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ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015)

M.P.S.-4
rqyukRed jktuhfr % eqn~ns vkSj izo`fk;k
(Comparative Politics: Issues & Trends)
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Auhtors for the help and Guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy
of these sample Answers as these are based on the knowledge and cabability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers
may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Question given in the assignment. As
these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be denied.
Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact
information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university.

iz'u 3- ukxfjd lekt dh ewy fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A ;g fdl izdkj ls jkT; ls lacafkr gS\
mkjukxfjd lekt osQ vUrxZr ifjokj osQ ckgj dh os lHkh laLFkk, vkrh gSa] ftUgsa O;fDr vius fgrksa osQ laoZu vkSj lqj{kk
osQ ms'; ls cukrs gSaA blosQ vUrxZr lHkh laLFkk, fo'ks"kdj Lo;alsoh la?k] lkekftd vkanksyu rFkk lkoZtfud lapkj osQ :i
lfEefyr gSaA la{ksi esa] ukxfjd lekt jkT; ls i`Fko~Q gksrs gq, Hkh ,d lekukUrj {ks=k gS] tgk ukxfjd vius fgrksa dh j{kk osQ fy,
,df=kr gksrs gSaA blosQ vUrxZr efUnj] efLtn] xq#}kjk] fxfjtk?kj] jkeyhyk desfV;ka] vk;Z lekt] lukru keZ lHkk rFkk tkfrxr
laLFkk,a tSls czk.k lekt] ykskh lekt] ukjh lekt] keZ'kkyk] fo'ofo|ky;] fo|ky;] v;kidksa] odhyksa vkSj MkWDVjksa osQ laxBu
rFkk os lHkh laxBu vkrs gSa] tks fofHk O;fDr vius fgrksa dh j{kk osQ fy, cukrs gSaA lkjka'k :i esa jkT; vkSj ljdkj dks NksM+dj
lHkh laxBu ukxfjd lekt osQ vUrxZr vkrs gSaA ;s lkekftd laxBu O;fDr vkSj jkT; osQ e; dh fLFkfr gksrs gSaA blosQ vUrxZr
ikfjokfjd thou rFkk vk;kfRedrk vkfn ugha vkrh gSaA
ukxfjd lekt O;fDrxr ;k futh lacakksa dh vis{kk lkoZtfud y{;ksa ls lacafkr gksrk gSA ukxfjd lekt dk y{; laxBu osQ
:i esa 'kfDr xzg.k u dj 'kfDr dh lajpuk esa lqkkj ykuk gksrk gSA ukxfjd lekt dh 'kfDr vkSj izHkko osQ ckjs esa ;g ;ku j[kuk
pkfg, fd iwohZ ;wjksih; ns'kksa esa lksfo;r ;wfu;u ;k :l osQ lkE;oknh ny dk fu;a=k.k FkkA ijUrq ukxfjd lekt esa u osQoy lksfo;r
;wfu;u osQ fu;a=k.k dks lekIr djus esa liQyrk izkIr dh] cfYd lksfo;r ;wfu;u fc[kj Hkh x;kA vr% orZeku le; esa ukxfjd
lekt dk fo'ks"k ego gS vkSj iwthoknh O;oLFkk esa ekuohdj.k osQ fy, cgqyoknh fopkjkkjk dks cy feyk rFkk ukxfjd lekt
}kjk lkekftd ifjorZuksa osQ ek;e ls ijEijkxr jktuhfrd Hkkouk rFkk yksdra=k dks O;kid vkSj xgjk cukus dk iz;kl fd;k tk
jgk gSA blls iztkrkaf=kd O;oLFkk etcwr gksxhA
ukxfjd lekt vR;Ur izkphu gS] ijUrq orZeku le; esa blosQ ego esa i;kZIr o`f gqbZ gSA ukxfjd lekt yksdrkaf=kd Lo:i]
Hkkxhnkjh] mkjnkf;Ro vkSj ukxfjdksa osQ vfkdkjksa osQ vkn'kks ij vkkkfjr gksrk gS vkSj yksdrkaf=kd ifr dh vkkkjf'kyk ukxfjd
lekt dh vokkj.kk esa osQfUnzr gSA vc rks ;gk rd dgk tkus yxk gS fd ukxfjd lekt osQ flkUr osQ fcuk jkT; dk dksbZ flkUr
ugha gks ldrkA ;g dFku ukxfjd lekt osQ ego dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA
Mk;e.M osQ vuqlkj ukxfjd lekt jkT; dh 'kfDr dh lhek osQ fy, vkkkj miyCk djkrk gS vkSj mnkjoknh jkT;ksa dks lqn`<+
djus osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr dk;ks }kjk lgk;rk djrk gS
(i) ukxfjd lekt jktuhfrd 'kfDr dks fu;fer vkSj fu;af=kr djosQ iztkrkaf=kd O;oLFkk dks etcwr djrk gSA
(ii) ;g jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh osQ fy, mRlkg mRi djrk gSA
(iii) ;g jktuhfrd usr`Ro dks HkrhZ osQ vkkkj ij rS;kj djrk gS rFkk mUgsa izf'kf{kr djrk gSA
(iv) ;g iztkrkaf=kd laLfr dks c<+kok nsrk gSA

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;g jktuhfrd nyksa osQ vfrfjDr vU; ek;e iznku djrk gSA

(vi) ;g lekt osQ fooknksa dks lqy>kus o lekkku djus osQ mik; izLrqr djrk gSA
(vii) ;g vkFkd lqkkjksa osQ fy, vko';d fopkjksa dk izpkj djrk gSA
vr,o ;g ekuk tkuk yxk gS fd jkT; dh lqj{kk osQ fy, ukxfjd lekt vR;Ur egoiw.kZ gSA fofHk fo}kuksa us vius fopkjksa
}kjk bldk leFkZu fd;k gS] ijUrq ekDlZoknh fopkjdksa dk dguk gS fd blls cqtqZvk oxZ dh 'kfDr etcwr gksrh gS vr% ;s vuqi;ksxh
gSa vkSj izxfr esa ckkd gSaA ijUrq vc ;g ekuk tkus yxk gS fd ukxfjd lekt dk gksuk iztkrkaf=kd jkT; dh etcwrh osQ fy,
vko';d gS vkSj lHkh oxks] leqnk;ksa vkSj tkfr;ksa us vius&vius jktuhfrd ny cuk fy, gSaA
iz'u 5- Hkwe.Myhdj.k osQ ;qx esa jkT;&cgqjk"Vh; fuxeksa osQ lacakksa dh lf;rk dh ppkZ dhft,A
mkjorZeku le; esa cgqjk"Vh; fuxeksa dk cgqr rsth ls foLrkj gqvk gSA vfkdka'k uohu jktuhfr o vFkZ'kkL=k osQ ys[kdksa
dks ;g ckr vk'p;Ztud rhr gksrh gS] ij bfrgkl osQ fo|kFkhZ bl rF; ls ifjfpr gSa fd fijkfeM esa ikbZ tkus okyh cgqr&lh
oLrq, Hkkjr dh Fkha rFkk jkse ls Hkkjr dk O;kikj gksrk FkkA e;dky esa vjc vkSj bZjkuh Hkkjr ls O;kikj djrs Fks rFkk bZLV bafM;k
dEiuh] izsaQp vkSj Mp O;kikfjd dEifu;ksa us O;kikj foLrkj esa mYys[kuh; Hkwfedk ml le; fuHkkbZ Fkh] tc cgqr NksVs tgkt gksrs
Fks vkSj rwiQkuksa o leqh MkoqQvksa osQ le{k os vlgk; FksA vkokxeu osQ lkkuksa rFkk lapkj O;oLFkk osQ fodkl osQ lkFk&lkFk
fo'o&O;kikj dk foLrkj gksuk vko';d vkSj vfuok;Z cu x;k gSA
tks dEiuh ;k fuxe ewy :i ls ,d ns'k esa LFkkfir gksdj vU; ns'kksa esa viuh 'kk[kkvksa dk foLrkj djrk gS rFkk oLrqvksa dk
fuekZ.k vkSj O;kikj djrk gS] og cgqjk"Vh; fuxe dgykrk gSA tSlsdksdk dksyk ;k isIlh] dkWyxsV] yhoj cznlZ vkfnA
iwth dh fo'kkyrk] pqjrk o vuqHko vkSj n{krk osQ dkj.k budk fujarj foLrkj gks jgk gSA ;s cgqjk"Vh; fuxe la;qDr jkT;
vesfjdk] fczVsu] kal] gkWyS.M] teZuh] tkiku] dukMk o nf{k.kh dksfj;k vkfn ns'kksa osQ gSaA
ofk;ksa dks ku o foLrkj osQ dkj.k Hkkfor djrs gSa rFkk vius mn~xe okys jkT;ksa o eq[;ky; osQ vkns'kksa dk ikyu djrs gSaA
mu jkT;ksa osQ vkns'kksa dh vuns[kh djrs gSa] tgk budh 'kk[kk, gSa rFkk jkT;ksa osQ fu;e vUrjkZ"Vh; dkuwuksa vkSj uSfrdrk osQ fo#
gaSA mudk ikyu jkT; lEHkq gksrs gq, Hkh ugha djok ldrkA tSls&cgqjk"Vh; fuxe dh lEifk dks Hkkjr esa laifk dk ewy vfkdkj
u gksrs gq, Hkh fcuk eqvkotk fn, Nhuk ugha tk ldrk vkSj u fuxe osQ fons'kh Lokeh ;k vfkdkjh dk eq[;ky; vkfn nwljs ns'k
esa gS] rks cUnh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA vr% iQklhoknh fopkjdksa dk er gS fd blls jkT; dh lEHkqrk dks gkfu igqph gSA ijarq mnkjoknh
fopkjdksa dk er gS fd cgqjk"Vh; fuxeksa ls varjkZ"Vh;rk vkSj fo'o'kkafr dks ksRlkgu feyk gS rFkk cgqjk"Vh; fuxeksa osQ HkweaMyh;
fuxfer xfrfofk;ksa }kjk 'kkafr vkSj le`f osQ uo Lo.kZ ;qx dk Jhx.ks'k gqvk gSA nksuksa ls muosQ ekfydksa] vfkdkfj;ksa rFkk f'kf{kr
deZpkfj;ksa dks rks ykHk gqvk gS] ijUrq fukZu ns'kksa o fukZu vkSj vf'kf{kr O;fDr;ksa dks rFkk NksVs m|ksx&kakksa dks gkfu igqph gS rFkk
csdkjh c<+h gS vkSj vfodflr ns'k .kh gks tkus osQ dkj.k varjkZ"Vh; eqk dks"k vkSj fo'o cSad osQ Hkko esa vk x;s gSa rFkk mudh
lEHkqrk esa deh vkbZ gSA
jkT; osQ ikl fuf'pr Hkwfe] tula[;k] O;ofLFkr ljdkj vkSj lEHkqrk dk gksuk vko';d ekuk tkrk gSA ;kuh jkT; fdlh osQ
vkhu u gks vkSj vius {ks=k o lhek esa loksZPp gks rFkk viuh ck;dkjh 'kfDr vFkkZr~ lsuk] iqfyl vkSj U;k;ky; }kjk viuh vkKk
euokus osQ fy, lcdks foo'k vkSj nafMr dj losQA cgqjk"Vh; fuxeksa osQ dkj.k jkT; dh lEHkqrk ij dksbZ Hkko ugha iM+k gSA osQoy
bruk Hkko gqvk gS fd jkT; vius {ks=k dh 'kk[kk dks viuk dkuwu ekuus osQ fy, ck; dj ldrk gS] ij vU; ns'k esa fLFkr
eq[;ky; ;k vU; ns'k esa fLFkr cgqjk"Vh; fuxe dh 'kk[kk dks ck; ugha dj ldrkA
iz'u 7- mi;qDr mnkgj.kksa osQ lkFk lSfud 'kklu dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk ijh{k.k dhft,A
mkjjktuhfr esa lsuk dk kphudky ls ego jgk gSA lHkh 'kklu lSfud cy ij LFkkfir gksrs FksA loksZPp lSfud vfkdkjh
gh jktk curk Fkk] ysfdu osQoy lSfud cy ij LFkkfir jkT; LFkkf;Ro izkIr ugha dj ldrk FkkA tudY;k.k }kjk turk dh lgkuqHkwfr
kIr djuk jktk osQ fy, vko';d gksrk FkkA lHkh kphu jkT; lSfud ckgqcy osQ lkFk&lkFk fopkjdksa ;k iqjksfgrksa ;k egku ;qx
orZdksa dh fopkjkkjk ij vkkkfjr FksA tSlsvk;ks dh fot; osQ lkFk&lkFk mudh laLfr dks oSfnd f"k;ksa osQ fopkjksa us LFkkf;Ro
fn;kA ijEijkvksa ij vkkkfjr jke vkSj ".k osQ jko.k vkSj oaQl ij fot; dks okYehfd o osnO;kl us LFkkf;Ro nku fd;k_ fe
osQ 'kkldksa osQ vR;kpkjksa ls turk dks NqVdkjk fnykus okys gtjr ewlk us ;gwnh fopkjkkjk vkSj] gtjr lqyseku osQ jkT; o Hkwfe
ij vfkdkj dks LFkk;h ego nku fd;kA
tc fdlh ns'k esa LokFkhZ usrk la?k"kZ dks c<+kok nsdj 'kkafr&O;oLFkk dks Hkax dj nsrs gSa] rks 'kkafr&O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk osQ fy,
lSfud lkk dk gLr{ksi vko';d gks tkrk gS vkSj loksZPp lSfud vfkdkjh ;k rkuk'kkg lkk kIr dj ysrk gSA tc pkYlZ Fke
(v)

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osQ ijkt; osQ ckn vaxzsth ikfyZ;kesUV osQ usrk yM+s] rks kWeosy dh lSfud rkuk'kkgh LFkkfir gqbZA kal osQ kafrdkfj;ksa osQ vkilh
la?k"kZ ls usiksfy;u vkSj Fke fo'o&;q osQ ckn teZuh o bVyh dh vfLFkj O;oLFkk osQ dkj.k fgVyj o eqlksyuh dk 'kklu LFkkfir
gqvkA
orZeku lSfud vfkdkfj;ksa osQ 'kklu ;k rkuk'kkgh 'kklu usiksfy;u] fgVyj ;k eqlksfyuh tSls frHkk'kkyh 'kkldksa osQ led{k
ugha FksA usiksfy;u] fgVyj o eqlksfyuh vR;Ur frHkkoku rFkk 'kfDr'kkyh rkuk'kkg FksA orZeku rkuk'kkg muosQ le{k vR;Ur
Hkkoghu gSa] ftudh lSfud fot;ksa dh dksbZ miyfCk;k ugha gSa] ijUrq fQj Hkh fofHkUu ns'kksa esa lSfud 'kklu gSA
tkrkaf=kd O;oLFkk esa lSfud 'kklu rHkh LFkkfir gks ikrk gS] tc jktuhfrd usrkvksa esa iztkrkaf=kd ewY;ksa esa deh] muosQ izHkko
esa deh] ljdkj esa vfLFkjrk rFkk ns'k dh rFkk 'kkafr&O;oLFkk detksj gks tkrh gSA
lSfud 'kklu dk Lo:i ,oa fo'ks"krk,lSfud 'kklu dh fo'ks"krk gScy vkSj 'kfDr dk vR;fkd ;ksxA ;wxkaMk osQ bnh
vehu rFkk bZjkd osQ ln~nke gqlSu orZeku dky esa blosQ mnkgj.k gSaA bjkd f'k;k cgqy ns'k gSA ogk oqQnZ Hkh jgrs gSa] ij
vYila[;d lqfUu;ksa dh lgk;rk ls ln~nke gqlSu us viuh rkuk'kkgh LFkkfir djosQ cy vkSj 'kfDr dk vR;fkd ;ksx fd;kA
caxykns'k dks ikfdLrku osQ ;kfg;k [kka osQ vR;kpkjksa ls eqfDr fnykus okys 'ks[k eqthcqjZgeku dh gR;k djosQ ogk lSfud 'kklu
LFkkfir gqvkA blh rjg ikfdLrku esa ft;k my gd us HkqV~Vks dks Qkalh nsdj lkk kIr dh rFkk tujy eq'kjZQ] uokt 'kjhiQ rFkk
csuthj Hkqks dks fuokZflr djosQ lkk esa jgs gSaA vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd lSfud 'kklu cy vkSj 'kfDr osQ vR;fkd ;ksx
ij vkkkfjr gksrk gSA
jktuhfrd vfLFkjrkfoHkktd roksa] tSls fd tkfr] etgc] {ks=k ;k Hkk"kkbZ HksnHkkoksa osQ dkj.k ns'k esa fLFkj ljdkjsa ugha cu
ikrhA usrkvksa dh vkilh frLikkZ ns'k dks ys Mwcrh gSA lsuk blfy, gLr{ksi djrh gS] D;ksafd ns'k esa ,sls usrkvksa dk vHkko gksrk
gS] tks fLFkfr dks laHkky losaQA
lSfud vfkdkfj;ksa osQ fufgr LokFkZmPp lSfud vfkdkfj;ksa osQ oqQN fufgr LokFkZ gks ldrs gSa] ftudh j{kk osQ fy, os
lnk rRij jgrs gSaA ikfdLrku esa ckj&ckj lSfud 'kklu dk;e gqvk gSA QkSth tujyksa osQ fufgr LokFkks us ogk dh jktuhfr dks etgc
vkSj QkSt osQ bnZ&fxnZ ykdj laosaQfr dj fn;k gSA
ljdkj dh oSkrk osQ fo"k; esa fooknftu ns'kksa esa ukxfjd ljdkjksa dh oSkrk osQ fo"k; esa dksbZ fookn gksrk gS] mu ns'kksa
dh jktuhfr esa Hkh lSfud gLr{ksi dh lEHkkouk c<+ tkrh gSA 'kklu dks oSkrk nku djus dk lcls vPNk <ax ;g gS fd le;&le;
ij pquko gksrs jgs rFkk jktuhfrd ny lkk kfIr osQ fy, [kqydj fr;ksfxrk djsaA
tkrkaf=kd 'kklu turk dh lgefr ij vkkkfjr ekuk tkrk gSA ;g tudY;k.k] lkekftd ekU;rkvksa] ewY;ksa rFkk ijEijkvksa ij
vkkkfjr ekuk tkrk gS] ijUrq lSfud 'kklu vR;fkd dBksjrk o rkuk'kkgh ij vkkkfjr ekuk tkrk gSA vr% 'kklu esa lSfud gLr{ksi
oSk ugha ekuk tkrkA
iz'u 8- nks nyh; O;oLFkkvksa osQ ykHk&gkfu;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A
mkjf}nyh; .kkyhtc ,d ns'k dh jktuhfr esa osQoy nks gh eq[k jktuhfrd ny gksrs gSa] rks mls f}nyh; .kkyh dgrs
gSaA f}nyh; .kkyh okys jkT;ksa esa nks ls vfkd jktuhfrd nyksa osQ xBu ij dksbZ oSkkfud frcak ugha gksrk] nks ls vfkd jktuhfrd
ny gks ldrs gSa] ysfdu os brus NksVs gksrs gSa fd jktuhfr esa mudk fo'ks"k Hkko ugha gksrk vkSj mUgsa 'kklu esa Hkkxhnkjh kIr ugha
gksrhA vesfjdk esa Hkh f}nyh; .kkyh gS vkSj ogk osQ nks eq[k jktuhfrd nyfjifCydu ny vkSj MsekssfVd ny gSaA lalnkRed
O;oLFkk esa f}nyh; .kkyh osQ vUrxZr lkekU;r;k ,d gh jktuhfrd ny osQ eaf=keaMy dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gS vkSj nwljk
jktuhfrd ny fojkskh ny osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
f}nyh; .kkyh osQ ykHk
(1) okLrfod frfufk ljdkj dh LFkkiuktkra=k dk okLrfod vfHkk; ;g gS fd turk osQ }kjk gh ljdkj dk fuekZ.k
fd;k tk,A osQoy f}nyh; .kkyh osQ vUrxZr gh ljdkj turk dh bPNkvksa dk R;{k ifj.kke gksrh gSA blosQ vUrxZr ogh ny
'kklu dk lapkyu djrk gS] ftls ernkrkvksa dk cgqer kIr gksA LokHkkfod :i ls ;g O;oLFkk tkrkaf=kd kkj.kk osQ vuqdwy gksrh
gSA tula[;k dk cgqer bl .kkyh ls vR;Ur l jgrk gS vkSj 'kklu osQ fu.kZ;ksa dk lrk ls ikyu fd;k tkrk gSA
(2) ljdkj dk fuekZ.k ljylalnh; 'kklu okys ns'k esa ;fn osQoy nks gh jktuhfrd ny gksa] rks eaf=keaMy dk fuekZ.k
ljyrkiwoZd fd;k tk ldrk gSA cgqer ny dks ljdkj osQ fuekZ.k dk dk;Z lkSaik tkrk gS vkSj tc ;g ny vfo'olh; gks tkrk
gS ;k vkxkeh pqukoksa esa gkj tkrk gS] rks 'kklu dh 'kfDr ml ny osQ gkFk esa vk tkrh gS] tks igys fojkskh ny osQ :i esa dk;Z
dj jgk FkkA

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(3) 'kklu esa LFkkf;Ro vkSj fujUrjrk'kklu esa lcls vfkd vko';d ro l`n`<+ ,oa LFkk;h 'kklu gksrk gS vkSj bu xq.kksa
dks f}nyh; .kkyh osQ vUrxZr gh kIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA eaf=keaMy dks O;oLFkkfidk esa ,d 'kfDr'kkyh ny dk leFkZu kIr
gksrk gS vkSj bl leFkZu osQ vkkkj ij eaf=keaMy n`<+rk osQ lkFk 'kklu&dk;Z dk lapkyu dj ldrk gSA ,slh O;oLFkk osQ vUrxZr
lkekU;r;k ljdkjsa LFkk;h gksrh gSa vkSj buosQ }kjk vius dk;Ze vkSj uhfr dks fo'okliwoZd dk;Z:i esa ifj.kr fd;k tk ldrk
gSA
(4) laoSkkfud xfrjksk dh vk'kadk ughaf}nyh; .kkyh esa dHkh Hkh laoSkkfud xfrjksk iSnk ugha gksrk] D;ksafd R;sd
le; fojkskh ny orZeku 'kklu dk vUr djosQ 'kklu O;oLFkk ij vfkdkj kIr djus osQ fy, rRij jgrk gSA
(5) 'kklu esa ,drk vkSj mkjnkf;Ro dh O;oLFkk'kklu dk;Z lQyrkiwoZd djus osQ fy, ^lkk dk ,d=khdj.k* furkUr
vko';d gksrk gS vkSj 'kklu O;oLFkk esa bl dkj dh ,drk f}nyh; .kkyh osQ vUrxZr gh lEHko gSA blosQ vfrfjDr f}nyh;
.kkyh esa 'kklu dh oqQ'kyrk&voqQ'kyrk dk mkjnkf;Ro vklkuh ls LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd tks jktuhfrd ny cgqer
esa gksrk gS] 'kklu lacakh lHkh dk;ks dk mkjnkf;Ro mlh ij gksrk gSA
f}nyh; .kkyh osQ nks"k
(1) ernku dh lhfer Lora=krkf}nyh; .kkyh osQ vUrxZr ukxfjdksa dh ernku dh Lora=krk cgqr vfkd lhfer gks tkrh
gSA mUgsa nks esa ls ,d ny dks viuk er nsuk gh gksrk gS] pkgs o nksuksa nyksa osQ mEehnokjksa ;k nyksa dh uhfr;ksa ls vlger gh D;ksa
u gksaA eSdkboj osQ vuqlkj] bl ifr esa ernkrk dh ilUnxh vR;fkd lhfer gks tkrh gS vkSj ;g Lora=k tuer osQ fuekZ.k esa
Hkh ckkd gksrh gSA
(2) jk"V dk foHkktucgqkk ,slk ns[kk x;k gS fd f}nyh; O;oLFkk osQ dkj.k jk"V ,sls nks nyksa esa foHkDr gks tkrk gS]
ftlesa le>kSrs dh dksbZ lEHkkouk ugha jgrh] ysfdu cgqnyh; .kkyh jk"V dks vkil esa u fey ldus okys lewgksa esa foHkkftr ugha
gksus nsrhA yksx vius flkUrksa osQ vkkkj ij fcuk fdlh dkj osQ xEHkhj le>kSrs fd, ijLij fey ldrs gSa vkSj lg;ksx Hkh dj
ldrs gSa rFkk cgqnyh; ljdkj dk fuekZ.k dj ldrs gSaA
(3) cgqer dh fujaoqQ'krkf}nyh; .kkyh osQ vUrxZr ,d gh jktuhfrd ny osQ gkFk esa O;oLFkkfidk vkSj dk;Zikfydk
lacakh 'kfDr gksrh gS vkSj blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i ,d ,sls fujaoqQ'k cgqer dk tUe gksrk gS] tks lnk gh vYier dks oqQpyrk jgrk
gS vkSj mldh ekax dh vogsyuk djrk jgrk gSA
(4) O;oLFkkfidk osQ ego vkSj lEeku esa dehf}nyh; O;oLFkk osQ vUrxZr O;oLFkkfidk osQ ego esa deh gks tkrh
gS] D;ksafd O;oLFkkfidk dk cgqer izkIr ny lnSo gh eaf=keaMy dk leFkZu djrk jgrk gSA vr% lef"V :i ls O;oLFkkfidk dh
lkk lhfer gks tkrh gSA f}nyh; O;oLFkk osQ vUrxZr O;oLFkkfidk ^ek=k ys[kk j[kus okyh laLFkk* vkSj ny osQ lnL; dk;Zikfydk
dh bPNkuqlkj er nsus okys ;a=k ek=k cudj jg tkrs gSaA
(5) eaf=keaMyh; rkuk'kkghoqQN fo}kuksa dk er gS fd f}nyh; .kkyh ls eaf=keaMy dh rkuk'kkgh dk fodkl gksrk gSA nyh;
vuq'kklu osQ dkj.k O;oLFkkfidk dks lnSo gh eaf=kifj"kn~ dk leFkZu djuk gksrk gSA baXyS.M esa eaf=keaMy osQ Hkko vkSj lEeku esa
o`f vkSj yksd lnu osQ lEeku esa deh gksus dk ,d eq[k dkj.k f}nyh; .kkyh gh gSA
(6) vuko';d fojkskf}nyh; .kkyh esa ljdkj vkSj fojkskh ny nksuksa gh i;kZIr 'kfDr'kkyh gksrs gSaA bu nksuksa jktuhfrd
nyksa esa nwfj;k Hkh cgqr vfkd gksrh gSa] ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i 'kkld ny osQ }kjk gBkehZ vkSj fojkskh ny }kjk fojksk djus osQ
fy, fojksk djus dh o`fk dks viuk fy;k tkrk gSA
(7) fcuk frfufkRo osQ vusd fgrns'k dh jktuhfr esa tc osQoy nks gh jktuhfrd ny gksrs gSa] rks vussd fgrksa vkSj oxks
dks O;oLFkkfidk esa frfufkRo gh kIr ugha gks ikrkA ;g fLFkfr tkra=k osQ fy, mfpr ugha dgh tk ldrhA
iz'u 10- fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa ekuo fodkl dh izeq[k izo`fk;ksa dk o.kZu vkSj ewY;kadu dhft,A
mkjl`f"VdkkZ o o`Qfr us euq"; dks leku :i ls mRi djosQ leku vfkdkj nku fd;s gSa] kuh O;fDr dks lHkh lqfokk,
kIr gSa] ijUrq fo'o esa djksM+ksa euq"; ,sls gSa tks Hkw[kksa ej jgs gSa rFkk lalkkuksa osQ vHkko ls ihfM+r gSaA dkyZ ekDlZ us rks oxZ 'kks"k.k
djus okys rFkk lkk vkSj laifk kIr yksxksa rFkk loZgkjk oxZ osQ la?k"kZ dks gh bfrgkl ekuk gSA kphudky esa nkl dke djrs Fks
rFkk Lokeh ykHk mBkrs Fks rFkk lkk dk miHkksx djrs FksA e; ;qx esa liZQ ;k o`Q"kd dk;Z djrs FksA cgqr&ls ns'kksa esas lektoknh
'kklu LFkkfir gks x;k rFkk iwthoknh ns'kksa esa Hkh etnwjksa dks cgqr ykHk feyk] ij o`Q"kd ,oa etnwjksa dh n'kk fujarj fxjrh pyh
x;hA

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kuh ns'kksa us dY;k.kdkjh O;oLFkk o csdkjh Hkkk vkfn }kjk leL;k dk lekkku djus esa liQyrk kIr dh] ijUrq vfkdka'k
ns'k fukZurk osQ f'kdkj gSaA oqQN ns'k fodkl'khy ekus tkrs gSaA tSlslnh vjc] bZjku] Hkkjr o phu bR;kfn rFkk ySfVu vesfjdk]
vhdk rFkk ,f'k;k vkfn osQ cgqr&ls ns'k fukZu gSaA bu ns'kksa dh la[;k iwjs fo'o osQ 185 ns'kksa esa yxHkx 150 gSA vfodflr gksus
osQ dkj.k ;gk x`gdyg o c<+rh tula[;k osQ dkj.k fukZurk] oqQiks"k.k rFkk vko';d oLrqvksa dk vHkko gS rFkk Hkq[kejh] .kxzLrrk
,oa jksxxzLrrk osQ dkj.k yksxksa dh vle; e`R;q gksuk ;gk vke ckr gSA fodkl'khy ns'kksa_ tSls Hkkjr esa ,d vkSj 20 eaftyk
vV~Vkfydk, ikp flrkjk gksVy] dkj o gj dkj dh lq[k&lqfokk, gSa] rks nwljh vksj mkjh&iwohZ jkT;ksa] mM+hlk o vkakz izns'k vkfn
esa oqQiks"k.k] Hkq[kejh o vkRegR;kvksa dk rkaMo u`R; csdkjh] .kxzLrrk ,oa vHkkoxzLrrk osQ dkj.k gks jgk gSA
fukZurk % ,d o`gn~ n`f"Vdks.klkkkj.k :i ls ftl O;fDr dh U;wure vko';drk vFkkZr~ jksVh] diM+k vkSj edku dh
vko';drk iwjh u gks rFkk vkikr~dkyhu ifjfLFkfr;k tSls jksx vkfn dh n'kk esa mipkj vkfn osQ fy;s lkku miyCk u gksa] fukZu
ekuk tkrk gSA ijUrq fofHk vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us bl lacak esa fofHk n`f"Vdks.k viuk;s gSaA vfkdka'k vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us dgk gS fd tks O;fDr
U;wure :i ls Loho`Qr fofHk vkFkd rFkk xSj&vkFkd vko';drkvksa dh iwr esa vliQy jgrk gS] og fukZu ekuk tk ldrk gSA
veR;Z lsu us ekSfyd vko';drkvksa dks iwjk u dj ikus dh fLFkfr dks fukZurk ekuk gSA mudk dFku gS fd ekuoh; {kerkvksa dks
l'kDr djus ls] ekuoh; fodkl dh lEirk lqfuf'pr gks ldrh gSA
fodkl osQ lkFk&lkFk le`f c<+rh gS] ijUrq fodkl dh izf;k esa oqQN O;fDr vR;Ur kuh gks tkrs gSa] ijUrq vlekurk osQ
dkj.k oqQN O;fDr vR;Ur fukZu gks tkrs gSaA tSlsHkkjr esa fodkl osQ lkFk&lkFk ikp flrkjk gksVyksa] dkjksa] VSDVjksa] LowQVjksa vkfn
dh la[;k esa vHkwriwoZ o`f gqbZ gS] ij nwljh vksj fukZurk vkSj Hkq[kejh Hkh c<+h gSA o`Q"kd fukZurk osQ dkj.k vkRegR;k rd dj
jgs gSaA mkj&iwohZ jkT;ksa o vkakz] mM+hlk] Nkhlx<+ o >kj[kaM vkfn esa Hkq[kejh osQ dkj.k gksus okyh ekSrksa dh la[;k c<+ jgh gS]
D;ksafd ;gk fukZu O;fDr osQ ikl thfodk osQ lkku ugha gSa vkSj bUgsa csdkjh Hkkk ugha feyrk gS vkSj u gh bl vksj dksbZ ;ku
fn;k tk jgk gSA
laLo`Qr esa dgk x;k gS fd foeqPpe fde u djks ikie~A Hkw[kk euq"; dkSu iki ugha dj ldrkA vr% vijkkksa esa o`f gksrh
tk jgh gSA glk] ywVikV] naxs] vkanksyu] os';ko`fk] pksjh] MoSQrh] cykRdkj o dRy vkfn c<+s gSa vkSj vkradoknh laxBuksa us ns'k
esa [krjk mRi dj fn;k gSA vr% U;wure vko';drkvksa dh izkfIr lcosQ fy;s vko';d gks xbZ gS vkSj ;g vlekurk nwj gksuh
pkfg,A Hkkjr esa ,d vksj vR;Ur lEirk vkSj nwljh vksj ?kksj fukZurk gSA vr% ;g vko';d gS fd fodkl osQ lkFk&lkFk vlekurk
dks nwj fd;k tk;s vkSj ,slh O;oLFkk dh tk;s fd ihus ;ksX; ty] Hkkstu rFkk oL=k vkfn lcdks miyCk gksa rFkk U;wure f'k{kk]
fctyh o chekjh ;k nq?kZVuk esa lgk;rk o mipkj lcdks kIr gks losQA
ekuo fodkl D;k gS\igys ekuo ku&laifk] tehu tk;nkn vkfn dks lairk dk ekinaM ekuk tkrk Fkk] ijUrq vc ekuo
dh {kerk ij vfkd ;ku fn;k tkrk gSA igys djksM+ #i, dk Lokeh kuh ekuk tkrk Fkk ijUrq vc mldh vis{kk ,d vfHkusrk
;k vfHkus=kh kuh ekuh tkrs gSaA D;ksafd flus&txr~ osQ vfHkusrk nks ?kaVs dh fiQYe esa 10 ;k 15 feuV dk vfHku; djosQ 5 ;k 6
djksM+ #i, izkIr dj ysrs gSaA ;k fiQj fdlh izfl vfHkus=kh dks Hkwfedk osQ fy, vkSj ik'oZ xkf;dk dks osQoy xkus osQ djksM+ksa #i;s
fn;s tkrs gSaA vr% txg&tehu osQ }kjk djksM+ifr gksus dh vis{kk vc ekuoh; {kerk dk ego vfkd gS] D;ksafd ;s vius vfHku;
;k xkus dh {kerk osQ dkj.k yk[kksa #i, feuVksa esa kIr dj ysrs gSaA vr% vc {kerk dk ego vfkd gks x;k gSA
Hkkjr esa vuqRiknd dk;ks ij osQU ljdkj dk O;; 70 gtkj djksM+ #i;s ls Hkh vfkd gSA vr% fo'o cSad vkfn dk dguk
gS fd Hkkjr ljdkj vuqRiknd O;; de djosQ xjhch nwj djus vkSj Hkq[kejh lekIr djus dk ;kl djs rFkk f'k{kk vkSj LokLF;
ij O;; djosQ turk dks vfkd mRiknu osQ fy, l{ke cuk, vkSj ns'k dh mfr djsA Hkkjr ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa osQ dkj.k ko`Qfrd
laink ls ifjiw.kZ kuh Hkkjr esa fukZurk gSA vlekurk osQ dkj.k oqQN yksx [kjcifr gSa] ijUrq cgqla[;d turk fukZu gSA vr%
vlekurk lekIr djosQ fukZurk dks nwj djus dk ;kl fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

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