NONFERROUS ALLOYS

ABARACOSO, ZARCE
ARCENAL, CHRISTIAN
BANIQUED, MARK
DELOS SANTOS, ROSE ANNE
JUAN, RAENIEL CHRISTOPHER
MINA II, IGNACIO
ROLDAN, JASMAE MARIE GEN

GROUP 1
BSEE 2-2

ALLOYS
Metallic materials consisting of two or more elements combined, in such a way
that it cannot be readily separated.
NONFERROUS ALLOYS
Are metals that do not contain iron
Are specified for structural applications; also for electrical and electronic
applications
ALLUMINUM ALLOYS
an extremely useful low-temperature alloys
have a strong resistance to corrosion
with high electrical conductivity
Hall-Heroult process - An electrolytic process by which aluminum is extracted
from its ore.
Temper designation - A shorthand notation using letters and numbers to describe
the processing of an alloy. H tempers refer to cold-worked alloys; T tempers refer
to age-hardening treatments.
TWO CASSIFICATIONS OF ALLUMINUM ALLOYS
1.1.1 Wrought Aluminum Alloys
1.1.2 Cast Aluminum Alloys
WROUGHT ALUMINUM ALLOYS
Are used in the shaping processes: rolling, forging, extrusion, pressing,
stamping.
*Phase composition of wrought aluminum alloys:
Microstructure (phase composition) of an aluminum alloy consists of the
aluminum base solid solution grains and intermetallic (and/or metallic) inclusions,
composition of which is determined by the composition of the alloy.
Two Principal Groups
1.1.1a Non-Heat Treatable Alloys
1.1.2a Heat Treatable Alloys
NON-HEAT TREATABLE ALLOYS
cannot be strengthened by heat treatment.
initial strength of these alloys is achieved due to the hardening effect of the
alloying elements: manganese (Mn), silicon (Si), magnesium (Mg).
Additional hardening of these alloys is done by cold work (strain hardening).
are ductile and moderately strong
The alloys from this group are supplied either in O condition (annealed) or in H
condition (cold worked at various degrees).

 are used for manufacturing deep drawn parts, sheets, foil, tubes, wire, extruded
parts, pressure vessels.

Example of this alloys are alloys of 1xxx, 3xxx, 4xxx and 5xxx series

HEAT TREATABLE ALLOYS

can be strengthened by heat treatment.
initial strength of these alloys is achieved due to the hardening effect of the
alloying elements: copper (Cu), silicon (Si), magnesium (Mg) and zinc(Zn).
Since solubility of these elements in solid aluminum depends on the temperature,
it is possible to harden the alloys from this group by a heat treatment,
called precipitation hardening (age hardening).
Example of this alloys are alloys of 2xxx, 6xxx and 7xxx series
CAST ALUMINUM ALLOYS
are directly cast into their final form by one of various methods such as sandcasting, die or pressure die casting. Casting is used for complex product shapes.
These alloys contain high levels of silicon to improve their castability.
Properties of aluminum and its alloys favorable for casting applications:
Low melting point;
Good fluidity of most of the alloys;
Capability to control grain structure;
Good surface finish;
Low solubility of gases (except Hydrogen);
Ability to be strengthened by heat treatment (precipitation hardening).
Disadvantages of aluminum castings:
High shrinkage (4-8%) and susceptibility to shrinkage defects (shrinkage
porosity)
High hydrogen solubility
Susceptibility to hot cracking
Low ductility.
Classification of Cast Aluminum Alloys
Each cast alloy is designated by a four digit number with a decimal point
separating the third and the forth digits.
First Digit: indicates the alloy group according to the major alloying
element
Second Two Digits: aluminum alloy or indicate the alloy purity
Last Digit: indicates the product form
Characterization of Cast Aluminum Alloys:

Aluminum-copper cast alloys (2xx.x series)

Heat treatable;
High strength;
Low corrosion resistance (susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking);
Low fluidity;
Low ductility;
Susceptible to hot cracks.

Aluminum-silicon-copper/magnesium cast alloys (3xx.x series)

Heat-treatable;
High strength;
Low ductility;
Good wear resistance
Decreased corrosion resistance (in copper containing alloys);
Good fluidity;
Good machine ability (in copper containing alloys).

Aluminum-silicon cast alloys (4xx.x series)

Non-heat-treatable;
Moderate strength;
Moderate ductility;
Good wear resistance;
Very good cast properties;
Good corrosion resistance.

Aluminum- magnesium cast alloys (5xx.x series)

Non-heat-treatable;
High corrosion resistance;
Good machine ability;
Good appearance when anodized;
Moderate cast properties.

Aluminum-zinc cast alloys (7xx.x series)

Heat-treatable;
Good dimensional stability;
Good corrosion resistance;
Poor cast properties;
Good machine ability (in copper containing alloys).

Aluminum-tin cast alloys (8xx.x series)

Non-heat-treatable;
Low strength;

 Very good wear resistance;

Good machine ability.
Magnesium Alloy

Magnesium and its alloys are highly reactive with oxygen and can burn in air.
Oxide films accelerate the oxidation process.
Low density structural metal
Relatively unstable and especially susceptible to corrosion in marine
environments.
Difficult to deform at room temperature.

Magnesium Alloys are also classified as either cast or wrought, and some of them are
heat-treatable. Aluminum, Zinc, Manganese, and some of the rare earths are the major
alloying elements.
Wrought Magnesium Alloys
-

Generally used for the manufacture of wrought products like bars, rods, solid
shapes, hollow shapes, and tubing.

Cast Magnesium Alloys

-

Are used for many components of modern cars; and magnesium block
engines have been used in some high-performance vehicles.

Magnesium Alloys are used in:

Cam and Mobile phone bodies

Alloyed Wheel
Aerospace Applications
High-speed machineries

Beryllium
-one of the highest melting points of the light metals
-Modulus elasticity is approximately 1/3 greater than that of steel
-has excellent thermal conductivity
-nonmagnetic
-highly permeable to X-rays
-high specific heat
-high specific strength
-a very light weight metal with a high modulus of elasticity
Beryllium-copper

CHARACTERISTICS:
-ability to absorb large amounts of heat
-high strength and hardness
-nonmagnetic properties
-good corrosion
-fatigue resistance

Other applications

also used in the defense and aerospace industries as light-weight structural

materials in high-speed aircraft, missiles, space vehicles and communication
satellites.

Glucydur

beryllium bronze (an alloy of beryllium, copper and iron)

trade name of a metal alloy with a low coefficient of thermal expansion
deformation and damage resistant
resistant to corrosion

AlBeMet

is the trade name for a beryllium and aluminium metal matrix composite material
derived by a powder metallurgy process
combines the high modulus and low density characteristics of beryllium with the
fabrication and mechanical property behaviors of aluminium.

Application of AlBeMet
used in aerospace and satellite applications.
COPPER ALLOY
Copper - ductile metal
- high thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity
- high corrosion resistance

Copper Alloy - because of the good properties of alloy, it is use as the base
metal on alloying with other metal. Such as:
Bronze ( copper with tin )
Brass ( copper with zinc )
Aluminum bronze ( copper with Aluminum )
Gunmetal ( copper with tin and zinc )

Some application of Copper Alloys:

- it is use to make an turbine or a ship propeller, valves, and plumbing parts,
because it has a high corrosion resistance.

- it is use as electrical components (such as wire), because it has a high

electrical conductivity
NICKEL ALLOY
How does Society benefit from using nickel today?
How might Society benefit from using nickel in the future?
Nickel in use today
In China, the first recorded use was in bronze knife coins, containing nickel, Zhou
dynasty 1046-221 BC.
Today, nickel-containing materials are used in buildings, water supply systems, food
preparation, energy industry, chemical industry, transport industry, electronic
components, medical equipment
Nickel has a unique combination of properties
High melting point, 1453C
Adherent oxide film
Resists alkalis
Ductile
Alloys readily - as solute and solvent
Magnetic at room temperature
Deposited by electroplating
Catalytic
Nickel - the versatile metal
>60% used in stainless steel
high-nickel corrosion- and heat-resisting alloys
other alloys - strength, corrosion resistance, special physical and magnetic properties
plating - decorative and engineering uses
batteries
chemicals
catalysts
Stainless steels
Chromium is the essential element which makes stainless steels
stainless.
Today ~ 60% of the tonnage of stainless steel which is produced
contains nickel.
What advantages does nickel give to stainless steels?

Nickel reduces the corrosion propagation rate

Nickel gives strength and ductility
Nickel and low temperature toughness
Nickel-titanium super-elastic alloys
Self-expanding stents
Glasses frames

Earthquake protection in bridges

COBALT ALLOY
excellent resistance to corrosion and heat, cobalt alloys are used in a variety of
applications, including aerospace, industrial, marine and medical.
As a group, the cobalt-base alloys may be generally described as wear resistant,
corrosion resistant, and heat resistant (strong even at high temperatures).
Superalloys are simply defined as "alloys developed for elevated temperature service,
usually based on group VIIA elements, where relatively severe mechanical stressing is
encountered and high surface stability is frequently required". Three classes of alloys
have appeared - cobalt-base, nickel-base, iron-base - to meet this definition.
COBALT ALLOY
in terms of properties the (Y) hardened nickel-based alloys have taken the lions
share of the superalloy market, cast and wrought cobalt alloys continue to be
used because:
Cobalt alloys have higher melting points than nickel (or iron) alloys. This gives
them the ability to absorb stress to a higher absolute temperature.
Cobalt alloys give superior hot corrosion resistance to gas turbine atmospheres,
this is due to their high chromium content.
Cobalt alloys show superior thermal fatigue resistance and weldability over nickel
alloys.
TITANIUM ALLOYS
have very high tensile strength and toughness.
light in weight, have extraordinary corrosion resistance and the ability to
withstand extreme temperatures.
use mainly in aerospace, marine, chemical, biomedical applications and sports.
Highly ductile and easily forged and machined.
CLASSIFICATION OF TITANIUM ALLOYS:
*Alpha titanium alloy
-contain neutral alloying elements (such as tin) and/ or alpha stabilisers (such as
aluminum or oxygen) only.
-not heat treatable.
*Near alpha titanium alloys
-contain small amount of ductile beta-phase.
-Besides alpha-phase stabilisers, near-alpha alloys are alloyed with 1-2% of beta
phase stabilizers such as molybdenum, silicon or vanadium.
*Alpha-beta titanium alloys
-generally include some combination of both alpha and beta stabilisers.
-Heat treatable, good forming properties.

-Medium to high strength, good creep strength.

* Beta titanium alloys
- Heat treatable and readily formable
- Very high strength, low ductility
- contain sufficient beta stabilizers (such as molybdenum, silicon and vanadium)
***Titanium is considered the most biocompatible of all metals due to its ability to
withstand attack from bodily fluids, stay inert in the human body, be compatible with
bone growth and stay strong and flexible during use.
REFRACTORY METALS
Are characterized by their extremely high melting points, which range well above
those of iron, cobalt and nickel.
Used in demanding applications requiring high-temperature strength and
corrosion-resistance.

PRECIOUS METALS
Is a rare metallic chemical element of high economic value.
Chemically, most precious metals are less reactive than most elements, have
high luster, and have higher melting points than other metals

Gold
An extremely inert, soft, ductile metal that undergoes very little work
hardening.
Used chiefly for electrodeposits and is often alloyed with other metals
such as copper or nickel to increase strength or hardness.
Silver
Is a very malleable, ductile and corrosion resistant metal that has the
highest thermal and electric conductivity of all metals.
Also used in high-melting temperature solders.
Platinum
Is an extremely malleable, ductile, and corrosion resistant silver-white
metal.
used for high temperature handling of high purity chemicals and laboratory
materials