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Dawn (Spacecraft)
Dawn (Spacecraft)
Dawn (Spacecraft)
2 Scientic background
The mission is managed by NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory, with major components contributed by European
partners from the Netherlands, Italy and Germany. It is
the rst NASA exploratory mission to use ion propulsion
to enter orbits; previous multi-target missions using conventional drives, such as the Voyager program, were re- True-to-scale comparison of Vesta, Ceres, and Earths moon
stricted to ybys.[2]
1
1.1
Project history
Initial cancellations
3 OBJECTIVES
Objectives
4.4
Payload
Specications
4.1
Dimensions
3
back-up copy put on display at the 2007 Open House
event at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.
With its solar array in the retracted launch position, the 4.4
Dawn spacecraft is 2.36 meters (7.7 ft) long. With its solar arrays fully extended, Dawn is 19.7 m (65 ft) long.[28]
Total area of solar arrays is 36.4 m2 (392 sq ft).[29]
4.2
Payload
Propulsion system
4.3
Microchip
NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory provided overall planning and management of the mission, the ight system and scientic payload development, and provided
the Ion Propulsion System. Orbital Sciences Corporation provided the spacecraft, which constituted the companys rst interplanetary mission. The Max Planck
Institute for Solar System Research and the German
Aerospace Center (DLR) provided the framing cameras, the Italian Space Agency provided the mapping
spectrometer, and the Los Alamos National Laboratory
provided the gamma ray and neutron spectrometer.[2]
Framing camera (FC) The framing camera
uses 20 mm aperture, f/7.9 refractive optical system with a focal length of 150 mm.[41][42] A frametransfer charge-coupled device (CCD), a Thomson TH7888A,[42] at the focal plane has 1024
1024 sensitive 93-rad pixels, yielding a 5.5 x 5.5
eld of view. An 8-position lter wheel permits
panchromatic (clear lter) and spectrally selective
imaging (7 narrow band lters). The broadest lter allows imaging at wavelengths ranging from 400
5 MISSION SUMMARY
to 1050 nm. In addition, the framing camera will
acquire images for optical navigation while in the
vicinities of Vesta and Ceres. The FC computer is
a custom radiation-hardened Xilinx system with a
LEON2 core and 8 GiB of memory.[42] The camera
will oer resolutions of 17 m/pixel for Vesta and 66
m/pixel for Ceres.[42] Because the framing camera is
vital for both science and navigation, the payload has
two identical and physically separate cameras (FC1
& FC2) for redundancy, each with its own optics,
electronics, and structure.[2][43]
5 Mission summary
5.1 Launch preparations
On April 10, 2007, the spacecraft arrived at the Astrotech Space Operations subsidiary of SPACEHAB,
Inc. in Titusville, Florida, where it was prepared for
launch.[52][53] The launch was originally scheduled for
June 20, but was delayed until June 30 due to delays
with part deliveries.[54] A broken crane at the launch pad,
used to raise the solid rocket boosters, further delayed the
launch for a week, until July 7; prior to this, on June 15,
the second stage was successfully hoisted into position.[55]
A mishap at the Astrotech Space Operations facility, involving slight damage to one of the solar arrays, did not
have an eect on the launch date; however, bad weather
caused the launch to slip to July 8. Range tracking problems then delayed the launch to July 9, and then July 15.
Launch planning was then suspended in order to avoid
conicts with the Phoenix mission to Mars, which was
successfully launched on August 4.
5.2 Launch
5.4
Vesta approach
delaying fueling of the second stage, the same problem that delayed the July 7 launch attempt. The launch
window extended from 07:2007:49 EDT (11:2011:49
GMT).[59] During the nal built-in hold at T4 minutes,
a ship entered the exclusion area oshore, the strip of
ocean where the rocket boosters were likely to fall after
separation. After commanding the ship to leave the area,
the launch was required to wait for the end of a collision avoidance window with the International Space Station.[60] Dawn nally launched from pad 17-B at the Cape
Canaveral Air Force Station on a Delta 7925-H rocket[61]
at 07:34 EDT,[62][63][64] reaching escape velocity with the
help of a spin-stabilized solid-fueled third stage.[65][66]
Thereafter, Dawns ion thrusters took over.
5.3
5
tied. The root cause of the event was reported to be a
software programming error.[70]
To cruise from Earth to its targets, Dawn traveled in an
elongated outward spiral trajectory. NASA posts and
continually updates the current location and status of
Dawn online.[71] The actual Vesta chronology and estimated Ceres chronology are as follows:[1]
September 27, 2007: launch
February 17, 2009: Mars gravity assist
July 16, 2011: Vesta arrival and capture
August 1131, 2011: Vesta survey orbit
September 29, 2011 November 2, 2011: Vesta
rst high altitude orbit
After initial checkout, during which the ion thrusters accumulated more than 11 days of thrust, Dawn began longterm cruise propulsion on December 17, 2007.[67] On Oc
tober 31, 2008, Dawn completed its rst thrusting phase
to send it on to Mars for a gravity assist yby in February
Vesta approach
As Dawn approached Vesta, the Framing Camera instrument took progressively higher-resolution images, which
were published online and at news conferences by NASA
and MPI.
Vesta from 265,000 km, June 14, 2011
Vesta from 152,000 km, June 24, 2011
Vesta from 100,000 km, July 1, 2011
Vesta from 41,000 km, July 9, 2011
On May 3, 2011, Dawn acquired its rst targeting image,
1,200,000 km from Vesta, and began its approach phase
to the asteroid.[72] On June 12, Dawns speed relative to
Vesta was slowed in preparation for its orbital insertion
34 days later.[73][74]
Greyscale NIR image of Mars (northwest Tempe Terra), taken by
Dawn during its 2009 yby
5 MISSION SUMMARY
could not be conrmed, since it depended on Vestas mass ify their activities upon arrival at Ceres for close range
distribution, which was not precisely known and at that geographical survey mapping. The Dawn team will oritime had only been estimated.[77]
ent the probe by what they have stated is a hybrid
mode. This mode will utilize both reaction wheels and
ion thrusters. Engineers have determined that the hybrid
5.5 Vesta orbit
mode will conserve fuel. On November 13, 2013, during
the transit, in a test preparation, Dawn engineers comAfter being captured by Vestas gravity and entering its pleted a 27-hour-long series of exercises of said hybrid
orbit on July 16, 2011,[78] Dawn moved to a lower, closer mode.[97]
orbit by running its xenon-ion engine using solar power.
On August 2, it paused its spiralling approach to en- On September 11, 2014, Dawn's ion thrusting unexpectter a 69-hour survey orbit at an altitude of 2,750 km. edly halted and the probe began operating in a triggered
It assumed a 12.3-hour high-altitude mapping orbit at safe mode. To avoid a lapse in propulsion, the mission
680 km on September 27, and nally entered a 4.3- team hastily exchanged the active ion engine and electrihour low-altitude mapping orbit at 210 km on December cal controller with another. The team stated that they had
a plan in place to revive this disabled component later in
8.[79][80][81]
2014. The controller in the ion propulsion system may
have been damaged by a high-energy particle of radia Image of Vesta from 16,000 km, July 17, 2011
tion. Upon exiting the safe mode on September 15, the
Image from 10,500 km, July 18, 2011
probe resumed normal ion thrusting.[98]
Image from 5,200 km, July 23, 2011
Results
7
February 3 and 25, March 1, and April 10 and 15) and
two full rotation observation sessions (RC12, on February 12 and 19) are planned before full observation begins
with orbital capture. The gap in March and early April
is when Ceres appears too close to the sun from Dawn 's
vantage point to take pictures safely.[101]
5.8
Ceres orbit
5.9
Mission conclusion
See also
7 References
[1] GSpace Topics: Dawn. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
[2] Rayman, Marc; Fraschetti, Raymond, Russell (April 5,
2006). Dawn: A mission in development for exploration
of main belt asteroids Vesta and Ceres. Acta Astronautica 58 (11): 605616. Bibcode:2006AcAau..58..605R.
doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2006.01.014. Retrieved April
14, 2011.
[3] Dawn Spacecraft Successfully Launched. NASA.
September 27, 2007. Retrieved November 9, 2013
[4] NASAs Dawn Spacecraft Begins Science Orbits of
Vesta. NASA. August 1, 2011. Retrieved August 6,
2011.
[5] Alan Boyle (March 6, 2015), Dawn Spacecraft Slips Quietly Into Orbit Around Dwarf Planet Ceres, NBC News,
retrieved March 6, 2015
[6] Asteroid Fact Sheet. NASA. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
[7] Dawn Journal. NASA/JPL. December 29, 2014. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
[8] Landau, Elizabeth; Brown, Dwayne (March 6, 2015).
NASA Spacecraft Becomes First to Orbit a Dwarf
Planet. NASA. Retrieved March 6, 2015.
[9] Rayman, Marc (6 March 2015). Dawn Journal: Ceres
Orbit Insertion!". Planetary Society. Retrieved 6 March
2015.
[10] NASAs Dawn Spacecraft Hits Snag on Trip to 2 Asteroids. Space.com. August 15, 2012. Retrieved August
27, 2012.
[11] Dawn Gets Extra Time to Explore Vesta. NASA. April
18, 2012. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
REFERENCES
[28] Mission Overview. NASA Dawn Mission Overview. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
[29] Scott W. Benson (November 8, 2007). Solar Power for
Outer Planets Study (PDF). NASA. Retrieved November
27, 2014.
[30] Dawn Mission. NASA JPL. Retrieved July 18, 2011.
[31] Dawn, Ion Propulsion. NASA. Retrieved September
28, 2007.
[32] Dawn, Spacecraft. NASA. Retrieved September 28,
2007.
[33] Dawn Solar Arrays. Dutch Space. 2007. Retrieved July
18, 2011.
[34] Dawn: Mission description. UCLA Space Physics Center. October 17, 2006. Retrieved September 28, 2007.
[35] Watanabe, Susan (July 5, 2007). Dawn: Spacecraft &
Instruments. NASA. Retrieved August 10, 2006.
[36] Dawn Lifts O. National Geographic Society. Retrieved September 28, 2007.
[66] Rayman, Marc D. (August 24, 2008). Dear Dawnivores. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
[67] Rayman, Marc D. Dawn Journal: December 17, 2007.
JPL. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
[68] Rayman, Marc D. Dawn Journal: Aiming away from a
bulls eye at Mars. The Planetary Society. Archived
from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved November
9, 2013.
[69] Malik, Tariq (February 18, 2009). Asteroid-Bound
Probe Zooms Past Mars. Space.com. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
[70] Dawn Receives Gravity Assist from Mars. NASA/JPL.
February 28, 2009. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
[71] Dawn Spacecraft Current Location. Retrieved July 18,
2011.
[72] NASAs Dawn Captures First Image of Nearing Asteroid. NASA. May 11, 2011. Retrieved September 1,
2012.
[74] View of Vesta from Dawn. NASA/JPL MYSTIC simulator (updated periodically). Retrieved September 1,
2012.
NASA.
NASA.
[75] Wall, Mike (July 16, 2011). NASA Spacecraft Now Orbiting Huge Asteroid Vesta ... Hopefully. Space.com.
Retrieved July 17, 2011.
[76] Amos, Jonathan (July 17, 2011). Dawn probe orbits asteroid Vesta. BBC. Retrieved January 22, 2015.
[77] Vega, Priscilla; Brown, Dwayne (July 16, 2011).
NASAs Dawn Spacecraft Enters Orbit Around Asteroid
Vesta. NASA. Retrieved July 17, 2011.
[78] Russell, C. T. et. al.; Raymond, C. A.; Coradini, A.; McSween, H. Y.; Zuber, M. T.; Nathues, A.; De Sanctis, M.
C.; Jaumann, R.; Konopliv, A. S.; Preusker, F.; Asmar,
S. W.; Park, R. S.; Gaskell, R.; Keller, H. U.; Mottola,
S.; Roatsch, T.; Scully, J. E. C.; Smith, D. E.; Tricarico,
P.; Toplis, M. J.; Christensen, U. R.; Feldman, W. C.;
Lawrence, D. J.; McCoy, T. J.; Prettyman, T. H.; Reedy,
R. C.; Sykes, M. E.; Titus, T. N. (May 11, 2012). Dawn
at Vesta: Testing the Protoplanetary Paradigm. Science
336 (6082): 684686. doi:10.1126/science.1219381.
Retrieved August 7, 2014.
[79] Dawn Mission: Mission Status: 2011. JPL.
[80] The Dawn Mission to Vesta and Ceres. Space Science Reviews, Volume 163, Numbers 1-4 (2011), 323, DOI: 10.1007/s11214-011-9836-2, via SpringerLink.
Retrieved September 11, 2012.
[81] 2011: The Dawn of Vesta Science (PDF). Spacegrant.org. September 2011. Retrieved November 9,
2013.
10
REFERENCES
[87] Scully, J. E. C. et.al. (2014). Sub-Curvilinear Gullies [100] New Horizons Mission Timeline. JHUAPL.edu. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
Interpreted As Evidence For Transient Water Flow On
Vesta. 45th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.
Universities Space Research Association. Retrieved Au- [101] Dawn Journal January 29. NASA. January 29, 2015.
gust 7, 2014.
Retrieved February 13, 2015.
[88] Dawn probe spies possible water-cut gullies on Vesta.
[102] NASAs Dawn Fills out its Ceres Dance Card. NASA.
BBC. December 6, 2012. Retrieved December 8, 2012.
December 3, 2013. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
[89] Dawn departs Vesta to become rst asteroid hopper.
New Scientist. September 6, 2012. Retrieved November [103] McCord, Thomas B.; Castillo-Rogez, Julie; Rivkin, Andy
(2011). The Dawn Mission to Minor Planets 4 Vesta and
9, 2013.
1 Ceres - Ceres: Its Origin, Evolution and Structure and
[90] Dawn Engineers Assess Reaction Wheel. NASA/JPL.
Dawns Potential Contribution. p. 63. doi:10.1007/978August 18, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2015.
1-4614-4903-4_5. ISBN 978-1-4614-4902-7.
[91] "'Dawn has departed the giant asteroid Vesta'".
[104] Dawn Journal February 25. NASA. February 25, 2015.
NASA/JPL. September 5, 2012.
Retrieved March 1, 2015.
[92] Sta, Space.com. NASAs Dawn Spacecraft Says Goodbye to Giant Asteroid Vesta. Yahoo.com. Retrieved [105] Dawn Journal February 28. NASA. February 28, 2014.
September 6, 2012.
Retrieved February 13, 2015.
[93] Williams, D. A.; Yingst, R. A.; Garry, W. B. (December
[106] Mid-continent Research for Education and Learning:
2014). Introduction: The geologic mapping of Vesta.
McREL. Dawn Mission: Mission > Dawn Journal:
Icarus 244: 112. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.03.001.
November 30, 2013. nasa.gov.
[94] Scully, J. E. C.; Yin, A.; Russell, C. T.; Buczkowski, D. L.;
Williams, D. A.; Blewett, D. T.; Ruesch, O.; Hiesinger, [107] Dawn spacecraft gets an eyeful of dwarf planet Ceres.
BBC. January 19, 2015. Retrieved January 20, 2015.
H.; Le Corre, L.; Mercer, C.; Yingst, R. A.; Garry, W.
11
External links
Dawn mission home page at JPL
Dawn mission home page at NASA
Visible and Infrared Spectrometer Instrument at
INAF (Istituto Nazionale di Astrosica)
Dawn Framing Camera at Max Planck Institute for
Solar System Research
Gamma Ray and Neutron Spectrometer for Dawn,
short paper on the instrument, from 37th Lunar and
Planetary Science Conference
http://dawndata.igpp.ucla.edu
data here
Download
Dawn
12
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