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Control of Lift
Control of Lift
Control of Lift
Elevators are used to move loads from one height to another without disturbing the load itself.
The prime mover of an elevator can be given by an electric motor. Suspension systems driven
by electric motors are the ideal choice for applications having minimal space and great heights
because these systems do not require infrastructure to be built beneath the floor of the elevator
and are limited in height only by the ability of the electric drive to overcome static forces such
as gravity and dynamic forces such as friction and air drag.
The physical model of elevator is analysed and converted the physical model into
mathematical equations to find the transfer function. The purpose to find the transfer function
is that we can see the behaviour of system theoretically using software and design the
physical model accordingly. We can compare the theoretical results and practical results to
improve response of elevator for the comfort passengers.
Electronic control systems (we have used) for control of lift are composed of hardware
components. Using Electronic a control system to dictate the position of an elevators electric
drive increases the accuracy and precision with which the elevator system responds to position
commands. DC motor is as simple as changing the magnitude of voltage applied to the motors
armature circuit; to make the motor operate in the opposite direction the polarity of the supply
voltage needs to only be reversed.. In our system, as box moves upward and reaching its top
position it stops automatically by touching limiting switch then polarity reverses of motor to
move lift downward and it stops again following same mechanism.
()
()
() = . () () ()
Where:
that is placed on the drive pulley which is mounted on the motors shaft is
expressed as
= . ()
Where:
If the elevator car is moving upwards the load force is defined by Equation
= [. +
] ()
2
Where:
is the gravitational constant
is the mass of the car
is the linear speed of the car
() ()
1
= [ (. +
)] . ()
2
()
() = . () ()
= .
() = . () ()
[. +
]
2
1
1
()
. 2
2
2
() +
1
2 () = . () () 2
4
= . () () 2 . . ()
= +
2 =
1 2
.
4
1
. ( )
2
= . () + . () . ()
= . () () 2 . . ()
()
( ) =
()
()
() = [
()
] () 2
. () = . 2 () () 2
. . () = . ()[ 2 + . ] 2
()
= 2
() 2
( )
+ .
+ .
+ . 2
1 (). = 2 () 1 . 2 . . ()
1 =
2 =
+ .
+ .
()
1 . . (). = 2 () ()
. [1 . + 1]
()
()
1
= 2
()
() () 2
As () =
( )
So
()
()
. [1 . + 1]
= 2
. 1 . 2
()
()
()
2 1 . 2
=
. ()
()
1 . + 1
As
= . ()
() =
()
()
()
(2 1 . )
=
. ()
()
1 . . + 1
() = . ()
()
5
()
(2 1 . )
=
()
()
(1 . + 1)
Equation () is transfer function for position of the car
Description of Components
Toggle Switch:Toggle Switches have a to and fro switching movement. The most familiar form of switch
is a manually operated electromechanical device with one or more sets of electrical
contacts, which are connected to external circuits. Each set of contacts can be in one of two
states: either "closed" meaning the contacts are touching and electricity can flow between
them, or "open", meaning the contacts are separated and the switch is non-conducting. The
mechanism actuating the transition between these two states (open or closed) can be either
a "toggle" (flip switch for continuous "on" or "off") or "momentary" (push-for "on" or pushfor "off") type.
Purpose of Toggle Switch in our project is to change the polarity of motor that is when
it is pressed at one side it performs the switching action and give polarity to the motor
so that it rotates clockwise. At centre, toggle switch do not any current to the motor
and when pressed at an other side the motor rotates anticlockwise.
Toggle Switch
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Limit Switch:A limit switch is an electromechanical device that consists of an actuator mechanically linked
to a set of contacts. When an object comes into contact with the actuator, the device operates
the contacts to make or break an electrical connection. As its name suggests, a limit
switch regulates the operations of machines that are equipped with moving parts connected to
a switching action mechanism. A wide range of industrial machinery uses limit switches to
control the movement of devices performing on a production line, but these switches are also
found in non-industrial applications, such as electric motor operation and garage door opener
units. The switch also deactivates the motor as the door closes, preventing it from being pushed
into the ground. A limit switch is typically composed of a series of electrical contacts coupled
to an actuator that controls the mechanical device responsible for on and off functions.
(the reverse direction).. This unidirectional behaviour is called rectification, and is used to
convert alternating current to direct current,
The function of diode on our project is that to allow the current in one direction (close
switch) and block the current in other direction (open switch) for control mechanism of
Lift.
Diode Symbol
Diode
Power Supply:A power supply unit (PSU) converts mains AC to low-voltage regulated DC power.
An AC powered unregulated power supply usually uses a transformer to convert the voltage
from the wall outlet (mains) to a different, nowadays usually lower, voltage. If it is used to
produce DC, a rectifier is used to convert alternating voltage to a pulsating direct voltage,
followed by a filter, comprising one or more capacitors, resistors, and sometimes inductors, to
filter out (smooth) most of the pulsation. For purposes such as charging batteries the ripple is
not a problem, and the simplest unregulated mains-powered DC power supply circuit consists
of a transformer driving a single diode in series with a resistor.
The power window motor we have used required 12V input DC voltage. For this purpose
we used power supply which convert 220V AC to 12V DC.
Power Supply
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Power Window Motor:Power window motor is DC motor which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
The power window motor is used in vehicle, usually in car windows to lift the window glass
up and down in vehicles. To operate this motor (to move the window glass), we press an
automated button then the motor shaft rotates in clockwise direction. The glass is attached to
shaft of the motor and as motor rotates clockwise the glass moves upward. When we press
the button again, the motor rotates anticlockwise and glass moves downward. Same
mechanism is used in the upward and downward movement of the cabin of the lift. When
toggle switch is pressed at one side, motor rotates clockwise and when toggle switch is
pressed towards other direction, the polarity of the motor changes and it rotates in
anticlockwise direction.
Bread Board:A breadboard is usually a construction base for prototyping of electronics. Because the solder
less breadboard for electronics does not require soldering, it is reusable. This makes it easy to
use for creating temporary prototypes and experimenting with circuit design.
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Light-Emitting Diode (LED):A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source that resembles a basic
PN-junction diode, except that an LED also emits light. Light emitting diode emits light when
current is passed through the LED. The maximum voltage it can bear is 5V
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Conclusion:
The mathematical modelling has been done successfully to find the transfer function of the
lift. The transfer function helps us to see the response of lift and selecting the values of
different parameters for comfort of passengers. Physical model has been prepared
successfully and motion of motor and hence cabin is controlled as we desired. Different
components have been used for control mechanism.
Bibliography:
www.wikipedia.com
www.fordthesis.com
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