INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH

Int. J. Energy Res. 2008; 32:175183

Published online 9 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience
(www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI: 10.1002/er.1351

SHORT COMMUNICATION
Exergy analysis of a 420 MW combined cycle power plant
M. Ameri*,y, P. Ahmadi and S. Khanmohammadi
Combined Heat & Power Specialized Unit (CHP), Power Plant Engineering Department, Power & Water University of Technology,
P.O. Box 16765-1719, Tehran, Iran

SUMMARY
Combined cycle power plants (CCPPs) have an important role in power generation. The objective of this paper is to
evaluate irreversibility of each part of Neka CCPP using the exergy analysis. The results show that the combustion
chamber, gas turbine, duct burner and heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) are the main sources of irreversibility
representing more than 83% of the overall exergy losses. The results show that the greatest exergy loss in the gas turbine
occurs in the combustion chamber due to its high irreversibility. As the second major exergy loss is in HRSG, the
optimization of HRSG has an important role in reducing the exergy loss of total combined cycle. In this case, LP-SH
has the worst heat transfer process.
The rst law eciency and the exergy eciency of CCPP are calculated. Thermal and exergy eciencies of Neka
CCPP are 47 and 45.5% without duct burner, respectively. The results show that if the duct burner is added to HRSG,
these eciencies are reduced to 46 and 44%. Nevertheless, the results show that the CCPP output power increases by
7.38% when the duct burner is used. Copyright # 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
KEY WORDS:

exergy; combined cycle power plant; heat recovery steam generator; eciency

1. INTRODUCTION
The optimization of power generation systems is
one of the most important subjects in the energy
engineering eld. Due to the high prices of energy
and the decreasing fossil fuel resources, the
optimum application of energy and the energy
consumption management methods are very critical. The combined cycle power plants (CCPPs)
have higher thermal eciency than the separate

steam and gas turbine cycle power plants. Exergy

analysis based on the rst and second thermodynamic laws is a signicant tool to analyze the energy
systems. It also reveals the inecient thermodynamic
processes. On the other hand, the second law of
thermodynamics deals with the quality of energy and
determines the maximum amount of work obtainable from an energy resource.
Exergy analysis is performed in two main parts
[1]. The rst one is devoted to evaluating the

*Correspondence to: M. Ameri, Combined Heat & Power Specialized Unit (CHP), Power Plant Engineering Department, Power &
Water University of Technology P.O. Box 16765-1719, Tehran, Iran.
y
E-mail: ameri m@yahoo.com

Copyright # 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Received 6 March 2007

Revised 23 May 2007
Accepted 30 May 2007

176

M. AMERI, P. AHMADI AND S. KHANMOHAMMADI

system and determining inecient processes based

on exergy destruction calculations. The second one
is based on making some changes and corrections
in the processes based on the avoidable and
unavoidable exergy destructions.
Exergy is dened as the maximum theoretical
useful work that can be obtained as a system
interacts with an equilibrium state. The exergy is
not generally conserved like energy but is destroyed in the system. Exergy calculation shows
the place in the system where losses occur and the
magnitude of these losses. Exergy eciency of a
CCPP will usually be less than thermal eciency at
the same plant.
There are many researchers such as Kotas [1]
and Moran and Shapiro [2] who carried out the
exergy analysis for the combined cycles. They
found out the exergy losses in each part. Facchini
et al. [3] have calculated the exergy losses in
combined cycle and found out that combustion
chamber and heat recovery steam generator
(HRSG) are the main sources of losses. An exergy
analysis was carried out by Habib and Al-Bagawi
[4] for the Ghazlan power plant to specify the
irreversibility in the system. Casarosa et al. [5]
have presented the optimization of HRSGs by
using two or more water streams, exchanging with
the exhaust gas stream. This method will decrease
the exergy losses due to temperature dierence
between the hot and cold streams.
The modeling, numerical optimization and
irreversibility reduction of a triple-pressure reheat
combined cycle was investigated by Bassily [6]. He
considered the HRSG conguration that had
seven pinch points and analyzed the eect of TIT
on the temperature dierences for pinch points.
His goal was to minimize the temperature dierence for the pinch points. In recent years, many
engineers and scientists have suggested that the
thermodynamic performance of a process is best
evaluated by performing an exergy analysis in
addition to or in place of the conventional energy
analysis because the exergy analysis appears to
provide more insights and it is more useful in
eciency improvement eorts than the sole energy
analysis [7].
The CCCPs are widely used in Iran grid
network. Therefore, it is very important to
Copyright # 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

evaluate the design and operation of these power

plants. The objective of this research is to evaluate
irreversibility for each part of the Neka CCPP
(420 MW) through exergy analysis and to reveal
the most irreversible components of CCPP. Also,
the eects of using duct burner on the steam turbogenerator output power and the CCPP energy and
exergy eciencies are presented. Although there
are some papers in the literatures regarding the
exergy analysis of CCPP, however, a comprehensive exergy evaluation of all the components of
CCPP is not available.

2. NEKA POWER PLANT SPECIFICATION

In 2003, one of the notable power plant projects in
Iran was inaugurated. This project, which includes
22 CCPP, has not been completed yet. One of
these power plants, i.e. Neka CCPP, is located
near the Neka city beside the Caspian Sea. As
shown in the process ow diagram (Figure 1), this
power plant has two gas turbines, two compressors, two HRSGs, two deaerators, one steam
turbine and one surface condenser with a cooling
system that uses seawater as cooling media. The
Siemens V94.2 gas turbines of this combined cycle
have been installed in 1982. Since these gas
turbines are in operation for more than 20 years
the ue gas parameters are dierent from new gas
turbines. Therefore, it was necessary to run the
performance tests at the beginning of project in
order to design the steam cycle properly. It should
be noted that the ambient temperature design
condition is 17:38C: In the gas turbine cycle, the air
is compressed to 10.1 bar by an axial compressor.
The compressed air enters into the two combustion chambers, each one equipped with eight
burners. The ue gas from the combustion
chambers enters the turbine at 9718C: The turbine
is of reaction type with four stages. The rst two
stages are aircooled. The exhaust gas at 5088C
enters the HRSG through the supplementary
ring. Each dual pressure HRSG generates HP
and LP at 520 and 2308C; respectively. The rated
steam turbine power output is 160.8 MW (at 100%
load). The expanded steam in the M-type steam
turbine enters a surface contact condenser and
Int. J. Energy Res. 2008; 32:175183
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177

EXERGY ANALYSIS OF A 420 MW CCPP

Figure 1. Process ow diagram of the Neka combined power plant.

gives out its heat to seawater that ows through

the condenser tubes.
Condensate water drops to the hot well at the
bottom of condenser and it is pumped to the
deaerator by means of condensate extraction
pumps, through polishing plant, ejector condenser,
gland steam condenser and condensate preheater
(CPH). Feed water to LP evaporator and HP 1st
and 2nd economizers is fed by a common two
pressure HP/LP pump, which take their suction
from the feed water storage tank. As it has been
shown in the ow diagram (Figure 1), HP water
discharge of pump passing through the HP
economizers goes to the HP drum and after
evaporation, the separated saturated steam in
drum passes through the superheaters 1, 2 and 3.
Finally, this steam goes to steam turbine HP
section and completes the cycle.

3. EXERGY ANALYSIS
Exergy is composed of two important parts. The
rst one is the physical exergy and the second one
is the chemical exergy. In this study, the kinetic
Copyright # 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

and potential parts of exergy are negligible. Exergy

is dened as the maximum theoretical useful work
that can be obtained as a system interacts with an
equilibrium state. The chemical exergy is associated with the departure of the chemical composition of a system from its chemical equilibrium. The
chemical exergy is an important part of exergy in
combustion process.
If one applies the rst and second laws of
thermodynamics, one can nd the formula for
exergy balance as
X
X
Q
W I
E
m
m
1
i ei
e ee E
i

In this formula (e) is the total specic exergy and I

is the exergy loss rate:



T0

Qi
EQ 1

2
Ti

W W
E

eph h
h0
T0 S
S0

where T is the absolute temperature (K) and

subscripts (i) and (0) refer to ambient conditions.
Int. J. Energy Res. 2008; 32:175183
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178

M. AMERI, P. AHMADI AND S. KHANMOHAMMADI

The mixture chemical exergy is dened as follows:

"
#
n
n
X
X
ch
chi
E
exmix
Xi ex RT0
Xi Ln Xi G
5
i1

f and E f are the energy and exergy of the

where Q
natural gas.

i1
E

The last term, G ; which is the excess free Gibbs

energy is negligible at low pressure at a gas
mixture. One can generalize the chemical exergy
concept of fuel to every Ca Hb Ng Od component [8].
The molar chemical exergy exch
of such a
c
component will be
e
exch
c mc;0
mc

where mec refers to the chemical potential of the

component at the restricted dead state:
mec am% eco2 b=2m% eH2 O g=2m% eN2

a
b=4 d=2m% eO2

where mc;0 represents the chemical potential of the

components at their thermo-mechanical equilibrium state with the standard ambient.
For the evaluation of the fuel exergy, the above
formula cannot be used. Thus, the corresponding
ratio of simplied exergy is dened as the
following:
x exf =LHVf

Due to the fact that for the most of usual gaseous

fuels, the ratio of chemical exergy to the lower
heating value (LHV) is usually close to 1, one may
write [1]:
xCH4 1:06
9
xH2 0:985
For gaseous fuel with Cx Hy ; the following experimental equation is used to calculate x [1]:
y
0:0698
10
x 1:033 0:0169

x
x
Thermal and exergy eciencies of the CCPP are
dened as
P
n
W
Zt n
11
f
Q
P
Zex

n
W

Ef
n

Copyright # 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

12

4. CALCULATION METHOD
The main fuel for the Neka combined power plant
is the natural gas. Therefore, the exergy analysis is
performed for this type of fuel. The fuel composition is given in Table I. The reference ambient
model [9] for air that is used in the current analysis
is given in Table II.
In this study, we have divided the exergy
analysis into two sections. The rst one is the gas
turbine exergy analysis which has been done for
dierent output powers. The second one is the
exergy analysis of all major components of steam
cycle.

5. THE EXERGY LOSS FOR THE GAS

TURBINE
In this section, the exergy analysis is done for the
gas turbine cycle. Each gas turbine at Neka
Table I. Volume fraction of the natural gas components.
Component of natural gas
Methane (CH4 )
Ethane (C2 H6 )
Propane (C3 H8 )
Butane (C4 H10 )
Pentane (C5 H12 )
Nitrogen (N2 )
Carbon dioxide (CO2 )

Volume fraction (%)

98.57
0.63
0.1
0.05
0.04
0.6
0.01

Table II. Reference ambient model of air.

Air components
N2
O2
H2 O
CO2
CO
SO2
H2
Others

Molar fraction (%)

75.67
20.35
3.03
0.0345
0.0007
0.0002
0.00005
0.91455

Int. J. Energy Res. 2008; 32:175183

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179

EXERGY ANALYSIS OF A 420 MW CCPP

combined power plant equally produces

132.15 MW.
The specic exergy for these points is determined by using the equations that were introduced
in the previous section. The mass fraction and
other important data of combustion products are
given in Table III. The thermodynamic properties
of gas turbine points are given in Table IV. Point
A is the compressor inlet. Therefore, the physical
exergy is zero. However, due to the ambient
conditions, the chemical exergy is not zero.
The exergy loss for the combustion chamber
should be calculated. The mass ow rate of fuel
entering combustion chamber is 30 394:8 kg h
1 :
The LHV of fuel is 49 433:96 kJ kg
1 : Therefore,
one may rewrite Equation (1) to calculate the
exergy losses:
I CC m
13
F eF m
2 e2
m
3 e3

nd the exergetic eciency and exergy destruction

ratio for gas turbine cycle.
The exergetic eciencies for the gas turbine and
its components are dened as
out
E
in
E
Ecomp
14
comp
W

The specic exergy of fuel is taken from Equation

(8).
If one substitutes these data in formulas (1)(4)
the irreversibility for each part of gas turbine is
determined.
There are two important criteria in the exergy
analysis: exergetic eciency and exergy destruction ratio. An important application of exergetic
eciency is the assessment of thermodynamic
performance of component or system relative to
the performance of a similar one. Now one may

Calculations for the steam cycle are composed of

exergy losses in duct burners, HRSGs, stacks,
steam turbine and condenser. The Neka HRSG is
equipped with duct burners that cause irreversibility. Thus, one can evaluate the exergy losses for
them. The exergy loss is obtained for the duct
burner as
IDB m
17
g eg
m
g eg m
f ef

Table III. Combustion product properties.

Combustion products

Volume fraction (%)

O2
CO2
H2 O
N2

16.55
4.42
3.34
75.6

Table IV. Air thermodynamic properties in gas

turbine [10].
100% Load Tamb 17:38C
Point
A
B
C
D

1

m kg s

T 8K

P (bar)

e kJ kg
1

491.55
491.55
500
500

293.15
594.14
1244.15
773.15

Patm
10.1
10.1
Patm

0.51
269.5
846
220

Copyright # 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

E comp
out
f
CC E
E
in

15

GT
W
GT
EGT
in
Eout

16

ECC

EGT

6. THE EXERGY LOSS FOR THE STEAM

CYCLE

where m
f is the natural gas fuel mass ow rate into
the duct burner, which is 2880 kg h
1 : m
gi is the
mass ow rate of gas turbine ue gas at the HRSG
inlet (i.e. 1 800 000 kg h
1 ) and m
g0 is the ue gas
mass ow rate after the duct burner (i.e.
1 802 881:37 kg h
1 ) as given in Table VI. By
substituting these data in Equation (17), the
irreversibility of duct burner is calculated.
In Neka CCPP, there are two HRSGs that
provide steam for a steam turbine. In order to
analyze the exergy losses in HRSG, one may refer
to Table V, which contains the thermodynamic
properties of water and steam. In Table VI, the
thermodynamic properties of exhaust gas are
given. Using these two tables, one may nd the
exergy losses for HRSG from Equation (1).
By simplifying the exergy balance for HRSG,
the HRSG exergy loss is calculated as follows:
X
X
I
m
m
18
i ei

e ee
i

Int. J. Energy Res. 2008; 32:175183

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180

M. AMERI, P. AHMADI AND S. KHANMOHAMMADI

Table V. Water and steam thermodynamic properties in red and unred cases [10].
Fired case 100% load Tamb 17:38C

1

Unred case 100% load Tamb 17:38C

1

1

1

Point m kg s P (bar) T 8C h kJ kg e kJ kg m kg s P (bar)

T 8C

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

44.1
141.62
164.91
164.91
164.87
182.41
2920.6
163.41
190.88
292.02
294.73
500

76.11
76.11
3.777
3.777
9.039
9.039
9.039
65.92
65.92
65.92
65.92
67.08

11.28
10.79
4.91
4.91
10.49
10.49
10
110.46
109.97
108.27
98.97
96

44.1
126.67
151.2
151.2
151.12
181.99
236.55
149.67
180.45
299.66
310.2
523

185.6
532.7
637.4
2746.8
637.4
2777.9
2912.7
637.4
770
1340.3
2729.5
3437.1

7.23
67.19
96.88
749.78
96.88
856.77
903.08
104.14
147.86
401.28
1083.8
1477.9

64.17
64.17
3.11
3.11
9.965
9.965
9.965
54.21
54.21
54.21
54.21
54.21

15.28
14.91
6.99
6.99
10.59
10.59
10.1
119.32
118.93
117.78
79.73
77.09

h kJ kg
1 e kJ kg
1
185.9
596.8
696.9
2761.9
696.9
2778.3
2920.6
696.9
816.4
1297.5
2760.3
3361.7

7.27
138.58
172.2
799.72
135.55
857.43
907.73
123.85
166.96
381.14
1074.4
1402.5

Table VI. Exhaust gases thermodynamic properties in red and unred cases [10].
Fired case 100% load Tamb 17:38C
m
Point (kg s
1)
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M

500.8
500.8
500.8
500.8
500.8
500.8
500.8
500.8
500.8

T
8C
552.57
478.28
313.99
244.85
242.58
206.52
190.08
175.07
124.89

Unred case 100% load Tamb 17:38C

h
s
e
m
(kJ kg
1) (kJ kg
1 K
1) (kJ kg
1) (kg s
1)
723.048
637.457
453.441
378.106
375.653
336.833
319.11
303.209
249.963

1.2007
1.092
0.816
0.6795
0.6748
0.5967
0.5593
0.5242
0.3983

288.33
234.31
130.46
94.77
93.68
77.55
70.78
64.98
48.3

To calculate the exergy losses for steam turbine

and condenser, one may refer to Table V, which
consists of thermodynamic properties of inlet and
outlet ow of the steam turbine. By using exergy
balance equation for steam turbine, we can nd
the exergy losses for these parts.

7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figures 2 and 3 present the exergy loss and
eciency for the components of the Neka gas
turbine cycle. The total exergy loss and exergy
eciency of the gas turbine plant are also shown.
The results show that the greatest exergy loss in
the gas turbine cycle takes place at the combustion
Copyright # 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500

T
8C
500.00
442.11
298.35
250.06
247.42
208.60
196.40
184.27
134.06

h
s
e
kJ kg
1 kJ kg
1 K
1 kJ kg
1
651.24
585.11
424.79
372.14
369.27
327.37
314.27
301.28
247.81

1.1270
1.0381
0.7880
0.6917
0.6863
0.6026
0.5751
0.5470
0.4232

247.90
207.59
119.91
95.23
93.94
76.35
71.24
66.40
48.89

chamber because of chemical reaction and the

large temperature dierence between the burners
and working uid. In fact, its exergetic eciency is
less than other components. Also, the results
reveal that the turbine of the gas turbine has the
largest exergy eciency compared with the other
GT components. However, its exergy loss is only
the second one due to its large value of work
production (Figure 3). Figure 4 shows the exergy
losses for all CCPP components. The exergy
analysis of Neka steam cycle shows that the
HRSG has the largest exergy loss after the GT
combustion chambers in the CCPP. Duct burners
have the second largest exergy loss in the steam
cycle. The other exergy losses occur at stacks,
condenser and cooling system as shown in Figure 4.
Int. J. Energy Res. 2008; 32:175183
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181

EXERGY ANALYSIS OF A 420 MW CCPP

180

Exergy Loss(MW)

600

140
120
100
80
60

500
400
300
200
100

Combustion
chamber

Turbine(G.T)

Total Gas Turbine

Cycle

Figure 2. Exergy loss for one gas turbine

and its components.

Co

Compressor

To
t

pr
es
s
m
bu ors
(A
sti
+B
on
)
ch
am
be
Tu
rs
rb
in
e(
D
G
uc
T)
tb
ur
n
H
er
RS
s
G
s(
A
St
+B
ac
)
ks
(A
St
+B
ea
)
m
tu
rb
Co ine
nd
Co
en
ol
se
in
r
g
sy
ste
m

20

al

40

Co

Exergy Loss(MW)

160

Figure 4. Exergy losses for combined cycle power plant

components.

40
35

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Exergy Loss(MW)

30
Exergy Loss

Exergy Loss(%)

25
20
15
10

PSH
H

PEV
H

LP
-S
2n
H
dH
P
-E
C

C
LP
-E
V

-E
-H
P

-E
V

1S
t

Figure 3. Exergetic eciency of the gas turbines

and its components.

CP
H

Total Gas Turbine

Cycle

DE
A

Turbine(G.T)

combustion
chamber

ac

compressor

St

Exergy Efficiency(%)

Gas Turbine Plant Components

Figure 5. Exergy losses in HRSG components.

The thermal and exergy eciencies of the CCPP

were determined using Equations (9) and (10) for
the red case. They are Zt 46% and Zex 44%;
respectively. The output power of the steam
turbine, when duct burner is used is 160:85 MW:
The steam turbine output power without the duct
burner is 131:614 MW:
For the unred case, the CCPP thermal and
exergy eciencies are Zt 47%; Zex 45:5%;
respectively. It is evident that the eect of the
duct burner is to increase the output power of the
steam turbine. Nevertheless, it decreases the total
CCPP exergy and thermal eciencies. As one may
note, HRSG has the largest exergy loss. Therefore,
it is necessary to calculate the exergy loss for each
part of HRSG using Equation (18). For each
element of HRSG, there are two inputs and two
outputs. Inputs are hot ue gas and cold water and
outputs are cold ue gas and hot water. The result
Copyright # 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

is shown in Figure 5. According to this gure,

stack, HP evaporator (HP-EV), LP superheater
(LP-SH), and CPH are the most irreversible parts
in the HRSG. However, it does not mean that the
heat transfer process in these parts is inecient as
well. In the other words, if one wishes to nd the
most irreversible heat transfer processes in the
HRSG, one should also consider the amount of
heat transfer that occurs in each part. The amount
of heat transfer is presented in Figure 6. In this
gure, the absorbed heat by water/steam is
presented for each component of the HRSG. It is
evident that the largest amount of heat transfer
occurs in the HP evaporator, which has the largest
irreversibility in HRSG.
Now if we divide the exergy loss in Figure 5 by
the heat transfer in Figure 6, a parameter is
obtained to evaluate the heat transfer processes at
Int. J. Energy Res. 2008; 32:175183
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M. AMERI, P. AHMADI AND S. KHANMOHAMMADI

thermal energy storage, can be used [11]. The

application of these methods will reduce the exergy
loss of CCPP. The optimization of the HRSG
operating parameters can increase the performance of the plant. Also, the pinch analysis can
maximize the CCPP eciency [12].
SH
P-

Figure 6. Absorbed heat in HRSG components.

Figure 7. Specic exergy loss in HRSG components.

the dierent parts of the HRSG. This parameter,

which is called specic exergy loss, is dened by
following equation:
I
z
19

Qi
The results are shown in Figure 7. It is interesting
to note that all devices have almost the same
specic exergy loss except for LP-SH. Its specic
exergy loss is much greater than the other
components ones. This means that heat transfer
process in LP-SH is not ecient enough. The
exergy loss in combustion chamber is associated
with the large temperature dierence between the
ame and the working uid. Reducing the
temperature dierence that causes higher inlet
temperature to the turbine will reduce the exergy
loss. The application of compressor inlet air
cooling to compress more air per cycle increases
the output capacity of gas turbine. Dierent gas
turbine power augmentation options, such as
evaporative cooling, absorption chiller and
Copyright # 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

8. CONCLUSIONS

EV
PH

P-

EC

SH
2n
dH

LP
-

EV
LP
-

Pt-H
1S

EA

CP

-E
V

EC

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
H

Absorbed Heat (MW)

182

Combined power plant is one of the major power

generators in Iran and special attention must be
given to optimize these systems.
In this paper, we have studied the irreversibility
of each part of Neka combined power plant
through the exergy analysis by using the performance data of this plant.
The results show that the exergy eciency of the
combustion chamber is much lower than the
eciency of other gas turbine components due to
its high irreversibility. The second major exergy
loss is in HRSG. Optimization of HRSG has an
important role in reducing the exergy loss of total
combined cycle. In this case, LP-SH has the worst
heat transfer process.
Finally, we conclude that using duct burner in
HRSG can increase the power output of steam
turbine. However, the duct burner has a negative
eect on the total CCPP thermal and exergy cycle
eciencies.

NOMENCLATURE
amb
BFP
CC
CCPP
CPH
Cp
DEA-EVP
e
E
EC
EV
G
GT
GE

=ambient
=boiler feed pump
=combustion chamber
=combined cycle power plant
=condensate preheater
=specic heat at constant pressure
=dearator-evaporator
=specic exergy kJ kg
1 )
=exergy (kJ)
=economizer
=evaporator
=generator
=gas turbine
=excess free Gibbs energy (kJ)
Int. J. Energy Res. 2008; 32:175183
DOI: 10.1002/er

183

EXERGY ANALYSIS OF A 420 MW CCPP

h
HRSG
HT
I
LHV
LP
m
P
Q
R
S
SH
T
TIT
W
x

=specic enthalpy kJ kg
1

=heat recovery steam generator
=high temperature
=exergy loss (kJ)
=lower heating value kJ kg
1
=low pressure
=mass ow rate kg h
1
=pressure (bar)
=heat transfer (kJ)
=gas constant kJ kg
1 K
1
=specic entropy kJ kg
1 K
1
=superheater
=temperature
=turbine inlet temperature
=work (kJ)
=molar fraction

Greek symbols
z
Zt
Zex

=specic exergy loss

=thermal eciency
=exergy eciency

Subscripts and superscripts

ch
e
f
gi
ge
i
k
ph

=chemical
=exit condition
=fuel
=gas inlet
=gas outlet
=inlet condition
=component
=physical

Copyright # 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

tot
0


=total
=reference ambient condition
=rate

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Int. J. Energy Res. 2008; 32:175183

DOI: 10.1002/er