Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1435
1435
degree
1990
Approved by:
, ~ h e s i sConunittee
Majof Robert E. Lee, M.A.
-,I
CL
. . , \:
~acob-?
!J
k 5q
Chairman
, Second Reader
Kipp, ~h$$.
, Third Reader
Colonel David M. ~lantx,-.A.
/@h7i
/
, Director, Graduate
Degree Programs
&$'r&LL
ABSTRACT
Tom Gervasi.
strength.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part One
35
Part Two
42
Part Three
51
Part Four
56
APPENDICES
GLOSSARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LIST OF TABLES
APPENDIX A
Disputed Facts Between Soviet
Military Power and Mr. Gervasi
Compared With Other Sources
Disputed Numerical Facts
73
82
APPENDIX B
Examples of References
Corroborating Gervasi's Statements
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
Research Ouestion
Is
capabilities?
Backaround.
This
distribution.
It's
USSR's militarydevelopments.
It is designed to assist
It provides a
military capabilities.
defense policy.
force^".^
He
He currently is the
and others.
defense journalist".'
following:
Power.
annotations.
In Gervasi's words,
He makes the
"r
Again
in Gervasi's words:
Reagan administration.
Gervasi
Military Power:
Purpose of Thesis
valid.
preface.
Military Power.
The
health of a democracy.
Assum~tions.
(2) Gervasi's
can have an
Limitations.
..
The
Delimitations.
It
The Gervasi
Decisions are
programs.
Political
However, if
This
END NOTES
CHAPTER ONE
'~epartment of Defense
Soviet Military Power - 1987.
Washington, D.C.:
Government Printing Office, 1982. p. 5.
'Gervasi,
Tom
v.
New Cork, NY:
3 n ~
Review of Soviet Military Power *The Peatason's
Pro~aqandaDocument. Annotated and Corrected" Booklist,
May 1, 1988, p. 1463.
p. VI.
'Gervasi
p. V.
'~ervasi p. V.
'Gervasi
p. 126
'~ervasi p. 5.
Review of Literature
Sources
individual authors.
agency.
Power.
congress.'
Several
armed forces.
The December
Other
Agency.
It considers itself an
and trends.
to defense issues.
This institute is
David
Soviet army.
warfare.
(6)
Its publications
Soviet Union.
and isolationism.
(8)
nation.
(10)
Inside the
design of equipment.
'
the world.
The
initiatives.
weapons systems.
Book Reviews
books.
research methodology
Michael
Pentagon.
But it states
."'
figures
It listed several
Gervasi 8
17
recent books:
..
The
Military Supremacp:
,.a
is unpalatablern 12
Choice was especially critical of Gervasi's
philosophical bias:
author's persuasion."
observed:
END NOTES
CHAPTER TWO
l~ervasi
, Tom
Soviet Militarv Power *The Pentauon's
Propasanda Document, Annotated and Corrected. New York, NY:
Vintage Books, 1987. p. VI.
*Gervasi p. VI.
James 2.
p. 51.
lk~ipp,
Jacob W. "A Review of The Myth of Soviet Military
Su~remacv" Air University Review, January-March 1987.
pp. 93-94.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Many of the
categories:
incorrect.
"corrected" number.
forces: There
5.
21
Military Power.
statements, Soviet
OM
This study
method of comparing
military analysts.
By focusing on those
and deceptive.
analysts.
previous steps.
draw conclusions.
Department.
By
Jane's volumes
Sovietis
a massive
system.
For
speed.
tank.
Neither
For
That same
.'
ensure consistency.
Occasionally Western
capabilities.
differences of opinion.
END NOTES
CHAPTER THREE
'Gervasi, Tom
Soviet Military Power *The Pentason's
ro~agandaLlocument. Annotated and Corrected. New York, NY:
gintage Books, 1988. p . 73.
'1sby. David Weapons and Tactics of the Soviet Army.
London, U.K.:
1987, p. 209.
bid,
p. 559
CHAPTER FOUR
Soviet Military
others.
The p ~ b l ~ c a t i oof
n
there was
28
The overwhelming
their missiles.
narrowing.
on their
missiles. 2
On July 1, 1970, several members of the Blue Ribbon
number of
trend^".^
States.
!'
strategic goals.
29
g.6
went through a
Meanwhile, the
forces.
"'
1981.
The
This comparative
Some
foreign policy.
services. 111
factors.
policy.
Be is
unattended."16
defense policy is
END NOTES
CHAPTER FOUX
l~e~artmentof Defense
Soviet Military Power 1987.
McLean, VA:
Pergamon-Brassey's International Defense
Publishers. 1985, p. 4.
The Military
'~delman, Kenneth L.
"Arms Control With and Without
'~ee, William
T.
Soviet Defense Expenditures.
p. 11.
"~ziak, John J.
Soviet Perceptions of Military Power:
ll~epartmentof Defense
Soviet Mil itarv Power 1981.
D.C.:
l2~aufman,
William W. Defense in the 1980's. Washington,
"~ervasi, Tom
Soviet Militarv Power *The Pentason's
Propasanda Document, Annotated and Corrected. New York, NY:
Vintage Books, 1987, p. 143.
14whenceThe Threat To Peace. Yoscow, U.S.S.R. : Military
Publishing House, 1987, p. 3.
33
"Gervasi
p . 145.
1 6 ~ e r v a s i pp. V - V I .
"Gervasi
p . 145.
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION
Military Power.
Power.
valid.
Additionally, he detracts
propaganda.
editorial comments.
35
Gervasi is not
of the
u.s.'
military.
fairly examined.
In fact,
But in these
In
Soviet Military
.'
and Soviet
It also
Gervasi responds
armed forces:
technology applications."
aviation capabilities."
by any country."12
Power's
But it is inaccurate
They
a distortion that the Soviets have more power than the U.S.
capability.
By omitting
Again, Gervasi
In
analysis:
Diesel Submarines
small numbers".
following statement:
The Soviets
defense analysts:
T-64-style autoloader."
Artillery
Gervasi's
There are
Militarv Power
A review of these
In
Backfire was listed as 5500 Km., for the Badger, 2900 Km.,
than one-fourth.
Soviet
The
12-17%.21
to propaganda,"
Gervasi
data.
Power.
others.
However
ranges given.
capability."
Artillery
28,500 meters.
27,000 meters. I5
in part:
are 14.
14.~'
They
note that the Poseidon has 10 MIRVs, but that they can
SS-11
An
The
being compared:
Self-Pro~elledGuns
kilometers".
Gervasi
(257) gun.
30 km.
as 59,000.
He elaborates,
vehicles at 79,900.~'
dated:
Gervasi
The International
Power.
The
47
1987. 36
Submarine-Launched Missiles
main gun."
On page 58,
Gervasi states that "we are the only ones with a strategic
bomber force."
the "165 Bear and Bison bombers which make up the Soviet
Soviet
Sergey Sokolov.
"Wrong.
On
incident.
Mobile Missiles
The
1990's--somewhat
If he
World Defense
Gervasi predicted
PART THREE-Deception
deception.
Illustrations
deceptive.
I i e is correct
as being deceptive:
total weapons.
It is
weapons.
each.
chosen only those Soviet ships with the highest tonnage, and
In
It is
Udaloy and the Arleigh Burke have guided missiles and the
weight of 8300 M.T. and the Udaloy class weight of 8000 M.T.
ship
."
HELICOPTERS
Some comments by Gervasi seem trivial.
On page 79,
capability.
Even if Gervasi's
Reverse Deception?
that either the Soviets had greater, or the U.S. had less
Gervasi's
Therefore we must
Soviet Militarv Power did not state or imply that all Soviet
ballistic missile submarines have an ELF.
Tanker Aircraft
Again on page 35, Soviet Militarv Power states that
Aviation."
They vary
growth.
Gervasi's Asenda
noted that
Gervasi's comment to
Irrelevant Comments
A number of Gervasi's
On
statement:
57
opinions are
Gervasi
states that since the U.S. has "deployed large range cruise
The
Yazov
END NOTES
CHAPTER FIVE
l~ervasi, Tom
Soviet Military Power *The Pentaaor?'~
'Department of Defense
Soviet Military Power 1987.
'Department of Defense
Soviet Militarv Power 1987.
6~epartment of Defense
Soviet Military Power 1987
'~epartment of Defense
p. 149.
p. 150.
'Department of Defense
p. 150.
p. 150.
"Department of Defense
p. 150.
12~epartmentof Defense
p. 150.
L5~epartment
of Defense
p.
52.
London, U.K.:
Jane's Publishing Company, 1988, p. 252.
2C~epartrnentof Defense
Soviet Military Power 1987.
Washington, D.C.:
Government Printing Office, 1987, p. 10.
The
21~nternationalInstitute for strategic Studies
~ i l i t a r vBalance 1987-1988. oxford, U.K.:
Nuffield Press,
1987, p. 215.
"secretary of State for Defence Statement on the Defence
Estimates 1988.
London, 0 . .
Her Majesty's Stationery
1987, p. 55.
London, U.K.:
Jane's
Th_e
28~nternational Institute for Strategic Studies
Military Balance 1987-1988.
Oxford, U.K.: Nuffield Press,
1987, p. 202.
"~epartment of Defense
Soviet Military Power 1987.
Washington, D.C.:
Government Printing Office, 1987, p. 71.
31~ollins,John M.
U.S.-Soviet Militarv Balance 1980-
1987.
3k~ol~ins
John
,
M.
U.S. -Soviet Military Balance 1980McLean, VA: Pergamon-Brassey's International Defense
1985.
The
35~nternational Institute for Strategic Studies
Military Balance 1980-1981. Colchester, U.K.:
Spottiswoode
Ballantyne Ltd., 1981, p. 11.
The
36~nternational Institute for Strategic Studies
Military Balance 1987-1988.
Oxford, U.K.: Nuffield Press,
1987, p. 34.
London, U.K.:
Jane's
3 9 ~ s b yp. 215
4 0 ~ h e n cThe
e
Threat To Peace. Moscow, U.S.S.R. : Military
Publishing House, 1987. p. 160.
"~ervasi pp. 11-12.
Washington, D.C.:
Government Printing Office, 1987, p. 20.
46~orld
Defense Almanac
"Gervasi
p . 144.
"~epartment of Defense
p. 145.
1984-
1986,
U.K.:
5 2 ~ e p a r t m e no
t f Defense
p. 81.
S o v i e t M i l i t a r y Power 1987.
5 3 ~ e p a r t m e no
t f Defense
p. 83.
S o v i e t M i l i t a r y Power 1987.
'~epartment of Defense
p . 1.
S o v i e t M i l i t a r y Power 1987.
6 6 ~ h e n cThe
e
Threat To Peace
Publishing House, 1987, p . 95.
6 7 ~ e r v a s i p . 23.
Moscow, U . S . S . R . :
Military
CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSIONS
dispute".
comparison of U.S./Soviet
In many
Military Power.
In many
Some of his
His
His suggestion
military
facts.
The proper
,,f
Constraints on DOD
In this
case the DOD perfonns like any other government agency: the
similar functions.
Recommendations
continue.
By reducing their
keep low both the level of new systems and the will to
Jane's Soviet
national security.
The
While every
be correctly refuted.
END NOTES
CHAPTER SIX
New York,
'~ipp, Jacob W.
"Soviet Military Doctrine and
pp. 13-14.
barner, Edward L.
The Defense Policv of the Soviet
p. 83.
8Vogt.
~ i l l i a m J.
"Beyond
the
Bean
Count,
Quality/Quantity
Assessment
of
Conventional
Forces"
APPENDIX
APPENDIX A
Abbreviations:
Montpelier, VT:
August 1989.
Priorities, 1987.
1978.
Technoloa~
C h a ~ t e rOne
PAGE 9:
U.K. :15%
PAGE 17:
211/ 185
IISSp: 209
Chanter Two
PAGE 23:
nuclear weapons:
lO,OOO/ 8360
Mayers7: 9490
BAS': 10,025
PAGE 29:
Soviet ICBM Launcher and Reentry
- Vehicle (RV)
. .
Deployment :
64001 5400
Mapers9: 6395
~ollinslO: 6420
PAGE 30 :
ICBM Missile Ranges in Kilomet rs:
IISSfi ~weetmanl~~ane'sl~
U.S.S.R.
SS-11
SS-11
SS-11
SS-13
SS-17
SS-18
SS-19
SS-25
mod
mod
mod
mod
mod
mod
mod
1
2
3
2
3
4
3
U.S.
TITAN 11
MINUTEMAN 11
MINUTEMAN 111
PEACEKEEPER
120001
12500/
11000+/
11000+/
15000
12900
12900
10700
11300
12900
11000
15000
11250
13000
12000
12500
11000
8000
PAGE 32:
U.S.
590016464
Mayersl':
5632
U.S.S.R.
310012672
Mayers15: 2495
PAGE 33:
Ranges in Kilometers:
U.S.S.R.
SS-N-8 MOD I
SS-N-18 MOD I
SS-N-20
SS-N-23
U.S.
7800/
6500/
8300/
8300/
POSEIDON C-3
MIRVs
TRIDENT C-4
4000/ 4600
lo/ 14
7400/ 7800
5500
3100
7400
7400
=I5
7800
6500
8300
8300
8880
8325
7800
6500
8300
8300
4000
lo*
7400
PAGE 36:
U.S.S.R.
1 I ~ ~ ' ~ ~ w e e t m a nins2'~ane
~ ~ ~ o 1 1 'sZ2
Tu-95 Bear
3001 6270 5690
6275
8286
8285
Backfire
4000/ 2890 4430
2870
2735
2735
Black jack
73001 ?
5470
7300
M-type Bison 5600/ 4860 5100
5500
5631
5600
U.S.
FB-111
1480/ 3780 1750
depending
PAGE 38 :
U.S.S.R.
SS-NX-21
AS-15
U.S.
ALCM
Tomahawk GLCM
Tomahawk SLCM
3000/ 1200
30001 1200
I I ssZ3
3000
1800
2500/ 3900
2500/ 3900
2500/ 3900
2400
2500
2500
'fi
Jane
300025
3000
26
25002,,
2500
25002*
PAGE 41:
in Km. :
U.S.S.R.
IISS~~
NATO
Pershing I1
GLCM
Page 42:
Range of U.S.S.R.
18001 2000
2500/ 3900
1800
2500
IISS
IDR
-lo -
: Jane n s3Z
CHAPTER TIIREE
PAGE 59:
U.S.S.R.
MiG-31 F o x h ~ u n d;ange-
YaK-28 Firebar
max sgeed ( - U C H )
MiG-29 Fulcrum
armament (AAMs)
U.S.
F-15A Eagle
F-15C Eagle
combat radius
F-16 Falcon
14501
lOOO/
15001
11501
2.3/
~ o linsU
l
~ a n e 's34
740
650
1300
930
2.2
1480
1017
1249
1295
2.3
1450
725
1500
1300
2.025
PAGE 60:
300/ 30
300+ (as of mid 1987)
CHAPTER FOUR
Page 71:
Number of U.S.S.R.
Armored Vehi-cles:
PAGE 72:
Range of Selected Artillery in meters:
PAGE 73 :
USSR
weight
muzzle velocity
36MT/ 30MT
1500/ 1400
3 6MT
1415
T-62
muzzle velocity
1600/ 780
1615: HVAPFSDS
780:
780: OF-11 FRAG-HE
T-64
speed km/h
muzzle velocity
801 60
1750/ 1600
70
850-1680
T-72
muzzle velocity
1750/ 1600
850-1680
T-80
speed
muzzle velocity
901 60
17501 1600
70
850-1680
PAGE 78:
Tactical Aircraft:
U.S.S.R.
Su-24 Fencer
combat radius
1300/ 1100
2.3/ 2.2
-
1150/ 930
1.7/ 1.6
Su-17 Fitter
max speed MACH
2.1/ 1.8
combat radius
550/ 480
900/ 740
MiG-21 Fishbed L
750/ 500
Tactical Aircraft
0.s.:
F-111
combat radius
1100/ 3000
armament KG
4000/ 10000
F-15E
max speed MACH
2.5/ 2.54
F-16A/C
2.0/ 2.12
1300
PAGE 79:
Jane's 14
U.S.S.R. :
Mi-24/HIND
320/ 295
310
AH-IT/Sea Cobra
speed KM/H
260/ 290
277
AH-IS/Huey Cobra
speed KM/H
260/ 290
227
radius KM
230/ 288
253
UH-1 Iroquois
radius
200/ 330
255
troop lift
9/ 15
u.s.:
speed KM/H
280/ 320
troop lift
11-14
315
35/ 55
55
260/ 320
296
300/ 335
300
CH-47D/Chinook
speed KM/H
260/ 300
278
troop lift
33/ 44
44
W-60A/Black Hawk
speed KM/H
radius KM
PAGE 84:
550/ 460
Jane'sg: 550
PAGE 89:
PAGE 97:
55 Million/ 27 Million
IISS':
55 Million
PAGE 98:
U.S.S.R.
An-22/Cock
maximum payload MT
range XM
number in inventory
I1 -76/Candid
maximun payload MT
range
KM
number in inventory
U.S.
C-SB/Galaxy
range KM
~ w e e t m a nJane'
~ ~
sSo
80
80
5000
5000
55
Chapter Six
PAGE 107 :
Soviet Tank Production:
3000/ 950
~ o l l i n s ~3000
~:
Horsepower produced by
1000/ 780
Isby':
900-980
Page 121:
24,400/ 9,370
U.K.'~: 24,400
Preface
SMP:
-
"fifth-generation" ICBM.
PAGE 11:
SMP:
-
PAGE 20:
SMP:
-
CHAPTER TWO
PAGE 25:
SMP:
-
strategic bomber."
Sweetman":
."
bombers.
PAGE 2
7:
m:The
may. I,
IISS~': The Soviet Union continues to deploy "new SS-25
ballistic missiles."
PAGE 31:
SMP:
-
I I S S ~ ~The
:
SSx-24 is a "mobile ICBM with 10 warheads" It
u.K.~':
(1987)
PAGE 33:
SMP:
-
PAGE 37:
w: The
."
1987.
PAGE 39:
m: The
first-strike policy."
Gervasi: The U.S. officially adopted the policy of "striking
JCS":
PAGE 40 :
SMP:
-
the road."
ABM system1'.
Page 41:
SMP:
-
U.K.~':
Page 42:
SMP:
-
u.K.'~:
NATO has
CHAPTEX THREE
PAGE 45:
w: "The
damage satellites".
Gervasi: It was only a "gas fire" from the Soviet Union that
damaged one of our satellites rather than a laser.
&layers7': The "US concluded in 1975 there were gas fires
U.S. satellites."
Kintner73 : "In 1986, high powered Soviet ground-to-space
microwaves temporarily disabled a U.S. satellite."
~ane's~': "The Soviet Union already has two ground-based
satellites."
PAGE
46:
SMP:
-
JCS":
11
establishments.
to maximize fallout."
SMP:
-
Page 50:
SMP:
-
w:Soviets may
u.K.":
u.K.":
PAGE 53 :
SMP:
-
Their function is
PAGE 58:
SMP:
-
aircraft.
Jane'ss4: The MiG-31 Foxhound is said to provide "true
PAGE 60:
SMP:
-
observed.
PAGE 61:
SMP:
-
u.K.'':
PAGE 63:
m: The
United States."
continuing
improved flexibility
and performance.
And, although
PAGE 6
6:
SMP:
-
It is only a slight
u . K . ~ "Deliveries
~:
have continued of new equipment such as
the T-80 tank."
PAGE 7
3:
SMP:
-
The
u.K.!':
SMP:
-
guidance"
PAGE 91 :
SMP:
-
m: France
structure.
u.K.'':
CBAPTER FIVE
PAGE 95:
SMP:
-
SMP:
-
being mobilized
SMP:
-
~ane'sl~~:
CHAPTER SIX
PAGE 107:
SMP:
-
."
Songster
armored protection."
PAGE 110:
SMP:
-
Page 112:
SMP:
-
S MP: Soviets
-
chemical explosives.
Gervasi: The West has more powerful anti-tank missiles.
The USSR continues to maintain the world's most
JCS~'':
u.K,~~O:
largest,
their use."
PAGE 143:
SMP:
-
and'":
."
Among
."
CHAPTER EIGHT
PAGE 147:
SMP:
-
The Soviet
SMP:
-
APPENDIX B
1500/ 1400
280/ 320
33/ 44
1sby115: 1415
Jane's116: 315
35/ 55
~ane'sll':
4200/ 5600
~ane's'l':
55
44
Jane's1l9: 5526
END NOTES
APPENDIX
London, U.K.:
Jane's
1987, p. 55.
Estimates 1988.
London, U.K.:
Her Majesty's Stationery
'o~ollins, John M.
U. S. -Soviet Military Balance 1980-
1985.
1
p. ~ 205.~
''sweetman,
London, U.K.:
U K. :
p . ~ 207.~
U.K.:
2 2 ~ a n e *All
s
The World's Aircraft 1987-1988.
London,
p. 16.
Aircraft 1987-1988
p. 883.
p. 883.
2 7 ~ a n e *Weapons
s
Systems 1987-1988
p. 1018.
p. 1018
pp.~ 202,
~ 205.
~
~
3 0 ~ pp.
1 ~ 206-207.
~
31~nternationalDefense Review
pp. 122-123.
33~ollins p. 187.
p.
'(Jane's
457.
Aircraft 1987-1988
p. 424.
3 7 ~ a n e 1All
s
The World's
Aircraft 1987-1988
p. 261.
38~ollins p. 204.
39~sby,
David
Weapons and Tactics of the Soviet Army.
London, U.K.:
Jane's Publishing Company, 1988, p.
'O~ane's Armour and Artillery 1985-86.
London, U.X. :
Jane's Publishing Company, 1985, pp.473, 595, 488-489.
'l~sby pp. 124, 130, 139.
pp.
276.
~ ~ . 2 6 9368,
,
p.
485.
p. 6.
SoJane's
A l l The w o r l d ' s A i r c r a f t 1987-1988 p p - 236, 248.
247, 450.
5 2 ~ s b yp. 147.
5 3 ~ e c r e t a ro
yf S t a t e f o r Defence
p.
5 5 ~ e c r e t a ro
yf S t a t e f o r Defence
p. 65.
62.
5 6 ~ e r v a s i Tom
,
S o v i e t M i l i t a r y Power *The Pentaqon's
Propaqanda Document, Annotated and Corrected. New York, NY:
Vintage Books, 1987. pp. 11-12.
5 7 ~ o r l Defense
d
Almanac
6 0 ~ e c r e t a r of
y S t a t e f o r Defence
p. 57.
6 2 ~ e c r e t a r of
y S t a t e f o r Defence
p. 65.
6 3 ~ a n e 'F
s i a h t i n a Ships 1987-88
6 4 ~ o i nChiefs
t
of S t a f f
p . 54.
p . 181.
6~11ss p .
34.
6 6 ~ o i nChiefs
t
of S t a f f
p.
6 7 ~ e c r e t a r of
y S t a t e f o r Defence
p.
58
" ~ e c r e t a r y of S t a t e f o r Defence
p.
56.
%ecretary
p . 3.
VA:
p. ~ 34. ~
of S t a t e f o r Defence
% i n t n e r , William R.
Hero Books, 1987.
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