Effect of Testing Temperature on Mechanical Behavior

Outline:
Ductility
Resilience
Toughness
Hardness
Example
Slip Systems
The yield and tensile strengths with increasing temperature.
Ductility . with temperature.
Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University

Dr. M. Medraj

Mech 221 lecture 12/1

Dr. M. Medraj

DUCTILITY

Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University

Mech 221 lecture 12/2

DUCTILITY

Ductility measures the amount of plastic deformation that a material

goes through by the time it breaks.

Ductility is a measure of how much strain a given stress produces.

Highly ductile metals can exhibit significant strain before
fracturing, whereas brittle materials frequently display very little
strain.
An overly simplistic way of viewing ductility is the degree to
which a material is forgiving of local deformation without the
occurrence of fracture.

Two measures of ductility:

1) Percent Elongation

% El =

(%El )

Final length - Initial length

x 100
Initial length

Brittle materials: %EL 5% at fracture

2) Percent Reduction In Area

Ductile materials: %EL and %RA both 25%

Initial Area - Final Area

%RA =
x 100
Initial Area
Dr. M. Medraj

Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University

Mech 221 lecture 12/3

Dr. M. Medraj

Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University

Mech 221 lecture 12/4

RESILIENCE

Typical Mechanical Properties of Metals

Ability of material to absorb energy during elastic deformation and

then to give it back when unloaded.
Measured with Modulus of Resilience, Ur
Ur, is area under - curve up to yielding:

U r = 0 y d
Assuming a linear elastic region:

Ur =

1
2 y y

1
2 y

y 2y

=
E 2E

Units are J/m3 (equivalent to )

Dr. M. Medraj

Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University

Dr. M. Medraj

Mech 221 lecture 12/5

Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University

Mech 221 lecture 12/6

Toughness Measurement: Impact Testing

TOUGHNESS
Ability to absorb energy before fracture

Charpy and Izod tests measure impact energy or

notch toughness
Charpy V- notch (CVN) most common

Charpy Test

Toughness is the area under - curve up to fracture.

- Similar to Resilience (same units J/m3).

- Larger area tougher material.

So tough materials have a combination of .. and ..

Can be measured by an impact test (Chapter 8).
Dr. M. Medraj

Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University

Mech 221 lecture 12/7

use standard sized bar specimens with a

central notch
weighted pendulum released from a
height, h
impacts the specimen behind the notch
(stress concentration)
fracture of specimen occurs and energy is
absorbed
the pendulum travels to point, h, where
h< h
obtain the amount of absorbed energy
from scale
Dr. M. Medraj

Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University

Mech 221 lecture 12/8

HARDNESS

Vickers

Hardness is a measure of the materials resistance to localized

plastic deformation (e.g. dent or scratch)

Brinell

HARDNESS

Quantitative Hardness:
Different types of quantitative hardness test has been designed
Rockwell
Brinell
Vickers
Knoop
Dr. M. Medraj

Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University

Mech 221 lecture 12/9

The depth or size of indentation is

measured.

Rockwell

Mohs scale, determined by the ability of a material to scratch

another material:
from 1 (softest = talc) to 10 (hardest = diamond)

Knoop

Qualitative Hardness:

Usually a small indenter (sphere, cone,

or pyramid) is forced into the surface of
a material under conditions of controlled
magnitude and rate of loading.

The tests somewhat approximate, but

popular because they are easy and nondestructive (except for the small dent).
Where,
P (the applied load) is in kg,
D is the indenter's diameter
d is the diameter of the resulted indentation
Dr. M. Medraj

Example

Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University

Mech 221 lecture 12/10

Plastic Deformation

A cylindrical metal specimen having an original diameter of

12.8 mm (0.505 in.) and gauge length of 50.80 mm (2.000 in.)
is pulled in tension until fracture occurs. The diameter at the
point of fracture is 6.60 mm (0.260 in.), and the fractured
gauge length is 72.14 mm (2.840 in.). Calculate the ductility
in terms of percent reduction in area and percent elongation.

Why metals could be plastically deformed?

Why the plastic deformation properties could be changed
to a very large degree by forging without changing the
chemical composition?
Why plastic deformation occurs at stresses that are much
smaller than the theoretical strength of perfect crystals?
Plastic deformation the force to break all bonds in the
slip plane is much higher than the force needed to cause the
deformation. Why?
These questions can be answered based on the idea proposed in
1934 by Taylor, Orowan and Polyani: Plastic deformation is
due to the motion of a large number of ..

Dr. M. Medraj

Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University

Mech 221 lecture 12/11

Dr. M. Medraj

Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University

Mech 221 lecture 12/12

Dislocations allow deformation at much lower

stress than in a perfect crystal, How?!

Dislocations and Plastic Deformation

Under applied shear stress, dislocations can move by breaking bonds
CONSECUTIVELY (rather than simultaneously).
Requires less energy, (reason why expt. Shear strength is lower).
Deformation by dislocations movement is called SLIP.

The combination of C-P plane (the slip plane) and C-P direction
(the slip direction) is called a ...

Recall:

The movement of the dislocation (to the right in this sequence) requires
the breaking (and formation) of only ONE set of bonds per step.

SLIP SYSTEMS DEPEND ON

THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
OF THE MATERIAL!

Dislocations move in . directions within

. planes.
Dr. M. Medraj

Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University

Mech 221 lecture 12/13

Dr. M. Medraj

Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University

Mech 221 lecture 12/14

Dislocations and Plastic Deformation

Next Topic:

Phase Diagrams

The more slip systems available, the easier it is for dislocations to

move, which is why (on the average) FCC and BCC metals are
more ductile than HCP metals.
Dr. M. Medraj

Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University

Mech 221 lecture 12/15

Dr. M. Medraj

Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University

Mech 221 lecture 12/16