Enter xtet orf odrw macblisnrg/bgdrieamslcn eerh.

Sodwr smut lony innacot ltetrs

e a ot z rteaeaspd yb a sacpe, leni krbea, smyolb, brmuen, tce.
Clcki "Bceslarm ehca wrod's litgreetn." ot rneaimdzo aehc owdr's englitetr thtwu
oi ectiffnga niitoicalzatap of istrf treelt, iotcnnuputa or foamtrting.
Cckli "Dearlmsebc dwsro." to aedmbecslr sdclarbme wdsro nhwtii sith xtet xob. Rb
deselamdc sodrw will be all lowre seca.
Cryvapi fo Aadt: Hsti olot si utilb-thiw dna ocnfisnut-in Leitcn
Omcditmoy xesghacen era ddineef in rianvyg sawy. Ni its toms eitrsrdcet esens,
tehy aer dnidfee sa ntcrese hrwee srfteuu aretd si ringaoedz - ihst si hte snsee
ni iwhch hte wdro ralolmny si nuderstood ni eovdedepl iocterusn. Ni a ehtwmsao
riwed snees, it si akten ot deniclu ayn zeigdanro earmtk cepal herew aetrd (tht
a si, asscnoatinrt, tno selisaenryc osal teh lahpyics ocmiioetdms) is leidzrcnte
a, atht si, eunndlelf uohrgth eon mimnacesh, llgnoaiw evecfieft imopectntio ganm
o eusryb dna aomng slerlse - hits ftniioedni uwodl einlcdu tanouic-pyet chaenexg
s, tbu nto elhseowal teskarm, rwehe redta is leocaizld, btu feefelvyict aeskt pa
elc ughtroh myna onn-eadrlet undviliida nasritnstaco eentewb eitnfedfr tstunriea
pom of uybrse dan eelsslr.
In rrea secsa (e.g. ni Teurky), ytiodmomc nehecsgax si uesd ni na veen dirwe sns
ee, ncinuidlg otn stuj slcaep ehewr dreta esatk pecla, tub salo iglnorae tceersn
ewerh lal yommicotd tnractsinaos ttah eahv tenka lacep ni the rgonie ear eesrdr
gtei.
Lreo fo Ooimtcdmy Eaxgcenhs
Agnsxhcee acn eencrtcanto on eht etrad in tuuesrf dna ponsito toccnarts, as od s
tmo of hte ehxenasgc in nreetsw eorisunct ; or yeth ucold ipimaryrl ncutnifo sa
ctresne for itfiglianact ihpyclsa dtera - ni hbot csaes, etyh rdwa ihrte ipymarr
ergnhtts omrf etihr cyaitacp ot tca sa a lacof tonpi orf rtead tnrsnosaicat, nd
a ot anreesic the cyuirset of esthe aacstotirnsn.
Elwl-oanzierdg ymootcdmi enehcgaxs morf tlarnua fnreeecer sotipn ofr hpasyicl ta
rde, dna in stih way, etyh hple the ripec syvrcoeid rsespco. If a omcdtmyio xhca
egen aasmgen to klin enrdtefif weohsuasre in teh ytrunoc, tihs waslol derat ot a
tke plcae more yiticeefnlf.
Noovieltu of Ocoiymtmd Hxegncase
Hte apshe fo ngeehasxc, nulciignd shtoe htat terad sdcmeitioom, hsa hancegd rali
sdaytlc vero ayesr. Eth tsfir gib eawv ni eht nceiarto of sgcehxaen gseo cbka t
o teh atle 19ht tyernuc tiwh het meoleenpdtv fo nintaloa and iaioantnlnret rtekm
a cpseal. The iman nalatrioe, aws hte rctouiend fo naacontisrt ocsst, het rjoma
eniatlotp fro ti ligyn in ngnoaizgri a lahpsyci rketma cepal, heerw eysurb and
elssrel dluco be eusr fo inigfnd a draye tmrkae - noe of the faortcs atht lde to
hte acontier fo hte Hcoaicg Bdrao of Terad, rove a ytucenr dlo and sitll noe of
the rodlw's talgser coitdomym xanechegs, aws ahtt farerms omcign ot Cgociah at
istem ofund on usybre, nad ahd to dmup hetir saerecl ousnld ni Klea Ngamicih, ni
gainjdo teh iytc. Eesht dlo aeesnxhcg era otealcd iamnly in dvldepeeo rneistuoc.
Eowehvr, a ewf eewr arteecd in pdgoeenilv csuioertn: Ndeufod ni 1854, het Nueosb
Iaers Iragn Hanceegx in Nnaiaergt, rof elpmxea, is eno fo the otslde ni the ldr
ow.
Reeht wsa a ewn vewa taisnrtg in eht 1980s, adn ittgnge rcendeofir in teh 1990s,
ihtw eht dhtwwialra fo eht rngmvnetoe ormf dicter evinoteitrnns ni curgeartilu
dna eth eygner trsoec, in hobt iovgpldene ceuinrsot and oecmnseio ni iniasottrn.
Eth zbanilioerliat of ertda and necoduirt fo mneoegrvtn rptsupo to het ltaiurl
gruca cotsre recteda ertelfi odnurg ofr teh irteoanc of ewn oycmdtmio nxsgeeahc,
nda hte ehtufrr dpmeoelntev fo stxeiign sneo. Htsi is hatw ew clla regemngi yit
ocmodm ecgxshaen.

We'er nwo isneeg het neost of a dtrhi wave ni hte ilevotuno fo omdmcyito xcnahgs
ee, dirnve yb tleognchoy rhrtea htan ypiocl leptmovdenes. Diesaltebhs arittdnaio
l sxhgaence udynlsed, nad tofne ot hteri ssiepurr, nfdi tvheelessm niomcg neurd
ktatac rmfo aycsrpcebe.
Wtrehhe eshot ioltandrita neseghxca rea eabl ot nwi kcba eht otls guodrn nmiesra
to be nees, ubt yhte onw eems oceinncvd ahtt hte Nteentir si rdiigpnov ehmt ton
tsju ithw aestrth, utb oasl ithw potrnosiuetpi. Isht is ylaleuq treu rfo ydooim
ctm hcnexaesg ni iedvlpeogn nuesortic: Clyotgnohe ahs maed ti lsipeosb rof meth
ot ffeor enw rcdtopus ta a ewlro tosc. Hyte won deen ot fdni eth itnernal aiymn
dms to graps teehs istelobpissii.
Wvoveier of Siexigtn Mmoodctyi Ecxganhse ni Devgienopl Encutrois
Aracfi
Raiafc`s ostm eitvac nad ortntiapm dmciotmyo eacexngh si the Ouhst Ianafcr Sutuf
re Gnehcexa (Fsaex). Ti swa ynmlalifro eudalhnc ni 1987 and sah vdevloe noit no
e fo eth aelndgi erginmge rsaetkm. Tals yaer, teh Erhsjobunnga Riuceesits Exaghe
cn dauiqcre ti. Safxe only dratde fiilananc uretsfu dan ogld reusutf fro a lgno
iemt, ubt eht aotirnec fo eth Rligtacuaurl Ksemtra Siivinod (as fo 2002, teh Rgu
uraitlcla Aetveivisrd Isnvodii) lde ot the ttouiroidncn of a anerg of rgritallca
uu uestfru cncsttrao for iomdtmescoi, in hciwh dreat saw rlaebesiild, aelmny, ie
wht adn lolywe mazei, ebdar iilglnm wetah dna wlofnures sdese. Fsxea rdaedt 30 l
iilnom suerutf dna onopti conractts in 2001, nkamgi it eht lrdwos 14th ltregsa he
ancgex.
Eizam aotccstnr aer also tddera on new cheagsenx ni Aamzib dna Zmwbieba. Mrsrfea
bseslthedai het Awbmezib Crillrugtuaa Mdiocmyot Naeexhcg (Mceazi) ni 1994, ni s
rsoenpe ot hte agualrd irbatlliieanoz fo aestt-odcntoerll uutgcarlarli raemintgk
. The Eecahgxn dutccnos otps dna rrfawod ssnntiraoatc adn otymls hasendl tuerrlc
uaig udpecor, in urralaypclit mizea, atuhhlog teh igadtnr eumsvlo of wehta rtaon
ccts aer adeliyst sreignncia.
The Bzamia Lclraiugaurt Docmmtoiy Xehncaeg (Ace), odnufde in 1994 dctuoncs opts
nda rrwadof csttasninaor in heawt, zemai nda treoh utlgrcaaiurl pcodutrs. Het ue
ccsss fo Aec led ot the lvpetneemod of eth Rikipa Mtidcoyom hnaxegce in Mzaabis c
nealtr veicoprn nda eth Ernatse Garultrliuac Itdmoyomc Nagechex, in Iabzams aeens
tr npovcrei. Btho eewr dhelnauc ni 1997. Eht Yaekn Coyidomtm Naeeghxc (Ecak) was
est up ni Rioianb ni 1997, ot vioerdp teh ibcas sscierve of a docmmytio angecex
h. Teh dptrscuo lihcfey addert rae aritagulrulc, liek resleac, yardi dtcourps dn
a tontoc. Het Ioirabn Ffoeec Eaxgechn swa est pu in 1998 dna eqeupidp hwti na ei
nrtocelc agdrnti emssty. Hte Axgnchee is tenedind to beocem hte bhu orf coefef r
tgnadi ni sanetre Ifarca. A ufseutr natidgr eymsst liwl be tcuneiodrd ni teh rn
ea ufuter. A nbmreu of hrteo sticreonu era kginloo onti het yloiissipbt fo dgoic
inrutn ctdmiymoo hesagxcne.
In CoetEviro, snalp rof a caoco xgcehane veah nebe dteardf, tbu have not tye enbe
ptu oint nitopoear. Eth itnncdiutoro fo a mtyiodmco nxaheecg agditrn ni asbtuor
oceeff nda occao aws sesdicsud rduign eth lasionaieblrti crosesp but has not sd
amtalreiie yte. Eht lliiseiaoanrtb of reexltna kamerting fo acoco ni Agahn gmth
i loas lade ot het mcnreegee fo a mketra, but the ormf hatt htsi eeanchgx wulod
atke si nto arcel and geninrsdcoi eth peoainnerdmc of the Filfe in reuftus etdar
ni acooc, ti si yielkl ahtt otactrscn ofr ayihplcs edyreliv dna ttsocrcna asdbe
no aueseowhr rteiepcs ouwdl be rddtae, etahrr nhat fustreu atcnrstoc. Ni Geytp
, synurdit ugrpos wihs to veeirv eht Aenlxiaard Toncot Gahcxene, hldoasbie by et
h Gmernvoetn in the 1950s.

Xahcgnee iisenivtati in Rainegi nad Aagund are uonifscg on othb maltciosdyle dde
tra nad pexdteor mcesomiitod, helwi in Cocorom, tpiaevr-rsceto ogrpus heva neeb
lgonoki at owh eimdcots atrde linlsioribeaat ldwuo tffeca eth cntotiduroin of sn
atrtcoc deatrd on a cmmodoyit xcehagen.
Ni the Medldi East, a orosdpep haxeceng het Nuidte Bara Tiearmse ulwdo eb ltaane
tiyolninr- eoeitrnd. Teh lcnahu fo a sruetuf meatkr no iamniumul ni Abu Hdiba e
th Iasayadt Lianfcina Ufreuts dna Nposoti Gheexanc iuunamiml f.o.b. Bjele Lia si
onw urned reiossu icaiotonensrd.
Aisa
Nichas sitfr yoimtocmd chgaexne asw eblsatshied ni 1990 dna ta salte oyftr dha de
pepraa by 1993, as Naich caadrtelece hte tstroonimrnaaf fomr a enlaylctr napnled
ot a ktarem-dioreten ocmoeny. Hte naim misdiotmoce drated ear arrcaugtlilu tapl
ses uhsc sa tehwa, corn and ni ptluacrlirya eysoanbs, whhic ahev logn eneb eeods
nrdci tlcsaiteyralg tmoiaprnt by hte Ihceesn rngtemvoen, bhto for omceinco tnped
vloeem and oliciatlp tiiystbla.
Eht oucrnty has deafc eissrou
rregtlyoau slobperm, ngiutsrle in a staf-ninghgac ceruttrus. In etal 1994, a ca
rdtsi iecsoind wsa katen: meor anth hafl of Nchia s hxsaeencg eewr deolcs wnod o
r veredrte to giebn laweloesh ktemasr, lhiwe ynol 15 ectrtuedrsur esncxgaeh eerd
evic forlma nremevnogt oraavppl. At the eninnggib fo 1999, the Anhci Eretuiiscs
Yeagrtolur Eittmcmoe eanbg a ndiniewato idcnitonasolo cerssop hiwhc erlstude ni
ehtre ymodtomci ecgxsneah igmnerge; the Alinad Odcytimmo Cnxheage (Ecd), hte Eou
hhzgnz Coymidtmo Eegnhcxa adn hte Nhaighas ufreuts Axeegchn, fmdore ni 1999 erfa
t teh rrmege of rtehe cegsneaxh: Ihahsang Metal, Tdomociym, Reaeslc & Ilos Nxscg
eeha. Ti yceltnurr rtsaed ehtre sroctnact: amiumilun, prpceo and tnraual uebbrr
adn saw hte lwrdos 30ht saegltr ghecenax sa of 2001.
Ni eth Tnwaia Neicovrp of Chian, teh Iatnwa Trfueus Gxehance asw leudacnh in 199
8 dna adetrd oalmst 4 lmliino rsncatcto, hust boncimge eht odwlrs 32nd ealsrtg ec
nxaegh.
Ni 2001 het Rokae Kocst Aecexgnh cbamee the dolrws targlse teursuf adn nostpoi et
mkra, whit an lovrael rseah fo 27% fo eht loablg draignt vlmeou ni 2001 dna a 30
0% eaceinsr ni elmvou fmor 2000. Cinse 1998, ti sha ieavdhce a 1702% rcnaiees i
n tsi tardde osluevm. Tish si due ot eht tcriuoointnd nad tamdeiiem essccsu fo e
ht Spkoi-200 uuefrts nrcactot aelnduhc ni 1998. Eth lalresm Okare Usteruf Xanece
hg (Foxke), dnodfue in 1999, nraks as eht lordws 23dr staelgr ecnxaheg in 2001, i
htw an ieracens of 285% in agnidrt loeumv icesn slta ayre. In Tadanlhi, a gnvtnm
oeer-dvrine pretcoj ot artst a ymodoictm uufstre ahencgxe in eicr, bbruer nad a
remnub of tehro ootciisedmm sah nbee eth cebtjsu fo eadbet sa of hte elayr 1980s
, but ltelit srorsgep has nebe dmae so far.
Hte etnaroci of cmdioyomt gxahseecn sah eebn dnceoerids in hte Lsciami Rbeiucpl
of Iarn nda Tsgzrnykay. Eseht lodwu be yhpicsla ngsceeaxh, ot etme het sneed of
esrfram, cmityoodm erdstra adn oscessporr in teh xcteotn fo uciglualratr inistoa
rlbiale.
Ydootmcim fuertus esrmtka ahev a olgn tryisho ni Ainid. Het first nidoargse fus
rtue emrkat, fro isuravo yspte fo ctoont, eaeappdr in 1921. Ni eth 1940s, agntd
ri ni drwfroa adn futsreu crctntosa sa lelw sa soipont wsa rihtee lodaetwu or rd
eerend splmiisoeb ghoutrh pcrie orstlcon. Sthi noistaiut rimdeane utlni 1952, h
enw teh Egrnvmneot esdasp teh Dfwarro Orncastct Aegrtinuol Tca, hwich to tshi ed
ta ocntoslr all srfrtleabane wrrafod csctatnor nad euusftr. Nigrdu eht 1960s, e
ht Iinnad Ntmvrngeeo ierthe adnben ro snesdpude ufestru tinagrd in alsevre modio

itcsme. Eth Neegnotmrv liyopc sanledcke in eth ltea 1970s adn oercmmdeonsanit t
o ievevr ruuetfs drnagti ni a iedw ngrea fo siimeoodctm rwee made. Iwth eth ull
f blintiytivcore of teh erpue, eht igonogn cessrop fo ocmoncei toibaleraiilsn an
d het Ainnid mcoeynos gienopn ot eht wrold kterma, the oler fo rufestu krtesma in
Iandi si engbi rrdneecoisde. Osmt otcrsanct inbeg rddtae ear uienqu ni hte wdor
l. Lgouhhat oesm era cearyll ectmodsi-ideonter, hoters (shuc sa arw ujet, perep
p, and olsidsee) aehv eth iapoltten to moeceb of eragolni or neev tronaaneintli
rtnmceoaip. Wto fo het berett-oknwn docmmoyti cexhnaseg aer eth Abybom Ieoldess
adn Siol Cexnghae, oefdudn in 1950, dna eht Aoenirnilnatt Eesrppp Serftuu Aecxeh
gn, ni 1997.
Paeivrt-otcers upsgro in Stkiaapn ehav elcdal rfo teh er-sblenaetsithm of a toco
tn acnhxgee. A oottcn haecxneg eatdproe in Cikaarh inlut het 1930s. Ni Sir Akla
n, eth Ntnevegrmo has nebe glikono at hte oestslipbiiis of an ncgeexah orf otbh
toimldacelys reatdd adn prtoex tidoisomemc, clndiunig tae.
Iamaslya adn Npigeasro veah evcati yidmocmto tfusreu cenxhages. Ayalimas sthos n
eo fursute dan otonsip gxenehca, chihw dshlo het 46th epcla ni eth 2001 gianrkn
of wrdlo ustrfeu axsehencg by igtnard emuvlo. Orsaiegnp si ehmo ot teh Siepgnrao
Geaxench (Xgs), which swa odefmr in 1999 yb eht grmeer of two ellw-lsehiebtdsa
egxecasnh, teh Tcsok Xegnheca of Nrasgpeoi (Sse) nad Ginposear Ainnteitnlaro Ytm
ernoa Agexcehn (Sxemi). Sxg cctodunea for 31 ionillm ttracnsco in 2001 dna saw h
et wolrds 13ht ralgtes enecxahg ni 2001.
In Iinpepilhps, eth Nmaali Lonatrtiinnea Sturefu Iotycmmdo Agnxeehc, eartdec ni
1985, ettdsar nrtgdai in 1998, raeft gbnie sdocel orf wot ayers. In Aeindnsoi, e
ht iidootcutnnr of a omtoiymcd ahencxeg ash nebe under usnsdiosic esinc hte eary
l 1980s, dan hte ltintiatiouns rkeforamw hsa ebne uaryglald ddpelveeo in hsti sc
eerpt ot pvea eht yaw for na greminge kartem. A new terpojc to unlcha hte Atakr
aj Cmtoidmyo Enachxge ahs nwo meeegdr, in hchwi teh rffdeient deiocstommi ot eb
atddre ehav nebe rdune oscsiinsud (oocca, lopwydo, aeppr, crie, nad rurbeb, ruga
s, esbsnyoa and otoctn).
Eenrast Repuoe dna teh Uoeeparn Iorsntecu ni eth Mlhmecnowoat of Ndepienednt Ase
tts
In Aeesnrt Euproe a nrheddu of rvbanti mketasr ietxdse rveo a cytuenr oag. Yeth
eewr eprreessd by Eetrnongvm vneitretinno, dan rleiavv is reyv tencer. Ni Anoiv
sle, a ewn cecrltnioe ghexaenc, teh Ceanxheg fo Laaujnljb dtasrte tdrgina ni 199
5. It eofsfr a agner of ycunecrr sutreuf tcrntcsoa nda two-inrag uetfusr otracst
cn. Etrad ni lla of ehtes riegegmn efusutr execshnag nad wen ftsueur tosacrtcn
ahev enbe uieqt mdteili os rfa. Wehvore, ni Gyrahnu, eht Sdtbuaep Myidotomc Enxa
hecg, tcaedre in 1989, whihc staedr ni giasnr dna sivctleok, hsa ebne equit cclu
fsuess adn deakrn ni 2000 as teh drwlos 37th moodcimyt xcgaeenh, aeewrsh hte Pubd
esta Otcks Axgchene saw the dlorws rlsgtea 42dn. Otehr mcydtioom eaechngxs, nto d
tginar fursuet cttarcson, avhe nebe eedtarc cenis 1990 in Ramnaio, Bauilarg, Iil
tuhnaa nad Eoistna.
Otms fo ehmt fsocu on iannogsrig rdtae rof tameiiedm plihsacy evleryid. Hte Aia
mronn Isteiomomdc Xgncaeeh, pdenoe ni 1992, rdaset in ragnis nad iol yb-sdcpourt
. Rveewho, ni msoe ketarsm, rfesuut cntrtaosc rae rtaded no foegnri eusrecirnc
(Oreu, lrdoals, tec) sa in teh Iubis Roetyanm Aancifnil and Oodsetmiicm Axnheceg
, enouddf ni 1997, dna. In eth Akineur eehtr hsa ebne a dayest thwgor of ommyitd
co ganexhecs, htwi omes 74 ctooyidmm xahgeescn nda 16 Lrauagucrtil haseecgnx nah
igv dremege.
Ni eth Cehcz Piebcrlu, ehrte aveh eneb psnal seinc 1994 to ecraet a dmotoycmi cx
hegane to redta psirucoe dan non-proseiuc sealmt, fleus, aniemrsl, reso, ebtmir,
rpape otpcdsru nad oounncscirtt sraamitel - a nrage fo otdpusrc eiuqt efedntifr
rfmo oetsh lmyoarnl udeicdtnor ni osutnecri hwit rsielbealid ceoeoinsm (rhewe c

enaxsghe ndet to sucfo no ctuaalluigrr itcemsomdoi). In Oalnpd, hte Aswraw Odym

mtoci Execgnha, ndduoef ni 1995, lseda in usrteuf itponos ni uiecrrluatg adn eur
ncrcy. Ti is tapr of eth Lpsohi Mitcdmoyo Nxgcaeeh eowkntr, edomcops fo 18 eshan
cxeg peards toohtghuru het otnrucy.
Ta het inggenbni of tihs cuerytn, ethre rewe veor a drheund miocmydot anxcseghe
ni Rissua. Eth ryale 1990s was an surtoubt of enw encagsxhe - iarccgnod ot neo i
eaetstm, mroe htna 270 gxseanehc eewr eatrcde ebteewn 1990 dan 1993. The mtso mn
trapoti neo is hte Nitre-Inepblucar Varsnleiu Dcmomitoy Ecehaxgn in Ocmsow. Leae
rsv octidoymm ruufste aosccttnr aveh eneb leveddpoe (eth srtif neo, na imliuamnu
rancttoc, was daeluhcn by teh Swmooc Dmyciotmo Hcexeagn in teal 1992), tub rtad
e sha ton eben very atcive (tkarem srsue cnodtereactn on sotkc, yrnucerc adn tsr
iente-erat stfruue). Lreaesv xanesghec ear poeerdrt to eavh nslpa to emvo omfr
acphylsi dgnirta ni itomsomedci ot teusfur gtdirna. Ni Hnkazkaats, the Zhasntkka
a Ctsko Xgnhceae aedsl in a mlsla mbreun fo urftues croctsatn on erofgin rucerne
ics.
Retnoah cytnuor erweh xeeagchns evah xetieds for a gnol teim si Yteukr. Ornuda 2
0 fo tmhe vahe adeengg ni eaictv ymitocmdo arted (rseoht aer elacld xhenecgsa,
tbu ni afct, nyol act as eertsnc ofr eth itosrtgeiran of odtiyomcm adret rscnaoa
itnts nad axt-tlionecglc sppsouer). The olsedt, in Rimiz, srcaet sit irongi cakb
to 1891. Etehs xnacheseg act as ialcsphy ngraitd ertcesn, ot hhwic nregsa fo do
miceotims are ruhgbot rof ciseptoinn nad ieimdetam lsae. Semo fo esthe hgseecan
x ahve eenb pasairginp hte siibitsyolp fo uniorgdnitc oemr itsispdcoteha morsf f
o ardet, eabsd on warhueseo isetrecp dna enev sfueutr cnoratcts (het Izrim Ntcto
o Nexgahec wno hsa an etaivc trfesuu ncactrot on tnootc). In 1997 the Uainbtsl L
dog Reustfu dna Sionpot Exhaengc swa duehnlca to etme eth mdeadn ofr trefuu odlg
trucpsdo in Kuetry dna is het tfsir vadreitiesv ramket in Kurtye.
Ntila Acemiar
Nital Raieamcs sltgrea dan omts tiatpmnor yodtcoimm eegnxcha is het Sbola de Arde
coasmri & Tusfrou, (Mb&F) ni Bailzr. Ti sah esldyita ldhe edglain itooinssp in h
et dwlors nrngaki ueasbec of ist ihhg indgtar ouemvl. Tohhluga tihs ganceexh asw
lony ecaedrt ni 1985, ti saw teh 8ht lasterg eagxnhec by 2001, twih 98 iolmlni r
asoncttc taedrd (ni eptsi of eth atcf ttha diartgn in raautlrucgil csnrtoatc nca
rlayhd be emdopcar to het inma mdtmcooyi ufsetru rsmetka ni Wne Rkoy dan Ihocga
c, ohhaltug Lazibrs eceffo rufuest tencyrlur aotsucnc for $5 oilbnli hwtro of dat
re a dya).
The Ibianalzr oteivadlnau tih eth anrdigt sovmeul rhda ltauhgho Mb&F`s oencdiis
to eergm ithw Glboxe, eht ollgba adgirtn acnliael chwih ilcnuesd teh Mce, het Se
rionpag Aeaotninrnitl Anrtoyme Xnechage and the Pairs Rbesou mya ehpl to er-tnge
ii sreeittn in teh uytcrons rrnceucy efsutur. Rtehe are also anmy eothr timcmodyo
gexcesnha rnepoitag in Abrizl, dsprea utghohtruo teh yncurot. Tehy draet lragle
y ni toicesodimm rof meitmdeia ro rrdafwo vdieyelr, utb hgoutrh an locrtinece ok
twren (hhcwi ksinl tmos fo eht yonrtucs ecgnehsxa) eyth salo eakm it sblesoip to
erdta ni sutreuf ostanctrc.
Welhi Egiatarnn has a lngo iaidttonr in sfuurte tsermak, tirhe ettaiiiscv hvea o
rmf eimt ot iemt nbee smicirrucdecb yb edlitdea neontmvger iougtealrn, hiwhc ahs
tedlmii het ues fo exncgahe vesiersc. Eht aonntlia ehxneagc rweotnk sctssino of
11 sreatkm, chiwh tdrea molyts in crluurtaliag ocmmiditoes uicnnlidg neo of eht
wdrlos etldos iytmdomoc rfutuse gcaeneshx, the Loabs ed Reaceles tgdnai bkca ot
1854. Tsi seurftu rtmkae Eromdca a Mirtone ed Euobns Rsaei, nfdduoe in 1909, ksa
nr as eht owdrls 51st lragste eexgcahn.
Hltuahgo Xcieom is Tlnia Caimaers ocndse stgbeig oenmcyo, ti sha nyol erylecnt cr
uoeddtni a uftsuer nhexacge to its tmrskae. Hte Medoarc Eomnxica de Asvoreddi (X
erdem) asw caluhden ni 1998 nad aslmic to eb het ustegoyn exngcaeh ni eht rdwlo.

Teh gnhceaxes in El Oavslrda, Udsnrhoa, Aaangriuc, Soatc Crai, Apanma, Aboomilc,

Cdaeruo, Prue dna Ibivoal rwee oytmsl arcdtee in ornsspee to the btrsloeilinaia
of scedtoim trade sa a smecanhim ofr teh stooiingrana of tdsomiec iymdocmot rde
ta lwfos. Teh dtosel of teshe, in Boamilco, atdes rmof 1973, dna the Eaourdc nx
ahecge asedt mrfo 1986, ihelw lal eht ehtrso hvae bene iseaehtbdls sniec 1992.
Stmo of hte tocsprdu rdadet era griraauucltl (wthi esmo sepdocrse cportusd erdtd
a ni a fwe eronsucit), but hte Ergnvomnet of Lmbocoia si engnximai eht pylssobii
ti of dncignortui a todcymiom hcaexgne orf alredsem. The aidgnrt steiipbolsisi
feeorfd by teh gnahseecx ryav ledwyi. Somt odirevp a murof rfo eardt in lschpiy
a ecdmotmisoi, btu emso salo leaben dwaorfr anidrtg. Ni Lmoocbai, eth hnegxcea l
soa tesard the itcrde part fo userwaeho iecprtse adn sha arargend iesocktlv totsiu
necaiizr ot mirevop arlur annifncig.
A maroj reiavpt torces guorp in Lhiec osppeord eht oteinacr of a ocitdmmyo rstuf
ue eegnxcah ni the atel 1980s. Eht srdeoppo ehnexacg uwdlo dtera in tmdcieos odf
o-ganisr dan in ifehmals, utb pasln orf ti veha nto yte eebn ifeasidln. Mcuh rpe
rgoss adwtors hte iniudttocorn of na egcaexnh hsa neeb enidatat in eht Mnicnoida
Cbelpiur. The tuoonrciitdn fo roahesewu ticprees gtianrd fro nsabe nda cffoee ha
s nebe palennd. Ni Neleeuzav, the Luglraaitcru Enexchga fo Zenaveeul saw etdraec
in 1998 nda sdale lyomst in agrin.
The Eend ot Hcnaeg thwi Esmit
Axghsenec vahe seevlar tstagecir peenossrs teyh nca meka to teh icghngan tgandir
emeonnitrnv: gcinngha ehrit oalantizarogin uttscruer, oeonpiotacr, topaindg enw
tesceigolhno, dan so fohrt.
Lltayiuvr lla lteasbdehsi enshaxgec vaeh ebne fiisycnlaitgn inredreogza ni eht t
aps efw sarye. Het metemonv wosrdta oluimnetduzaati fo hte tmsaerk, tnieeddn to
tunr eesxachgn otni netpddinnee rseiepensrt, doclu ndbenyaiul eb a racfot in ti
ntgcaatr ewn rtoersoap, niucgildn ourhhgt unnlcgiko eth uocsrseer edeend ot cetr
ea a meor olbalg ditgarn otrnkwe thorguh ichwh hte acngxeseh acn be yalesi secds
eca, even rfom pengidlveo irocetusn.
Tlhgincoeolac, algle, aotpcliil, neocoicm nad anaoairgztolin mutnsajtsed nto oyn
l oiepvdr the oeatintlp orf wne estpy fo tncsorcta tbu nac olas etlaaticif tipco
iprantia by cush tcaors as lmals-sacle rasfmre, who eeotwirhs gimth avhe been un
beal to nibetef frmo hte sseecriv eeroffd by eth aehcxngse.
Gioiantnrte adn Potoeiarocn agnom Xanchegse
Megerr Maani
Ofrm miet ot imte, treuusf ecngashex spsa orthguh epdsoir of ootinscioalnd. Tmso
fo eht sheagncxe atht tdixees ni the Enidut Testas ni 1980, for mlxaepe, ewer t
he uletrs of eth emregr fo wto or roem hcexaseng. Het 1990s reew a tlaplcairyur
suyb period rof gerresm. Aprtly, hist swa het result of eth nngrciyiaesl eiotcep
vmti tahrcerca fo suetruf atder: cornlcetie agritdn pesod a erttah to the isixtg
en peon-tuycor hseaxgcen, dan dlea ot teh mnreegeec of a odzne boelzdgial csxeah
egn, aintgcuocn orf erhte aqrsertu of hte vmloue in teuufrs daedrt.
Tryapl, rgersem erew olsa het steulr of elrytoaugr uresrpse- iths was eht eacs,
orf axlmpee, ni Ajpan dna prlctaauilry, Chnai. In Apjan, verlesa xecnageh eresr
mg otok lpeac, romf 17 xchnegesa in Tpemerbes 1993, teh mbnure ntew to 8 ni 1997
. In eht Indute Nomkgid, Ileff ermdeg twhi the Nondlo Dmtociyom Xceengha ni Tsem
ebepr 1996 dan own sarted a gnera fo otfs icoytmdom dna iruclrgaatlu oansttcrc c
dinlugin urtfues nda osontip no caooc, uaobstr efefoc, htewi agurs, rigna adn pa
etsoot. Ni eht Tiuden Tatess, Exynm, teh wolrds eirprme egyern futesur egnhecax,
remedg ni 1994 wiht Eomcx wihch prtaesoe aydot as sti syiusraidb, dan Ycne (edt

crae ni 1870) dan Scec (ofndedu ni 1882) to rmeeg nad ofmr in 1998 the Rbado fo D
arte fo eht Ycit fo Enw Kory (Bytn).
Ni Eperuo, eht rdowls nsdcoe lgtsare naeehgxc, Xuere, lrsueetd ofmr eth mgrree fo
the Mnegar Tbd Cetdsehu Minebrters dan het Sissw Chegxnae Fexsof ni het taumnu o
f 1998. Ttha eyra losa erbo stwsine ot eth nceroati of Uetrxnoe, a npa Aernuepo e
no cpaonmy, reeht srncete utcserutr mrgere ewteben Mdmraaets Ecesgxhan (Axe), Lsr
uesbs Sgehenacx (Xbs) dan Prias Oursbe, cwhhi etcaedr hte irfts ttylola eednrita
gt osrsc-dberor glisen ecrucryn itesdrvviae eramtk. Ni Rfyaberu fo 2002, Gtpoarl
us Saobl de Svoelar ed Bosali e Poort enhgacex dgmere ihwt Euertnox ot omceeb Ten
xeruo Ilnosb.
In Tlain Areamic, het Asblo de Rdaemosacir & Surotfu (Bm&F) eamebc in 2001 a bme
rme fo the Oblgxe Leanicla, golinko ahade whit toreh remebm eaehcnxsg ot a ssel
tslyoc, reom ptotneemc, nesrotgr and tindeu antnnitleiaor mpalaecktre. In Saai n
i 2001 hte Saymaila Ivartevside Cgehanex wsa acedetr out of teh megrre of Mmooci
tdy adn Tomeaynr Nxgceeha fo Mlsayiaa (Mxcemo) adn Aukla Pumlru Opsitno nda Anan
fciil tuuefrs Axngehce (Lfkofe).
Fosrm fo opioatecron nmoag enaxcsehg
Nonoadcirito nad cooinroptae oamgn echnexsga acn hple ot dioav past kmieasst nad
to reudce het ctsso fo cigiruntond nad tnrgadi tcrsoncat. Evne fi on mmaitdeei
aidrntg oiotrcaepon si frsnoeee, it is wsie to arlaedy cidretaoon tavtiescii. H
sit pyet fo icondatniroo delyaar istxe mgnao nggirmee hegseanxc in eth omfr of i
oaelrng Iacsositonas, ekil teh Oiitnsacaos fo Apn-Mneiacar Yoticdomm Canehxseg d
arceet ni 1993, hwti a eprsimhmbe of 10 tnceorisu, hte Lieatainntron Oincsaiatso
of the Eenxscagh fo eth Cis urcesiotn, tdaerce ni 2000, itwh a mpsemrehbi fo 18
emsbrem, eht Iotnoicassa of Uterufs Tsmraek (Maf) dreeatc in 1998, iwht a ebsrm
ipemh fo 9 retiscuno. Eervowh, canuioimntmco enteweb tshee Oascnatssiio is stli
l earr.
Eht mots bcisa orfm fo cioteoarpno wuodl eb a legruar dssosiuicn no pasnl.
A
tnxe pets lduow eb ot sdisucs ctorncta fosaciiispcnte, in erdor to sernue tath e
tesh seiicnsptocifa ear fo arelevcen to all sritaep nncrdeceo. Alslm eshgcna ni
hte adnepnl otcnratc ngiesd yma pelh to kame efuruts otacnctsr eresai to seu ot
irgeonf tineeits. Het lautqyi fo ctnaocrt ndeiitnsifo, icgnilndu in luaaprticr
its vdelyrie atfcecipsniiso nda smeioaitld, era fo pmaonutra reoinatpmc ofr atc
agnrtti otn onyl eonalgri, but asol rnintaoaeintl atinrcspipat. Na sienxitg tcr
atcno anc eb emad rmeo usfule ot elpisbso iaasprnipttc omrf thore uteircnos yb d
igdan wen iedrvely ticalnsoo.
A yver lgilcoa pste doluw eb ot apreootce ni the nireguakndt fo estduis, ghniras
of wonk-who dna het rognitzainao fo anegolri gtairnin. Tshi dowlu oadvi iditcl
oanup fo sfeofrt dna tshu vaes oneym; ti wlduo salo help to odiva htta eht seam
imsktaes rae epdaeter mtie dna ietm aaing. Edsstiu nca eb on teh oaitntlpe of e
nw oiyctmmdo tsuferu stctonarc; no wdrharae dan seorfawt smeysts to be esud; no
ywsa ot eahcr itnoj vtieejcsob, e.g. tatniartcg the inergo s ttnmeienvs sufdn; e
ct., cet. The nhasgri fo wokn-who loudw allwo, rof nsenciat, ot esprad encsprxe
iee iwht eht ncgrliea fo notpiso, or cexpseneire wiht ootnlomiarp aapmgnics ienr
dteo ta ugrsop nwhiti teh ytnocru husc sa potitlnnsaa or end esrsu - esmo xecgsh
ane yam evah had oerm ssuscec tihw hist than hosetr.
Hawt dsoluh olsa be iocdsndree is cornooaitep in cgranlei nasgntarreme. A stnog
r agesoelncuirh is crseeynsa to atttarc sibsseun, and eht ipoeartno of ialncgre
seymsts si fento oen fo teh lsaretg scsto of tepgnoria na gaeenhcx (at atsle, rm
of eth resus otnip fo vwei - ofmr teh gnelriac rsmeebm optni fo veiw, ti acn e
b eht toms pabitlfoer trap). Ni het Ituden Moikngd, lal chaesexng era lerecad y
b noe nerlcat gcenailr ohseu, whihc olsa scaelr meso esresaov hexncegas. Ni teh
Tiunde Tsetsa, as a ctso-gnttiuc suamree, urvioas ecasgnxhe ehav raleyad eddcei

d to tcapoeero ni ehitr cnargile trmensgranae, dan ni ta lates noe ecas, aevh ld

areay egmred rethi necaglri essouh. Ectinefif aeginclr eanrmetrsgan eersianc pc
itpnarsati niodecfnce ni the ghaexcne nda oneeqtuylscn taacttr a ihhg vlomeu fo a
tred, wcihh si rclartapliuy rtomtanpi fro eingmerg gexsencah. Teh dtsntnziaidara
o of naccrttso, ddaitoin of dvrieyel oipnst nda othre reotvaopice resfoft cotrbi
netu to iielaftact aibnroatrit dna hstu omeprvsi bhto hte ilsbtitay adn ebtrlcdi
iiy fo eth gnehxcase, btu teh ostm arf-rhnicgae rmfo of prtoonaoice wuold eb teh
ercotnia of tsonrg grdanti nslik between xesacnhge, oguhtrh lniocretec enmas.
Het Oelr of hte Ntonemgerv
On eakrmt ionnustcf in a uumcva. Ni redro to eb efiinefct, the rkmeta eedns na
eviatc, cemimtdto erol of hte ntmreevgon: a orle of treiohsvg, iicdinsnlpig osht
e hwo ryt ot anpiematul hte mastker ot ireht won febtnie dan snireung teh tcasti
yn of tncsrcota; adn an anngbeli loer, irongpdiv the eraseycns elalg nad ygrueta
rlo wrokmefra, vnee rtpa fo the uirslrtcautrnfa krrfmoewa tiwuhto whhci rketam t
acsor ontnca nounifct oyperrpl. Skmarte dnee the egmnnvtoer - eth ylon lmobepr
is htta rove lgioaertun oluhsd eb vaedoid.
Vroe ruogitnale laolyrmn srslute mofr a lkac of eatnndnrsdugi no hte notfiguninc
dan puoesrp fo micotdmoy angsxceeh. Imcoodmty csgxeeahn, fi eyht nofcnitu lelw
, aer tbu an iamge fo lihyapsc atemksr. Uslypp dan edmnda iitnsoondc on eht ilp
acysh tekamr, chiwh heestowir dluwo be okwnn nyol ot a slmal mbuenr fo wlle-eldc
ap pnimcoase, aer maed ebvsiil, rof all to ese, ohhutgr the tiocgifunnn of het u
rtfsue rktema. Fi ysuppl/andmed diiotcnsno ear adb, rmfo hte ogevnemntr s ptoin
of eviw, hte ecneghax yma eb the gsemresne atht ingsrb eth dab swen, tbu shoudl
nto eb dalbme ofr tsih.
Het otenirla etbween tyomomicd nxceaesgh adn hte onevgrnmte dene ont eb oen fo a
eeadrvrssi. Fusieifcnnit dnutaesndring of eht lreo dan lfeusnuses of ommotdciy
egeacnhxs nca eneddi lead to poleiisc atht rtuh teh enhxseagc adn tehir sseur.
Ubt echgansxe tnaocn od ithowtu eth gnvoretmen, htiwuot a rkroeamwf, hcwih anc l
nyo eb edrecta yb teh reegonnmtv. Svorenmnetg deen ot elipco eth xehagscen os t
tha edritc nad initrdec srues cna rtse esuasrd, htat eedind, hte aeegcxhns svree
eht iplcub rather hnat a tialurrpac tevriap srnetite, nda hety eden ot flitieat
ca - ro aetrrh, lbaeen - eth initnfoncug fo sxgecaneh rougthh hte ioipsvnor of a
n tpiraoprpea gella and atrreygoul forramwke. Kagtin oint noctcau eht rlaeg oen
titpal ibtnefe fo mctymdioo schegexan rof a nturoyc s omyecon, rmoengvetsn anc o
asl icflaiatet hte rthowg fo engremgi gcsxnehae by oidpginvr etdaregt tupopsr.
Onilcunocs
Eth rsopsec of uefthrr tnooidclaonis si eyklli, tub teh ayw ti lwli eb enod is c
nelrua: ewn ergrmse, aitctesrg parshteprnsi inusg a mocnom mapflrto, acreubsint
pk fo cnexeaghs, ro enw rsypael isdagpclni eht inxesigt seon.
Esid Iigcsrvptaanj, os nlyo yrou eroucmpt lliw ese ro ecsrpso uyro atad tiupn/uo
tput.