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Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction
Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction
4 1 Background
4.1
4.1.1 The intensity of a wave field
4.1.2 The Huygens-Fresnel principle in rectangular coordinates
4.2 The Fresnel approximation
4 2 1 Positive vs
4.2.1
vs. negative phases
4.2.2 Accuracy of the Fresnel approximation
4.2.3 The Fresnel approximation and the angular spectrum
4.2.4 Fresnel diffraction between confocal spherical surfaces
4 3 The Fraunhofer approximation
4.3
4.4 Examples of Fraunhofer diffraction patterns
4.4.1 Rectangular aperture
4.4.2 Circular aperture
4 4 3 Thin sinusoidal aperture grating
4.4.3
4.4.4 Thin sinusoidal phase grating
4.5 Examples of Fresnel diffraction calculations
4.5.1 Fresnel diffraction by a square aperture
4 5 2 Fresnel diffraction by a sinusoidal amplitude grating-Talbot images
4.5
4.1 Background
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and I ( P, t ) = | u ( P, t ) |
Instantaneous
Intensity
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d
ds
where
h
cos
=
cos(
(
n
,
r
)
=
1
01
j
r01
r01
z
U ( x, y ) =
j
e jkr01
U ( , ) r012 d d ,
where r01 = z + ( x ) + ( y )
2
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x
P0
P1
n(n 1) n 2 2
x y + ... + y n , n = 1, 2,3,...
2!
1
1
(1 + b) 1/ 2 = 1 b b 2 ... for 1 < b 1: the higher order terms are negligable
2
8
2
2
1 x 2 1 y 2
x y
r01 = z 1 +
+
z
1
+
+
+
...
2
2
z
z
z z
Where do we cut the series? We will use r01 in the diffracted field equation
z
e jkr01
U ( x, y ) =
U ( , ) 2 d d
j
r01
The term e jkr01 is very sensitive to the values of r01 specially since it is multiplied
b a very llarge number
by
b k = 2 / . IIn th
the visible
i ibl off the
th order
d 107. We
W keep
k
two
t
terms for the exponent. For r012 error introduced by dropping all terms but z is small.
2
2
j ( x ) + ( y )
z
e jkr01
e jkz
U ( x, y ) =
U ( , ) 2 d d =
U ( , )e 2 z
d d
j
r01
j z
2
2
j ( x ) + ( y )
e jkz
2
z
U ( x, y ) =
U ( , )e
d d this looks like a convolution
j z
e jjkz j 2 z ( x )2 + ( y )2
U ( x, y ) = U ( , )h( x , y )d d where h( x, y ) =
e
j z
e jkz j 2kz ( x2 + y 2 )
U ( x, y ) =
e
j z
2
k
j ( 2 + 2 ) j ( x + y )
d d
e z
U ( , )e 2 z
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phase exponentials:
in the spherical
p
wave e jkr01 and its equivalent
q
j
k 2 2
(x +y )
2z
Wavefront
emitted
later
Wavefront
emitted
earlier
y
k
We move in space in such a way that we encounter
portions of the wavefield that were emitted later in time.
The phasor will have advanced in the clockwise direction,
therefore the phase must become more negative.
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2
2
j ( x ) + ( y )
e jkr01
e jkz
2z
U
(
)
d
U
(
)
e
d d
2
r01
j z
Parabolic wavelets
Spherical
wavelets
2
2
2
2
2
1 x 1 y
1 x y
r01 z 1 +
+
+
+
...
2
z
2
8
z
z
z
e jkr01
2
2
2 1 x y
2
(O ) =
+
<< 1
8 z z
Max
z >>
4
3
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{( x ) + ( y ) }
2
2 2
Max
z >>
4
3
{( x ) + ( y ) }
2
2 2
Max
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2
H RS ( f X , fY ) = j 1( f X ) ( fY )
RS theory
e
f X 2 + fY 2 < 1 /
otherwise
0
A constant
phase delay
due to traveling
Qadratic phase
dispersion
j z ( f X 2 + fY 2 )
e jkz j 2 z ( x )2 + ( y )2 FT
jkz
h ( x, y ) =
e
H F ( f X , fY ) =
e
e
j z
All plane waves Different plane-wave
Fresnel approximation impulse response
Spring 2010
suffer equally
components suffer
different phase delays
10
1( f X ) ( fY )2
2
2
jkz j z f X + fY
H F ( f X , fY ) = e e
f X 2 + fY 2 < 1 / RS theory
otherwise
( f X )
1
1 ( f X ) ( fY ) 2
2
2
2 z
1( f X ) ( fY ) 2
j
( fY )
2 z ( f ) 2 ( f ) 2
X
Y
j
1
2
2
if ( f X )
1 and ( fY )
2
2
jkz j z f X + fY
=e e
) =H (f , f )
F
X
Y
Conclusion:
H RS ( f X , fY ) H F ( f X , fY ) When the conditions: ( f X )
k
=2 = x
|k |
1,
kY
2
2
f
=
1 are satisfied. So Fresnel approxilation is equivalent
( Y)
|k |
to the paraxial approximation that is limitted to small propagation angles.
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11
z
j
U ( , )
x y
z
z
jk 01
jkr
e
d d ,
2
r01
r01
j [ x + y ]
e jkz
U ( x, y ) =
U ( , )e z
d d
j z
Field on the
right hand
spherical cap
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z
12
r01
j [ x + y ]
e jkz
z
)
U ( x, y ) =
U
e
d d
j z
Field on the
right hand
spherical cap
e jkz j 2 z ( x2 + y 2 )
U ( x, y ) =
e
j z
2
k
j ( 2 + 2 )
j z ( x + y )
2z
d d
e
U ( , )e
We see that by replacing the two plates with spherical caps, the quadratic
factor in ( x, y ), e
k 2 2
(x + y )
2z
, and ( , ), e
k 2 2
+
2z
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13
z
2z
(
)
U
e
e
d d
e jkz j 2kz ( x2 + y 2 )
U ( x, y ) =
e
j z
Applying
pp y g the Fraunhofer approximation:
pp
z
phase factor e
k 2 2
+
2z
e jkz j 2kz ( x2 + y 2 )
U ( x, y ) =
e
j z
k 2 + 2
U ( , )e
max
the q
quadratic
2
( x + y )
z
d d
x
P0
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P1
14
max
Fresnel approximation: z
Since k =
( x - ) 2 + ( y - ) 2
1600m
2D2
The Frauhofer diffraction pattern will form at very far distances but we
can bring the pattern by using a proper lens or proper ilumi
ilumination.
nation
Will see in the problems.
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15
Bessel functions I
The Bessel functions or cylinder functions or cylinderical harmonics
of the first kind,
kind J n ( x),
) are defined as the sol
solutions
tions to the
d2y
dy
+
x
+ ( x2 n2 ) y = 0
Bessel differential equation: x
2
dx
dx
These functions are nonsingular at the origin
origin.
2
(-1)l
1
2 l +|m|
|
|
x
m
2l +|m|
2
l !(| m | +l )!
l =0 2
2
1
sin x
J m ( x)
m=
2
x
2
1
cos x
m=
2
x
J m ( x ) = (1) m J m ( x) m = 0,1, 2, 3, ...
d m
x J m ( x) = x m J m 1 ( x)
dx
A derivative identity:
An integral identity:
k =- J k ( x) = 1;
n
eiz cos Eradat
= J 0 ( zPhysics
) + 2Dept.
j
JSJSU
n ( z ) cos( n )
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There are more of these identities. Check you favorite math handbook.
16
0.5
-0.5
05
10
15
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17
Bessel functions II
Various integrals expressed in terms of the Bessel functions:
J n ( z) =
J n ( z) =
in
cos( z sin n )d
1
J 0 (a ) =
2
1
J n ( z) =
2 i n
ia cos
or
J 0 ( z ) = (1)
k =0
(Z
/4
( k !)
/2
zn
J n ( z) =
sin 2 n u cos( z cos u ) du for n = 1, 2,...
( 2n 1) !! 0
x z 1
1
1
n 1
2 z
J n ( x) =
e
z
dz
for
n
>
2 i
2
4
J ( x)
Integrals involving J1 ( x) : 1 dx =
and
0
3
x
Spring 2010
Eradat Physics Dept. SJSU
1
J1 ( x )
xdx
=
x
2
18
x2 + y 2 a
x2 + y 2 > a
g ( x, y ) = {
f X2 + fY2 ; = tan -1 ( fY / f X )
df X dfY = d d ;
F { g ( x, y )} = G ( f X , fY ) = g ( x, y ) e j 2 ( f X x + fY y ) dxdy
G0 ( , ) = d g R (r )e
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j 2 r cos( )
19
G0 ( , ) = g R (r )rdr e j 2 r cos( ) d
this relation is correct for any value of including = 0,
1 2 ja cos( )
Value of the integral
e
d = J 0 (a) is own known as the
0
2
zeroth order Bessel function of the first kind.
With substituting a = 2 r and = 0 we get:
Fourier-Bessel transform, B , or
B ( ) = G0 ( ) = 2 rg R (r ) J 0 (2 r )dr
0
Hankel transform of zero order
The inverse Fourier-Bessel transform is then:
B g (r , ) = g R (r ) = 2 G0 ( ) J 0 (2 r )d
1
Conclusions:
1) Fourier transform of a circularly symmetric function is a circularly
summetric function itself.
2) There is no difference between the direct and inverse transform operations.
Spring 2010
20
G
0
a2 a
B for Fourier-Bessel transform.
All other Fourier
Fourier transform theorems apply since this is just a special
case of the general two-dimensional Fourier transforms.
B { g R (ar )} =
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21
G0 ( , ) = G0 ( ) = 2 rg R (r ) J 0 (2 r )dr
0
G0 ( ) = 2 rJ 0 (2 r )dr
0
2 2
1
G0 ( ) =
2 2
r ' = 2 a
a
2 a
1
0 2 r J 0 (2 r )d (2 r ) = 2 2 0 r 'J 0 (r '))dr '
J (2 a )
J (2 a )
=2 a 2 1
with k = 2
2 a J1 (2 a ) = a 1
2 a
r =0r'=0
and r = a
J (k a)
G0 (k ) = F ( k ) = 2 a 2 1 where J1 is a first order Bessl function.
a
kEradat
Spring 2010
Physics Dept. SJSU
22
x=(-15.1:0.5:14.9);
y=(-15.1:0.5:14.9);
A=y.'*x;
i index=0;
i_index
0;
for i=-15.1:0.5:14.9
j_index=0;
i_index=i_index+1;
for j=-15.1:0.5:14.9
j_index=j_index+1;
r=sqrt(i^2+j^2);
if r <=5
A(i_index,j_index)=1;
else A(i_index,j_index)=0;
end
end
end
d
subplot(2,1,1);
mesh(x,y,A);
title('Circular Aperture')
axis([-15.1 14.9 -15.1 14.9 0 1]);
a=1;
kx=(-15.1:0.5:14.9);
(
)
ky=(-15.1:0.5:14.9);
[kax,kay]=meshgrid(kx,ky);
ka=sqrt(kax.^2+kay.^2);
Gka=2*pi*a^2.*besselj(1,ka)./(ka*a);
subplot(2,1,2);
mesh(kx,ky,Gka);
xlabel('kx'); ylabel('ky');
axis([-15.1 14.9 -15.1 14.9 -1 4]);Eradat
title('Fourier Bessel of Circular Aperture')
x2 + y 2 a
1 r a
g R (r ) =
0 r > a
x2 + y 2 > a
J (k a)
G0 (k ) = F ( k ) = 2 a 2 1
k a
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23
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24
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25
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26
in the aperture
outside the aperture
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27
2
2
w
w
X
Y
where wX and wY are the half widths of the aperture in and directions.
Illumination: a unit-amplitude, normally incident, monochromatic plane wave:
p
is the
For such an illumination the field distribution jjust across the aperture
transmittance function t A , and the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern is:
e jkz j 2kz ( x2 + y 2 )
U ( x, y ) =
e
j z
U ( , )e
2
( x + y )
z
d d
e jkz j 2kz ( x2 + y 2 )
F {U ( , )}
U ( x, y ) =
e
f X = x / z , fY = y / z
j z
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28
2 wX
2 wY
F {t A ( , )} = 2 wX sin c ( 2wX f X ) 2 wY sin c ( 2 wY fY ) with A = 4 wX wY
e jkz j 2kz ( x2 + y 2 )
U ( x, y ) =
e
A sin
i c ( 2 wX f X ) sin
i c ( 2 wY fY )
j z
f X = x / z , fY = y / z
e jkz j 2kz ( x2 + y 2 )
2 wX x
2 wY y
U ( x, y ) =
e
A sin
i c
i c
sin
j z
z
z
2
A
2w x
2w y
I ( x, y ) =| U ( x, y ) |2 = 2 2 sin c 2 X sin c 2 Y
z
z
z
Spring 2010
29
z
z
z
2
Exercise: prove that width of the maine lobe or distance between the
fi t two
first
t
zeros is
i x =
z
wX
2
w
x
= 0 2 wX x = m x = m z
sin c 2 X = 0
2 wX x
2 wX
z
z
z
z
z
z
with m = 1 we get x+ =
and x =
x =
wX
2 wX
2 wX
2
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30
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31
e jkz j 2kz ( x2 + y 2 )
U ( x, y ) =
e
j z
U ( , )e
2
( x + y )
z
d d
e jkz j 2kz r 2
B {U ( q )}
where r = x 2 + y 2 is the radius in the
U ( x, y ) =
e
=r / z
j z
aperture plane and =
Spring 2010
32
J1 (2 w )
r
kwr
q
2
; 2 w =
B circ = A
where A = w . With =
w
z
z
A jkz j 2kz r 2
U (r ) =
e e
j z
2
J1 (kkwr / z )
2 kwr / z
A J (kwr / z )
I ( r ) = 2 1
kwr / z
z
The
Th Airy
Ai pattern.
tt
Width of the central lobe measured along the x and y axis: d = 1.22
Spring 2010
z
w
33
A J1 (kwr / z )
we start from the Airy pattern: I ( r ) = 2
= 0 for the roots*.
z
kwr
/
z
J1 (kwr / z )
kwr 2 wr
3.8317 z
= 0 for
f r 0 so
=
= 3.8317 r =
kwr / z
z
3.14 w
z
z
r = 1.2203
w
Using the table we an calculate the other zeros
*First
First few roots of the Bessel functions for the first kind using BesselZeros[n
BesselZeros[n,k}
k}
in Mathematica
zero
1
2.4048
3.8317
5.1356
6.3802
7.5883
8.7715
5.5201
7.0156
8.4172
9.7610
11.0647
12.3386
8.6537
10.1735
11.6198
13.0152
14.3725
15.7002
11.7915
13.3237
14.7960
16.2235
17.6160
18.9801
14.9309
Spring5 2010
16.4706
17.9598
19.4094
20.8269
22.2178
Eradat
Physics
Dept. SJSU
34
Grating
side so n1 = n2 = n
n1
Spring 2010
n2
35
t A ( , ) = + cos(2 f 0 ) rect
rect
2 2
2w
2w
We have assumed that the grating structure is bounded by a square
aperture of width 2 w.
m is the p
peak-to-peak
p
change
g of amplitude
p
tA
1
0.5
x
36
m
m
1 m
1
F + cos(2 f 0 ) = ( f X , fY ) + ( f X + f 0 , fY ) + ( f X f 0 , fY )
4
4
2 2
2
2
F rect
rect
= Asnic ( 2 wf X ) snic ( 2 wfY ) where A = 4 w is the
2w
2w
With f X = x / z and fY = y / z
F {t A ( , )} =
U ( x, y ) =
Spring 2010
A
j z
jkz
e e
k 2 2
x +y
2z
2w
m
2w
2 wy
2 wx m
+
+
+
snic
snic
sin
c
(
(
f
f
z
)
sin
c
(
(
f
f
z
)
X
X
0
z
z
2
z
z 2
37
j z
2w
m
2w
2 wx m
snic
+ sin c( ( f X + f 0 z ) + sin c( ( f X f 0 z )
z
z
2
z 2
2w
m
2w
2 wx m
2 2 wy
+
I ( x, y ) =
snic
snic
sin
c
(
+
+
(
f
f
z
)
sin
c
(
(
f
f
z
)
X
X
0
0
z
2
z
z
z 2
j z
For f 0 1/ w or for a very fine grating rulling the overlap between the sinc
A
m2
m2
2w
2 2 wy
2 2 wx
2 2w
I ( x, y )
snic
sin
i c ( ( f X + f0 z) +
sin
i c2 ( ( f X f0 z)
snic
+
z
4
z
z
z 4
j z
= Diffraction efficiency = fraction of the power in a single order of the Fraunhofer diff. patteren.
m
m
1 m
1
It can be found from: F + cos(2 f 0 ) = ( f X , fY ) + ( f X + f 0 , fY ) + ( f X f 0 , fY )
4
4
2 2
2
Since the delta functions determine power of the pattern and sinc functions only spread them.
2
m2
m2
1
1
m
m
0 = = 0.25, 1 = =
, 1 = =
so 1 max =
= 6.25% and total power
2
4
16
4
16
16
in 3 orders is 3/8. The rest of the power is lost by absorption of the grating.
Spring 2010
38
j 2 sin(2 f 0 )
rect
rect
2w
2w
Sinusoidal phase difference
e
Spring 2010
39
j 2 sin(2 f 0 )
rect
rect
2w
2w
e jkz j 2kz ( x2 + y 2 )
e jkz j 2kz ( x2 + y 2 )
U ( x, y ) =
e
F {U ( , )} f , f =
e
F {t A ( , )} f , f
X Y
X Y
j z
j z
Using the Bessel function identity: e
j 2 sin(2 f 0 )
m j 2 qf0
= Jq e
2
q =
m j 2 qf0
F {t A ( , )} = F J q e
F rect
rect
2
2
w
2
w
q =
m
F {t A ( , )} = J q ( f X qf 0 , fY ) [ A sin c(2 wf X ) sin c(2 wfY ) ]
q = 2
m
F {t A ( , )} = AJ q sin c 2 w ( f X qf 0 ) sin c ( 2 wfY )
2
q =
U ( x, y ) =
Spring 2010
A
j z
jkz
e e
m
2w
2 wy
J
sin
c
x
qf
z
sin
c
(
)
q
0
2
z
Dept.
SJSU
q = Physics
Eradat
k 2 2
x +y
2z
40
j 2 sin(2 f 0 )
A
j z
jkz
e e
rect
rect
2w
2w
k 2 2
x +y
2z
q =
m
2w
2 wy
sin
c
x
qf
z
sin
c
(
)
0
2
z
2
A jkz j 2kz ( x2 + y 2 )
m
2w
2 wy
I =
e e
J
sin
c
x
qf
z
sin
c
)
0
q
z (
j
z
2
z
=
q
For f 0 1/ w or for a very fine grating rulling the overlap between the sinc
functions is negligible and I is approximately eual to the sum of squared amplitudes.
2
A 2m
2 wy
2 2w
I J q sin c
x qf 0 z sin c 2
z
z q = 2
Displacement
of the order
fromthe
center
We see that introduction of the sinusoidal phase grating has deflected power from
the zeroth order to the higher ordes.
2
A m
Peak intensity of the qth order = J q
z 2
It happens when y = 0 and x qf 0 z = 0 x = qf 0 z
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41
= Diffraction efficiency = fraction of the power in a single order of the Fraunhofer diff. patteren.
m
It can be found from: F {t A ( , )} = J q ( f X qf 0 , fY ) [ A sin c(2 wf X ) sin c(2 wfY ) ]
q = 2
Since the delta functions determine power of the pattern and sinc functions only spread them.
m
0 = J q2
m
Plot 0 = J q2 we see that when m/2 is root of J0 then the central lobe wanishes. 1 max = 33.8%
2
1
which is much greater than that of the sinusoidal amplitude grating which is
= 6.25.
16
There is no power absorption and sum of the power in all orders is equal to the total incident power.
power between the lobes varies as m changes.
g
The distribution of p
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42
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43
2w
2w
The complex field imediately behind the aperture:
U ( , ) z =0 = rect
rect
2w
2w
Illumination: a unit-amplitude, normally incident, monochromatic plane wave
Using the convolution form of the Fresnel diffraction formula:
w
2
2
j ( x ) ( y )
e jkz
z
U ( x, y ) =
e
d d
j z w
e jkz
U ( x, y ) =
I ( x) I ( y ) where
j
I ( x) =
Spring 2010
( x )2
d d
and
I ( y) =
( y )2
d d
44
2
( x )
z
and
1
I ( y) =
2
1 2 j 2 2
I ( x) =
e
d
2 1
1 =
2
(w + x)
z
2
( y )
z
and
2 =
and
j 2
2
2
( w x)
z
2
2
and
2 =
(w + y)
(w y)
z
z
With the Fresnel number: N F = w2 / z and normalized distance variables
1 =
g
we have:
in the observation region
X=
and
(
2(
Y=
) and
+ Y ) and
1 = 2
NF + X
2 = 2
1 =
NF
2 = 2
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NF X
NF Y
45
j 2
2
d = e
j 2
2
d e
j 2
2
z
t2
t2
C ( z ) = cos
dt and S ( z ) = 0 sin
dt we write
0
2
2
1
C ( 2 ) C (1 ) + j S ( 2 ) S (1 ) and
I ( x) =
2
1
C ( 2 ) C ( 1 ) + j S ( 2 ) S ( 1 )
I ( y) =
2
e jkz
C ( 2 ) C (1 ) + j S ( 2 ) S (1 )
U ( x, y ) =
2j
z
C ( 2 ) C ( 1 ) + j S ( 2 ) S ( 1 )
2
2
1
I ( x, y ) = C ( 2 ) C (1 ) + S ( 2 ) S (1 )
4
{
}
{C ( ) C ( ) + S ( ) S ( ) }
2
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Fresnel integrals
Fresnel integrals are defined as:
C ( z ) + iS ( z ) = e
z
j t2
2
t2
C ( z ) = cos
dt
0
2
z
dt
and
t2
S ( z ) = sin
dt we write
0
2
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2
2
2
2
1
I ( x, y ) = C ( 2 ) C (1 ) + S ( 2 ) S (1 ) C ( 2 ) C ( 1 ) + S ( 2 ) S ( 1 )
4
N F = w2 / z for a fixed w and , as z increases, the Fresnel number decreases
z
}{
2w
2w
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is modeled as:
1
[1 + m cos(2 / L ]
2
Where L is the period of the lines
t A ( , ) =
parallel
ll l tto th
the axis
i .
Illumination: a unit amplitude normally
incident plane wave.
The field immediately behind
the grating is t A .
Spring 2010
Grating
structure
51
j ( x )
e jkz
2z
U ( x, y ) =
U
(
)
e
j z
+ ( y )2
d d
k 2 2
+
2z
e jkz j 2 z ( x2 + y 2 )
U ( x, y ) =
e
j z
2
k
j ( x + y )
j ( 2 + 2 )
d d
e z
U ( , )e 2 z
x -
y -
< 1,
< 1, or observation is in the
z
z
near field of the aperture or Fresnel diffraction region
Where r01 >> ,
2
2
jkz j z f X + fY
H F ( f X , fY ) = e e
Spring 2010
)
Eradat Physics Dept. SJSU
52
j z f X 2 + fY 2
F {t A ( , )} = ( f X , fY ) + f X + , fY + f X , fY
2
4
L
L0
4
1
The transfer function evaluated at ( f X , fY ) = , 0 becomes
L
t A ( , ) =
1 j 2
H , 0 = e L and it is unity at the origin. So after propagation
L
of a distance z the Fourier transform of the field becomes:
1
m j 2
1
1
m j 2
F {U ( x, y )} = ( f X , fY ) + e L f X + , fY + e L f X , fY
2
4
L
L0
1 m j L2 j 2L x m j L2 j 2L x
+ eDept.eSJSU
( x, y ) = F F {U ( x, y )} = + eEradate Physics
Spring U
2010
2 4
4
1
53
2
L
I ( x, y ) =
1
z 2 x
2
2 2 x
m
m
1
+
2
cos
cos
+
cos
2
4
L
L
L
z
L2
= 2n z =
2nL
L2
where n = 0, 1, 2
1
1
2 x
2 x
2
2 2 x
I ( x, y ) = 1 + 2m cos
+
=
+
cos
1
cos
m
m
4
L
L 4
L
this is perfect image of the grating. These images that are formed without
aid of a lens are called "Talbot images" or "self-images".
2)
z
2
= (2n + 1) z =
(2n + 1) L2
where n = 0, 1, 2
1
1
2 x
2 x
2
2 2 x
I ( x, y ) = 1 2m cos
+ m cos
= 1 m cos
4
L
L 4
L
This is also image of the grating with a 1800 spatial phase shift or
"contrast reversal". These too are called "Talbot images".
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2
3) 2 = (2n 1) z =
where n = 0, 1, 2 then
L
2
1 + cos ( 4 x )
z
2 2 x
cos 2 = 0
Using cos
=
2
L
L
1
1 m 2 m 2
4 x
2
2 2 x
I ( x, y ) = 1 + m cos
1
cos
=
+
+
4
L
4
2
2
L
This is an image with twice frequency of the original grating and has
m2
reduced contrast (nisted of 1 and m we have 1 and
and the background
2
is now brighter by + m 2 / 2. This is called the "Talbot subimage".
For example for m = 0.3 we have m 2 / 2 = 0.045
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A guide to
the eye
Grating
Phase
reverse
T lb t
Talbot
image
Talbot
image
2L2/
Phase
reverse
Talbot
image
Talbot
image
2L2/
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