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Quetion Commsim
Quetion Commsim
ANS: In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied according to the
modulating signal.
2. What is the range of carrier used in AM?
ANS: 00 Hz to 1500 KHz.
3. Which modulation is used for video signals?
ANS: Amplitude modulation is used for video signals.
4. What are the types of amplitude modulation?
ANS: The various types of amplitude modulation are:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
carrier
Modulation index,
h=
M
A .
10 Define modulation?
ANS: Modulation is a process by which some characteristics of high frequency carrier signal is
varied in accordance with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal.
11 .What are the types of analog modulation?
ANS:1. Amplitude modulation. 2.Angle Modulation 3. Frequency modulation.
12.Define depth of modulation.
ANS: It is defined as the ratio between message amplitude to that of carrier amplitude.
m=Em/Ec
13. What are the degrees of modulation?
ANS: Under modulation. m<1
Critical modulation m=1
Over modulation m>1
FREQUENCY MODULATION
station on the
4.What Are 4G Modulation Frequencies?
ANS: The 4G modulation frequencies are a range of wireless frequencies used in
parallel to transfer data and facilitate voice calls. 4G's modulation frequency band
ranges from 2 to 8 GHz
5.What is high frequency modulation?
ANS: Frequency modulation is a method of impressing an audio frequency signal
onto a radio frequency carrier wave, by changing the frequency of the carrier wave in
response to the audio
6.What is frequency modulation?
ANS: The encoding of a carrier wave by variation of its frequency in accordance with
an input signal.
7. What do you understand by narrowband FM?
ANS: When the modulation index is less than 1, the angle modulated systems are called
low index. The bandwidth requirement of low index systems is approximately twice of
the modulating signal frequency. Therefore low index systems are called narrowband FM
8. Why Armstrong method of FM is superior to reactance modulator?
ANS: Reactance modulator is direct FM, where as Armstrong method is indirect FM.
Armstrong method generates FM from PM. Hence crystal oscillators can be used in
Armstrong method. Therefore frequency stability is better than reactance modulator.
9. Differentiate between narrow band FM and wideband FM ?
ANS: In narrow band FM, the frequency deviation is very small. Hence the frequency spectrum
consists of two major sidebands like AM. Other sidebands are negligible and hence they can be
neglected. Therefore the bandwidth of narrowband FM is limited only to twice of the highest
modulating frequency.
10. State Carsons rule of FM bandwidth?
ANS: Carsons rule of FM bandwidth is given as, BW = 2( + fm (max))
Here is the maximum frequency deviation and fm (max)) is the maximum signal frequency.
11. What is direct FM?
ANS: In this type of angle modulation, the frequency of the carrier is varied directly by the
modulating signal. This means; an instantaneous frequency deviation is directly proportional to
amplitude of the modulating signal
12. What is indirect FM?
ANS: In this type of angle modulation, FM is obtained by phase modulation of the carrier. This
means, an instantaneous phase of the carrier directly proportional to amplitude of the modulating
signal
PAM
PPM
Leading-Trailing
edge
modulation
4.Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)?
ANS: In this variation of the modulation process the modulating signal alters the position of the
pulse from its normal centre position. The position of the pulse is proportional to the
instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal.
PWM
QUESTION-ANSWER:
1. What is the other name for PWM?
ANS: Pulse duration modulation.
2. Define PWM?
ANS: In PWM, width of the pulse depends on the amplitude of the input signal. The amplitude
and position of the pulse remains constant.
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of PWM?
ANS: Advantages of PWM:
a) Noise interference is less
b) No need of synchronization between transmitter and receiver.
Disadvantages of PWM:
a) Power requirement varies from pulse to pulse
b) Bandwidth requirement is more than PAM.
4. What are the applications of PWM?
ANS: PWM is used to generate PPM.
5. Define PPM.
ANS: In PPM, the position of the pulse depends on the amplitude of the modulating signal. The
amplitude and width of the pulse remains constant.
6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of PPM?
ANS:1.Advantages of PPM: Power requirement for each and every pulses are the same only.
2.Disadvantages of PPM: Synchronization between the transmitter and receiver is needed.
Bandwidth requirement is larger comparing with PAM.
7. What are the applications of PPM?
ANS: Short distance synchronous communication.
8. What are the types of PWM?
ANS: a. Trailing edge modulation
modulation
DELTA MODULATION AND DPSK
QUESTION ANSWER:
1. ASK is
a) Amplitude shift keying
b) Amplitude shift keyboard
c) Amplitude shine keying
d) none of these
ANS: A
2. In general, networks designed to transmit primarily computer data are likely to be ________,
wile networks designed to transmit voice data are likely to be ________.
a. slow, fast
a. digital, analog
a. level 1, level 2
a. direct, indirect
a. numeric, musical
Answers: b
3. Digital computer data can be transmitted over a traditional telephone network by using a
special device called a:
a. digitizer
a. analog converter
a. protocol converter
a. modem
a. codec
Answers: d
4. Which of the following is not a key advantage of digital transmission?
a. It is more secure.
a. It is simpler to integrate voice, video, and data on the same circuit.
a. It permits minimum transmission rates.
a. It produces fewer errors.
a. It is more efficient.
Answers: c
5. Most newer long distance telephone circuits built by the common carriers over the past
decade use:
a. digital transmission
a. copper wire
a. analog transmission
a. infrared linking
a. spread spectrum transmission
Answers: a
6. Analog is also called:
a. baseband
a. broadband
a. loudness
a. asynchronous
a. synchronous
Answers: b
7. Digital is also called:
a. baseband
a. broadband
a. asynchronous
a. synchronous
a. pitch
Answers: a
8. In which of the following systems is data represented by measurements on a continuous
scale?
a. analog
a. digital
a. asynchronous
a. synchronous
a. integrated
Answers: a
9. In which of the following systems is data represented by the transmission of discrete signals
over a transmission channel?
a. analog
a. broadband
a. digital
a. integrated
a. synchronous
Answers: c
10. _____________ is not a form of modulation used to transform digital data into analog
signals.
a. amplitude shift keying
a. statistical time division
a. amplitude modulation
a. frequency modulation
a. phase modulation
Answers: b,
11. AM stands for:
a. Analog Modem
a. Anomaly Multiplexing
a. Asynchronous Modem
a. Amplitude Modulation
a. Analytical Modem
Answers: d
12. In which type of modulation is a 1 distinguished from a 0 by the number of waves
transmitted in the same unit of time?
a. bandwidth modulation
a. amplitude modulation
a. frequency modulation
a. phase modulation
a. codec modulation
Answers: c
13. ____________ is a modulation technique that combines amplitude and phase modulation to
send four bits per wave, or symbol.
a. time division multiplexing
a. pulse code modulation
a. synchronous digital line control
a. quadrature amplitude modulation
a. baseband signaling
Answers: d
14.On-off keying is the modulation scheme used for the majority of optical-fiber communication
systems. This scheme is an example of ____________________.
a. binary frequency shift keying
b. binary phase shift keying
c. binary continuous-phase frequency shift keying
d. binary amplitude shift keying
Answers: d
ASK
QUESTION ANSWER :
1. What is the difference between PSK and FSK?
ANS: In PSK, phase of the carrier is switched according to input bit sequence. In FSK frequency
of the carrier is switched according to input bit sequence. FSK needs double of the bandwidth of
PSK.
2. What is meant by coherent ASK?
ANS: In coherent ASK, correlation receiver is used to detect the signal. Locally generated carrier
is correlated with incoming ASK signal. The locally generated carrier is in exact phase with the
transmitted carrier. Coherent ASK is also called as synchronous ASK.
3. What is the major advantage of coherent PSK over coherent ASK?
ANS: ASK is on-off signalling, where as the modulated carrier is continuously transmitted in
PSK. Hence peak power requirement is more ASK, whereas it is reduced in case of PSK.
4. Explain the model of bandpass digital data transmission system?
ANS: The bandpass digital data transmission system consists of source, encoder and modulator
in the transmitter. Similarly receiver, decoder and destination form the transmitter.
9. What is baseband signal receiver?
ANS: A baseband signal receiver increases the signal to noise ratio at the instant of sampling.
This reduces the probability of error. The baseband signal receiver is also called optimum
receiver.
10. What is matched filter?
ANS: The matched filter is a baseband signal receiver, which works in presence of white
Gaussian noise. The impulse response of the matched response of the matched filter is matched
to the shape pf the input signal.
11. What is the value of maximum signal to noise ratio of the matched filter? When it becomes
maximum?
ANS: Maximum signal to noise ratio is the ratio of energy to psd of white noise. i.e., max = E/
(N0/2)
This maximum value occurs at the end of bit duration i.e. Tb.
PSK
QUESTION ANSWER:
1. What is the need for BER?
ANS: Bit error Rate is the empirical record of Systems actual bit error performance.
2. What is Phase Shift Keying (PSK)?
ANS.PSK (Phase Shift Keying) is a way to transmit data digitally. The phase of the transmitted
signal carries the data. Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation scheme that conveys
data by changing, or modulating, the phase of a reference signal (the carrier wave).
3. What is 8 phase shift keying?
ANS.8 phase shift keying is a complex form of digital modulation by altering a sine wave and a
cosine wave: shifting their phase.
4. What is phase-shift keying?
ANS.A
form
of phase modulation
in
which
the
modulating
QPSK
QUESTION ANSWER:
1. Give the equation for average probability of symbol error for coherent binary PSK.
ANS. Average probability of signal error,
Pe = 1 / 2 erfc Eb / No
2. Define QPSK.
ANS. QPSK is Quadriphase shift keying. In QPSK the phase of the carrier takes on one of the
four equally spaced values Such as /4 , 3 /4, 5 /4 and 7 /4.
3. Define Dibit.
ANS. dibits 10, 00, 01 & 11.
ANS. When the carrier is being transmitted it has constant amplitude, constant frequency and
constant phase.
8.Define Bit rate?
ANS. The rate of change at the input to the modulator is called bit rate and is expressed in bits
per second.
9.Define Baud?
ANS. Baud is the rate of change and is equal to the reciprocal of one signaling element.
10.Define Phase reversal keying?
ANS. Since Phase of the output carrier shifts between two phases PSK is also called as Phase
reversal keying.
11.What is Offset QPSK?
ANS. IT is a modified form of QPSK where the bit waveforms on the I and Q channels are offset
or phase shifted in phase from each other one by one half of a bit time.
12. What is eight phase PSK?
ANS. Eight Phase PSK (8-PSK) is an M-ary encoding technique where M=8.
13.What is the need of maximum distance code?
ANS. It is used to reduce the number of transmission errors.
14.What is Quad bits?
ANS. A 16 bit PSK modulator acts on the incoming data in groups of four bit is called Quad bits.
15.Define DPSK?
ANS. DPSK is the difference between two successive signaling element rather than the absolute
phase.
16.What is the need for BER?
ANS. Bit error Rate is the empirical record of Systems actual bit error performance.