
b , x J1 ws , x

( z)

N A
b
M = B
M s B s

224

B
D
Ds

( 0)
B s
1
Ds ( )
H s ( 2)

(12)

Proceedings of The 2nd International Conference on Green Technology and Sustainable Development, 2014

m = m / a and n = n / b while for

CCCC plates, the shape functions are:

where A, B, D, B s , D s , H s are the stiffnesses

of the FG sandwich plate given by:

X ( x ) = sin m x sinh m x m ( cos m x cosh m x )

hj

( A, B, D ) = (1, z, z
j =1

) C ( z ) dz
( j)

(13a)

m =

h j 1

( B , D , H ) = ( f , zf , f ) C( ) ( z ) dz
s

and,

hj

(13b)

Y ( y ) = sin n y sinh n y n ( cos n y cosh n y )

j =1 h j 1

where C

( j)

(z)

n =

is reduced stiffness matrix of

the j-th layer. Similarly, using Eqs. (7b) and

(10d), the transverse shear forces can be
calculated from the constitutive equations as:

0 xz

A44s yz( 0 )

(K M ) U = 0
2

(14)

Q = A s ( 0)

(15)

A44s = A55s =

k11 = A11e12 A66 e11 , k12 = ( A12 + A66 ) e11

of the FG

k13 = B11e12 + ( B12 + 2B66 ) e11 , k14

= B11s e12 + ( B12s + 2B66s ) e11

hj

( j)
g 2C44
( z ) dz

k21 = ( A12 + A66 ) e9 , k24 = B22s e8 + ( B12s + 2B66s ) e9

(16)

j =1 h j 1

k22 = A22 e8 A66e9 , k23 = B22 e8 + ( B12 + 2B66 ) e9

2.2 Analytical solutions

k31 = B11e6 ( B12 + 2B66 ) e5 , k32

= B22 e3 ( B12 + 2B66 ) e5

In order to obtain analytical solutions, the

solution field is approximated as of form:

k33 = D11e6 + 2 ( D12 + 2D66 ) e5 + D22e3 + N0 ( e4 + e2 )

u ( x, y, t ) = U mn X ' ( x ) Y ( y ) eit

k34 = D11s e6 + 2 ( D12s + 2D66s ) e5 + D22s e3 + N0 ( e4 + e2 )

(17a)

k41 = B11s e6 ( B12s + 2B66s ) e5 , k42

m =1 n =1

v ( x, y, t ) = Vmn X ( x ) Y ' ( y ) eit

= B22s e3 ( B12s + 2B66s ) e5

(17b)

m =1 n =1

k43 = D11s e6 + 2 ( D12s + 2D66s ) e5 + D22s e3 + N0 ( e4 + e2 )

wb ( x, y, t ) = Wbmn X ( x ) Y ( y ) eit (17c)

k44 = H11s e6 + 2 ( H12s + 2H66s ) e5 + H 22s e3

m =1 n =1

(18)

where the components of the stiffness matrix

K ij and mass matrix M ij are given by:

or in a compact form as:

where the shear stiffnesses A

sandwich plate are defined by:

sin n b sinh n b
( n + 0.5 )
, n =
cos n b cosh n b
b

Substituting Eqs. (17a)-(17d) into Eqs.

(9a)-(9d) by taking into account Eqs. (12)
and (14) leads to:

(0)

Qx A55s
=
Q y 0

sin m a sinh m a
( m + 0.5)
, m =
cos m a cosh m a
a

+ N0 ( e4 + e2 ) A55s e4 A44s e2

ws ( x, y, t ) = Wsmn X ( x ) Y ( y )eit (17d)

m11 = I 0e10 , m13 = I 1 e10 , m14 = J 1 e10 , m22 = I0 e7

m23 = I1e7 , m24 = J1e7 , m31 = I1e4 , m32 = I1e2

m =1 n =1

m33 = I0 e1 I 2 ( e4 + e2 ) , m34 = I 0 e1 J 2 ( e4 + e2 )

where is the frequency of free vibration of

the plate, i 2 = 1 the imaginary unit. The
shape functions X(x) and Y(y) are given for
various boundary conditions (SS: simply
supported, CC: clamped-clamped plates).
For
SSSS
plates:
X ( x ) = sin m x,
Y ( y ) = sin n y
with

m41 = J 1 e4 , m42 = J 1 e2 , m43 = I 0 e1 J 2 ( e4 + e2 )

m44 = I 0 e1 K2 ( e4 + e2 )
a

( e1, e2 , e3 ) = 0 0 ( X mYn , X mYn" , X mYn'''' )X mYndxdy

( e4 , e5 , e6 ) = 0 0 ( X m'' Yn , X m'' Yn'' , X m''''Yn )X mYn dxdy
225

Proceedings of The 2nd International Conference on Green Technology and Sustainable Development, 2014
a

hardcore with homogeneous core made of

Al2O3 ( Eb , b , b ) and FG faces with top
and bottom surfaces made of Al ( Et , t , t ),
softcore with homogeneous core made of
Al ( Eb , b , b ) and FG faces with top and
bottom surfaces made of Al2O3 ( Et , t , t ).
The properties of Al2O3 are: E=380 Gpa,
= 0.3 , = 3800 kg/m3 and those of Al
are E=70 Gpa, = 0.3 , = 2707 kg/m3.
For
convenience,
the
following
non-dimensional parameters are used:

( e7 , e8 , e9 ) = 0 0 ( X mYn' , X mYn'" , X m'' Yn' )X mYn' dxdy

a b

( e10 , e11, e12 ) = 0 0 ( Xm' Yn , Xm' Yn'' , Xm''' Yn )Xm' Yn dxdy (19)
Eq. (18) is a general form for buckling and
free vibration analysis of FG sandwich
plates in which the stability problem can be
carried out by neglecting the mass matrix
while the free vibration problem is achieved
by omitting the in-plane load.

3.

NUMERICAL RESULTS

In this section, a number of numerical

examples are analyzed to verify the
accuracy of present study and investigate
the natural frequencies and critical buckling
loads of FG sandwich plates. Two cases of
FG sandwich plates are considered:

N cr =

N cr a 2
a2
,

100 E0 h 3
h

where E0 = 1GPa,

0 / E0

(20)

0 = 1kg/m3 .

Table 1. Nondimensional fundamental frequency of Al/Al2O3 sandwich square plates with

homogeneous hardcore (b/h=10)
BC
p Theory
1-0-1
2-1-2
1-1-1
2-2-1
1-2-1
SSSS

10

CCCC

10

Present
Nguyen et al. (HSDT) [11]
Bessaim et al. (Quasi-3D) [6]
Li et al. (3D) [8]
Present
Nguyen et al. (HSDT) [11]
Bessaim et al. (Quasi-3D) [6]
Li et al. (3D) [8]
Present
Nguyen et al. (HSDT) [11]
Bessaim et al. (Quasi-3D) [6]
Li et al. (3D) [8]
Present
Nguyen et al. (HSDT) [11]
Bessaim et al. (Quasi-3D) [6]
Li et al. (3D) [8]
Present
Thai et al. (FSDT) [10]
Li et al. (3D) [8]
Present
Thai et al. (FSDT) [10]
Li et al. (3D) [8]
Present
Thai et al. (FSDT) [10]
Li et al. (3D) [8]
Present
Thai et al. (FSDT) [10]
Li et al. (3D) [8]

1.82445
1.82489
1.82682
1.82682
1.24323
1.24332
1.24495
1.24470
0.94606
0.94611
0.94716
0.94476
0.92846
0.92854
0.92952
0.92727
3.17398
3.29360
3.13800
2.19951
2.28140
2.19020
1.67955
1.72930
1.66190
1.64133
1.68580
1.62120

226

1.82445
1.82489
1.82682
1.82682
1.30013
1.30024
1.30195
1.30181
0.98189
0.98193
0.98311
0.98103
0.94302
0.94305
0.94410
0.94078
3.17398
3.29360
3.13800
2.30008
2.38640
2.29110
1.75105
1.80640
1.73930
1.68225
1.72680
1.66330

1.82445
1.82489
1.82682
1.82682
1.35334
1.35345
1.35527
1.35523
1.04469
1.04473
1.04613
1.04532
0.99555
0.99558
0.99684
0.99523
3.17398
3.29360
3.13800
2.39165
2.48180
2.38190
1.86227
1.92690
1.85790
1.77671
1.83290
1.76860

1.82445
1.82489
1.82682
1.82682
1.39566
1.39579
1.39987
1.39763
1.10899
1.10905
1.11723
1.10983
1.06110
1.06114
1.07015
1.06104
3.17398
3.29360
3.13800
2.46282
2.55560
2.45110
1.97289
2.04150
1.96720
1.88979
1.94970
1.88080

1.82445
1.82489
1.82682
1.82682
1.43933
1.43948
1.44143
1.44137
1.17397
1.17403
1.17579
1.17567
1.12315
1.12320
1.12486
1.12466
3.17398
3.29360
3.13800
2.53734
2.63300
2.53980
2.08623
2.16290
2.15720
1.99884
2.07030
1.99860

Proceedings of The 2nd International Conference on Green Technology and Sustainable Development, 2014

Table 2. Nondimensional fundamental frequency of Al/Al2O3 sandwich square plates with

homogeneous softcore (b/h=10)
BC
SSSS

p
0

10

CCCC

0
1
5
10

Theory
Present
Bessaim et al. (Quasi-3D) [6]
Li et al. (3D) [8]
Present
Bessaim et al. (Quasi-3D) [6]
Li et al. (3D) [8]
Present
Bessaim et al. (Quasi-3D) [6]
Li et al. (3D) [8]
Present
Bessaim et al. (Quasi-3D) [6]
Li et al. (3D) [8]
Present
Li et al. (3D) [8]
Present
Li et al. (3D) [8]
Present
Li et al. (3D) [8]
Present
Li et al. (3D) [8]

1-0-1
0.92777
0.92897
0.92897
1.72533
1.72814
1.72227
1.84180
1.84465
1.84198
1.83848
1.84113
1.84020
1.61402
1.59667
2.92463
2.84447
3.17064
3.11435
3.18030
3.13632

2-1-2
0.92777
0.92897
0.92897
1.68324
1.68625
1.67437
1.84103
1.84456
1.82611
1.85148
1.85489
1.83987
1.61402
1.59667
2.82087
2.71205
3.11899
2.98733
3.15221
3.03681

1-1-1
0.92777
0.92897
0.92897
1.63906
1.64199
1.63053
1.81640
1.82032
1.78956
1.83581
1.83973
1.80813
1.61402
1.59667
2.72875
2.61914
3.03820
2.85602
3.08354
2.89948

2-2-1
0.92777
0.92897
0.92897
1.57849
1.58430
1.57037
1.75281
1.75972
1.72726
1.77492
1.78163
1.74779
1.61402
1.59667
2.64242
2.53960
2.94505
2.77151
2.99255
2.81400

1-2-1
0.92777
0.92897
0.92897
1.56060
1.56301
1.55788
1.74762
1.75143
1.72670
1.77474
1.77878
1.74811
1.61402
1.59667
2.58842
2.50113
2.88063
2.71561
2.93066
2.74524

Table 3. Nondimensional critical buckling loads N cr of Al/Al2O3 sandwich square plates subjected
to biaxial compressive load ( = 1 ) with homogeneous hardcore (b/h=10)
BC
SSSS

p
0

10

CCCC

0
1
5
10

Theory
Present
Nguyen et al. (HSDT) [11]
Thai et al. (FSDT) [10]
Present
Nguyen et al. (HSDT) [11]
Thai et al. (FSDT) [10]
Present
Nguyen et al. (HSDT) [11]
Thai et al. (FSDT) [10]
Present
Nguyen et al. (HSDT) [11]
Thai et al. (FSDT) [10]
Present
Thai et al. (FSDT) [10]
Present
Thai et al. (FSDT) [10]
Present
Thai et al. (FSDT) [10]
Present
Thai et al. (FSDT) [10]

1-0-1
6.50251
6.50566
6.50220
2.58369
2.58410
2.58240
1.32932
1.32948
1.32080
1.24384
1.24406
1.23330
15.9139
15.9226
6.54655
6.54340
3.39243
3.34000
3.14660
3.08250

227

2-1-2
6.50251
6.50566
6.50220
2.92013
2.92060
2.91930
1.52144
1.52155
1.51410
1.37331
1.37341
1.36120
15.9139
15.9226
7.39815
7.39900
3.91888
3.87380
3.53967
3.46290

1-1-1
6.50251
6.50566
6.50220
3.23241
3.23299
3.23200
1.78989
1.79002
1.78550
1.59747
1.59758
1.58970
15.9139
15.9226
8.17136
8.17530
4.60625
4.58130
4.12089
4.07320

2-2-1
6.50251
6.50566
6.50220
3.47473
3.47544
3.47420
2.05612
2.05633
2.05120
1.85386
1.85403
1.84500
15.9139
15.9226
8.75748
8.76120
5.26967
5.24170
4.76227
4.70840

1-2-1
6.50251
6.50566
6.50220
3.75323
3.75403
3.75280
2.36735
2.36760
2.36520
2.14001
2.14020
2.13640
15.9139
15.9226
9.43980
9.44430
6.05338
6.04450
5.48856
5.46960

Proceedings of The 2nd International Conference on Green Technology and Sustainable Development, 2014

Tables 1-3 present the comparisons of

nondimensional fundamental frequency and
critical buckling load under biaxial
compressions derived from the present
model and those obtained from earlier
works (quasi-3D [6], 3D [8], FSDT [10]
and HSDT [11]). It can be seen that the
results obtained from the present theory is
in well agreement with those of previous
studies for both SSSS and CCCC FG
sandwich plates. The effect of the
power-law index and thickness ratio of
layers on the fundamental frequency and
critical buckling load is also showed in
Tables 1-3. It is observed that with an
increase of the power-law index, the
fundamental frequency and critical buckling
load decrease for FG sandwich plates with
homogeneous hardcore and inversely for
FG sandwich plates with homogeneous
softcore. That is due to the fact that for the
case of homogeneous hardcore, the increase
of the power-law index corresponds to the
decrease of the ceramic portion, that thus
makes the plate become softer and inversely
for that of homogenous softcore.

4.

CONCLUSION

A refined higher-order shear deformation

theory for vibration and buckling analysis
of FG sandwich plates is proposed in this
paper. It contains only four unknowns,
accounts for a hyperbolic distribution of
transverse shear stress and satisfies the
traction
free
boundary
conditions.
Analytical solutions are derived for various
boundary conditions and compared with the
existing solutions to verify the validity of
the developed theory. The obtained
numerical results are in well agreement
with those of previous studies. The present
theory with four unknowns is found to be
simple and efficient in predicting buckling
and vibration behaviors of FG sandwich
plates.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research is funded by Vietnam
National Foundation for Science and
Technology Development (NAFOSTED)
under Grant No. 107.02-2012.07. The
authors gratefully acknowledge this support.

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