K 4 CAndrade

12
ICDS12
International Conference DURABLE STRUCTURES: from construction to rehabilitation
LNEC Lisbon Portugal 31 May - 1 June 2012
LIMIT STATE CALCULATION OF

REINFORCEMENT CORROSION
DS
C. Andrade, F. Tavares and D. Izquierdo.
IC
Center for the Durability and Safety of Structures and Materials,

CISDEM, CSIC-UPM C/ Serrano Galvache n4, 28033, Madrid, Spain
MOTIVATION
LNE
C
The requirement of 100 years of service

life is being more commonly specified in
the design of large infrastructures.
However, this specification is not always
accompanied with the mention to the type
of models and their constitutive
parameters and their related tests.
In particular is not mentioned which is the
chloride threshold and the probability of
corrosion.
ICDS12
Initiation Period
Modelling
12
LIST OF CONTENTS
Impact of surface concentration
Aging factor of Dap
IC
DS
Testing methods
Corrosion Onset
Chloride threshold: statistical distribution
Probability of depassivation
Limit State of corrosion
Relation between difusivity and Corrosion rate
Structural limit states: SLS and ULS
SERVICE LIFE STEPS
LNE
C
tlife= ti + tp
CORROSION THRESHOLD
ICDS12
12
TRANSPORT MODELS BASED IN

FICK s SECOND LAW
Non stationary conditions
Ctot
jc + djc
DS
jc
dx
Initial conditions
Boundary conditions
IC
Cs and D are constant
MODEL FOR CHLORIDE INGRESS
LNE
C
TEST
[Cl-]
x
LABORATORY
ICDS12
12
TEST STATION IN A BEACH
IN REAL STRUCTURES D and Cs ARE NOT CONSTANT
IC
DS
HIG
H
LO
TID
W
E
TID
E
LNE
C
THE MODELS FAIL BECAUSE THE

BOUNDARY CONDITINS ARE NOT
RESPECTED
Cs is not constant
D is not constant
OTHER LIMITATIONS
The climate is not constant
ICDS12
IC
DS
12
Skin effect
extrapolation for Cs value
AGING FACTOR OF Dap
LNE
C
Decrease of the diffusion coefficient with time
q 0,8n
ICDS12
12
RILEM BENCHMARKING
any MODEL can or not predict correctly
IC
DS
All models may fail
OTHER SOURCE OF UNCERTAINTY :TEST TYPES
LNE
C
Natural
Cell:
diffusion D1: DsResistivity
D1-P/M: Ds
D4:Dns
NaCl
NaCl
Immersion:
D2
migration
Ponding:D3: Dns
Migration
experiments are
Instantaneous
while the natural
diffusion tests give
the integration during
the test time period.
The comparison of
R1, R2,
M-R and
natural
accelerated tests may
not agree and
therefore the use of a
value o another may
mean a different
prediction.
At European level the
proposed method are
based in natural
exposure.
C1
ICDS12
The external concentration of Cl

The diffusion coefficient
The aging factor and for how long to apply it
The chloride threshold
DS
12
SPECIFICATIONS OF SERVICE LIFE

parameters to be defined
The probability of corrosion
IC
The tolerances or variations
CHLORIDE THRESHOLD
STEPS DURING DEPASSIVATION
LNE
C
TIME
Cl-
CO2
ICDS12
12
DEPENDENCE OF THE CHLORIDE THRESHOLD

FROM THE CORROSION POTENTIAL
DS
Which is the chloride threshold ?
Corrosion probability
D. Izquierdo et al
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
Chloride thershold (%) cement weight
IC
LNE
C
STATISTICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE

CHLORIDE THRESHOLD
LAB(= 0.700.20)
SITE (= 0.770.24)
2,5
ICDS12
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
Chloride thershold (%) cement weight
Degree of corrosion
Time
Propagation period
IC
Initiation Period
DS
Corrosion probability
D. Izquierdo et al
1
12
CALCULATION OF PROBABILITIES OF DEPASSIVATION

for a chloride concentration to reach a cover depth in a
certain time
LNE
C
SEQUENCE OF THE PROCESS

OF DEPASSIVATION
TIME
Cl-
Time to corrosion for c= 50mm, Cs= 2% and Dapp= 10E-8

t1 for Clth= 0.2% t2 for Clth= 0.2%
t3 for Clth= 0.2% t4 for Clth= 0.2%
14.65 years
36.90 years
24.13 years
55.96 years
ICDS12
IC
Cl-
DS
12
Calculation of the accumulated

corrosion in each time
Condition state
STEPS DURING DEPASSIVATION
DUE TO CARBONATION
CO2
10 years
pH
LNE
C
TIME
20 years
50 years
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
0
10
15
cover depth
20
25
ICDS12
12
WHICH IS THE ACCEPTABLE

DAMAGE LEVEL?
The answer should come from the analysis of

the consequences of the corrosion.
IC
DS
How to calculate it?

through the loss in cross section from the
accumulated corrosion
HOW TO ESTIMATE THE FUTURE CORROSION RATE???
LNE
C
FROM THE CONCRETE RESISTIVITY
Icorr
ICDS12
DS
12
Example of quivalence between

diffusivity-corrosion rate through the
resistivity
Dapp
0.1E-8
1E-8
10E-8
10
100
(cm2/s)
Icorr
IC
(m/year)
VERIFICATION OF SLS AND ULS FROM THE

LOSS IN CROSS SECTION
t5
LNE
C
Levelofdamage
StructuralSafetyloss
limit states
t4
t3
t1
initiation
t2
SectionLoss
Cracking
Corrosion
propagation
Despasivation
time
ICDS12
12
CONCLUSIONS
LNE
C
IC
DS
1. Models for calculation of the service life need better

definition if incorporated in specifications
2. It seems to exit a unique statistical distribution of
the chloride threshold in aerial structures with a mean
in 0.700.20 % cement weight,
3. It enables the calculation of the probability of
corrosion (by Montercarlo i.e) at the most external
surface of the bar,
4. The accumulated corrosion Pcorr can be calculated
from the resistivivity/diffusivity.
5. From the loss in cross section it is possible to calculate
the deterioration level (crack appearance and
deflections for instance).
6. The acceptable degree of corrosion should be adopted
by verifying the SLS and the ULS at the structural
level.
Thanks for your attention

andrade@ietcc.csic.es
Centro de Seguridad y Durabilidad de Estructuras y

Materiales
CISDEM (UPM-CSIC)
Madrid-Spain

K 4 CAndrade

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12

LIMIT STATE CALCULATION OF

C. Andrade, F. Tavares and D. Izquierdo.

Center for the Durability and Safety of Structures and Materials,

The requirement of 100 years of service

SERVICE LIFE STEPS

TRANSPORT MODELS BASED IN

Cs and D are constant

MODEL FOR CHLORIDE INGRESS

TEST STATION IN A BEACH

IN REAL STRUCTURES D and Cs ARE NOT CONSTANT

THE MODELS FAIL BECAUSE THE

The climate is not constant

AGING FACTOR OF Dap

Decrease of the diffusion coefficient with time

All models may fail

OTHER SOURCE OF UNCERTAINTY :TEST TYPES

The external concentration of Cl

SPECIFICATIONS OF SERVICE LIFE

The probability of corrosion

The tolerances or variations

STEPS DURING DEPASSIVATION

DEPENDENCE OF THE CHLORIDE THRESHOLD

Which is the chloride threshold ?

STATISTICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE

CALCULATION OF PROBABILITIES OF DEPASSIVATION

SEQUENCE OF THE PROCESS

Time to corrosion for c= 50mm, Cs= 2% and Dapp= 10E-8

t3 for Clth= 0.2% t4 for Clth= 0.2%

Calculation of the accumulated

WHICH IS THE ACCEPTABLE

The answer should come from the analysis of

How to calculate it?

HOW TO ESTIMATE THE FUTURE CORROSION RATE???

FROM THE CONCRETE RESISTIVITY

Example of quivalence between

VERIFICATION OF SLS AND ULS FROM THE

1. Models for calculation of the service life need better

Thanks for your attention

Centro de Seguridad y Durabilidad de Estructuras y

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