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CS M151B / EE M116C: Computer Systems Architecture
CS M151B / EE M116C: Computer Systems Architecture
Prof. Lei He
Lhe@ee.ucla.edu
1-1
Computer Architecture
Computer Architect
high-level components, how they fit together, how they work
together to deliver performance.
building architect
1-2
Application
Operating
System
Compiler
Instr. Set Proc.
Firmware
I/O system
Instruction Set
Architecture
Technology
Programming
Languages
Applications
Computer
Architecture
Operating
Systems
Cleverness
History
1-5
... the attributes of a [computing] system as seen by the programmer, i.e., the
conceptual structure and functional behavior, as distinct from the organization of
the data flows and controls the logic design, and the physical implementation.
Amdahl, Blaaw, and Brooks, 1964
Instruction formats
What the instructions do
number and types of registers
addressing modes, exceptional conditions, ...
1-6
ISA Examples
Alpha
(v1, v3)
1992-97
PA-RISC
(v1.1, v2.0)
1986-96
Sparc
(v8, v9)
1987-95
MIPS
1986-96
x86
(8086,80286,80386, 1978-00
80486,Pentium, MMX, ...)
IA64
Itanium
20021-7
Instruction Categories
Registers
Load/Store
Computational
Jump and Branch
Floating Point
R0 - R31
PC
HI
coprocessor
LO
Memory Management
Special
3 Instruction Formats: all 32 bits wide
OP
rs
rt
OP
rs
rt
OP
rd
sa
immediate
jump target
1-8
funct
Organization
1-10
Example Organization 2 - P4
1-11
Processor
Input
Control
Memory
Datapath
Output
1-12
Performance
1 20 0
D E C A lp ha 2 12 6 4 /6 0 0
1 10 0
1 00 0
9 00
Performance
8 00
7 00
6 00
5 00
D E C A lp ha 5 /50 0
4 00
3 00
D E C A lp ha 5 / 3 0 0
2 00
1 00
S U N - 4/ M IP S
2 60
M /1 2 0
0
19 87
19 8 8
M IP S
M 20 00
1 9 89
I BM
R S 60 00
1 99 0
D E C A l p h a 4 /2 6 6
I B M P O W E R 10 0
D E C A X P /5 0 0
H P 9 0 0 0 /7 5 0
1 99 1
1 99 2
Ye a r
19 9 3
19 9 4
19 95
1-13
1 9 96
1 99 7
Performance
source: Intel
1-14
What is power?
Power
1-15
Power Density
Area
source: www.tomshardware.com
Die Photo of P4
1-19
Price/Performance Pyramid
Super
$Millions
Mainframe
$100s Ks
Server
Differences in scale,
not in substance
$10s Ks
Workstation
Personal
Embedded
Figure 3.4 Classifying computers by computational
power and price range.
$1000s
$100s
$10s
Impact sensors
Brakes
Airbags
Engine
Cent ral
controller
Navigation &
entert ainment
Generations of Progress
Processor
Memory
I/O devices
technology innovations introduced
Dominant
look & fell
0 (1600s)
(Electro-)
mechanical
Wheel, card
Lever, dial,
punched card
Factory
equipment
1 (1950s)
Vacuum tube
Magnetic
drum
Paper tape,
magnetic tape
Hall-size
cabinet
2 (1960s)
Transistor
3 (1970s)
SSI/MSI
RAM/ROM
chip
4 (1980s)
LSI/VLSI
5 (1990s)
ULSI/GSI/
WSI, SOC
Room-size
mainframe
1-23
Technology Trends
Clock scaling
Deeper pipelines
Cost of latches and bypass logic
1-24
Memory Wall
IA-32 History
1-26
1-27
Levels of Representation
temp = v[k];
v[k] = v[k+1];
v[k+1] = temp;
Compiler
lw $15, 0($2)
lw $16, 4($2)
sw $16, 0($2)
sw $15, 4($2)
Assembly Language
Program
Assembler
Machine Language
Program
Note: some
compilers translate
directly to machine
language
Machine Interpretation
Control Signal
Specification
1-28
Key Points