MULTIMEDIA APPLICATION

The categories are:I.

II.
III.
I.

Interpersonal communications
Interactive applications over the internet
Entertainment applications
Interpersonal Communications
It involves speech, image, text or video.
Some case having single medium & some are having two or more medium

(A) Speech only

PC
Telephone

PC

Telephone

phone
CIRCUIT
Cellul
ar
phon
e
netw
ork

Voic
e
mail
serv

ANALOG OR DIGITAL

Audi
o
bridg

PSTN OR ISDN
Private site-wide telephone

N/W

PBX
Telephone

PC
Telephone

Telephone

Telephone

Interpersonal communications PC
involving speech-telephone have been provided by using telephone
which are connected either through PSTN or ISTN or PBX.
The user can also take part in telephone call through pc.
It requires a telephone interface card & associated s/w is known as computer telephony integration(CTI)

 Addition to telephony, many public and private networks supports additional service for ex- voice-mail
& teleconferencing.
Voice mail is used in the event of the called party being unavailable.
A spoken message can then be left in the voice mailbox of the called party. This is located in voice-mail
server. The message can be read by the owner of mailbox the next time when he contacts the server.
Teleconferencing calls involve multiple interconnected telephones/PCs. Each person can hear and talk
to all of the others involved in the call.
This type of call is known as conference call
It requires a central unit known as an audio bridge which provides the necessary support to set up a
conference call automatically.
Internet is used to support telephony (support PC to PC telephony)
In case of pc to pc telephone call the address that are used to identify individual computers connected to
the internet are used in the same way as for data transfer application.
Internet operates in a packet mode, both PC must have necessary H/W & S/W to convert speech signal
from microphone into packets (input) & vice versa(output)
Telephony over internet is known as packet voice & network protocol associated with internet is
internet protocol. Hence it is voice over IP(VOIP)
SITE/CAMPUS LAN

GLOBAL INTERNET

ISP N/W

PC

PC

POCKET
N/W

POCKET
N/W

Telepho
ne N/W

Telepho
ne N/W

PC

P
C

PC

PACKET MODE

Telephony

CIRCUIT MODE

PACKET MODE
CIRCUIT MODE
P
C

Telephone

Telephone

PSTN/ISDN
Telephone

(TELEPHNY OVER THE INTERNET)

When a pc connected to the internet needs to make a call to a telephone that is connected to
PSTN/ISDN, or both are operate on circuit mode an interworking unit i.e.-telephone gateway is used.
PC user first sends the request to make a (telephone) call to a reallocated telephony gateway using the
internet address.

 Then assuming the user is registered to use this service the gateway requests from the source pc the
telephone number of the called party.
The4 source gateway initiates the session (call) with telephone gateway nearest to the called party using
the internet address of the gateway.
The called gateway then initiates a call to the recipient telephone using its telephone number & call
setup procedure of PSTN/TSDN.
This procedure will continue till the completion of the course.
(B). IMAGE ONLY
PSTN/ISDN
FAX MACHINE
ANALOG TO DIGITAL

FAX MACHINE
ACCESS

PC

PC-FAX

FAX MACHINE

PC

PC

(IMAGE-ONLY)
We can exchange electronic image of documents over PSTN or ISDN. This service is known as
facsimile (fax).
This communication involves a pair of fax machine one at each network termination point.
To send a document the telephone number of recipient & a circuit is setup through the network.
Two fax machines communicates with each other to establish operational parameters after which
the sending M/C starts scan & digitize each page of document.
Both fax machines have an integral modem within them & as page is scanned its digitized image
is simultaneously transmitted over the network & as this is received at the called side a printed
version of document is produced.
After the last page of the document has been sent & received the connection through the
network is cleared by the calling machine.
We can also use pc instead of fax machine to send an electronic version of document ie. Stored
directly within pcs memory. ( this is known as PC FAX)
The digital image of each page of the document is sent in the same way as the scanned image
produced by fax machine.
It requires a telephone interface card & software
The terminal at the called side is either fax machine or a similar PC.

( C ) TEXT ONLY

ENTERPRISE-WIDE PRIVATE NETWORK

E-MAIL

PC

SERVER

PC

PC

PC

GATE WAY
Access Via either PSTN OR ISDN

GLOBAL INTERNET

PC

G/W

Email
server

G/W

Email server

ISP NETWORK

PC

PC

PC
PC
DESKTOP PC

SMALL BUSINESS

SITE/CAMPUS
LAN

(EMAIL TRANSFER)
Both email server & internetwork gateway operate using standard internet communication protocol.
The head contain name of both sender & receiver of mail.
It also contain a copy of mail can be sent to multiple recipients each of whom is listed in CC part of mail
header.
It contains subject &
date.
Contents of text-only
mail
comprise
unformatted
text,
typically shins of ASCII
characters.
control:
HEADER FIELDS

BODY
OF
CONTACT

MESSAGE

(Mail message format)

D. Text and images

Program

Change
Notification

Update
Control

Stored

White

bound

Enterprise-wide

Private

N/W,LAN,INTERNET

PC
PC

PC
(STORED/ WHITEBOARD/WORKSPACE)
(TEXT & IMAGE COMPUTER SUPPORTED COOPERTIVE WORKING)
(CSCW)

Text & images integrated together is computer supported cooperative working (CSCW).
HERE THE USER TERMINAL IS PC & a window on each persons display is used as a stored
workspace.
This is known as shared whiteboard & normally the display comprises text & images integrated together.
The s/w associated with CSCW is a central program known as whiteboard program & linked set of
support programs one in each pc.
The program is made up of two parts i.e a change-notification part & and update-control part.
Whenever the member of the groups updates the contents of white board the change-notification part
sends details of changes to white board program

This relay the changes to the update-control in each of the other pcs & those in turn proceeded to
update the contents of their copy of white board.
(This is used when Distributed group of people are working on same project but resides in different
locations)

E. speech and video

 The application that uses speech and video integration together is video telephony.
In office a single multimedia PC is used to provide the videophone service together with
a range of other services.
PC is attached with a video camera in addition to the microphone and speaker used for
telephony.
The moving image of the called party is displayed in a window of pc screen.
The network must provide a two- way communication channel between the two parties.
The integration of video with speech requires more bandwidth.
As with telephony a call may involve not just two persons but several people located at
their own with separate PC.
This type of call is known as desktop video conferencing call.
Large corporations of this type have an enterprise-wide network to link the sites together
& in order to support video conferencing there is a centered unit called multipoint
control unit(MCU). Sometimes video conferencing server associated with this network.
(a). PSTN/ISDN/INTERNET/LAN Enterprise network
Multimedia PC with video Camera
Microphone & Speaker.

Two Simultaneous
information stream

(Two

integrated

speech

and

video

Party Video Telephony Call)

(b). PSTN/ISDN/Enterprise network

MULTIMEDIA PC WITH VIDEO
CAMERA MICROPHONE AND SPEAKER

PC

PC

Multipoint
control
Unit (MCU)

Two Simultaneous
information stream
PRINCIPLE

PC

integrated

speech

and

video


Here each separate window on the screen of each participants pc should be used to display the video
image of all the other participants.

It requires multiple integrated speech-and-video communication channels, one for each participant
being sent to each of other participants.

It requires more bandwidth. The integrated speech-and-video information stream from each
participant is sent to the MCU which then selects just a single information stream to send to each participant.

Whenever MCU detects a participant speaking it relays the information stream from the participant
to all other participants.

LAN & Internet support multicasting. i.e. all transmission from any of the pc belonging to a
predefined multicast group are received by all other member of the group.

Hence the network support multicasting can hold conferencing session without on MCU.

This is possible when only a limited number of participants are involved owing to high load it places
on the network.

In some application involves only a single person at each location & in some other application not
involve groups of people at one or more of the locations.

Pc
Network

PC

Two way simultaneous integrated speech and video information streams from all parties

(Video conferencing using a broadcast network)

A person at one location is communicating with a group of people at another location.
Ex- transmission of a live lecture or seminar.
The information stream transferred from the lecturer to the remote class would be integrated speech-andvideo together with electronic copies of transparencies & other documents used in lecturer.
In reverse direction the lecture can see & hear the members of the class at remote location.
This is similar to two party video telephony call.
If the lecturer being relayed to multiple locations either a separate communication channel is required to
each remote site or an MCU is used at the lecturers site.
For high bandwidth network is involved; the network is either ISDN which support multiple 64kbps
channel or broadband multiservice network.

CAMER
PROJECTOR
SPEECH,VIDE
O & IMAGE

MIC

SPEECH ONLY
OR SPEECH &
VIDEO

VS

V
S

REMOTE LECTURER
STUDIO

VIDEO CONFERENCE

b. ISDN/Broadband network/ dedicated circuit network

V
S

VIDEO CONFERENCE STUDIO

VIDEO CONFERENCING SYSTEM

mc
u
V
VIDEO CONFERENCESSTUDIO

VS=Video Confercing System

MCU= Multipoint Control Unit.

(MULTIPARTY VIDEO CONFERENCING)

In picture(b) a group of people at each location.
A group of people present at each location in specially equipped room called video conferencing
studios. Which contain all the necessary audio & video equipment.
This comprises one or more video cameras, large screen display & associated audio equipments
All of this is connected to a unit called video conferencing system.
In conference of multiple location on MCU is normally used to minimize bandwidth demands on the
access circuits to the network.
The MCU is shown as a central facility within the network and hence only a single two-way
communications channel is required for each access circuit of the network.
MULTIMEDIA
E-mail message consist of text only but mail containing other media types such as images, audio &
video are also used.
Examples of email other than text are voice mail.
VOICE-MAIL
In internet-based voice mail, there is a voice-mail server associated with each network.
The user first enters a voice message addressed to the intended recipient and the local voice-mail
server then relays this to the server associated with the intended recipients network.
The stored voice message is then played out the next time the recipient accesses are used for videomail.

MULTIMEDIA MAIL
Here the textual information is annotated with a digitized image, a speech message or video message.
In case of speech-and-video, the annotation can be sent either directly to the mailbox of the intended
recipient together with the original textual message and hence stored & played out in normal way or
they may have to be requested specially by the recipient when the textual message is being read.
The recipient can always receive the basic text-only message but the multimedia annotations can be
received only if the terminal being used by the recipient supports voice and/or video.
Mail Header
Hi ABC
Click on the following
Speech part

Sent initially

Image part
Video part

Sent on request
Speech Part
Image Part
Video Part

II) INTERACTIVE APPLICATIONS OVER THEINTERNET

World Wide Web (www) or Web Server comprises a linked set of multimedia information servers
that are geographically distributed around the internet.
The total information stored on all the servers is equivalent to vast library of documents.
Each document comprises a linked set of pages and the linkages between the pages are known as
hyperlinks.
These are pointers/ references to the documents.
The reader of the document has option at well-defined points throughout the pages, to jump a
different page of same document or to different document.
The optional linkage points within documents are defined by the creator of the document which is
known as anchors.
Documents Comprising only text are created using hypertext & those comprising multimedia
information are created using hypermedia.
Anyone can create a new documents of a particular server site-providing the server has been
allocated an internet address and make hyperlink references from it to any other document on the
web.
Each document has a unique address known as Uniform Resource Locator(URL) Which identifies
both the location of the server on the internet where the first page of the document(homepage) is
stored.
HYPERMEDIA AND HYPERTEXT

 Hypermedia is a style of building systems for organizing structuring and accessing information
around a network of multimedia nodes connected together by links.
The hypermedia document may include a large amount of index text which are linke to some other
documents.
The hypermedia systems can distinguish into generations as follows:first generation hypertext system were mainframe based, text only ststems for augmenting the
performance of information processing environment, storing the whole worlds literature of
for supporting traditional writing and reading.
Transition from hypertext to hypermedia took place with the second generation systems. These
systems were quite similar in concept with first generation hypertext systems, but they were
workstations and PC based, with more sophisticated graphics intervace and support to other
forms of information such as graphics, sound, animation, video.

I.

II.

A. Data Model
Nodes are the primitive unit for organizing information in hypermedia network.
Nodes function as collections of primitive instructors of data which are bind together in order to
provide a coherent information abstraction to existing information space.
Links implement the direct interconnections between.
They are anchored to a departure node and provide the hypermedia user the ability to activate them
and move to the destination node.
Links are associated with parts of departure nodes rather than with the node as a whole.

(HYPERMEDIA GRAPH)

NODE

NODE

NODE

NODE E

NODE

B. PROCESS CUBMODEL
Navigation is the primary means of access information in hypermedia network.
The basic characteristics of navigational access are that users navigate by self motivation without
having any external navigation aid.
We can also backtrack to the previously visited node.
HYPERMEDIA STRUCTURE
The property of hypermedia is non-linear information system.
Here nodes may contain sound, graphics, text and other related information. While links are
connection between the conceptual elements.

Link
Link

Link

Link

Link

Link

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The hypermedia structure may be divided into three layers, i.e. the runtime, storage and within
component layer.
The runtime layer is concerned with final presentation of documents.
The within component layer contains the nodes or the atomic container of the media objects inside
document.
This layer represents the individual items contained in the document.
The storage layer provides the hypertext structure of a document.

Runtime
Presentation specification

Storage
anchoring

Within component

(Hypermedia layer)
The storage layer is related to the within component layer through anchoring which enables media
type independent linking of media content.
The presentation specification layer defines how the contents of the storage.
At the upper layer, the presentation layer, all the functions connected to the user interface are
embedded. Here nodes links are mapped to the parts of the document are visualized.
The storage layer define the overall structure of the document itself, independent of the documents
presentation or the storage of its content

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DIGITAL LIBRARIES

Though digital library we can access information online.

All information stored in such libraries is in digital form.
Multimedia documents are an integral part of the digital library concept.
Text-based information may be available as formatted or unformatted text files.
Older documents are made available by scanning the pages as still images and transmitting them as
image file.
Publishing & library management functions can be combined. Almost all aspects of publishing can
be done via networks.
Authors can submit the electronic version of script to the publisher.