Communalism in Bangladesh: Problems and Way of Solving

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wbqQ| gymwjg cavb `kjvZ mgvRZvwK Av`vjb I RvZxqZvev`x
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kvmKiv m Ai mB hy nqQ| G`k agvkqx mswZ Ges gjev`x
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AevwiZ nqQ| 19751995 GB `yB `kK Avgvì mgvRi cyuwRev`x icvi
AbK AMmi nqQ| dj RbMYi ga A_bwZK mvgvwRK elg eoQ|
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RbMvxi RxweKv agmsv Kg wbqvwRZ| g~j avivi agwfwK ivRbwZK `jwU
mvgvRevì AvvfvRb| Zviv mvgvwRK wewfb agxq Abykvmb Kvqg KiZ
PvBjI A_bxwZZ cyuwRevì Abymvix| ^vaxbZvi bZZ`vbKvix `jwUi hLb Avevi
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cyuwRcwZ I gawei bZZvaxb `j AvIqvgx jxM GLb eo cyuwRcwZì bZZvaxb
`j| beBqi `kK mgvRZi wechq `yB gi weki Aemvb NwUqQ| GK
gii cuywRev`x wek mgvRZgyLx RvZxqZvev`x ivRbxwZZ Zvì cqvRb bB|
agvwkZ mswZK KvR jvwMq Zviv gZvq _vKZ Pvq| aygv KkjMZ KviY
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mgvRZi wechqi ci Zv mvgvRevì wei Nyi ùvwoqQ| GwU mvgvRevì
Rb GKwU AvcvZ mgmv| wK mvgvRev` mvmev` ivLvi bvg Ki Ai eemv
evwoq PjQ| Ges gacvPi `kjvZ nc Ki RvZxqZvev`x kwjvK
nwUq w`q Zj wbRi `Lj Kvqg KiQ| RvZxqZvev`x kvmKì AeZgvb
gjev`xiv mme `kjvZ wewfb agxq Dc-m`vqMZ weivaK DmK w`q
gacvPi ivRbwZK mxgviLvB cv w`Q| mvgvRevì `ygyLv bxwZZ z
Ges m`_K Kvb Av`ki Afve AvkvnZ, gymwjg ZiYiv gjevì w`K SzuKQ|
mvgvRev`x I cyuwRev`x A_bwZK kvlY, mvgvwRK elg GLb Avi cavb GRv
bq|
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cvwKvb bB| ZvB Zviv Dc-m`vqMZ nvbvnvwbZ wj| Zvì ivxq msv
gjevì msMVK I iK| KsMwm ivRbxwZi `ybx wZ I A`Zvq AwZ fviZevmx
mv`vwqK gv`xK gZvq ewmqQ| cwge ZYg~j gZvi Rb Avgvì
`ki gjev`xì m MuvUQov euaQ| Gi m hy nqQ, Amg evOvwj
gymjgvb L`vI Av`vjb I ivwnv mgmv| G `ywUB RvwZMZ I agMZ
mv`vwqKZvi wgwjZ ic| ag-mv`vwqKZvi KviY wbhvwZZ RbMvx, mv`vwqK
I gjev`x ivRbxwZi Dei | G `kxq I AvRvwZK cwiwZB Avgvì
`ki ag-mv`vwqKZvi mgmvwU weeP|
wK KiYxq ?
Avgiv `Ljvg, gvbyl gvB Mvx ev m`vqfz gvbyl| ZvB ew gvB mv`vwqK
Ges gb gvB mv`vwqK gb| GwU cwieZbhvM bq| GwU mgmvI bq| mgmv,
hb mv`vwqKZv e`_K mvc`vwqKZvq icvwiZ bv nq| e`_K mv`vwqKZvK
m`_K m`vwqKZvq icvi Kiv hvq| GRb cqvRb, z`Zi mv`vwqK
cwiPqK eni mv`vwqK cwiPqi AMZ Kiv| hgb, ewi agMZ I AjMZ
cwiPqK RvwZMZ I `kMZ cwiPqi AMZ Kiv| Ges Gme cwiPqK kwYMZ
Ges kwYweivac~Y gvbe cRvwZi cwiPqi AMZ Kiv| h gvbe cRvwZ weki
Abvb RxecRvwZi AMZ Ges gnvRvMwZK ezZi Rb DbyL| mv`vwqKZvK
KvR jvwMq ew I Mvx^v_ nvwmji cqvRb I myhvM Kwgq Avbv ìKvi|
ìKvi Gme myhvM mvbxì ivLv| mRb cqvRb ivRbwZK-A_bwZKmvswZK egyLx cqvm|
h mc`vqMZ cwiPqwU Kvbv mgvR bB, mLvb m mc`vqMZ mgmvI bB|
hgb mv`v-Kvjv eYMZ mgmv hyivi gZv Avgvì mgmv bq| fviZi Kvb
Kvb Aj wn`yì ga wn`y cwiPq _K RvZ-cvZ cwiPqwUB eo| mme Aj
RvZ-cvZ mgmv iZi mgmv| G`k wn`yì RvZ-cvZ _vKjI, RvZ-cvZ
_K wn`y cwiPqwUB eo| ZvB RvZ-cvZ G`ki eo mgmv bq| A`~i fwelZ
G`k gvbyli agMZ cwiPqwU gyQ hvIqvi mvebv bB| ZvB ag-mv`vwqKZvK
ivLvi Rb gbvwK weePbvq iZc~Y j, ewi AvZcwiPq MVb ag
cwiPqwUK MY Kiv| m cwiPq hb nq ewi egvwK cwiPqi GKwU gvv
gv| m cwiPq hb nq cmviYkxj, msKvPbkxj bq|
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1| MYZi cmviY, A_vr bvMwiK cwiPq mevB mgvb, mvgvwRK I ivRbwZK
Kvb mv`vwqK elg Kiv hve bv
2| A_bwZK mgmvejxK ivRbxwZi K` wbq Avmv| kvmKiv kvlYK
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3| ivRbxwZZ agi eenvi wbwl Kiv|
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7| mvgvwRK-mvswZK KgKv mKzjvi I mg^qagx Dcv`vbmg~ni cvavb
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Avgiv `Ljvg KiYxqmg~ni Pwi ivRbwZK-A_bwZK-mvswZK| wK GwU Kie

K ? GwU Kie mgvRi mB Ask, mv`vwqKZv hvì Rb jvfRbK bq,
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`v`yjgvb kwI Gi mg_b Avme| weivwaZv Kie ay ZvivB, agmv`vwqKZvi eenvii m hvì ^v_ IZcvZ RwoZ|
jLK : gbvivM wPwKrmK
AvZcwiPqi ivRbxwZ I kvwlZi `xNkvm

cvifR Avjg
Bmjvg Avwefvei c~e AvdMvwbvb cvq nvRvi eQii cyibv e agxq HwZn
wQj| AvdMvwbvbi evwgqvb c`k ò nvRvi eQii cyibv cw_exi mePvBZ eo
`ywU e g~wZ mB cvPxb HwZni Ask wnme GKwesk kZK ch wUK wQj|
2001 mvji gvP gvm KqK mvn hver GwU GqvivdU wgmvBj I wWbvgvBU w`q
nvgjv Pvwjq Zvwjevbiv g~wZ `ywU asm Ki dj| Avng` Qdv mB mgq
Zvjevbì eyg~wZ fvOvi cvcU bvg GKwU ce wjLwQjb| GB ce wZwb
GKwU iZi ck ZyjwQjb| ckwU gvUv`vM GBiKg myjZvb gvngy` hB g~wZ
fvOb bvB, gvjv Igi mB g~wZ Kbv fvOjb? MRbxi myjZvb gvngy` `wY
Gwkqvi BwZnvm mePvBZ eo AvBKvbKv Pwi wnme cwiwPZ| cvq mZievi
wZwb Di fviZ nvgjv PvwjqQb| mvgbv_mn e gwì I e g~wZ asmKvix
wnme wZwb cwiwPZ| MRbx AvdMvwbvbi GKwU c`k| myjZvb gvngy` cyiv
AvdMvwbvb kvmb KiQb| Zvi gZv GKRb g~wZwelx hB g~ wZjv fvO wb,
mB g~wZjv Zvjevbiv Kbv fvOjv? Lvwj Zvjevbì wb`v KijB ne bv,
g~wZ fvOvi cQbi ivRbwZK cvcUUv evSvI Riwi, GB wQj Qdvi ee|
Zvi fvlvq
myjZvb gvngy` mZievi fviZ AvgY KiwQjb| ivRwevii PvBZ jyUcvUB
wQj Zvi cavb AvKlY| wZwb m`kevi mvgbv_ gwì AvgY Ki k k gY
mvbv-icv Ges gwY-gvwbK Kveyj wbq hvb| mvaviYZ fviZxq HwZnvwmKì
AbKB myjZvb gvngy`K GKevK ciagwelx Ges gwì jybKvix gb Kib|
myjZvb gvngyì fviZel Awfhvbi m ciag wel ev gwì asm Kivi Kvb
cwiKbv wQj GK_v gb Kiv fyj ne| Avevi AbK gb Kib myjZvb gvngy`
Abvb m`jvfx ivRvi gZv mvbv-icv I gvwbKi AvKlY mvgbv_ gwì
AvgY KiwQjb| GK_vi ga wKQyUv mZZv AvQ gb Kiv nq| hw` myjZvb
gvngy` aygv g~wZ asmi KviY mvgbv_ gwì AvgY KiZb, Zvi c~e
AekB wZwb AvdMvwbvbi eyg~wZ Ges gwìmg~n asm Ki djZb| Avgiv
`LZ cvwQ BwZnvm gwì Ges g~wZ asmKvix wnme LvZ myjZvb gvngyÌ GB
ey g~wZjvi Mvq KvbiKg AuvPo KvUb wb|
h eyg~wZjv myjZvb gvngyì ivli wkKvi nZ cvi wb mjv GZw`b ci Kx
KviY Zvjevbì iìvli KviY nq ùvovj mUv Vvv gv_vq wPv Ki `Lvi
evcvi| aygv Zvjevbì wb`v Kij, Zvì AcKgi wei wavi Zyjj
mvcwZK mgq AvdMvwbvbi BwZnvm h cwieZb Ges icvi NU MQ Zvi
evLv gj bv| `ynvRvi mvj Gm cwiwwZ Ggb GKUv gvivZK w`K gvo wbj
AvdMvwbvbi kvmKiv gjevì Ggb GKUv P~ov cv Dveb Kijb hv

eZev`x mswZi m KvbiKg Avcm KiZ ivwR bq| Zviv g~wZ fvOvi wmv
wbjb |
cewU jLvi KqK gvm ciB Avng` Qdv (28 RyjvB, 2001) gZyeiY Kib|
2001 mvji mî gvm gvwKb hyivi UyBb UvIqvi mvmx nvgjvi NUbv
NU| Zvi Reve gvwKb hyivi bZZ cwgv wek AvdMvwbvb I BivK nvgjv
Pvjvq| Gi avivevwnKZvq Bmjvg Kw`K ivRbxwZ Ges `ywbqvi gymwjg RbmsLvi
`kjvi BwZnvm eo aibi cwieZb I icvii NUbv NU MQ| Zvjevb
_K Avgiv GLb AvBwmmi hyM cek KiwQ| Zvjevbiv e g~wZ fOQ,
AvBwmmi nvZ gymjgvbì gmwR`-gvRviI wbivc` bq| BivK-wmwiqvq eZev`x
mswZ cvq wejy nq MQ, cyiv `ywbqv RyoB mvc`vwqK mxwZ I agxq
mnbkxjZv GLb gwKi gyL| euP _vKj Avng` Qdv GB cwiwwZ wKfve
gvKvejv KiZb, Zvjevbì eyg~wZ fvOvi cvcU bvgK jLvwU _K Avgiv
Zvi wKQyUv aviYv KiZ cvwi| QvU GB cewU ZvB LyeB iZc~Y|
AvdMvbiv h wbRìK gymjgvb fvevi cvkvcvwk we Avh ejI gb KiZv GB
welqwU Avng` Qdv DjLhvM gb KiQb| AvdMvwbvbi RvZxq wegvb cwienY
msvi bvg h Avh AvdMvb Gqvi jvB Ges Kveyji cvYKì bvg h AvhPZi Zv wZwb Avgvì iY Kwiq w`qQb| AvhZ I Bmjvg `yB wbqB Zvì
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Z_m~ : Zvjevbì eyg~wZ fvOvi cvcU Avng` Qdv
Somanatha : The Many Voices of a History By Romila Thapar
The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 12041760 By Richard Maxwell Eaton
The Wretched of the Earth by Frantz Fanon
How Muslims Viewed Hindus In The Past And In The Present By Dr. Asghar Ali
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weklYi w`K GwMq hZ ne| A_vr mvc`vwqKZv, iv, ivRbxwZ I ewi h
wKvYwfwK mK Ges mB mKi ZviZg hme Av_-mvgvwRK ivRbwZK
cwiek IVvbvgv Ki Zvi GKwU mymsMZ AvjvPbv cqvRbxq| GB ce hnZz
Avgiv evsjv`ki ivRbxwZ, iv I mvc`vwqKZv wbq AvjvPbv KiZ PvB mnZz
AvjvPbvUv evsjv`kKw`K ivLvi Pv Kiv nqQ|
ag-mvc`vwqKZv I iv
agi mwZKvi msvqb wbq cwZ gnj weZK AvQ| evsjv fvlvq ag kwU
BsiwR wiwjwRqb-Gi cwifvlvq AbKi Acw AvQ| Z_vwc Avgiv BsiwR
wiwjwRqb-Gi A_ ag kwUK eenvi Kwi|8 ag ejZ Rxeb I RMZi Dci
AwZRvMwZK GK wKsev GKvwaK kwi AwZ mK gvbyli wekvm eySvq| agxq
wekvm gvbyli mvgvwRK weKvki GKwU chvqi m~PK|9 m hvB nvK ag I
mvc`vwqZvi ga hvM mK _vKjI mvc`vwqKZv I agwbv ^Z wRwbm| ay
ZvB bq, mvc`vwqKZv Ges mvc`vwqK gbvfveK ^Zfve bv `Lj Zvi
îcK wVK evSv hve bv|10 agi AvPvi wePvi Ges Zi cwZ wbv _vKj ZvK
Avgiv ewj agwbv| wK mvc`vwqKZv c_K wRwbm| Kvbv ewi gbvfveK
ZLbB mvc`vwqK AvLv Ìqv nq hLb m GK wekl agxq mc`vqfywi wfwZ
Ab GK agxq mc`vq Ges Zvi Af
y ewì weivPiY Ges wZ mvab
KiZ cZ _vK|11 G Kvbv ew wekli wZ mvab Kivi gvbwmKZv
ewi mv_ mvvr cwiPq A_ev weiZv _K DrmvwiZ bq| ew wekl G
MY, gyL njv mc`vq, ag I mvc`vwqKZv welq eìxb Dgi-Gi ee
GLvb cwYavbhvM
agwbvi mv_ mK AvQ agxq Z I AvPvi-wePvii|
mvc`vwqKZvi hvM nQ mc`vqi mv_| A_vr agwbvi
6
nvmvb di`m, cv , cv 268|

nvmvb di`m, cv, cv 268|
8
hZxb miKvi, ag, mvc`vwqKZv I agwbicZv, evsjv`ki eywew: ag-mvc`vwqKZvi mU, mq`
Avgxij Bmjvg I KvR e`vcvavq mvt (XvKv : RvZxq mvwnZ cKvkbx, 1999), cv 160176|
9
mi`vi dRjyj Kwig, `kb Kvl, (XvKv : evsjv GKvWwg 1995)|
10
eìxb Dgi, mvc`vwqKZv, (XvKv : gvIjv ev`vm, 2011), cv 11|
11
eìxb Dgi, cv, cv 11|
7
ewi wbRi AvPiY Ges agwekvmi iZ ewk| mvc`vwqKZvi

wbRi agxq mc`vqi cwZ wekl GK RvZxq AvbyMZi
iZ ewk| GQvov mZKvi agwbv ciKvjgyLx| ciKvjB Zvi
mZKvi cyivii Avkv| mvc`vwqKZvi gybvdv BnjvK| agwbvi
Rb Abi weivPiYi cqvRb bB| Abi weivPiY Ges wZ
mvabi ga mvc`vwqKZvi weKvk I cwiYwZ| agi mv_ ZvB
mvc`vwqKZvi Kvbv cqvRbxq ZMZ mK bB| 12
agxq mc`vq agi mvaviY ewk njI BwZnvm `Lv MQ h, mc`vqK Avkq
KiB ag-ag msNvZ euaQ| AbK mgq ej cqvMI GK mc`vq Ab
m`vqi Ici wbR ag Pvwcq `qvi Pv KiQ| Avi GfveB ag I
mvc`vwqKZv GK nq MQ| Aci w`K eo eo agjvK wfw Ki Mo IVv
mc`vqjv bvbv Dc-mc`vq wef nqQ, Dc-m`vqjvB GK mgq c~Yv
mc`vq icvwiZ nqQ Ges mB icvwiZ mc`vqjvB Avevi cviwiK
msNvZ wj nqQ|13 Aek me aibi agwfwK mvc`vwqK wefì wei hyM
hyMB HK cqvmi De NUQ| AvaywbK iv eevq gjev` Kb, agi m Zvi
Kvbv mK _vK bv| G cm hZxb miKvi wjLb
KviY wiwjwRqb gvbyli BnjwKK KjvYi K_v ejjI BnjvKi
mxgvbv Qvwoq cijvKi c_B Zvi Awfhvv, ZvK Kvbv
fMvwjK mxgvZ AvUK ivLv hvq bv| mKj wiwjwRqbB iv
wbwekl mKj wekvmx gvbyli AwZcvKZ fvebvi aviK| wiwjwRqb
Zvi Abymvixì cijwKK kvwi weavb `q| Kvb aibi wekvm ev
AvPiYi Rb cijvK kvw cZ ne ZvI ej `q| Abw`K iv
welqUvB GKv BnjwKK I wekl wekl fMvwjK mxgvq Ave|
ivi KvR Zvi bvMwiKì BnjwKK KjvYi c_ mswk, Kviv
cijvKi kvw ev kvw weavbi welqwU Zvi gZv ewnf~Z| iv I
wiwjwRqbi GiKg ecwiZi RbB ivK Zvi wbR^ Pwi ivi
Rb hgb wiwjwRqb wbic nZ nq, Zgwb wiwjwRqbI iv
wbic nqB Zvi Pwii weZv iv KiZ cvi| hviv ivK
wiwjwRqbi m wgwjq dj Zviv iv I wiwjwRqb Dfqi Pwi
nbb Ki|14
gvbe BwZnvm agi f~wgKv AZ Zvrchc~Y| agi De I weKvk gvbyli Av_mvgvwRK Aevi GK aibi m~PK| gvKm hLb ejb, agxq `ytLev` nQ eve
`ytLi cKvk Ges eve `ytLi wei cwZev`| ag nQ wbhvwZZ Rxei `xNkvm,
`qnxb RMZi `q, AvZvnxb RMr cwieki KwZ AvZv ZLb Zv gb nq h,
agi f~wgKvi Gi Pq DP g~jvqb Kvbv Muvov ag wekvmxI KiZ cvi wb| wK
12

hZxb miKvi, ag, mvc`vwqKZv I agwbicZv, cv 167|
14
hZxb miKvi, cv , cv 166|
13
cvwZvwbK agjv hLb mgvRi kvlK kwYi nvwZqvi nq evcK msLvMwi

gvbyli kvlY wbhvZbi wKsev Zvì gZv cfve cwZcw ewi weKZ eenvii
wkKvi nq ZLb ag Zvi mwZKvi ic nvivZ _vK| hyM hyM mgvRi kvlK kwY
KZK agi weKZ eenvi gvbe BwZnvm j Kiv hvq| hvi dj gvbe mgvRi Rb
gjKi nq wb| GB Dcgnv`k hLb agi wfwZ wef nq `ywU Avjv`v iv
wnme Avwef~Z nq, ZLb GB Aj h gvbweK wechq `Lv `q, Zv wK Gi eo
D`vniY nZ cvi bv| ZvB agi BnRvMwZK ev ivRbwZK eenvi ev ivxq eenvi
mgvRi Rb hgb KjvYKi bq, Zgwb Zv mwZKvifve agi RbI wZi KviY
nq ùvovq| ZvB agwbv I mvc`vwqKZvi ga cf` AZ my| agwbv I
mvc`vwqKZvi GB cf` mI AbKi aviYvq Zviv AweQ`| wK GB mgmvi
weklY Kij `Lv hve h, Gi _K GKw`K weKZ mvgvwRK wPv Ges Abw`K
mwq ivRbwZK `yiwfmwi Drcw|15 g~jZ mvc`vwqKZvev` mvgvwRK eveZvi
AvswkK ev LwZ `kb bq| Zv nj mvgvwRK eveZvi fyj ev AevwbK `kb|16
myZivs AvaywbK MYZvwK ivi Av`kgvbi mv_ mvc`vwqKZvi mK _vKZ
cvi bv| wK mwq ivRbwZK `yiwfmwi KvR mvc`vwqKZvK eenvii
D`vniY GB Dcgnv`k AvQ| A_ev gvbe BwZnvm cvIqv hvq|
evsjv`k mvc`vwqKZv I iv ivRbxwZ
evsjvq mvc`vwqKZv wewUk Avgji evcvi ej evcK cPvwiZ nq| Gi A_ ùvovq
ewUkc~e evsjvq RbMYi chvq mvc`vwqKZvi AwZ wQj bv| ag Avjv`v njI
mevi ga mcxwZ eRvq wQj| mc`vqmg~n wekl Ki wn`y-gymwjg mc`vqi
gvS wel, m`n ev NYvi AwZ wQj bv|17 agxq wefvRbi ck ivRbxwZi
nvwZqvi wnme eenvi Kivi cPv wewUk kvmbKvji| Ze AbKB ejb h,
wewUk kvmbi c~eI GB Dcgnv`k Kvb Kvb mgq agxq wefvRbi welqwU
ivRbxwZi nvwZqvi wnme eeZ nqQ| Avevi gahyMi GK chvq AcvKZ
D`vi Ges AbK cwigvY msklYagx Av`vjbI `Lv `q| Kvbv Kvbv
G avivwj c_K aggZiI Rb `q| ARq ivq `wLqQb h, mgvRi cvavb
weviKvix DPwe, f~^vgxì ga AvPvi me^Zvq mvc`vwqK wefvRb cwijwZ
nZ| wK jwKK chvq Zv AbycwZ _vKjI mgvRcwZiv wQj iYkxj| Aci
w`K cje mb Zuvi M agxq mvc`vwqKZvi Drm mvb KiQb cvPxbKvj
_K| Zvi gZ
fviZel mvc`vwqKZvi wele cyuZ wMqQ wewUk mvgvRev`, Ggb
GKUv aviYv Avgvì AbKi gaB cPwjZ AvQ| G`k
mvc`vwqKZvi cmviY BsiR kvmKì f~wgKv AekB bMY bq|
wK eZc Avgvì `k mvc`vwqKZv wbq h mgmv GLb
15

wecxb P`, AvaywbK fviZ I mvc`vwqKZv, (KjKvZv: K wj evMPx Av Kvs. 1989) cv 13-14|
17
16
bZzb Ki welv cv_vwbqvg Svci gZvB eavev nq DVQ Zvi

BwZnvm ew`bi cyibv| gv `ykv-AvovBkv, wK cuvPkv eQi bq,
Zvi cmviY NUQ e kZvx AvMB| GB welei exR AzwiZ
nqwQj AZ mvo wZb _K cb Pvi nvRvi eQii Ici| 18
wK cje mb fviZeli BwZnvm mvc`vwqKZvi Drmi mvb KiZ wMq h

ee nvwRi KiQb Zv mZ wnme ai wbjI Zvi wecixZ gZI cPwjZ AvQ|
eZ cvPxb ev gahyMi fviZ ivRv-ev`kv-mgvUì agxq wekvm viv
mvc`vwqKZvev` weePbv KijI Kiv hZ cvi| Kvbv Kvbv cvPxb weLvZ
mgvUiv wbR agwekvm evcK RbmgvR Pvwcq `qvi PvI Ki _vKZ cvib|
Ze iwgjv _vcvi I ni esk gywLqv Zvì `ywU weLvZ AvjvPbvq `wLqQb h,
fviZ BwZnvmi cvPxb Ges gahyM mvc`vwqK PZbvi AwZ wQj bv|19 fviZ
AvKeii ivi agwbicZv mK AgZ mb jLb fviZ agxq Mvxi
wewfbZv j Ki AvKei GKwU ag wbicZvi Ges ivi agwbwjZvi wfw Zwi
KiwQjb| AvKei PqwQjb, Zuvi agwbic iv GUv AekB mywbwZ Kie h,
agi KviY KD hb KvbI ewi KvR evav bv `q Ges cZKB Zuvi LywkgZ
ag MnY KiZ cvi| AvKeii Z nj UvwWkbi Dci wbfi bv Ki hywi
AbykxjbB RwUj mvgvwRK mgmv mgvavbi GKwU Dcvq|20 GKB ce AgZ mb
Aviv jLb AvKeii ee nj, Avgiv hywK agxq Abykvmbi Aaxb
wbq Kie bv, KviY Zv nj UvwWkbi Rjvf~wgZ AvUK hZ ne|21 Zvnj
`Lv hvQ h, BDivcxq AvjvKcvwi hyM hme ck Zxe AvMn mw nqwQj Ges
hywi evw mK Avkvev`x nq DVwQj BDivc hv AvKei ivxq chvq PPvi
cqvm Pvjvb|
cvj, mb, myjZvbx BZvw` Avgj ef~wgZ ^vaxb ivRviv ivRZ KiQb| wK
mme wQj ivR; GBme ivRi mxgvbv AbK mgq evOjv-fvlvfvlx ivRi evwniI
weZZ wQj| wK GB ivRmg~n RvZx iv wQj bv| wmivR`jv hLb cjvkx
cvi wmsnvmb ivi hy wj wQjb Zvi wKQy `~iB km wbwj KlKiv Kwl
KvR e wQj| Zviv RvbZ, GK ivRv Mj AviK ivRv Avme| weRqx ivRvK
Zvì LvRbv w`Z ne| Gi ewkZv Avi wKQy bq| Zviv DcjwB KiZ cvi wb,
Zvì Dim~ixì Rb JcwbewkK kvlYi wK fqvbK Awfkvc GB hyi gvag
bg AvmQ| GgbwK Zviv h ^vaxbZv nvivQ ZvI eySZ cvi wb| eZ
ivRbwZK ^vaxbZv wK Zvì wQj? ewi h wewfb ivRbwZK AwaKvi hvi
18
cje mb, ag I mvc`vwqKZv : Drmi mvb, (KwjKvZv : mvwnZ cKvk, 1999), cv 1|

iwgjv _vcvi, ni esk gywLqv I wecxb P`, mvc`vwqKZv I fviZ BwZnvm iPbv, (KjKvZv : K wc
evMPx Av Kvvbx, 1989), cv 54|
20
AgZ mb, c~e I cwg : hyywi evw, wekvqb fvebv, `yfvebv, c_g L, AwgqKzgvi evMPx
mv : (KjKvZv : bvkbvj eyK GRx cvBfU wjwgUW, 2005). cv 24-41|
21
AgZ mb, cv, cv 2441|
19
wbqZv kvmbZ `q, Zv Zv Zvì wQj bv|22 GB _K evSv hvq h, ZrKvjxb

iv eevi îc Ges bvMwiK ev RbMYi mv_ ivi mK| A_vr mB mgq
AvaywbK RvwZ ivi eev j Kiv hvq bv| BDivcI abZ weKvki ciB RvZx
iv Mo IV| mLvbI Zvi AvM wewfb ivR I mvgvR wQj|23
cjvkxi cvi 1757 mvj msNwUZ hy wek BwZnvmi GKwU hyMvKvix NUbv|
Kbbv wek BwZnvm GB hyi ga w`q cw_exi mgZg Aj evsjv ewUk B
Bwqv Kvvbxi c`vbZ nq| hv cieZxZ mviv fviZel wewZ jvf Ki| Avi
Gi ga w`q BDivci ewYK cyuwR hv `ZB wk cyuwRZ icvwiZ nwQj evsjv Z_v
fviZel Zvi Dcwbek cwiYZ nq| hwÌ mB mgq evsjvq ewYK cyuwR Ges
ewnevwYRi cfve wkI KvVvgvMZ cwieZbi Avfvm cwivi nq DVwQj|24
wK GB me mvebv hwK cwiYwZ cvIqvi c~eB evsjv Z_v fviZel Bsjvi
eyRvqv ivi mvnvhcy B Bwqv Kvvbxi AwaKZ nq Bsjvi Dcwbek
cwiYZ nq| 1957 mvj cjvkxi hy B Bwqv Kvvbx evsjv Rq Ki Avi
1960-Gi `kK wk wece i nq|25 Abycg mb-Gi gZ
Av`k kZvxi gvSvgvwS mgq _K h wecyj m` fviZ _K
wejZ vbvwiZ nq Zvi Kvbv cwigvc GLbI Kiv nq wb|
DBwjqvg wWMwei wnme cjvkx (1757) _K IqvUvjy (1815) A_vr
gv 58 eQii ga cvq cuvPk KvwU cvD g~ji cyuwR fviZ _K
wejZ wbq hvIqv nq| wbtm`n GB cyuwRi en`vskB AvMZ nqwQj
evsjv _K KviY ZLbI ewUk kvmb mviv fviZ wevi jvf Ki wb
Ges evsjvB wQj Zvì cavb Avvbv Ges mgZg Aj|26
Abycg mb-Gi gZ A_i ^vfvweK cewi wbqg hw` Avgiv gb ivwL Zvnj
mnR eySZ cviev wK wekvj, wK weivU cyuwR _K evsjv`kK ewZ Kiv
nqwQj| GB cyuwRi cewi myhvM evsjv`k ev Dcgnv`k bv cjI Zv c_g
wejZ Ges ci Abvb `k cevwnZ nqI cyuwRi Ajxb wbqg weivgnxbfve
ewaZ nq cwg BDivc I Di AvgwiKvK wkvbZ `k cwiYZ KiZ mnvqK
nqwQj|27 Avi GLvbB wek BwZnvm cjvkx hyi iZ| wK ewUk B Bwqv
Kvvbxi evsjv Z_v fviZ weRqi mv_ mvc`vwqKZvi mK wK Zv AvjvPbv
Riwi|
wewUk Dcwbek vcbi m~Pbvq ivRavbx KjKvZvK wNi eemv-evwYRi igigv
Aev I myhvM-myweavw` Ges Abyic bvbv KviY wn`y f~^vgx I wkwZ kwYi `Z
22
Abycg mb, AvMvgx kZKi evsjv`k : mgvRZ bv jyb cjZvwqKiY, cv 336|

Abycg mb, cv, cv 336|
24
25
26
27
23
weKvki cvkvcvwk gymjgvb mc`vqi c bevMZ kvmKì _K gyL wdwiq

_vKvmn A_bwZK w`K _K mvweK wcwQq covUvI wQj HwZnvwmK mZ| hgb
wkvq PvKzwiZ Zgwb eemv-evwYR I f~^vgxZi | gymwjg mc`vqi ga
gawe, wkwZ kwYi weKvk NUQ AbK AbK `wiZ Ges ZvI AZ axi
MwZZ| Avi `ki wekvj `yt KlK kwYi AwaKvsk wQj gymjgvb hviv nq IV
Rwg`vwi gnvRwb eevi kvlY I wbhvZbi wkKvi|28 evsjvi mgvR eevi GB
AmgZv Zwii eve cZ Ki| c_gZ : ewUk cewZZ wPivqx
e`vewfwK f~wg I f~wg ivR^ eev, wZxqZ : dvwmi j ivRfvlv wnme
BsiwRi ceZb Ges ZZxqZ : BsiwR wkvi ceZb Ges gymjgvb mc`vqi Zv
_K gyL wdwiq ivLv| DcwiD welqjv evsjvi mgvR KvVvgvq wK Aevi mw
KiwQj Zv wbv ee _K nq
c~eeZx mKj Avgji Pq ewUk kvmbKvjB fviZeli Abvb
Aji gZv evsjv`ki mgvR KvVvgvq hyMvKvix cwieZb mvwaZ
nq| evsjvq f~wg eevq 1973 mvj KbIqvwjm cewZZ wPivqx
e`vei gvag cvK&-ewUk hyMi fviZxq mvgev`x Drcv`b eev
icvwiZ nq AbKUv BDivcxq mvgZi mgZzj nq| f~wg
eevq wPivqx e`ve cfvweZ cbx cwqvi dj GKw`K MvgxY
I kni ga^ZfvMx kwYi Rb nq| Avevi Aci w`K Ebwesk
kZvxi c_gva Gì ga _K BsiwR wkwZ wewfb cvkv`vix I
PvKzwiRxex gawe kwYi weKvkI Avi nq| ewUk kvmKeM
evsjv`kmn mgM fviZeli wewfb Aj wQU duvUv abZvwK
KvVvgv Mo ZzjjI Zvì Avgj Kv_vI `kxq RbMYi ga _K
GKwU my wk-cyuwRcwZ kwYi mw nq wb, eoRvi GK kwYi
eemvq cuywRcwZi Rb nqQ| dj ewUk kvmbi kl chvq
Drcv`b eevq KZK mvgev`x I KZK abev`x ewki wgkY
evsjv`ki mgvR KvVvgvi Ggb GKwU ic cwiMn Ki hLvb
BsiwR wkwZ gawe kwYiB cvavb cwZwZ nq| 29
ewUk DcwbewkK evsjvq RbmsLvi `yUv eo Aski Amg weKvki KviY gymwjg
RbMvx wn`yì Pq wcwQq wQjb| cwqvwU g~jZ i nqwQj ga-Av`k
kZK _K `Z cwieZbkxj mvgvwRK-ivRbwZK `kcU _K| gymjgvbMY ewUk
kvmbK mnRfve MnY KiZ cvib wb Ges `xNKvj hver AvaywbK BsiwR wkvi
myhvM MnY KiZ A^xKvi KiwQjb| wK wn`yiv Aevi mv_ Lvc LvBq wbZ
Amyweav eva Kib wb| wPivqx e`vei ceZb, Kigy `vbi Ici cybiwaKvi
AvBbi cqvM, Av`vjZ I ckvmb dvwm fvlvi Aejyw, wkvi gvag wnme
28
Avng` iwdK, mvZPwjki fviZ wefvM I evsjv`ki eZgvb eywewK cwiwwZ, evsjv`ki
eywew : ag-mvc`vwqKZvi mU, mq` Avgxij Bmjvg I KvRj e`vcvavq mvt (XvKv : RvZxq
mvwnZ cKvkbx, 1999), cv 43|
29
Wi isMjvj mb, mgvR KvVvgv : cyuwRev` I mgvRZ, (XvKv : wbD GR cvewjKkb, 2000), cv 68|
BsiwR ceZb Ges miKvwi c`jvZ wbqvMi Rb bZzb AvBbi cPjb

gymjgvbì cwZKj Aevb wbq wMqwQj|30 evsjvi ibmuv bvg AwfwnZ evsjvi
RvMiYi cfve eve mxwgZ nq _vKjv wn`y mgvRi DPeMi ga| Agj`y `
jLb
Dwbk kZKi iZ beRvMwZi cavb icKvi ivggvnb ivq Aviwe
Ges dvwm fvlvq agxq cevwì gvag D`vibxwZ, gvbeZvev` Ges
hywev` cybixweZ Kivi cPv wbjb| Ze GwU wQj wewfb
gZMvxi ga GKwU mg^q cPv| Z_vwc wZwb GZ e_ njb...|
cLvZ wn`y cwZ Ges jLKe` Avgvì Rxebi wewfb
g~jevb f~wgKv ivLjI fviZxq gymjgvbì dvimx-Aviwe cUf~wgmn
Gi mvswZK ^xKwZ èvi g~jZ D`vmxb iBjb Ges GK
fviZxq mswZi cavb avivi GK AweQ` Ask wnme Dcjw
KiZ e_ njb| cvi we`gvb wbla Dcv Ki DP I ga
kwYi wKQy gymjgvb hLb AvaywbK wkv MnY Kijb, ZLb Zviv
cvPxb fviZxq mswZK Zvì wbR^ mvswZK HwZni Ask
wnme MnY KiZ ivwR njb bv|31
GLvb GKwU welq jbxq h, wn`y I gymwjg Dfq mc`vqi wkwZ gawe kwY
Zvì ^-^ wewfb mgmv wbq AvjvKcvZ KijI KlKì mgmv wbq ev
Kwli ck Kvbv ee ivLb wb| A_vr KlKi Rwgi gvwjKvbvi ck Giv
Zvrchnxbfve bxie wQjb| ZrKvjxb BsiwR wkwZ gymjgvb mgvR msvi Kiv
wewUk kvmbi cwZ AvbyMZK gymjgvbì `y`kvM Aev _K DbwZi c~ekZ
wnme weePbv KiQb| 1885 mvj fviZxq RvZxq KsMm cwZwZ nj Gi ag
wbic RvZxqZvev`-K Avyj jwZd Ges mq` Avgxi Avjx DfqB weivwaZv
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KiwQjb|32 Aciw`K `yB mc`vqi ga welfve RvwMq ZzjZ wkwZ
wn`yìI GKwU f~wgKv wQj| 1857 Di mgq wn`y jLKì viv wjwLZ Dcbvm
I KweZvi cwZ wkwZ gymwjgì cwZwqv wQj cwZKj| wkwZ wn`yiv fviZK
gb KiZb ay wn`yìB evmf~wg| Zviv G welq RvZxqZvevì exR ecb
KiwQjb|33 g~jZ ewUk-fviZ wn`y I gymwjg wkwZ gawe efvM wef nq
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nb, Zgwb wn`y wkwZ gawe gbI wbwLj fviZ RvZxqZvev` HKe wQj bv|
Aek iex`bv_ VvKzi I KvRx bRij Bmjvg Gì ewZg wQjb| bRij hgb
30
Agj`y `, JcwbewkK hyM evOvwj gymjgvbi mvgvwRK wPv PZbv, evsjv`ki eywew : agmvc`vwqKZvi mU, mq` Avgxij Bmjvg I KvRj e`vcvavq mvt (XvKv : RvZxq mvwnZ
cKvkbx, 1999), cv 23|
31
Agj`y `, cv. cv 23-24|
32
Agj`y `, cv. cv 29|
33
Agj`y `, cv. cv 33|
mvc`vwqK DM Ges msNvZi gvS nq DVb wn`y-gymwjg HKi cZxK Zgwb

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mc`vqi ga AmgZv wbimb mP nZ|34
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ef KvhKi nIqvi KqKw`b AvM jW KvRb XvKvi beve-evwoZ AvqvwRZ
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Dcgnv`kK mvgjvZ ne|37
Avi h welqwU cvq mgq Avgiv AvjvPbvq AvbZ e_ nB Zv njv Di fviZ

gymjgvb f~^vgx I DVwZ gyrmyw awbK kwYi AvKvv Ges mB mv_ wn`y-dvwm
34
Avng` iwdK, mvZPwjki fviZ wefvM I evsjv`ki eZgvb eywewK cwiwwZ, cv 43|
Ave` Lvb, evsjv`k ivxq mvc`vwqKZv, cv 239|
36
37
35
gyrmyw awbK I weevbì Pvc hv fviZ mvc`vwqK wefvRb Bb hywMqQ| G

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38
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40
39
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43
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42
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cwgvji `Z A_bwZK weKvk Zivw^Z Ki|47
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ivRbwZK AvwacZi myhvM `q wb| eZ gZvi GB wefw cvwKvb ivRbwZ
mswZi weKvkK cvq cy ivL|48
c~e evsjvq fvlv Av`vjb Ges RvZxq PZbvwbfi MYZvwK Av`vjb cvwKvb
cwZvi i _KB Avi nq hvq| Gme Av`vjbi PvwjKv kw wQj cMwZev`x I
ivRbxwZ mPZb mvaviY QvmgvR| Giv wQj mB DVwZ gawe, wkwZ kwYi
44

46
Avby gnv`, Kv_vq hvQ evsjv`k, (XvKv : msnwZ cKvkb 2008), cv 11|
47
nvmvbyvgvb Payix, mgvR I Dbqb : ZzjbvgyjK msexY (XvKv : cfvZx cKvkbx, 1997), cv 313-314|
48
nvmvbyvgvb Payix, cv, cv 316|
45
ZiY cwZwbwa, evOvwj gymjgvbi h kwYi Avkv-AvKvv cvwKvbi Av`vjb

cwZdwjZ| A_P cvwKvb cwZvi ci gkB nq IV h, Zvì m AvkvAvKvv c~Y nevi bq| `k wefvMi myhvM-myweav cavbZ AevOvwj kvmKi nvZ,
h kvmKkwY fvlv mswZ RvZxqZv me wKQyZB c_K| Aci w`K fvlv
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K`xq miKvi KZK hydU miKviK 92K aviv Rvwi Ki DrLvZ c~e evsjvi
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mvgwiK kvmb Rvwi nIqvi m~ evOvwjì A_bwZK I ivRbwZK weKvk i Ki
`qvi eev Aviv cvKvcvwK nq|49 1965 mvj cvK-fviZ hy msNwUZ nj
mvgwiK Rvv Avqye miKvi Riwi Aev Rvwi Kib| GB hyi gaw`q cvwKvb
iv KZK Riwi Aev weavbi AvIZvq k-mw AvBb bvg GKwU mvc`vwqK
welcm~Z Aav`k Rvwi Ki| hv hy kl nIqvi ciI c~e evsjvq AevnZ ivLv
nq| GB k-mw AvBb ZB G `k mwi mvc`vwqKZv Kw`K jybi
c_K myMg Ki mgvR eevi mKj chvq wel fveK Qwoq `q|
GB mgqi ga cvwKvb bvgK weRvZxq fvlv mswZi ivRbwZK Avivc I
A_bwZK Pvc mswZgb evOvwj ZiY, eywRxex, ivRbwZK `jmg~ni Kgxì
cwZev`x Aevb cuQ `q| evOvwj RvwZmvi fvlv mswZ I A_bwZK ^v_i
GB cwZev`x kwZ me mc`vqi gvbyl HKefve ùvwoq hvq| chvqgB
62-Gi wkv Av`vjb, kL gywReyi ingvbi 6 `dv `vwe Dvcb, Qv msMvg
cwilì 11 `dv, 69-Gi MYAfyvb nvZ ai 70 Gi wbevPb cieZxZ 71 mvji
mk gywhy Ges ^vaxb mvefg evsjv`k ivi Afy`q| eZ c~e evsjvK
kvlYi cvcU hLb cvwKvbi `yB A_bxwZi cm DV Avm, fvlv mswZ wbq
jovB Pj, Pj RvwZ-f~Li MYZvwK AwaKvi Ges evnvb _K MvUv lvUi `kK
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Aemvbi jovBUv Kvb kwYi Rb|50 nvmvbyvgvb Payix ge Kib
cuywRev`x weKvki avivq cvvZ RvZxq ivi Dei A_bwZK
wbqg _K ^Zfve, RvZxq Drcxob _K gywi Av`vjbi
wbqg JcwbewkK mgvRwjZ hfve RvZxq ivi De NU
evsjv`ki I m wbqgB wQj KvhKi| eZ G cm RvZxq
AvZwbqY mwKZ jwbb-Gi eei mgvivj RvZxq
Drcxobi wei mevZK cwZivai gvag RvZxq gyw ARbi
cwqv mK ivRv jygeyM e KiwQjb: gvbe RvwZi myKxwZ
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49
50
nvmvbyvgvb Payix, cv, cv 317|

Avng` iwdK, mvZPwjki fviZ-wefvM I evsjv`ki eZgvb eywewK cwiwwZ, cv 47|
Db we`vn I vai D`K KiZ mg GgbwK AwZ AgvbweK

eMZ DrcxobI mUv KiZ mg nq bv| G w`K _K ejv hvq,
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ivi A_bwZK kvlYi cvkvcvwk evOvwj RbMvxi mvweK RvZxq
Ae`gb I DrcxobB evOvwji RvZxq gyw msMvg I evsjv`k ivi
De NUvq|51
evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv NvlYvc ejv nq h, evsjv`ki RbMYi Rb mvg,

gvbweK ghv`v I mvgvwRK mywePvi wbwZ KiYv_ mvefg MYcRvZic
evsjv`ki cwZv NvlYv Kwijvg|52 eZ ^vaxbZv NvlYv ci ga w`q h
evsjv`ki hvv i ZvZ mvc`vwqKZvi Kvb vb wQj bv| ^vaxbZvi AeewnZ
ci cYxZ evsjv`ki msweavbi cvebvq ejv nq
Avgiv AxKvi KwiZwQ h, h mKj gnvb Av`k Avgvì exi
RbMYK RvZxq gyw msMvg AvZwbqvM I exi knx`w`MK
cvYvrmM KwiZ Dy Kwiqv wQjRvZxqZvev`, mgvRZ, MYZ I
agwbicZvi mB mKj Av`k GB msweavbi g~jbxwZ nBe| 53
GB Pvi g~jbxwZi ga evOvwj RvwZi my`xN msMvgi ga w`q DxweZ Av_ivRbwZK I mvgvwRK-mvswZK Av`k I cZvkvwj g~Z nq IV|54 wK ivi
eenvwiK KgKzkjZvi Afve ev Amyweavmg~n Hmei evevqbi Rb Dchy
cvwZvwbK KvVvgv wbgvY gk e_Zvi cwiPq w`Z _vK| Dci ZZxq weki
wewfb `k `kR eyRvqvi ^vfvweK weKvk bv NUvq ivh AvgjvZi (mvgwiKemvgwiK) h AcwZnZ cfve me mgq we`gvb wQj I AvQ| ^vaxbZv-Di
evsjv`ki I ckvmb Kvbv cwieZb bv NUvbvi dj ev Zv Kivi Rb
kwYwebvm cwieZb bv AvbZ cvivq axi axi cvwKvb Avgji gZv
AvgjvZvwK cfveB cybtcwZwZ nq| GB Avgjvì AwaKvskB evsjv`ki
mgvRZvwK cwqvi g~jvrcvUb KiZ mwq wQjb| kwgK kwYi ga ivRbwZK
PZbvi Afvei KviY miKvi MnxZ cwqv `yej nZ _vK| Aci w`K KwlLvZK
cvq k bv Ki Kej wk I evwYRLvZ iv^ZK cvavb w`q mgvRZ
AwfgyLx hvv me bq, hv evsjv`ki NUwQj|55 1972 mvj eez miKvi
h 100 weNv wmwjs wbaviY Ki w`q D Rwg ebi h D`vM wbqwQjb ZvI
51
nvmvbyvgvb Payix, mgvR I Dbqb : Zzjbvg~jK msexY, cv 318-319|

MYcRvZx evsjv`ki msweavb (MYcRvZx evsjv`k miKvi, AvBb, wePvi I msm` welqK
gYvjq, 2011), cv 155|
53
MYcRvZx evsjv`ki msweavb (MYcRvZx evsjv`k miKvi, AvBb, wePvi I msm` welqK
gYvjq, 2011), c. 1|
54
nvmvbyvgvb Payix, mgvR I Dbqb: ZzjbvgyjK msexY, cv 319|
55
52
AvgjvZvwK evevqbi KviY e_ nq|56 1975 mvj cwZ Mvg egyLx mgevq
cwZv Kivi K_v NvwlZ njI f~wg eevq gvwjKvbvi welqwUK AzY ivLv nq|57
Aci w`K cvwKvb Avgji k mw AvBb ^vaxb evsjv`k Gm AwcZ
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evsjv`ki msweavb KvhKi nevi AvMB evnvi mvji Avei gvm `yMvc~Rvi
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kwmg~n GKRvU nq cPvi KiZ _vK h, evsjv`kK fviZi AivR Kivi
Pv PjQ, evsjv`ki msLvMwi RbMvx gymjgvbì agxq Rxeb hvcbi
myKkj cwZeKZv mw Kiv nQ BZvw` BZvw`| agwbicZv KvbvgB
agnxbZv bqGK_v ejvi m m Ggb eeI miKvi _K Ìqv nj h,
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ejb, G`ki ^vaxbZv AwRZ nqwQj 1947 mvji 15 AvM, Avi 1971 mvji
16 wWmî AwRZ nqwQj MYZi msMvgi weRq|62 gvkZvKi GB NvlYvi
ga w`q evsjv`k ivxq mvc`vwqKZv GKwU cwicy PvivMvQ wnme cybivq
cwZwZ nq| ^vaxbZvi ci evsjv`k ivxq mvc`vwqKZvi cKvk mvsweavwbK ic
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Ki kvmKMvx gZv `Lji jovBq wj iqQ| Avgvi gb nq 1991 mvj _K
mekl 2014 mvj ch Avgvì `ki cavb `ywU ivRbwZK `j ev RvUi
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mgqi ga mvc`vwqK ivRbxwZi evcKZv ejvsk ew cqQ| 1991 mvj
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Avi AvIqvgx jxM ZveavqK miKvii Av`vjb RvgvZ BmjvgxK KkjMZ
mnhvx Ki| 1996 mvj kL nvwmbvi bZZvaxb AvIqvgx jxMi HKgZi
miKvi Rvm`mn cwZZ îvPvi Gikv`-Gi RvZxq cvwUi AskMnY j Kivi
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nvmvbyvgvb Payix, mgvR I Dbqb : Zzjbvg~jK msexY. cv 324-325|

eei avivevwnKZvq wRqvDi ingvbi cg mskvabxi gvag iv `kbi

mvc`vwqKxKiY hv Gikvì Ag mskvabxi gvag ivi ag`kb AvRI AevnZ
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h_v_ nZ cvi| Zuvi gZ
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mv`vwqK| A nvZ âg cwZv I weagx webvkB wQj Zvì eZ|
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Rb hZUzKz cqvRb, Zvi ewk wKQzB Kib wb Zviv wn`yì wei| GB gZ
cvlYKvix `ji ga iqQb gvbe`bv_ ivq, gyn` nvwee, Bidvb nvwee cgyL|
c_gv `ji mc h_B hyw iqQ| myjZvb gvngyì eei weasmx AvgY
g_yiv, _vbki, KbR, Ges mevcwi mvgbv_i RMr-weLvZ gwì jyV I asmi
K_v Zvì Rvbv| Zviv Rvbb Bmjvg AvQ Zievwii gyL ag cPvii K_v, `viDj-Bmjvg Ges `vi-Dj-nvie Gi Z| Zviv Rvbb Z_vKw_Z Ijvgvì
wn`yweli K_v, Zvì Rnvw` KvhKjvci K_v, Kvwd Lvb, evivwb cgyL
HwZnvwmKì mxYZvi K_v, agv wdivR ZzNjK wKsev AvjgMxii ewea
KvhKjvc Ges Ab agxqì Ici wRwRqv Ki Avivci K_v|
wK AbK ckiB Avevi Kvbv Di cvIqv hvq bv| hgb gyn` web Kvwkg
wmzRqi ci h gwìwj fOwQjb, mwj ZvK Avevi Mo w`Z nqwQj
Kb? h AvjgMxiK Pig wn`ywelx ej Rvbv hvq, mB AvjgMxi Dgvbì gwì
Zwii Rb Rwg `vb KiQb Kb? Avevi agevaB hw` g~j PvwjKvkw nq _vK,
Zvnj wmKv`vi jv`xB ev Kb Rbcyi wn`y gwìi Ici Mo IVv mKj gmwR`
asmi Av`k w`jb? h myjZvb gvngy` wn`ywelx wnme NwYZ, mB gvngyì
wn`y mbiv Kb Zvi nq ga Gwkqvq jovB KiQ? gvngyì wei Zvi cavb
mbvcwZ wbqwwRb we`vn KiwQjb| mB we`vn `gb myjZvb gvngy` h
mbevwnbx ciY Kib, Zvi mbvcwZ wQjb wn`yagi Abymvix wZjK| GwU Kxfve
NUj? evei gZzi mgq cy gvqybi Rb 6wU Av`k iL hvb| mwji mvi K_v
nQ wewfb agi gvbyl evm Ki fviZ| GB `ki miKvii i`vwqZ Zvgvi
Ici b nQ Gi Rb Avjvni cwZ KZ _vKe| KLbv agxq msvi hb
Zvgvi gbK cfvweZ bv Ki| mg m`vqi `kevmxi agxq kKvZiZv I
agxq AvPvi AvPiYi cwZ cqvRbxq kvi fve iL wbic wePvi Kie|
gymjgvbxZi bvg Ki fviZ `Lj Kivi ci GB iKg ciagmwnzZvi Dc`k
Kb? mgvRi wbPi Zjvq emevmKvix gvbyl Bmjvgi mvgi evYxi KviY bv nq
agvwiZ nqwQj? wK wmsnvmb `Lj ivLvi Rb ivRv MYki Qj h`yi
RvjvjDwb cwiYZ nIqv wKmi BwZ enb Ki? ewiwji aig ivq dR`viK
wPwV wjL RvbvQb h, Zvi KvKvK Ìqv Rwg`vwi ZvK w`j wZwb gymjgvb nZ
ivwR| Rwg`vwi Ges gbme`vwi cj ivRv Kvj wms, èx Lvx, gvK, Kkix, wkD
`, Rvjvbv_, fMevb `vmi cy ivgvb` Giv mevB gymjgvb nqwQjb
gbme`vwii wewbgq| NvovNvU `yMi Aa fv`mx ivqi AwfhvM evievK kvn
wbRi wcqcv BmgvBjK gZz` w`jb Kb? 1594-95 mvj 12wU AvwjK
A_gxi ga 8 RbB wn`y wQjb Kb? Rvnvxii wmsnvmb AvivnYi ZZxq eQi
_KB Agymwjg gvnb `vm mvUi Ìqvb wnme `vwqZ cjb Kb?
kvnRvnvbi ivRZKvj ivq P`fvb mwPevjqi cavb wQjb Kb?
GBme cki Di GKK_vq Ìqv me bq| Ze Ggb nZ cvi h, mvgvR

cwiPvjbvi cqvRb hvM Agymwjgì wbqvM w`Z eva nqwQjb Zviv| Avevi
GKB mv_ GB wmvI Avmv hZ cvi h, fZi fZi mv`vwqK njI
evBi GKwU mxwZi evZveiY, AZ `Lvbvi Rb njI, cqvRb wQj gymjgvb
mgvUì|
Ze GKUv evcvi mevB GKgZ h, kgRxex KvwU KvwU cRvì kvlY Kivi
evcvi cZKB wQjb wmn| mvUi AbyMnfvRb Avwgi LmiKI ZvB ejZ
nqwQj h mvUi gyKzUi cwZwU gyv Avmj `wi` gvbyli RgvUeuvav i Ges
Kvbv w`q Zwi|
wK kl ch Dcgnv`ki BwZnvm kwY msMvgi BwZnvm bv nq cwiYZ nqQ
agxq mv`vwqKZviB BwZnvm|
02.
BsiR Ges cvwKvwb mv`vwqKZvc~Y Avgj `ywUK ev` w`q Avgiv Pj AvmZ
PvB mgmgqi evsjv`k|
GKvi ^vaxbZvhyi ci GB `k agxq mv`vwqKZvi wei mvswZK,
ivRbwZK, `vkwbK Ges cvqvwMK jovB i Kivi GKwU evZveiY mw nqwQj|
RbMY cZ wQj mB jovBZ hvM w`Z| wK Z`vbxb miKvi cZ wQj bv|
Zvì AmsL e_Zvi ga mePvBZ e`bv`vqK e_Zv nQ mv`vwqKZvi
g~jvrcvUbi KvR AvZwbqvM bv KiZ cviv| ivK me agi KvQ _K mwiq
wbq hvIqvi iZ bv eyS Zviv ivi PvL me agi mgvb ghv`vi ZwU cPvi
bvgjb| mB cPviI wQj jvK`Lvbv| KviY, kl ch `Lv Mj h,
mv`vwqKZv mwKvix mewj cwZvbB cvQ ivi AvbyK~j|
RInijvj bni ejwQjb h, msLvMwii mv`vwqKZv Lye wecbK| KviY
AwaKvsk B GwUK mv`vwqKZvi cwieZ RvZxqZvev` ej gb nq|
agwbicZvi bxwZ NvlYv KiI kl ch msLvMwi gvbyli agUvKB cvavb
Ìqv njv| Avevi evOvwj mv`vwqKZvi ew`Z AvZvwZ w`Z Avnvb Rvbvbv
njv mKj Avwèvmx RvwZ-MvxK| eRvq _vKj bvbv aibi wkveev
kwYelgg~jK Ges agxq elgg~jK| Mwie gvbyli mvbì Rb iv AvaywbK I
BnRvMwZK wkvi eev KiZ e_ nq Zvì Qo w`j agxq cyivwnZì
Lo| cieZxZ Mo DVj wekvj gv`vmv wkveev| Kgb Pnviv mBme
gv`vmv, Zvì wkK Ges wkv_xi?
KIgx gv`vmvi Zvje Gjg| m Rvb, ev GKmgq Rb hvq h, GB cw_exi
PjgvbZvi mv_ wbRi mvhyR LuvRvi PvgvB Zvi KvQ A_nxb| KviY ZvK
Zwi Kiv nqQ cyivcywi ciKvji K_v gv_vq iL| wK Rxeb Zv P~ov gvvq
BnKvjxb| ivRKvi cwZ-jvKgv fvZi gZv eve| ZvK evSvbv nqQ KIgi
mevP L`gZ KiQ m Avjv-imyji evYx Ges weavb wkv Ki| wewbgq Lv`v
Zvi wiwRKi eev Kieb| wK m Zv fwelZi w`K ZvKvZ wkLj wbRi
Rb GKivk AKviB Kej `LZ cvq| ZvB fwelZi w`K ZvKvbv e Ki m
wbRi eZgvb Rxebi gaB gbK uR w`Z Pvq gif~wgi DUcvwLi gZv| evBi
ZvKvZ wbla KiQb Dvìv| wK evBi Zv ZvKvZB nq| evBi bv ZvKvZ
PvBjI evwniUv kZ evav mI ogyo Ki XyK coZ Pvq fZi| evwni Kx
evZvmi gZv meMvgx!
ZvK kLvbv nqQ Zvi cibi h cvkvK, GKgv mUvB BmjvgmZ, Avjvni
wb`wkZ cvkvK| Bw`-bvmvivì cvkvK civ Pje bv| GB cvkvKUvB Avjvni
PvL mePvBZ mvwbZ Ges myì| m GB cvkvKK hZLvwb cvi myìfve
web Ki ivLvi Pv Ki| wbRi nvZ cwivi Ki| mB cvkvKi Rjv eRvq
ivLvi Rb hZ`~i me Pv Ki hvq| wK m hLb ivvq ei nq, wbRK Zvi
Ab mevBKvi Pq myì gb nq bv| GB cvkvK Kviv PvL m`hevai `w
dvUvq bv| eis Kviv Kviv `wZ ZvwQj| mB `wi mvgb m KzuKo hvq|
cvij wbRi kixiUvK euvwKq gvwU-Avkqx mixmci gZv Mvj evwbq dj|
G`ki gqiv c_-NvU ivR kZ kZ GB cvkvKi gvbyl `L| Zey Zvi
cvkvKi w`K ZvKvq Ggbfve hb wfbMni Kvbv cvYx `LQ| Kvbv wKkvixZiYx-hyeZxi ^cKbvq GB iKg cvkvKavix Kviv Kvbv AwZ bB| Zviv ^c
h ivRcyziK `L, Zvi cib Ggb cvkvK `yt^cI Kbv Kiv hvq bv| KD
ZvK ej wb gqì GB ^cev| wK m eyS wbqQ wbRi fZii GK
evwm`vi mv_ K_vcK_bi gvag|
nvUevi Abì mv_ ZvKI gvS gvS cvVvbv nq nvgvBK Avi gvwUZ
weQvbvi `yBwU LRyi-PvUvB w`q| Zviv nvUi wfovv GKwU RvqMvq wbRiv em
GKwU cvwUZ, AviKwU weQvbv _vK mvgbi gvwUZ nvUziì KiYv aviY Kivi
Rb| Zviv gvBK Awekvg Ges Zviî nvUi gvbylK cicvii cvivwbi Kwo
mqi K_v gb Kwiq w`q `vb-avbi Avnvb RvbvZ _vK| hZY nvU Pje
ZZY Zvì GB KvR|
gvS gvS Puv`vi iwm` eB nvZ ZvK cvVvbv nq `vKvb `vKvb, evwoZ
evwoZ| KLbv KLbv ZvK DVZ nq `~iMvgx evmjvZI| hvxì KiYv
AvKlY evmi Bwb Avi nbi mv_ cvjv w`q Mjv dvUvZ nq ZvK| GBme
KiZ h jv wNi aiZ c_g c_g, GKmgq mB jv DavI nq hvq| gb nZ
_vK GUvB Zvi KvR| Awbw` Kvj ch GUvB ZvK Ki hZ ne|
LZ em wPiw`bi ebvi cybivew| Zviv wjjvn evwWs-q hviv _vK, Zvì Rb
GKiKg Lvbv| Avi Dv` Ges gawe Nii Qvì Rb Ab iKg| Zvì
wbRì Kx LZ BQv Ki bv Ki Zvi Kvbv g~j bB|
Zvi eo BQv weKvj nj gvV LjZ hvIqv| cvki nvB zji gvV Qjiv dzUej
Lj, wKU Lj, fwjej Lj| wK mLvb hvM Ìqv Zvi wbla| Hme
Qjì _K m Avjv`v| Iì mv_ LjZ Mj Zvì wPv Ges gbvfw
ZvK Avv Kie| Zvì BQv Ges AvKvvi mv_ wbRK wgwjq bevi BQv
Zwi ne ZviI| mwj kqZvwb bdmi Kkj| kqZvbi duv` djvi Kkj|
Uwjwfkb Zvi KvQ GKUv kqZvwb ev| mLvb Pwek Nv Kej kqZvwb
ImIqvmv| Uwjwfkb gvb mLvb bvixcvavb| Avi bvix nQ `vRLi ìRv|
GB nQ GKRb KIgx gv`vmvQvi eZgvb Ges fwelZi wPiLv| m Rvb
mgvRi g~javivi mv_ Zvi Kvbv mK bB| cw_ex, mfZv Ges wevb GwMq
PjQ| mwji mv_ Zvi Kvbv mw Zv `~ii K_v, mwj wbq h fveZ nq,
GUvI Zvi gb Avm bv| m mgvR Ges AvaywbK gbbi GKRb cvwK Awaevmx|
ZvK wbq mgvRI hgb Mfxifve wPv Ki bv, ivI Zvi K_v fve bv| Dvabx
mgvek KviAvb ZjvIqvZ, gvbyli gZz nj jvevbi auvqvi cvk em Xyj
Xyj KviAvb cov, gmwR` wmwb euvUv, Pwjkvq LZg Ìqvi gaB mgvR Zvi
f~wgKv mxgve| GB cwiwwZZ Kvbv gvbyli c wK ewZevb nq IVv me?
nxbbZv _K Avm wb`viY Abvmw| mB Abvmw Dchy Bb cj Rj h
DVe Zv Zv Avgiv `LwQ gymwjg weki AbK `k| nxbbZv Ges Aenjv
_K AePZb Mo IV Pig cwZwnsmvceYZv Ges weKwZ| Avi ewZnxbZv
ZvK avweZ Ki hKvbv c_| Zvi cKvk Avgvì `kI i nqQ| `Lv MQ
wewfb mgq| Zvì wmuwo evwbq gZvi avc cv ivLZ Pvq Zvì eo Dv`|
cqvRb Zvì evbvZ Pvq Zvjevb| Zvi wbRi BQvi hnZz g~j bB, ZvB m
Dv`ì nvZ GKZvj big gvwUi gZv wZwb h AvKvi `b mB AvKvi aviY
KiZ eva nq|
Ab agi bvg wbew`Z cwZvbjvi wkvwPI gvUvgywU GKB iKg|
03.
Avgiv fveZ Af h, Avgvì `ki mvaviY gvbyl gvUB mv`vwqK bq| wK

mvwZK cwiwwZ Avgvì mB fvebvZ wPo awiqQ| h jvK ag-Kg wKQzB Ki
bv, ZvKI Abvqvm agi bvg wjws ge Ub Avbv me nQ| GB `k AvR
nvRvi nvRvi wkmvbi bvg mvvg ev jv`b| wbZv mvaviY bi-bvixI Ab agi
gvbyli mv_ ^v_i wj njI gvg MvwjwU `q kvjv gvjvDb ev kvjv
bo ej| hvi kwiK nIqvi K_v fvZ-Kvco-Rwg-KvR-wkv-Bbmvdi jovBZ,
m hvM `q Z_vKw_Z agivi wgwQj| ag Av` Kvbv gwKi gyL bB RbI|
evgcxiv wbRì AvZmgvjvPbv Kib GB ej h, Zviv mvaviY gvbyli KvQ
Zvì ee wbq cuQvZ e_ nqQb| GB AvZmgvjvPbv AvswkK wVK| GKB
m wZ mZ nQ h, GB `ki gvbyl evgì ee MnY Ki wb| evgì ee
MnY bv KiZ Zvì mePvBZ ewk Dy KiQ Zvì ga kZ kZ eQi ai

wkKo Mo em _vKv mv`vwqKZv| ZvB Zviv gymwjg iv ev wn`y iv MVb
hZUv AvMnx, ZZUv AvMnx bq mgZvi iv ev gvbyli iv MVb|
AviKwU welqI fe `Lv ìKvi| GKB mv_ cwic~Y avwgK Ges Amv`vwqK
nIqv Av` me wK bv| wbRK memgq Amv`vwqK ej NvlYv KijI, GgbwK
wbRi KvQ wbRK Amv`vwqK gb KijI `Lv hvq evewi gmwR`, Kimev,
ivg Rbf~wg, ndvRZ, mvC`xi gZz`, Kw_Z agi Aegvbbv BZvKvi BmyZ Zvi
ev Zvì Amv`vwqKZvi gyLvk Lm co|
GZme welq weePbvq wbqB Avgvì mv`vwqKZv-weivax Av`vjbi Kgm~wP
wbaviY KiZ ne|
jLK : K_vmvwnwZK
GKwesk kZvx I mvc`vwqKZvi mgmv

gnwmb wmxK
The tradition of all dead generations weighs like a nightmare on the brains of the
living. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte; Karl Marx, 1852.
mvc`vwqKZv fviZ Dcgnv`k c~em~wiì iL hvIqv hKvb gyn~Z evevwqZ

nIqvi mvebvgq weiwZnxb GK `yt^c| dj GKwesk kZvxi wZxq `kKI wbixn
gvbyl Zvì ag wekvmi Aciva eeiZvi wkKvi nq| me wKQyi gZv mgvRI
cwieZbi AveZi Aaxb ; Avgvì cv_K GB h AvaywbKvi wek GLbv
ay AvaywbKZv Aej^b Kivi weZK Avgiv cvkweK Mnhy wj| GKw`K
mvgZvwK-JcwbewkK mgvRi mswZ I kvmb eev cZvLvb Ki, weklZ
Drcv`b eevi AvaywbKKiYi Ges ewnweki Axf~Z nIqvi cqvRb cMwZkxj
cwieZbi aviv ceZbi cPv PjQ| mB m h cwZwqvkxj mvc`vwqK kwi
KvQ RvZxqZvev`x Av`ki civRqi dj mgvR agwfwK ivRbxwZi eaZv MnxZ
nq, mB me AMYZvwK cMwZ weivax AuvZvZ kwkvjx nqQ| agv, agwelx,
ag eemvqx, ag ivRbwZK, ag-AbycvwYZ myweavev`x I mvmev`x Mvx kwY wef
mgvR gvbyli wbivcv I AwbqZvRwbZ fxwZi myhvM wbq cKvk Aci
weivax NYv cKvk Kiv, `vvi DmKvwb `qv, Zvì kl Aej^b wfU-gvwU `Lj
Ges Qywii WMvq kvwi ag hvM w`Z eva Kiv, GgbwK wb`vl gvbylK nZv
Kiv, BZvw` eeiZvI cPwjZ iqQ| GLbI wbicvq msLvjNy mc`vqK KvhZ
^`k Abvn~Z wZxq kwYi bvMwiKZ gb wbq GgbwK mvmxì AvgYi
gyLI ivi msiYi AwbqZvi fq fxwZZ euP _vKZ nq| eyRyqv MYZi
`yejZvi myhvM wbq ivRbwZK cfve cmvi ` AvRKi mvc`vwqKZvev`xì
av mxgvnxb| RivUi 2002 I 2006 mvji `vv Ges evsjv`k 2013 mvji
mvc`vwqKZv cYvw`Z asmh iv-wekli ` Avgiv mvc`vwqK bB GB
wg_vi gyLvk Lyj w`qQ| 1947-Gi KjwZ `kfvMi GKgv hwKZv wQj
mvc`vwqKZv Aemvbi cwZkwZ, wK Zvi Awfkvc _K Avgiv gy bB| ZeyI
c~eciy lì GB AevwZ Ae`vb AvRI mnRB msLvjNy mc`vqweivax mvm
cwiYZ Kiv mnR |
cvwKvb msLvjNy mc`vq cvq wejy, Zey Bmjvg-wb`vi wg_v AwfhvM Zvì
Ici AZvPvi PjQ, cKvk eeivwPZ AvBbi ARynvZ nZv Kiv nQ|
evsjv`k msLvjNy mc`vq Avw_K A_ev ivRbwZK Kvb Abvh cfvei Rb
`vqx bq, ZeyI myhvM cjB gk-mywPZ GB mc`vqi Ici AvgY PjQ|
ckvRxex AbK miKvwi PvKyiì ga wn`yì msLv evoQ, GB AwfhvM
Kib| Abw`K ivxq mgvRmeK msNi AwfhvM mI fviZi ewkifvM
gymjgvbiv Abvh wejvwmZvq euP AvQ ej gb nq bv, Z_vwc Zvì cvq mg

mgmvi Rb `vqx Kivi AcPviI weiwZ bB |
cvwKvb, Z_v c~e cvwKvbi mw AMYZvwK wRvwZ Zi kVZvq ; Zvi Awfew
wQj cvwKvbi kvmK kwYi îvPvix kvmb Ges c~e cvwKvbK Dcwbek cwiYZ
Kiv| mB wePywZi msvii msMvg gywhy cwiYZ nq| Zvi Awfcvq ay Amg
A_bwZK eevi AemvbB wQj bv, wQj GKUv MYZvwK, Amvc`vwqK,
mgvRZvwK `k mw Kivi cqvRbi Dcjw I AwKvi| GB cMwZkxj `~i`w
wQj Avgvì c_g msweavbi wfw-ci| eve `Lv Mj hy cvwKvbx mb
weZvwoZ njI `kR cwZwqvkxj P wbg~j nq wb| GB Pi wewk Ask mvgwiK
evwnbxi DPc` wKQy bvqK, hviv ckvMZ cwkYi gvag DbvwmKZv I meRbxb
fvUvwaKviwfwK MYZK AhvM MY KiZ kL| Zviv AmvgwiK ivRbwZK
bZZ mK ZvwQjc~Y gbvfve Ges mvgwiK Kvq`vq `k kvmb nIqv DwPr GB
wekvm cvlY Ki| RvwZi wcZvi KkjMZ I ivRbwZK fyji dj ^vaxbZv
cieZx AZ A mgq RbMYi mg_b nvivevi ci c_g myhvMB îvPvix mbkvmKiv iv gZv `Lj Ki gywhy k mbì bviKxq KgKv mwq
mvnvhKvix mvmev`x ag ivRbxwZi bZZK Amvc`vwqK evsjv`k kKo
MRvZ mvnvh Ki Ges msweavb _K agwbicZvi aviv wejy Ki| AZtci
mb-mgw_Z evsjv`k RvZxq `j GKB bxwZ AbymiY KiQ| `yfvM ekZ Ggb wK
gZvmxb AvIqvgxjxMI msweavbi agwbicZvi aviv cybiwawZ bv Ki iqx
msMvg AwRZ AxKviK gZv `Lj eenvh cY cwiYZ KiQ| j Kiv
cqvRb h, evsjv`k ag-ivRbxwZi cybRxeb GKgv evsjv`ki Kgywb cvwU
Ges ^ KqKUv evgcx `j Qvov Ab me `jB RwoZ |
gywhy AweiYxq ZvMi ciI agvZv, MYZ weivax, Amnbkxj, eei
mvc`vwqK kwwji cybivb wbivk bv nIqv gykwKj| RvgvZ-B-Bmjvg Ges
ndvRZ-B-Bmjvgi gZv ag-eemvqx, evsjv`k-weivax, evsjv`kK wn`ygy
Ki Kvivb-nvw`m wfwK Av`k gymjgvb `k cwieZb cwZve mvmev`x
ivRbwZK `ji m Z_vKw_Z Amvc`vwqK `ji Avcm Kivi cPv
nZvkvRbK| GB GKwesk kZvxZI mvc`vwqKZvi ivRbxwZi mdjZvi
cwicwZ GB mgmvi mgvavb Ghver AbymZ bxwZ I Kgm~Pxi c~bg~jvqb
cqvRb |
mvc`vwqKZv wK, Gi Drm Kv_vq, K `vqx, BZvw` wbq ewMZ I mc`vqMZ
ccvwZZ, BZvw` bvbv KviY gZf` AvQ| G welq ZK-weZK, MelYv Ges
jLvjwL PjQ `xN w`b hver| wekl Ki eìxb Dgi (mvc`vwqKZv, XvKv,
evsjv`k, 1966) I wewcb P` (AvaywbK fviZ I mvc`vwqKZvev`, KjKvZv,
fviZ, 1989) GB mgmvi Ici MelYvq c_c`kKi f~wgKv cvjb KiQb| Aek
b~Zb mgmvi Avwefve weiwZ bB| ^vaxbZvi cuvP ermii ga GZ `Z
ivRbwZK cwieki AebwZ, ^vaxbZv Av`vjbi Av`k I ciYv cwZwqvkxj

P weKZ Kivq mg_ nIqvi KviY Ges GZ mvc`vwqKZvi f~wgKv, Gme welq
MelYv cqvRb| Ze RbMYi wbivcvi Rb hviv `vqx Zvì Ici GB me
MelYvi I weklY Kvb cfve co wK bv ejv gykwKj |
mvc`vwqKZvi Drm wbYq ag I kwY wfwK wefì mv`k, Zvi HwZnvwmK
cUf~wg, BZvw` welq wevwiZ MelYvi djvdj wewfb cKvkbvq wbewZ| mgmv
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nIqv |
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mvc`vwqKZvq cv_Ki dj Gi asmvZK cwiYvg ZdvZ AvQ| mvc`vwqKZvi
Aemvbi Dcvq wbqYi Rb mc`vqwekli AwfZv I `wfx mK hZUv

me mPZbZv Acwinvh| GB welq Ab AvjvwPZ nqQ , GLvb Zvi cybivewi
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wRvwZ A_vr agwekvm wbfi RvwZZ mvgZvwK mgvR cwiZvM Ki abZi
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cMwZi Rb GB DiYi iZ Dcjw Avgvì Riwi KZe |
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be Dcjw cwZdwjZ| 1993 mvj Kvj gvKmi 175Zg RbevwlKx Dcj
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cwimi ewaZ Kivi msMvgi mB mgvRZi Rb msMvgi cqvRbxqZvi Ici
Rvi `qv nq| evsjv`ki Kgywb cvwUi mgvRZ wecex MYZvwK DiYi
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mB Aji MYZvwK I cMwZkxj emwZì D`vM, msLvjNy emwZì
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mvc`vwqKZv kL hw` Zviv mvc`vwqK cwiek Rbvq, eo IV, wkwZ nq,
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mgmvi mgvavbi cqvRb ; GK, mg wkv cwZvb agxq I RvwZMZ (ethnic)
NYv cPvi wbwl Kiv ; `yB, mg wkv cwZvb cvVwelq ewPi (diversity)
mnbkxjZv, Amvc`vwqKZv I MYZvwK bvMwiKZ kLvbvi cVb Afy Kiv|
Gme cwieZbi `vwe me Amvc`vwqK, cMwZev`x ivRbwZK `ji Kgm~wPi
Afy nIqv cqvRb|
AeYbxq fvMvwi ci GB GKwesk kZvxZI Avgvì ga h mvc`vwqKZvi
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mvc`vwqKZv-KvbmviK mivmwi AvgY bv Ki Zvi asmvZK cwiYwZ Govbv

me bq ; mvc`vwqKZv wbg~j bv Ki Avgvì mgvR cMwZ me bq ; Avi, hviv
mwZKvi cMwZev`x, Zvì gav, DrmM Ges wekl Ki bZZ Qvov GB msMvg
Rqx nIqvI me bq|
IqvwksUb wW wm, mî, 2014
mcwZ AavcK gybZvmxi gvgyb RvgvqZ wekvmx gvbyl ckvmbmn meB ce wjLQb, G KviY
gvS gvS ewj, Avgvì civbi Mnxb Mfxi Kv_vq hb nRvwe ndvRZ+RvgvqvZ+weGbwc
gbi GK UyKiv mhZb jywKq iLwQ| `wbK RbK, g 22, 23 I 25, 2004, XvKv,
evsjv`k|
G welq Aviv AvjvPbvi Rb cvVK GLvb `LZ cvib : From Partition to Bangladesh: on
the Trajectory of a Troubled Quest :
https://www.academia.edu/4575612/From_Partition_to_Bangladesh_on_the_Trajectory
_of_a_Troubled_Quest.
Aek cavb KviY abZi mcmvib| GB weKZ, gKx PZbv (false conciousness) wbfikxj wQj
f~uqv AccPvii Ici| Gi cv_wgK hyw wQj h, fviZeli gymjgvbiv Ab ag wekvmxì m
GK RvZxq bq| eve fviZxqiv cvq mevB GKB RweK-g~j D~Z (belonging to a shared
genetic pool)| GB cZxqgvb mZI Zviv BQvKZfve Aev Ki h, fviZxq wcZvgvZvi mvb
Zvi RweK ewk cwieZb KiZ mg bq, wK Zvi agwekvm cwieZb LyeB mnR| Z`ycwi,
wRvwZ Z MYZi weivax| MYZ ay MnYhvM hLb bvMwiKiv GKB mc`vqfy, GB hyw
ay AeveB bq, GUv RNbfve cwZwqvkxj| Ges GB wQj cvwKvb mwi hyw| AbK fyj
hvb h, hviv cvwKvb-aviYvi DveK, Zviv wQj BsiR kvmKì Zvlvgv`Kvix, Ges KD KD
wQj ^vaxbZvi wec| Kej ^vaxbZv hLb Aekvex nq ùvovq ZLb Giv Zvì msKxY ^v_
ivi Rb cvwKvbi `vwe Zvj |
See Contemporary World Situation and Validity of Marxism: Proceedings of International
Seminar of Communist Parties Marking the 175th Birth Anniversary of Karl Marx (in
Kolkata, India); CPI (M) Publication, June, 1993. In particular, note observations of the
Canadian & South African delegates.
jLK : MelK; AvgwiKv cevmx
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ivq Payix mUvix, nxivjvj ivq, mij Kzgvi ` mnKvix mUvix, cvixjvj
ivq, nvmg Avjx Lvb I `xbez mvnv wefvMxq mv`K wbevwPZ nb|
gnvZv Mvx 1930 mvj jeY Av`vjb i Kib| wK ewikvj jeY Av`vjb
i nq 1921 mvj| G Av`vjb `vwYv ib e`vcvavq, viKvbv_ Nvl,
Ave`yj evwi, Pzbxjvj mb, Ag~j gyLvcvavq, b~i Avng` wmK`vi, Zvdvqj
Avng` Payix cgyL jeY Av`vjb i Kib Ges cP evcKZv jvf Ki|
KlK we`vn I cRv Av`vjb ewikvji BwZnvm iZc~Y Aavq| mk KlK
we`vn e_ nevi ci Aa kZvx ai evKiMi KlK mgvR Rwg`viì AZvPvi
mn Ki| ewikvj cRv Av`vjbi bZv wQjb Lvb evnv`yi nvkg Avjx Lvb,
wcivRcyii mq` gynv` AvdRvj, cUzqvLvjxi evYxK mbmn wewfb Aji
eRb| KlK cRv kvMvb Zzjj Rwg`vwi kvlY Pje bv, jvj hvi Rwg Zvi,
Nvg hvi `vg Zvi, Rwg`vwi c_v evwZj Ki|
KlKì euvPvi `vwe Av`vqi Rb kni, _vbv I AbK Mvg cRv mwgwZ MVb Kiv
nq| Mvg Mvg KlK Kgx mw nq| Rjvi wewfb vb cRv mjb AbywZ nq|
1921 mvj G.K. dRjyj nK I nvkg Avjx Lvbi wb`k AvMjSvovq cRv
Kbdvi AbywZ nq| nvRvi nvRvi KlK G mjb hvM`vb Kib| mjb cvq
cuvP nvRvi bgtk~` gwnjv GmwQjb|
1924 mvj XvKvq HwZnvwmK cRv Kbdvi wbwLj e cRv mwgwZ MVb Kiv nq|
1934 mvj mjb G. K. dRjyj nK cRv cvwUi mfvcwZ Ges kvgmywb Avng`
mv`K wbhy nb| KlK cRv mwgwZi cavb Dk wQj c~Y MYZvwK ^vqkvmb,
gymjgvb-wn`yì ga HK, RbmvaiYi ^v_weivax Rwg`vwi c_vi Aemvb, cvUi
mewbg g~j wbaviY, wk cwZv, mvaviY gvbyli mvgvwRK I A_bwZK Dbqb,
evaZvg~jK AeZwbK cv_wgK wkv, FYM KlKì gyw, RbMYi Kii evSv
jvNe, gvZfvlvi Dbqb, fwg AvBbi cwieZb, LvRbv nvm, bRi I mjvgx e,
kwgKì mewbg gRywi wbaviY, Mevw`ci DbwZ cfwZ|
1934 mvji 7 bfî ewikvj gyKzj mbi bZZ KwgDwb cvwU Mo IV|
ZLb _K `ji Kgxiv KlKì msMwVZ Kivi Pv Ki| 1938 mvj Mi b`xi
Puv`mx Mvg KwgDwb cvwUi bZZ KlK mwgwZi GK wekvj mjb AbywZ nq|
nvRvi nvRvi wn`y gymjgvb KlK mjb hvM `b| G mjb fviZxq KwgDwb
cvwUi bZv KgiW gvRvddi Avn` DcwZ wQjb| 2q mjb nq wnRjv
_vbvq, ZZxq mjb nq KxwZcvkvi bnvjcyi, 4_ mjb nq 1942 mvj
DwRicyi _vbvi evicvBKv Mvg| 1944 mvj 5g mjb AbywZ nq Puv`mx
BDwbqbi mvIov yj cvY| 1945 mvj AbywZ nq l mjb, 1946 mvj 7g
mjb Ges 1947 mvj gvwnjviv Mvg KlK mwgwZi 8g mjb AbywZ nq| G
mjb evwivi Ave`yjv n imyj GmwQjb| nvRvi nvRvi KlK G mjb hvM
`b| 1943 nZ 1947 mvj ch ewikvj KlK Av`vjbi DjLhvM NUbv
njv mvZjv evM`vi euva Av`vjb, MjvwPcvZ mPi Av`vjb, ZuvwZ I grmRxex
Av`vjb, nvU Zvjv, Kwl FY Av`vq, LvRbv FY Av`vq wMZ ivLvi Av`vjb,
Lcycvovq gMì Lvmgnj Rwg wbq Av`vjb cfwZ| G mgq KlK mwgwZi
wbew`Z Kgxiv njb Wvt bwjbx `vm, nxivjvj `vm, gyKzj mb, eYy `vm,
AvwRR m`vi, AvQgZ Avjx WvKzqv cgyL| ewikvj KlK mwgwZi Kgxiv Rwg`vwii
Awfkvc _K KlKì gy Kivi Rb wPivqx e`vei Av Aemvb Pvq| GKB
mv_ Zviv BsiRì weZvwoZ Ki ^vaxb `k MVb eZx wQjb| BsiR I
Rwg`viì wei msMvg Ki AbK KlKKgx KviveiY KiQb|
1936 mvj Qvì gvS KwgDwb ejq Zwi nq| 1938 mvj MwVZ nq zWU
dWvikb| dWvikbi m`miv KwgDwb cvwU Avi.Gm.wc.diIqvW eKi
mg_K wQj| dWvikbi bZZ wQjb dYx ivq, wKlvY `vk, è cmv`
evbvRx, KvbvB ivq, kvfv ivq, mynwmbx mb cgyL| 1939 mvj Gg.Gb ivq
ewikvj Avmb| 1943-44 mvj `ywf gvKvejvq cvwU Suvwcq co| MwVZ nq
gwnjv AvZiv mwgwZ| bZZ wQjb gbvigv emygvmxgv|
GB mgqB KwgDwbì D`vM mvswZK Av`vjbi m~cvZ NU| bZZ wQjb

gnvivR| ewikvj KwgDwb cvwU c_g MYmxZ cPjb Kib| mvswZK dUi
bZv wQjb bvUz evbvRx| ewikvj kni KwgDwb cvwU wiv kwgK BDwbqb, cm
kwgK BDwbqb, wewo kwgK I g_i BDwbqb Mo Zvj | bib ivq, evYx ivq,
AkvK `vm, mvl `vm, dYx PeZx, AgZ bvM, eYy `vm UW BDwbqbi
KvR KiZb| 1947 mvj ch KwgDwb cvwU KlK mwgwZ I Qv dWvikb
wewUkweivax jvovBq h KwZZi Qvc iLQ Zv ewikvji BwZnvm Dj nq
_vKe|
gymwjg jxM MwVZ nq 1937 mvj| G mgq nvmb knx` mvnivIqv`x ewikvj
Avmb| mfvcwZ wbevwPZ nb AvwRR Dwb DwKj Ges mv`K njb AvdZve
Dwb DwKj| cieZxZ mfvcwZ I mv`K wbevwPZ nb h_vg Lvb evnv`yi nvkg
Avjx Ges AvdZve Dwb| 1938 mvj MwVZ nq Avi.Gm.wc| è`bv_ Nvl
Avi.Gm.wci mfvcwZ wQjb| myfvl emy 1940 mvji kl diIqvW eK cvwU
MVb Kivi Rb ewikvj AvMgb Kib|
cUzqvLvjxi mZvMn Av`vjb ewikvji BwZnvm iYxq NUbv| G Av`vjb Pj
1924 nZ 1928 mvj ch| mviv fviZ G Av`vjb Qwoq co| Ze G
Av`vjb cUzqvLvjxZ Kvb `vv mw Ki wb| Ze SvjKvVxi KzjKvVxZ cywjki
wjZ ek KqKRbi gZy NU| 1950 mvj ewikvji gyjv`xZ G `vv msNwUZ
nq| Ges ek wKQz gvbyl gZzeiY Kib| G `vv cUzqvLvjxi evDdj DcRjvi
KvwQcvovZ GK cwievi mvZ Rbmn gvU Zi Rb gZzeiY Kib| 52i fvlv
Av`vjb ewikvji f~wgKv wQj cksmbxq| 1951 mvj hyejxM MwVZ nq| G
msMVbi wfZi KwgDwb cvwUi cfve wQj| Gi bZZ wQjb ewikvji Bgv`yjv n
Ges MjvwPcvi Avyj Kwig| 1954 mvji hydU wbevPb Avyj Kwig cUzqvLvjx
Aj Gg wc G wbevwPZ nb| wZwbB wQjb meKwb mvsm`| 1957 mvj bvc
MwVZ nq| fvlv Av`vjbi ga w`q Qvì gvS Mo IV Qv BDwbqb| ewikvj
Aj G `yUv msMVbi evcK cfve 1975 mvj ch weivRgvb wQj| 1990 mvj
eveix gmwRì NUbvq DRbv `Lv w`jI `vv nq wb| 2001 mvj fvjvZ `vv
nq wb wVKB wK ek wKQz wn`y cwievi jyUcvU I bvixiv wbhvZbi ^xKvi nb|
cwikl DjL KiZ PvB e Kwe, mvwnwZK, wkx, `vkwbKi Rb G cyY fwgZ
hvì bvg DjL bv KijB bq| Zviv njb Kvwgbx ivq, Rxebvb` `vm,
gvRvj nK, AvjZvd gvngy`, mywdqv Kvgvj, AviR Avjx gvZei, mi`vi dRjyj
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AvMgb NUwQj|
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ewikvj Aj Avv nq wb Zv nj
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efi wei Zxe Av`vjb ;

^`kx Av`vjb ;
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gwnjv AvZiv mwgwZi Kg ZrciZv ;
Qv Av`vjb ;
cej mvswZK Av`vjb ;
mevcwi ewj ivRbwZK kw|
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mb)
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cvIqv hvq bv| Ze ag`kb wnme eagB c_g evsjv`k wevi jvf Ki|
Gi AvM AwZcvPxbKvj _K G Aji RbMvx cKwZ Dcvmbv KiZv Ges

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gYKvj `yB eQi ZvwjwcZ evm Kib| mg kZvxi iZ evsjvq eag
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Abycg nxiv gj| dwKi jvjb muvB fve mvabv| XvKv : cZxK cKvkb msv, 2012|
IqvwKj Avn&g`| evOvwji `kb wPv| XvKv : GwkqvwUK mvmvBwU Ae evsjv`k, 1992|
KvRx bRij Bmjvg| mwZv| XvKv : gvIjv ev`vm, 2013|
W. gvnv` AvLZvi nvmb| bRij Bmjvgi mvwnZ agxq `kb I ivRbwZK fvebv| XvKv : mgvPvi,
2013|
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1990|
cfvZKzgvi gyLvcvavq| iex` Rxebx I iex` mvwnZ cekK, 1g L, mskvwaZ ms| KjKvZv :
wekfviZx, 1960|
| iex` Rxebx I iex` mvwnZ cekK, 2q L, 3q ms| KjKvZv : wekfviZx, 1961|
| iex` Rxebx I iex` mvwnZ cekK, 3q L, 2q ms| KjKvZv : wekfviZx, 1961|
| iex` Rxebx I iex` mvwnZ cekK, 4_ L, 2q ms| KjKvZv : wekfviZx, 1964|
| iex` RxebK_v| KjKvZv : wekfviZx, 1959|
ckvKzgvi cvj| iwe Rxebx| bqwU L, 7g gy`Y| KjKvZv : Avb` cvewjkvm cvBfU wjwgUW, ekvL,
1418|
webq Nvl| evsjvi mvgvwRK BwZnvmi aviv| KjKvZv : 15, ewg PvUvwR xU, bfî, 1968|
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1406|
iex`bv_ VvKzi| iex` iPbvejx, 15 L| KjKvZv : cwge miKvi, 1961|
iex`bv_ VvKzi| iex` iPbvejx, 11 L| KjKvZv : h~w_Kv eyK j, 2003|
iex`bv_ VvKzi| MQ| XvKv : cZxK cKvkbx, 1998|
myb`v eoqv| evsjv mvwnZ e DcvLvb| XvKv : evsjv GKvWwg, Ryb, 1993|
kPx`bv_ AwaKvix| wkjvB`n I iex`bv_| KjKvZv : wRvmv, 1974|
wwZgvnb mb| evsjvi mvabv| KjKvZv : wekfviZx, 6/3 viKvbv_ VvKzi jb, Avlvp, 1352|
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m~Yic gy nZ cvi wb| wK mB m GK_vI gb ivLv cqvRb h, Avhì
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bv| Avh I Abvh mswZi wgjbB kwic èx I `vmxicv Aegvbei mswgkY
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mwjbx, 1999) Zzwg Zvgvi kì wei hy hvv Kij hw` Zvgvi cigki
cfy Zvì Zvgvi nvZ Zzj `b I Zzwg ... mB ew`ì ga myìx Kvb
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Ni Avbe| m wbRi gv_vi Pzj LDwo Kie, bL KvUe, ew``kvi Kvco ZvM
Kie, Zvgvi Ni evm Kie Ges Zvi wcZvgvZvi Rb cyiv GKgvm wejvc Kie;
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Avi m Zvgvi x ne| hw` cieZxKvj Zzwg Zvi cwZ Avi cxZ bI, Ze hLvb
Zvi BQv mLvb hZ è| cwZ wePvi bv Ki gjev`xiv gb Ki, agB
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bvixì evBi KvR KivK wbwl Ki| hKvb hy ev `vvq hLb cwievii cy il
m`mwU wbnZ ev AvnZ nq ZLb wK mKj `vwqZ Gm eZvq bvixi Dci| G
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hve Gmei dj fqvenfve wZM nqQ cavbZ bvix| fviZ evewi gmwR`
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ckvmbi KgKZvì mvgb Zvì alY Kiv nq| mv`vwqKZvi AviI weKZ ic
cKvwkZ nqwQj hLb `Lv Mj G mKj NUbv wfwWI Ki Zv c`kbi fq `wLq
Zvì Dcnvm Kiv nq Ges bvix I Kbvwkì gb vqx AvZ mw Kiv nq| GKB
wP Avgiv `wL 1992 mvj fviZi f~cvj Ges 2002 mvj RivU mv`vwqK
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gvi| GwZgLvbvq AevbiZ GK wLvb hvRK gvivZK AvnZ nq| fyebki
GKRb bvb mvgvwRK mev c`vb Aevq wn`y mv`vwqKZvKvixì viv awlZ nq|
gac`k I Dwolvq e wLxq cwZvb Avv nq| Gme AvgYi mgq bvixB
mePq ewk wZM nq|
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mKj bvixiv RbwbqY cwZ MnY KiwQj ev MfcvZ NwUqwQjv Zvì kvw
w`qwQj| K_vmvwnwZK D gymwjgv ag wfb, Dk Awfb-ce `wLqQb
MvRv hy Bmivqji j MfeZx bvix| KviY Bmivqji wekvm, Gme bvix AviI
mvmx Rb w`Z hvQb| Abw`K Bw` gjev`x cyilK Zuvì xi Mf hZ
ewk mvb bqv hvq Zv wbZ civgk `b| Zvì aviYv Bw`ì Rbej evoj
Zviv cw_ex kvmb AviI kwkvjx nq DVZ cvie| fviZ weRwc miKvii GK
gx wn`y bvixì Kgc PviwU mvb Rb èvi `vwe ZzjQb| ZvB bvixiv h ay
Ab agi gjevì vivB ewj nQb Zv-B bq, Avcb agi hyevR gjevì
KvQI Zvì BQvi Kvb g~j bB| AbK Bmjvgx `k Bmjvgx gjev`xiv
bvixì DPwkv MnY wblavv Rvwii `vwe Ki| gjev`xiv mgvRi ckvRxex,
jLK, MelK, eywRxex bvixì cwZ memgq weic cwZwqv `Lvq|
Gwkqvi AwaKvsk `k bvix AwaKvi Kgxiv hLbB Rvi mgZvi K_v ej
gjev`xiv ZLbB cvwievwiK AvBbi `vnvB Zvj Ges miKvi hvZ mgZvi AvBb
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agxq cvkvK Pvwcq w`qQ| h mKj bvixiv Pzj QvU ivL Zvì bvbvfve kvwi
eev Ki, GgbwK dZvqv Rvwi, GwmW gyL Sjm `qv _K mvgvwRKfve
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iqQ elg|
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ivRbxwZ memgq bvixì AwaKvi msKzwPZ Kivi wekl f~wgKv ivL| iv
G Z AvPiY Ki| GKw`K mv`vwqK ivRbxwZK jvjb Ki Abw`K
msweavb Rvi mgZvi K_v ej|
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`q
cyilZ ev wcZZ ejZ Ggb GKwU KZZ
ev`x mgvReevK evSvbv nq,
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ci, cyil _K Ges cyili Rb m ; cyili Aaxb GKwU wbK Rxe| G cm
gvwKb bvixev`x bx GwjRve_ KvwW vbUb ejb, Woman was made after
man,of man, an inferior being, subject to man. cyilZ ev wcZZ `ywU
chvq wqvkxj _vK, cwievii fZi I evBi| mgvR I iv chvq| cyilZ
kwU mgvR I ivi mKj chvq cyili AvwacZ Ges bvixi Ici KZZm~PK
mKK cKvk Ki| GwU Ggb GK eev hLvb cyil bvixK wbqY I
Aeg~jvqb Ki _vK| GLvb bvix cyili gvwjKvbvaxb mw| Aevf`
wcZZi cKvk I cqvM wfb nZ cvi, wK wekevcx Gi g~j ggwU bvixi Ici
cyili KZZ I wbqYi welqwU AcwieZbxq _vK|
gjev` GB wcZZvwK eevK g~j A wnme KvR jvMvq| wcZZvwK eev
h wbw` cvcU agi Kvb ee _vK ZvK mB cvcU _K wewQb Ki
ae mZ wnme wbRi msKxY ^v_ eenvi Ki| gjev` agK ivRbwZK ^v_
eenvi Ki, wK agi cKZ gge bvix-cyil wbwekl gvbyl-gvbyl mvg-gxi
evYxK AbymiY Ki bv|
Avi iv nj, mgvR eevi fZi Mo IVv Ggb GK kw, hv mgM mgvRi Ici
cfzZ I AvwacZ wevi Ki| kvlYg~jK cuywRev`x ivi wUK _vKvi Rb ag bvgK
AwU weklfve eeZ nq| cuywRev`x iv memgqB wcZZ viv cfvweZ nq|
cuywRev` nQ wcZZvwK eev ev cyilZi weKwkZ ic| cyil AvwacZ nQ
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cuywRev`, mvgvRev` BZvw` GB cyil AvwacZiB mcmviY| cyuwRev` mKj cyil
bvixi Ici AvwacZ Ki, Avi gywgq cyil Ki evwK mevi Ici| kvmK kwY
gjev`-mv`vwqKZv I wcZZK Lywk iL bvixi ^v_K Aenjv Ki| Zvi
^vaxb Aevb, gZvgZ I wmvK AMvn Ki| Avgvì gZv `k gjev`x
ivRbxwZ jyUiv eyRvqv kvmK kwYi kvmb I kvlYi mnvqK| bvix I cMwZ welx
ndvRZi Dvb me eyRvqv `jiB f~wgKv AvQ| ndvRZi mv_ me eyRvqv
`jiB mK AvQ| GRb Avgvì `k gjev` AvR cyuwRev`x kvmK kwYi
mgM Aski e_Zv I ^v_i mv_ AweQ`fve mwKZ|
Abw`K mgvRZi kwK `yej Kivi Rb GK mgq agxq gjevì Dvb
mvweK mnhvwMZv w`qQ mvgvRev`| jyb I `Lj`vwiZi Rb mvgvRev` agxq
gjev`K bvbvfve eenvi Ki| mvgvRev` me mgqB mgvR mvc`vwqK
f`vfì AbyKj cwiwwZ mw Ki `q| RbMYi mvgvRev`weivax PZbvK
wec_Mvgx Kivi Rb mvgvRev` cvwZvwbK agjvK ciii wei eenvi
Ki| Zvì HwZnvwmK weivajvK wbR^ ^v_ KvR jvMvq| ewb BwZnvm
_K `Lv hvq mvgvRev` I gjevì ga mnhvwMZvg~jK mK iqQ, cZ
I civfve Zviv GK AbK mnhvwMZv KiQ|
Dcii AvjvPbvi mvimsc
1. Kvb agxq gjev`B Rvi mgZvq wekvm Ki bv| Rvi ck gjev`
BQgZ agK eenvi Ki| h wbw` cvcU agi Kvb ee _vK gjev`xiv
ZvK mB cvcU _K wewQb Ki msKxY ^v_ eenvi Ki| bvixi cwZ
gjev`x `wfw mgvR bvix-cyil elg ZwiZ weivU f~wgKv ivL| gjev` I
mv`vwqKZvi cfve bvixi Rxebhvcb me mgq wec`M nIqvi mvebv _vK|
mv`vwqK `vvi cavb je nq bvix I Kbvwk| gjev`xiv ag ivi bvg
bvixì evBi KvR KivK wbwl Ki| h Kvb hy ev `vvq hLb cwievii cyil
m`mwU wbnZ ev AvnZ nq ZLb wK mKj `vwqZ Gm eZvq bvixi Dci| G
Aevq GKwU bvix wKfve cwievii `vwqZ cvjb Kieb Zvi Kvb Reve
gjev`xì KvQ _vK bv|
2. AvaywbK vb-wevb BwZnvmi Z_ _K `Lv hvq, bvix-cyili AmgZvi
cvKwZK wfw bB| gvZ-AwaKvi DQ` nIqvi AvM ch kvixwiK ev RweK cv_K
bvix-cyili ga elgi mw Ki wb| cv_K Avi elg GK wRwbm bq| bvixcyili ga kvixwiK cv_K AvQ, wK GB kvixwiK cv_K _K mvgvwRK
elgi De nq wb| cv_K RweK, wK Zv elgi Rb eeZ nq mvgvwRK
A_bwZK eevi KviY| ewMZ mwi De I cyili gvwjKvbvaxb GB
ewMZ mwi Ici Mo IVv cwieviB bvixi civaxbZv m~wPZ Ki|
3. cvPxbKvj fviZel Kwlcavb AjB Mo DVwQj gvZZvwK mgvR| Avi
bvixi ^vaxbZv I KZZi KviY gvZZvwK MvxwjZB De nqwQj èx
c~Rvi| Avhiv wcZZvwK mswZ wbq G`k Avmvi ci _K wcZZvwK Kvqwg
^v_K kwkvjx Kivi DkB i nq bvix Ae`gbi BwZnvm| gvZZvwK mgvR
gk nxbej nq cojI cvK&-Avh gvZmswZK m~Yic webvk Kiv Avhì
c KLbB me nq wb| Avhiv Abvh mswZi hme wRwbm wbRì ga MnY
KiZ eva nqwQj, Zvi ga mecavb wQj èxic cKwZ kwi e`bv|
4. cyilZ, agxq gjev` I cuywRev`x iv ciiK wUK _vKvi kZ Zwi Ki
`q| cuywRev`x iv wUK _vKvi Rb agxq gjev`K ivRbwZK ^v_ eenvi Ki|
gjev` wcZZvwK eevK g~j A wnme KvR jvMvq| cuywRev`x ivI memgqB
cyilZi viv cfvweZ nq| Avmj cuywRev` nQ cyilZi weKwkZ ic| Avi
mvgvRev` I gjevì ga mnhvwMZvg~jK mK iqQ, cZ I civfve
Zviv GK AbK mnhvwMZv KiQ|
DiYi c_
Dcii AvjvPbv _K `Lv hvq, agxq gjev`xiv bvix-cyili elgi h Z ag
ev HwkK msmvii Ici Pvwcq `q Zvi Avmj inm iqQ GB cvw_e RMZi
gaB| cyili mv_ bvixi AaxbZvi mK A_ev bvix-cyili AmgZvi cvKwZK
wfwi Z A_ev agkv bvixi `weZ I `vmZi Z hLb cvw_e cwievi AvweZ
nq ZLb gvKmev`x wnme Avgvì `vwqZ Kx? gvKmi wbRi gyL Zv kvbv hvK
hLb HwkK msmvii inm cvw_e cwievi AvweZ nq ZLb cvw_e cwieviwUKB
Avgvì ZMZfve wePvi KiZ Ges eve ecweKfve cwiewZZ KiZ ne
(dqievL m^ PZz_ ge)| ecweK cwieZbi gvbI gvKmi KvQ b wbZ
cvwi
cijvKi mZ RMr nvIqvq wgwjq MjB BwZnvmi KiYxq KvR njv GB

BnjwKK RMZi mZ cwZv Kiv (nMji AvBbi `kbi chvjvPbvi c`
iPbv)
gvKmev`x wnme Avgvì eySZ ne BnjwKK RMZi mZ cwZv Kiv gvb
agi wei hy NvlYv Kiv bq| eis BnjwKK RMZi mZ cwZv Kiv gvb ag
hvi RvwZgj mB PvLi Rjfvmv DcZKvq (GB cvw_e RMZ) kvw I mgZvi
mgvR wbgvYi Rb gjev`xiv agi h GKck I AcevLv `q Zvi wei
msMvgi m~cvZ NUvbv| AekB cvw_e RMZ GKB mv_ mB msMvg cwiPvjbv
KiZ ne gjevì g~j A wcZZvwK eevi wei Ges wcZZvwK eevi
weKwkZ ic cuywRev`-mvgvRevì wei|
cvw_e cwieviwUK ZMZfve wePvi Ki Avgiv `LZ cvB bvix-cyili kvixwiK
cv_K _K mvgvwRK elgi De nq wb| cv_K RweK, wK Zv elgi Rb
eeZ nq mvgvwRK A_bwZK eevi KviY| eveK ecweKfve cwiewZZ
KiZ nj elgi mvgvwRK wfw f djZ ne| GUv KiZ cvijB gvbyl
Zvi mwkxjZv w`q wevb-chwy i eenvi Ggbfve KiZ mg ne hLb RweK
cv_K Kvb mvgvwRK elg mw KiZ cvie bv|
ZMZfve wePvi Ki Avgiv `LwQ, ewMZ mwi Ici ùvwoq _vKv
A_bwZK eevB bvix-cyil elgi g~jwfw Zwi Ki `q| A_bwZK elg
Ges cyili Ici bvixi A_bwZK wbfikxjZvB HwZnvwmK I mvgvwRKfve bvixcyil mKi g~jwfw Zwi Ki `q| A_vr bvix-cyil mKi g~jwfw
A_bwZK elg Ges cyili Ici bvixi wbfikxjZvi gaB HwZnvwmK I
mvgvwRKfve wbwnZ| GRb ewMZ mwi Ici ùvwoq _vKv elgi A_bwZK
eevi wei msMvg bvixgywi Rb GK iZc~Y Aavq|
kwYwef mgvR-Gi m~Pbvq hgb bvixK Aab KiwQj, G mgvRi Pov weKvk,
G mgvRi Aejywi kZjv Zwi Kivi cvkvcvwk, bvixgywi kZjvI Zwi
KiQ| bvixiv gB ewkgvvq mvgvwRK kg hy nQb Ges Zvì ga AwaKvi
PZbvI cmvwiZ nQ| mPZb bvixì Av`vjbi dj wKQz AwaKvi ARb me
nQ|
wK GUvI gb ivLZ ne A_bwZK AmgZv `~i njB bvix-cyil mgmvi mgvavb
nq hvq bv | GUv mZ h, A_bwZKfve ^vaxb nj bvixi GKw`K ^vejw^Zv
AwRZ nq, Abw`K GUv ZvK cwievi I mgvRi Afi elgi wei msMvg
AwaK kw hvMvq| wK Zv m A_bwZK AmgZv `~i njB bvix-cyil mgmvi
mgvavb nq hvq bv| A_bwZK KvVvgvi evBi wKQy mswZMZ Dcv`vb I kZ AvQ
hv bvix-cyil mK wbaviYi KvhKi f~wgKv ivL|
GgbwK ewMZ mwi Ici ùvwoq _vKv cyuwRev`x A_bwZK eevi cwieZb
njB ivZvivwZ bvix-cyil elgi Aemvb nq hvq bv| cyuwRevì Zzjbvq
mgvRZ bvix-cyil mKi ga gwjK cwieZbi m~Pbv Ki| cyuwRev` bq,

Kejgv mgvRZB evaZvg~jK ev AvivwcZ Amg cvwievwiK mKi Aemvbi
wfw Zwi nq| wK mgvRZvwK mgvRi cv_wgK chvq Gm fve evSv hvq
h, ewMZ mwwenxb mgvR bvixgywi wfw Zwi KijI bvixgyw ck
A_bwZK w`K QvovI Aviv wKQy welq AvQ| KviY, mgvRZvwK mgvR A_bwZK
mgZv Avmvi ciI wekl cyili KZZ wUK _vK| bvix-cyil mKi GB
AmgZvi Dcv`vb A_bxwZ Qvwoq GZv Mfxi `k ch weZ h, A_bwZK Amvg
`~i nIqvi ciI Dfqi ga cyivcywi mgZv cwZwZ nq bv| A_bwZK
wfwKvVvgvi cwieZbi mv_ Zvj wgwjq DcwiKvVvgvZ cwieZb Avm bv, wekl
Ki AvPiYMZ mswZi cwieZb nq axi axi| kl ch AZxZi GB
bwZevPK Dcv`vbjv, AZxZi cyuwRev`x I cyilZvwK mswZ g g `~i
Kivi Rb ìKvi nq AevnZ mvswZK wecei| KviY bvix AabZvi mg_b h
`xN ev mswZ Mo DVQ, Zv Gi wfwwUi cwieZb Avcbv Avcwb De hve bv|
AvM GRb eeZ nZ ag, AvPvi I AvBb| eZgvb hy nqQ wevbi GKck
evLv| GwU `xNw`bB mvswZK gbvwK evav wnme weivR Kie| ZvB bvix gywi
Rb ivRbwZK msMvgi cvkvcvwk mvswZK msMvgI Acwinvh|
Avmj gvKm mgvRZvwK mgvRK bvix-cyili gywi cv_wgK kZ wnme
`LwQjb| mgvRZ bvix ev cyil KviviB c~Y gyw AwRZ nq bv| Zvi Rb
ìKvi nq mvgevì| bvix-cyil wbwekl gy gvbei gy mgvR me Kejgv
mvgev`B| gvKm-GjmGi h_ iPbv Rvgvb fvev`k Abyhvqx GKgv
mvgev`B kwYnxb mgvR Mo IV Ges GB kwYnxb mgvR kgwefvRb ne m~Y
ewMZ BQvaxb GKwU welq| GLvbB wcZZi me Aekl wejy nq| GgbwK
mvbaviY wbq eZgvb h Awbevh wjwfwK evqvjwRKvj kgwefvRb iqQ,
cvPzh I mgwi mB mvgev`x mgvR mwUI ZLb ewi BQvaxb GKwU welq
cwiYZ nZ cvi| kwYnxb mgvR cwZv, bvixgywi Av_mvgvwRK wfwwUK c~YZv
è|
gyw cvevi AvKvv bvixi gaB c_g RvMZ Ki ZzjZ ne| bvixK mgvRZmvgevì ^c `LvZ ne| wK bvixì ga evgcxì Zgb Kvb KvR bB|
Abw`K cv`c` mgvR mv`vwqK kw me mgqB bvixmn mvgvwRK I
mvswZKfve AbMmi Aski ga mvsMVwbK KvRi UvMU Ki| evg I Abvb
MYZvwK kwi bvixì ga cwiKwZ KvR bv _vKvq, mv`vwqK kw agi
AcevLv Ki bvixì ga evcK mvsMVwbK I gZv`wkK wfw Mo ZzjQ| A_P
mv`vwqKZvi dj mePq fzfvMx nq bvix| mvc`vwqKZvi wei MYZvwK
msMvg bvixmgvR ivLZ cvi iZc~Y f~wgKv| mgvR weceI bvix mgvR nZ
cvi wecei iZc~Y cwZwbwa| GRb evg I Abvb MYZvwK kwi bvixi cKZ
gywi msMvg evcK mvsMVwbK KvR KiZ ne|...
gjev`-mv`vwqKZv I Abvb kvlYg~jK eevi wei bvixgywi msMvg bvixi

GKvi welq bq| hKvb kvlY-wbcxobg~jK eevq bvix ck Avjv`vfve iZc~Y
njI, Zvi wKQz wbR^ ewk _vKjI bvixi c~Yv gywi ckwU gjev`mv`vwqKZv I Abvb kvlYg~jK eevq hviv kvwlZ-wbcxwoZ nq Zvì gywi
msMvgi mv_ IZcvZfve RwoZ| GB msMvg bvixi c GKKfve AMmi Ki
bqv ev cyili A_bwZK gywi msMvg _K wewQbfve AMmi Ki bqv me
bq| GB msMvg njv ewZ bvix-cyili wgwjZ msMvg| GRb bvix mgmv
mgvavbi wbR^ wKQy MwZkxjZv _vKjI, Zvi wKQy wbR^ ewk I wekl ic
_vKjI bvix gyw Av`vjbK MYZvwK cMwZkxj Av`vjbi mv_ ay mwKZ
_vKjB Pje bv, bvixK Gme Av`vjb mwqfve AskMnY I bZZ w`Z ne|
bvix mgmvK GKUv m~Y ^vaxb mgmv wnme `Lvi Kvb mwZKvi wfw bB,
GK_vi gvb Aek GB bq, bvixì ga wbqwgZ KvRi Rb Avjv`v msMVbi
cqvRb bB| jwbb gb KiZbKvhKix eve ecweK cqvRbB bvixì ga
KvR Pvwjq hvevi Rb cqvRb Avjv`v I DchvMx msMVb, wewk cPvi cwZ|
GK_vi gvb Avevi GI bq bvixì ga KvR Pvwjq hvevi Rb aygv bvix
msMVbi Dci wbfi KiZ ne| cvwU msMVb I cZKwU MYmsMVbK bvixì
ga evcK KvR KiZ ne|
bvixgywi Rb GKB m gjev`-mv`vwqKZv-cyilZ Ges cyuwRevì wei
msMvgK weKwkZ KiZ ne| KviY gjev` I cyilZ AwewQb, Avi cyuwRev`
nQ cyilZi weKwkZ ic| bvixgywi ckK aygv bvixi ^vaxb I mZ msMvg
wnme bq, ewZ bvix-cyili wgwjZ msMvg wnme mgvRi Avg~j wecex
icvii Acwinvh Ask wnme wPwZ KiZ ne| Abvb kvwlZ-wbcxwoZ kwYRvwZmv BZvwì kvlY gywi mv_ HKefve bvix gywi msMvgK GwMq wbZ
ne|
jLK : bvix gyw Av`vjbi Kgx
mnvqKM :
01. eMg ivKqv iPbvmgM
02. Rvi wekKvl mwjbv nvmb I gvmy`yvgvb mvw`Z
03. ag msvi I Kzmsvi KjvYx e`vcvavq
04. agZx gjevì f~Z fwelr hZxb miKvi
05. bvix, gvbevwaKvi I ivRbxwZ myjZvbv Kvgvj
06. agi fwelr RqvbyR e`vcvavq
07. Bmjvg I bvix KsKi wmsn
08. gbymswnZv Ges bvix KsKi wmsn
09. gymjgvbgj RvwKi ZvjyK`vi
10. ag I bvixcvPxb fviZ KsKi wmsn
11. bvixi cw_ex bvixi msMvg mycYv jvwnox eoqv
12. bvixi AabZvi i weib ivq
13. bvixgyw I gvKmev` gbvR `vk
mvc`vwqKZvi Zi Drm mvb Ges

evgcxì RvZxqZvev` cvV
wcbvKx fvPvh
mgmv Dcvcb Avi chvjvPbvi `wKvY mgvavbi c_ wb`k Ki|
mvc`vwqKZv kwU GB Dcgnv`ki Avwevi| G Avwevi Avgvì bZyb
mgmvi Rb w`qQ| GB cm gvmy` ivbv Amvc`vwqK PZbv cm `yB ce
BDK ewjZ eQi `yqK AvM `ywU `xN jLv wjLQb| Ges ZB cgvY
KiQb| GB kwU GB Dcgnv`ki Avwevi| wZwb wjLQb, mvc`vwqK
kwU evsjvi ivRbwZK wWmKm ev fvl mivmwi BsiwR Kgybvj k _K
GmQ, hv kZvwaK eQi AvM Lv` Bsjvi Pq m~Y wfbfve wewUk
JwbewkKKvj fviZ cewZZ nqwQjv|
BsiwR fvlvq Kgybvj' ki DrcwKvj AdvW wWKkbvix'Z `Lvbv nqQ
EwbkkZK| Kgybvj kwU GmQ divmx k KwgDb _K| ejv nqQ, GB
KwgDb nQ mB KwgDb hv eeZ nqQ cvwiKwgDb bvg| cmZ DjL
Kwi, cvwi KwgDb wQjv 1871 mvji 18 gvP _K 28 g ch euP _vKv cw_exi
c_g kwgK iv| ^vfvweKfveB, KwgDb ki ga mvgev`x Dcv`vb AvQ|
ZvB, AdvW wWKkbvixZ Kgybvj' ki 1 bs A_ nQ shared by all
members of a community; for common use A_vr, KwgDwbwUi mKj m`mi
Askx`vwiZ, mvaviY eenvii Rb| mB KviYB, Bsjv Kgybvj GKwU
BwZevPK aviYv|
wekRyo bvbv`k Kgybvj PvBixqvwis (wkcvjb), Kgybvj GWyKkb (wkv),
Kgybvj nvDwRs (Avevmvb) Kgybvj wjwfs (emevm), Kgybvj KzwKs (ivbv)
Kgybvj CwUs (fvRb) Kgybvj -xwcs (wb`v), Kgybvj cvwKs (MvwoivLv),
Kgybvj mBdwU (wbivcv), BZvw` cvwm ev PPvK BwZevPK wnme `Lv nq|
Kgybvj ki GZv BwZevPK eenvi `L nqZv Amvc`vwqK PZbvi
evOvwjiv nZvk neb| wK Zuvì wbivk nevi KviY bB| AdvW wWKkbvixZ
Kgybvj ki wZxq GKwU A_ AvQ, hwUi eenvi Bsjv nq bv ejjB Pj|
Kgybvj ki wZxq A_wUi De nqQ fviZi ivRbwZK wWmKm ev fvl
_K|
Awfb fviZxq RvZxq cwiPqi cwieZ wewfb agxq cwiPq, cv`wkK cwiPq wKsev
fvwlK cwiPq wefwg~jK I mvsNwlK ivRbwZK Av`k, msMVb, Kgm~wP I
ZrciZvi wbMwUf evws ev bwZevPK wPvqb Kgybvj kwU eenvi Kiv
nqQ| ZvB, AdvW wWKkbvixZ Kgybvj ki 2 bs A_ wb`k Ki ejv
nqQ (of conflict) between different communities, especially those
having different religions or ethnic origins A_vr, wewfb mc`vqi ga
msNvZ welqK, wekl Ki hvì g~j iqQ agxq I RbRvwZK wfbZv|GB

HwZnvwmK KviYB fviZxq Dcgnv`k Kgybvj GKwU bwZevPK k| j Kivi
welq nQ, wZxq A_ Kgybvj ev mvc`vwqK nZ nj wewfb agxq I
RbRvwZK mc`vqi ga gZvi ev msNvZ AvQ| Kgybvj k ZLbB
ivRbwZK fvl GmQ, hLb wewUk JcwbewkK kvmbvgj msLvi wn`yi mv_
msLvjNy gymjgvb gZvi ck weiva wj nqQ|
Avgiv evsjv`ki mvc`vwqKZvi mgmv ejZ evOvwj wn`yì Dci evOvwj
gymwjgì Pjvbv mwnsmZvK eywS| ki Drm Ges msv wePvi Kij GB
Z_vKw_Z mvc`vwqK NUbv ejZ msNvZi Kvb Dcv`vbB LyuR cvIqv hve bv|
eis cvIqv hve GKZidv wn`y wbcxob Ges Zvi cwZwqvq bxie wn`yì `k
ZvM|
GUv wbq GKUv mgmv, iZi mgmv Zv eUB Ze ac`x A_ GUvK
mvc`vwqK mgmv ej GKvWwgK gnj gb bqv me bq| msv wePvi
evsjv`ki g~j Ges NviZi mvc`vwqK mgmv Avgiv gvKvejv KiwQ cveZ
PMvg| wK evsjv`ki Amvc`vwqKZvi ceviv gb nq GB welqwUK
mvc`vwqK mgmv ej gb wbZ bvivR|
Avgvi wekvm GB mfvi j evsjv`ki wn`y wbcxobi welqwU wbq AvjvPbv|
AvwgI Avgvi AvjvPbv GB we`yZB mxgve ivLev, Ze Avwg weg~Z msvqbi
welq Avgvi Avcwi welqwU AvMB Rvwbq ivLjvg|
evOvwji jvKag jvKvqZ| Avi evOvwji ^fveag e| evOvwj e _vKZ cvi
wb Zvi jvKvqZ agKI iv KiZ cvi wb| evOvwjK e ag ZvM Ki Bmjvg
MnY KiZ nqQ| mLvbI mgmv wQj bv| AZ BsiR kvmbi AvM| mgmvi
i wmivRi civRqi ci|
fviZeli BsiR kvmbi w`K hw` KD wbgvn `w wbq ZvKvb ; Ze wZwb wbwZ
fveB Dcjw Kieb BsiRiv evOvwji welq wQj gvnxb fve wbgg| BsiR
kvmb hZ evOvwj MYnZvi wkKvi nqQ mviv cw_exZ ZZ gvbyl wewUk Dcwbek
gviv hvq wb| cjvkxi civRqi gv 13 eQii gv_vq 1770 mvj GB f~Li
BwZnvm c_g gbylm `ywf 1 KvwU gvbyl hv mB mgqi evOvwj RbMvxi GKZZxqvsk wQj| cw_exZ MYnZvi ^xKvi nIqv Kvb RbMvx h Zvi GK-ZZxqvsk
gvbylK nvwiqQ, mB RbMvx Avevi gv_v Zyj ùvovZ ciQ Ggb D`vniY
bvB| 1943 mvji gî 5075 j evOvwjK MYnZvi wkKvi nZ nqQ| Kb
evOvwji cwZ wewUkì GB wekl wel?
1600 mvj fviZi RbmsLv wQj 10 KvwU| mwU 1900 mvji c_g KZ ùvovq?
RbmsLv Ges Aj (wbfikxj vbxq ivjv Qvov) AvbygvwbK 1907 mvj :

megvU
wPd
wewUk Bwqvi c`kmg~n
megvU GjvKv
GjvKv wKt wgt
AvWwgwbwUf
(Ges eZgvb GjvKvmg~n)
wKt wgt (wgUvi)
(wgUvi)
Awdmvi
Avmvg
130,00
6
wPd Kwgkbvi
(50,000)
ej
390,000
75
jdUbU(evsjv`k, cwg evsjv, (150,00)
Mfbi
wenvi, SvoL, Dwolv)
e^
19
320,000
KvDwji
(wmz Ges gnviv-Gi wKQy
(120,000)
Mfbi
Ask, RivU Ges KvgvUvKv)
evigv
(gvqvbgvi)
440,000
(170,000)
K`xq Aj
(ga c`k Ges QvwmMo)
gv`vR
(Zvwgjbvo Ges Ac`ki
wKQy Ask, Kijv Ges
KvgvKvUv)
cvve
(cvve Aj, Bmjvgvev`
ivRavbx GjvKv, cvve,
nvwiqvbv, wngvPj c`k,
PvwMo Ges w`jxi RvZxq
ivRavbx GjvKv)
mshy Aj
(Di c`k Ges DiL)
270,000
(100,000)
13
jdUbUMfbi
wPd Kwgkbvi
38
370,000
(140,000)
KvDwji
Mfbi
20
250,000
(97,000)
280,000
(110,000)
jdUbUMfbi
48
jdUbUMfbi
m~ : Imperial Gazetteer of India Vol. IV 1907, p. 46

GB ccyjkb Gm ùvovq 1900 mvj 22.8 KvwU| Gi ga ej GZv eo
MYnZvi ciI eo mvo mvZ KvwU| evgvK ev` w`j eji f~wg wQj mePq
ewk| ckvmwbK cwf wnme HwZnvwmKfve mvefg Aji wnmve eji
ciB Avm cvve| msLvi wePvi ej nZ cviZv wewUk ivRi cwZax|
Dcwbek AbKvj bvI PjZ cvi mUv wbq KD bv KD fewQj| Ges
gZvi ck wewUkì mv_ i m~Pbv ne eji mv_B ZvB ejK nxbej

Ki djvUv wewUkì KvQ iZc~Y Kkj nq DVwQj| cvki gî PvwPj
ejwQjb, famine was their own fault for breeding like rabbits| GLvb
mgmvwU PvwPj wVK aiQb Zvi cviwf, mUv nQ msLv| cw_exZ mfZv
ev kwmg~n GK AbK msLvi wePvi AvDU bv^vi Ki hZ PqQ| mnR
BsiwRZ hUvK ej KvU Uy mvBR Kiv| evOvwjK AvDU bv^vi Kievi Rb Pvwcq
`qv nqQ GKwU MYnZv| Gi cii NUbv Aviv KU| 1905 mvj AvwiK A_B
evsjvK `yBfvM Ki `qv nq| hyw wQj h, ckvmwbKfve eo nq hvIqvq
kvmbKvh mgmv nwQj| GUvI KvU Uy mvBRi GKwU cwqv| evOvwj cwZev`
Kijv| BwZnvmwe` mywgZ miKvi `wLqQb, ^`kx Av`vjb wZbwU avivq
cevwnZ nqwQj m mgq| c_g avivK ejv hvq MVbg~jK ^`kx| ^`kx mgvR
ce iex`bv_ G aibi MVbg~jK KvRi K_v wek` KiwQjb| Zvi cavb Dk
wQj, AvZkwi Dvab| wZxq aviv eqKUK cvavb w`qwQj| ZZxq avivq wQj
Pigcxiv| Zvì KvQ ^`kx Av`vjb Ges eqKU MY nq hvq| gyL nq
IV îvR| GB mgq ef-weivax Av`vjbKvixiv ewg iwPZ e` gvZig&
mxZK RvZxq msMxZi chvq wbq hvb I Zvi evcK cPvi Kib| BsiRiv
GUv cPvi KiZ mg_ nq ckvmwbK elg `~i Kiv QvovI c~ee hvZ wkv mswZ
I A_bwZK ^qsm~YZv ARb KiZ cvi mUvB Zvì j| GQvovI cPvi
Kiv nq h c~ee I Avmvgi RbMYi wkv, mvgvwRK I A_bwZK Rxebi DbwZ
NUe|
iex`bv_ m w`b ivLx eb Drmei cPjb Kib| ivg` myì we`x efi
wei vf cKvki Rb Avib cvjb Kivi Rb cve KiwQjb|
Av`vjbKvixiv kvK cKvki wPîc mKj Dcevm Ki, `vKvb cvU I Abvb
KvRKg e ivL, AvZwi Rb m~hv`qi c~e DV mKj e` gvZig& Mvb
MvBZ MvBZ Mvmvb hvq| Kgm~Pxjv j Kib| GKwU RvZxqZvev`x Av`vjb
Kxfve bZvì AweglKvwiZvq g~jZ wn`y cybyixebev`x Av`vjb cwiMwYZ
nq| wVK Gi cwZwqvq Rb bq XvKvi gymwjg jxM 1906 mvj| wmj
Wvqvjw, gymwjg jxMi Rb w`j wn`y bZviv| gvmy` ivbv ejb, evOvwj
RvZxqZvevì h Am~Y Zi Zwi nq 1905 mvj Zv kl nq evOjv fvMi
gvag 1947-G| evOvwj wef njv| evOjv wef bv nj, wkvq msLvq mB
mgqi evOvwjì nvZ AL fviZi bZZ _vKZv| ay evOjv bq fvM nj wZxq
eng RvwZ cvvexiv| Avi fvMUv Ggb Kkj Kiv nj hb evOjvi fMvsk Avi
cvvei fMvsk Aveviv giYcY jovBq wj nq| Ges mUvB nj 1971-G| `yB
enr RvwZi gjevi c_ wPiZi i nq Mjv|
gvmy` ivbv ejb, evOvwji wZxq RvZxqZvev`x Zi i nq 48-G fvlv
Av`vjbi gvag Ges Zvi cwiYwZ nq 1971-G evsjv`ki Afy`qi gvag|
GB wZxq Zi wKQyUv cMwZkxj njI GUv evOvwji m~Y f~wg, RbMYK KBg
KiZ e_ nj| cw_exi Kvbv RvZxqZvev`x Av`vjb GB NUbv NU wb| ZvB
wZxq Zi Zvi AMZ `yejZvq mv_K Dcmsnvi cuQvZ cvijv bv| gvmy` ivbv
GB AskUyKyi Zvqb Ki ejb, Avgvì Z gZ, 1947 I 1971 `yUv
mvkvj wicRkb-Gi gvag evOvwj mvBwKZ wqvkxj| hnZy G-`ywU
HwZnvwmKfve cii-weivax, ZvB Gjv Avgvì AvZcwiPq msKU Zwi Ki
Avgvì AvZghv`vK wZM KiQ| GwU ay aviYv bq| MelYvq cv
djvdj|
Avgvì hKvb ivRbwZK Bmyi g~j LyuR cveb nq 71-G A_ev 47-G| j Ki
`Lyb AvIqvgx jxM, wmwcwe, Rvm`, bvc Giv me 71 wkwei hUvK Dbviv ejb
gywhyi ci kw, Avi weGbwc, RvgvZ, wKQy PwbK evg Giv 47 wkwei|
PwbKiv GZvB im h evsjv`ki bvgUv ch ^xKvi KiZ Pvq bv, ^xKvi Kij
h 47 _vK bv, ZvB Zvì `ji bvgI nq c~e evsjvi KwgDwb cvwU|
gvbyl wbRK wbq Ges Zuvi Mc wejws wbq fvjyW wdj KiZ Pvq| GUv gvbyli
^vfvweK clYv| nbwi UvRdji wgwbgvj Mc w_qvwi mK hviv AeMZ
AvQb, Zviv Rvbb gvbyl Zuvi Bb Mc Avi Zuvi evBi Av`vi Zwi KieB| KviY
m Av`vii mv_ Kqvi KiZ Pvq| Kqvi Ki Zuvi mjd I_ LyuR cZ
Pvq| evOvwj cc GgbwK evsjv`kx cc ZvK mjd I_ `q bv| ZvB
ZvK gymwjg ev wn`y cwiPq wbZ nq|
GB e_Zv Avgvì bZvì hviv mvkvj Bwwbqvwis eySZb bv, mvkvj
mvBKvjwR eySZb bv, GgbwK RvZxqZvev`x Av`vjbI eySZb bv| ZvB RvwZ
MVbi KvRwU h Riwi mUv Dbviv eySZB cvib wb|
Ggb mwgbvi Zv Kg nq wb| 47 _K DiYi Pv hv hv nqQ Zv e_ nqQ|
nZ eva| KviY mUv wevb gvb wb| Avmyb Avgiv wdwi Wvqvjw| WvqvjwB Avgvì DiYi c_ `Lve| Wvqvjwi wZbwU wcwcjm| (1) BDwbwU Ad
`v AcwRUm| (2) AcwRUm KUvwWUm Gv `vU mUm Ad gkb Gv gkb
gBKm PBm, KvwUUwUf PB Uy KvqvwjUwUf PB Gv fvBm fvmv|
wecixZ mvi wgjb _K i, i dj MwZi i, MwZi dj cwigvYMZ
cwieZb _K YMZ cwieZb m~wPZ nq| GB cwieZbi MwZc_ mwcj, vBivj
(3) GB PB nQ wWfvjcg dg jIqvi Uy nvBqvi Gv wmgcj Uy Kgc
cwZUv nQ wbMkb Ad `v wbMkb|
evOvwj RvwZ wQjv; wK RvZxq PZbv wQjv bv| PZbv Gjv cyuwRevì weKvki
cqvRb| PZbvq wQjv| mB evOvwj RvwZ bq ejjv| 1905 mv 1947
nQ wbMkb 1971 nQ wbMkbi wbMkb| wK GwU evOvwjK GK KiZ cvijv
bv| 1971 nQ GKwU e_Zv| weRq bq| Gi KviKkbi Rb AviKwU wbMkb
ìKvi| hwU AvMi Ùv wbMkbKB wbMBU Kie| GB gyn~Z evsjv`k
nMwjqvb Wvqvjw weRqx nqQ| Zvi K_v nQ w_wmm, Gvw-w_wmm I
wmb_wmm|
evsjv`kx RvZxqZvev` GKwU nMwjqvb Kbm| GKgv gvwqvb WvqvjwB
dv`vi wbMkb Kbwmf KiZ cvi| gvev` AevnZ wbMkb GvjvD Ki|
1947-Gi agxq AvBWwUwU Ges 1971 mvji evOvwj AvBWwUi wmb_wmm Mo

DVQ evsjv`kx RvZxqZvev`| kL gywRe Gi dvDvi, wRqv Zvi icKvi, Gikv`,
Lvj`v, nvwmbv BZvw` Zvi aviK| evgivI GB wmb_wmmi ga Aevb Ki| ay
cv_K h Zviv 1971-Gi Ici AveMUv ewk `q| wK 1947 mvji wbMkbK
m~Y wbMBU KiZ cvi bv| KviY, Zuviv hfve gvev` eySb, ZvZ Zvi evLv
bB mLvb| gvmy` ivbv evOvwj RvZxqZvevì HwZnvwmK ZvwK msKU `~i
KiQb mvkvj AvBWwUwU w_Iwii cqvM NwUq Ges LvwbKUv weKvk NwUq| wZwb
K^vBb KiQb, mvkvj AvBWwUwU w_Iwi, mvkvj wicRUkb Gv w_Iwi
Ad wijwUf WcvBfkb| GUv AvjvPbvi Rb Aviv mgq cqvRb| GwU wevbi
hyM| hywi hyM| gvwRK `Lvevi hyM bq| myZivs AvgvìK mB wevbi Ici
wbfi Ki hyw `wLq Kgm~wP w`Z ne|
Avgvì DwPZ ne 1947-K RvMZ bv Ìqv Ges 1971-K Ifvi cvIqvi Kiv|
hv evOvwjK GKwU GKvZeva Dy Ki| mB Kkj Ges c_ LuR bqvi Rb
evOvwji AvZcwiPqK Ea Zyj aivi weK bB| evsjv`ki evgcxiv
RvZxqZvevì kwK h_vh_fve Abyaveb KiZ cvi wb| evgcxìI eySZ
ne kwY msMvgK aviY KiZ nq GKUv Dchy Avavi| evOvwj RvZxqZvev` nZ
cvi mB Avavi|
jLK : wPwKrmK I mgvR weklK
agxq mv`vwqKZvi wei ùvovev Kxfve

Wv. gbvR `vk
1. f~wgKv :
1.1 mv`vwqKZv Avmj Kx ? GKwU RvwZ, eY ev ag m`vqi m`m wnme
GKRb ew ev ewmgw wbR^ m`vqi ^v_i K_v fveeb, GUvB ^vfvweK|
GKRb gvbyli m`vqMZ ^v_i cwZ mse`bkxj GKwU m`vqMZ gbI _vKZ
cvi| gvbyl Zvi m`vqMZ cwiPq wbq Mieeva KiZB cvi| wbR^ m`vqi
mvaviY bvh ^v_i c MYZvwKfve hywZK Dvcb Kivi gaI `vli wKQz
bB| GUv mv`vwqKZvI bq| wbR^ m`vqi ^v_ fvebv mv`vwqKZvq
icvwiZ nevi Rb ZvK mv`vwqK ewk ARb KiZ nq A_ev ZvK
mv`vwqK wWmKvmi ga cek KiZ nq| GB mv`vwqK wWmKvmwj nQ
(K) e mv I cwiwPwZi ga _K m`vqMZ cwiPqK mePq eo wnme
`Lv Ges wbR^ m`vqK Ab m`vq _K k wnme Dvcb Kiv|
(L) mv`vwqK wWmKvm gb Ki m`vqMZ cf`B mePq iZc~Y I
gwjK| GB cf` Ab mg cfì Ea| Ab mg mvgvwRK cwiwPwZK
A^xKvi Kiv nq A_ev ZMZfve ^xKvi KijI cvqvwMK bvKP Ki
`qv nq A_ev m`vqMZ cwiwPwZi Aaxb Kiv nq|
(M) mv`vwqK wWmKvm `vwe Ki wewfb m`vqi ^v_ GK Acii gyLvgywL
ùvwoq AvQ, Gme ^v_ ewiZvg~jK Ges cii Lvc LvIqvbvi Amva|
m`vqwji ga cviwiK kZv ^vfvweK I wPivqx Dcv`vb| Avi
mnbkxjZv-mnhvwMZv I kvwc~Yfve cvkvcvwk emevm Kiv mvgwqK I
kZmvc|
(N) mv`vwqK wWmKvm ejv nq `k-Kvj-kwY wbwekl GKB m`vqi me
gvbyli mvgvwRK-ivRbwZK-A_bwZK I mvswZK ^v_ GK I Awfb| GKB
m`vqi me gvbyli Gme Awfb ^v_i Rb msMwVZ nq jovB Kiv, cZ
ev civfve ivRbxwZ Kiv DwPr|
Gfve wePvi Kij `Lv hvq, mv`vwqKZv nQ gvbyli m`vqMZ cwiwPwZi GKwU
gZv`k Ges GB gZv`ki wfwZ m`vqMZ ivRbxwZ| wbgeMi BwZnvmwe` `xck
PeZx Zvi Habitation of Modernity, Essays in the Wake of subaltern
Studies (2002)-G mvc`vwqKZvK ejQb Politics of Ethnicity. cw_exZ RvwZeY-ag-AjMZmn AbK aibi mv`vwqKZv AvQ| Avgvì `k RvwZMZ I
agxq cwiwPwZi wfwZ Mo IVv mv`vwqKZv cejfveB we`gvb| cveZ Aj
RvwZMZ mv`vwqKZv Ges mviv `k agxq cwiwPwZi wfwZ Mo IVv mv`vwqKZv

Rvwi iqQ|
1.2 Kb mvc`vwqKZvK civ Kivi `p msMvg PvjvZ ne? mvaviYfve kg I
cuywRi i weKvki c_ aiB mgvRZvwK Av`vjb I KwgDwb cvwU weKwkZ
nq| kwY weKvki Ab AfixY wj weklZ mv`vwqK ev
mv`vwqK cwiwwZ weklfve cwZeK nq| mv`vwqK ev mv`vwqK
cwiwwZ mgvRZvwK Av`vjbK msKUi ga wbc Ki| evsjv`k
mv`vwqK wWmKvmi Dci wfw Ki Mo IVv mv`vwqK ivRbxwZ KwgDwb
Av`vjb I msMVb weKvk GKUv eo evavi mw KiQ| mv`vwqK cwiwPwZ mvi
ivRbxwZ kwY mgvek NUvZ evav c`vb KiQ| mv`vwqKZvi dj ^vaxb,
mwkxj, wevb gbZv I wecex wPvi weKvk evavM nQ| bvix gywi ck cQb
Pj hvQ| msLvjNy m`vqi ga fxwZi gb Mo DVQ|...Gi dj gnbwZ
gvbyli msMvgK w`M&v Ki kvlK kwYi gZvq wUK _vKv mnRZi nqQ|
GRb mvc`vwqKZvK civ Kivi `p msMvg ewZiK ecweK AMMwZ me
bq|
2. mvc`vwqKZv Dei wfw Kv_vq wbwnZ
2.1 mvc`vwqKZvi wfw cavbZ GKwU `ki Av_-mvgvwRK-ivRbwZK-mvswZK
mKi vivB MwVZ nq| mvc`vwqKZv aygv agxq gjevì vivB mw nq bv,
eis Zv kvmK kwYi vivI cZ ev civfve Zwi nq| A_bxwZ-ivRbxwZ I
mswZi mv_ mKnxbfve agxq mvc`vwqK mv gvbyli ga ^vfvweKfve,
wbRêva wnmeB _K hZ cvi GB Di-AvaywbK wPvi mv_ gvKmev`x
wPvi gwjK cv_K AvQ| Gjm `wLqQbagi ivRbwZK eenvii AwZ
wewfb ic, ejv hZ cvi HwZnvwmKfve ewMZ mwi Dci wfw Ki gvbe
mgvRi weKvki mv_ mv_B `Lv MQ| GB agi evcvi cyuwRevì GKmgq
GKUv ^vaxb I cMwZkxj `wfw wQjv| wK mvgZK civwRZ Kivi ci hLb
kwgK kwY cyuwRevì cwZc nq ùvovjv ZLb cyuwRev`x kvmKivB Zvì
kwY^v_ agK Avevi mvgZi gZvB eenvi KiZ i KiwQjv|
2.2 mv`vwqKZvi De nIqv Kx BwZnvmi Awbevh dj? hLvb GK ev GKvwaK
m`vq ev ag eZgvb mLvb mv`vwqKZvi De neB, GUv mZ bq| hLvb
wewfb ag eZgvb mLvb mv`vwqKZvi De neB Ges Zv Rqx neB, Zvi Kvbv
AwbwnZ I Aekvex HwZnvwmK I mvgvwRK KviY bB| GUv BwZnvmi Awbevh
dj bq| mvc`vwqK gZv`k eveZvi GKwU wg_v cwZdjb| ...RbMYi ga
agxq m`vqMZ wKQz elg-ebv-kvlY I wbhvZb we`gvb _vK| wK
mvc`vwqKZvev` Gme elg-ebv-kvlY I wbhvZbi dj RbMYi wewfb
Aski ga Mo IVv vf-Avkv-fxwZ I AbyfywZi v cwZdjb NUvq| KviY Zv
h mgvavbwj cve Ki mwj MnxZ njI mgmvwji mgvavb ne bv|
kwYwef mgvR Kvb `kB wn`y ev gymwjg, e ev wLvbiv agxq cqvRb Qvov
Ab Kvbv A_B GKwU mywbw` Ges mg^v_ wewk mc`vq nZ cvi bv| `kKvj-kwY wbwekl agi wfwZ Zvì mvaviY Kvb A_bwZK-ivRbwZKmvgvwRK I mvswZK ^v_ _vK bv| Avgvì `k agi wfwZ Zvì Ggb
Kvbv my bvh ^v_ bB, hv GK Acii wei ùvwoq AvQ| wn`y Ges
gymwjg KlK I kwgKì Aev GLvb GKBiKg| mv`vwqKZv h ^v_i
cwZwbwaZ Kivi `vwe Ki, eve Rxeb miKg ^v_B bB| wK mvc`vwqK mv
gvbyli ga ^vfvweKfve, wbRêva wnme bv _vKjI A_ev mvc`vwqK gZv`k
eveZvi GKwU wg_v cwZdjb njI Zvi wUK hvIqvi gZv AbK mgq eveZvi
m bKUi Dci wbfi Ki bv, Ki Abvb mvgvwRK kw I KvVvgvi
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cqvRb mv`vwqKZvi gZv v PZbvK `xNKvj ai eenvi Kivi dj mwVK
PZbvi weKvk i nq hvq| Abw`K hw` mv`vwqKZvi gZv GKwU v PZbv
`xNKvj ai wUK _vK, Zvnj Zv e msLK gvbyli AvZ nq hZ cvi, LyeB
KvhKi nZ cvi|
3. m`vqMZ cwiwPwZ mvi ivRbxwZ Avi gvKmevì kwYi ivRbxwZ GK wRwbm
bq
cuywRev` gvbylK wewfb Mvx-ag-Aj BZvw`Z mv`vwqKfve fvM Ki Zvì
ga msNvZ Ges cwZhvwMZvi mK Zwi Ki `q| kwY mLvb Kvb welqB bq,
eoRvi cwiwPwZi GKwU Ask gv| cwiwPwZ mvi GB Di-AvaywbK ivRbxwZ kwY
HK b Kivi KvR eeZ nq Ges RbMYi HKe kwY Av`vjb Mo Zvjvi
c_ evav nq ùvovq| AvRKi `ywbqvq eyRvqviv GB cwiwPwZ mvK eenvi Ki
gvbyli kwY mgvek NUvZ evav c`vb KiQ|
gvKmev`xiv agxq m`vqMZ cwiwPwZ mvi ivRbxwZi gvag RbMYK msKxY
fvMvfvwMZ wef Ki `qvi weivwaZv Ki| wK gvKmev` GKUv mgvRK `L
e gvwKZvi ga| GB eZi ga AbK aibi ck _vK, wewfb mv, cwiwPwZ
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mePq gwjK| GB kwYckB, GB kwY mv I B mgvRwUi cavb ewk| Ab
welqwjI kwYcki mv_ AweQ`fve mwKZ| kwY h cwigvY wbimb
nq, Ab wji mB cwigvY wbw nIqvi mvebv Zwi nq| GRb kwY
GLvb gwjK I cavb | Ab wj kwYi Dci cwic~Y wbfikxj bq,
Zvì ^vaxb wKQz weKvki aviv AvQ, Gme I kwYK cfvweZ Ki|
gvKmev` gvbyli kwYmvKB GKgv mv wnme weePbv Ki wb, gvbyli Abvb
mvi wbR^ MwZkxjZvK gvKmev` iZ `q| wK kl wePvi mgvRi Abvb
weivai cwiYwZ Ges mgvRi mvgwMK weKvk wbfi Ki kwY wbimbi Dci|
GRb HwZnvwmK KviYB mgvR cMwZi ck kwYmvKB gvKmev` gvbyli cavb
mv wnme weePbv Ki| m`vqMZ cwiwPwZ mvi ivRbxwZ hLvb wbRi
cwiwPwZK vqx KiZ Pvq, mLvb gvKmev` kwY mvKB gvbyli cavb mv gb
KijI Zvi j nQ gvbyli kwYmvKI wejy Ki GKwU kwYnxb mvgi
mgvR wbgvY Kiv| GRb m`vqMZ cwiwPwZ mvi ivRbxwZ I gvKmevì kwYi
ivRbxwZi ga gwjK cv_K AvQ|
4. Avgvì `k ag wK mv`vwqKZvi Rb `vqx?
Avgvì GB f~L GK mgq me agB wQj jwKK ag| hZxb miKvi Zuvi agZx
gjevì f~Z fwelr I evvjxi jwKK agi ggv^lY ce
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agi De I wevi| wK ci cvq me agB mvaviYi wbqYi evBi Pj hvq,
mgvRi AwacwZ kwY agK wbRì ^v_mvab wbqvwRZ Ki, Zwi nq wewae
kvxq ag| jwKK ag AbK w`K _KB kvxq ag _K Avjv`v| jwKK agB
evOvwji Avmj ag| Kvb kvxq agi Avkq evOvwj RbMvxi hvv i nq wb|
Zviv ZLb wn`yI wQj bv| g evBi _K Zvì fZi wn`yag I eag
Abycwe nqQ| Gici GmQ Bmjvg ag| A_vr jwKK agB wQj evOvwji
^vfvweK ag, ci wewfb mgq wewfbfve kvxq ag Zvi Ici AvivwcZ nqQ|
GiciI evOvwj Zvi ^vfvweK jwKK agK ZvM Ki wb, kvxq agi mg wekvm
I AbykvmbK e MnY Ki wb, jwKK agi RviK im kvxq agKI ixwZgZ
jwKK Ki wbqQ| Avng` kixd Zuvi evsjvi mgvR mvwnZ I mswZZ
gymwjg Ae`vb G `wLqQb `kR e wn`y hvMZ cfvweZ mydxevì m
kixqZ mZ Bmjvgi Ges vbxq jwKK wekvm AvPvi msvii AmsMZ
Amvgm wgkY mg^q GK jwKK BmjvgB Iqvnvex-divqRx Av`vjbi c~evewa
evsjv`k cRbg Pvjy wQj|
gahyM Avgvì G Aj DP I gakwYi wn`y I gymwjgì ga GKwU
mvswZK gjeb I axi axi GK mvaviY mswZi weKvk cwijwZ nqwQj|
jwKK agmg~n mvaviY gvbylK mvgvwRK I mvswZKfve GK AvbwQj| kvxq
agwjK ewPgq vbxq Kw I wekvmi m Lvc LvBq bIqv Ges wewfb
ciivi m wgwjq bIqv nwQj| AwaKvsk gymwjg wQjb agvwiZ ew, Zviv
bZzb ag cyivbv agxq I mvgvwRK wekvm Ges eenviK wbq wMqwQjb| jwKK
agwj wQj wekvm I eenvi LyeB wgk auvPi| Zvì ga RbMYi mvaviY Kw
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wekvm Mo DVwQj| nvwj, `kiv, `yMvc~Rv, Ìqvwj, ivLx I C` e`k mvaviY
gvbyl GK D`hvcb KiZ| gniigi ZvwRqv wQj mKji Rb Drme| agwbic
exi I exivbvì Dci wfw Ki ev mvaviY agxq Pwi, cZxK I Kvwnbxi wfwZ
ciii mvaviY mvwnZ Mo DVwQj| wK Avgiv jwbbi fvlvq RbMYi
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agxq msvi Av`vjbwj, wekl Ki Zvì cybivbev`x kvLvwj GB avivK

cvq D w`qQ| Zviv jwKK agxq wekvm I AvPvi-eenviK AhwK I Avw`
agi weKwZ ej AvgY Ki| Zviv agi Avw`hyMi wPZvq cZveZbi Rb Pvc
mw Ki| agxq AvPvi-c_v-wekvm-eenvi-HwZn I g~jevai wKiYi bvg
Zviv wewfb agi mg^q I wgjbi gvag h h_ wekvm I mswZ Mo DVwQj
Zvi mvaviY Dc`vbwjK evwZj Ki ag-ag, gvbyl-gvbyl `~iZ evwoq ZyjZ
Pvq| Zviv AbKUv mdjI nqQ|
mvc`vwqKZv agK eenvi Ki, wK agi wb`k Pj bv| eis agi ggevYxi
weiB KvR Ki| evsjv`k ag mv`vwqKZvi gZv`kMZ ev mvswZK wfw
KLbvB wQj bv, GLbI bq| mv`vwqKZvi g~j KLbv ag _vK bv| agxq
mswZi wKQz cf` eve, wK mwj mv`vwqK wefvRbi KviY bq| AvaywbK
hyM mv`vwqKZv agi viv AbycvwYZ nq wb, Avi mv`vwqK ivRbxwZi jI ag
bq| agK eenvi Kiv nq wbQK ivRbwZK cqvRb RvU Zwi I wefì bxwZ
wnme| GQvov mv`vwqKZvi KvQ agi cvq Avi Kvbv DchvwMZvB bB|
GRb wekvmi KvVvgv wnme ag I mv`vwqKZvi ga c_KxKiY cqvRb|
5. wewUki AvMi I cii mv`vwqKZv GK wRwbm bq
m`k I Av`k kZvxZ Dcgnv`k mvc`vwqK `vvi bwRi AvQ| wK ZLb
Zv wQjv ZvrwYK I vwbK| meevcx Zvi cfve wQj bv| wewUk mvgvRev`B c_g
Zvì kvmb I kvlYi Rb mc`vwqKZvK cwiKwZfve eenvi Ki|
gZv`ki wfwZ mvc`vwqKZvK Zviv Ki Zvj meevcx|
evOvwj I e`ki cwZ wewUki `wfw mv`vwqKZv ewZ Avjv`v gvv hvM
Ki| 1870-Gi `kK _KB wewUkiv cwiKwZfve fviZxq wn`y I gymjgvbì
mivmwi mv`vwqK `j MVb KiZ DrmvwnZ Ki| mv`vwqK `j MVbi eve
cwiwwZ mwi Rb bvbv aibi D`vM MnY Ki| GB me D`vMi ga _K
me_K DjLhvM nj 1905 mvj evsjv`kK wef Ki cwg evsjv, wenvi I
Dwolv wbq GK w`K Ges c~eevsjv I AvmvgK wbq Abw`K mv`vwqK wfwZ
`ywU ^Z c`k MVb| e wefvMK K` Ki mviv evsjv`k Ges evsjv`ki
evBiI mv`vwqK ivRbxwZi wevi NU Ges 1906 mvj cwZwZ nq mviv fviZ
gymwjg jxM I mviv fviZ wn`y gnvmfv bvg gymjgvb I wn`y DP I gawe kwYi
bZZvaxb `ywU mv`vwqK ivRbwZK `j| evsjv`k, wenvi I Dwolv 1905 mvj
ch wQj GK cv`wkK ckvmbi Aaxb| evsjv`k, wenvi I Dwolvi GKwU c`k
wnme _vKvi cvkvmwbK w`K _K AbK Amyweav wQj GUvK efi g~j KviY
wnme DjL KijI Avmj KviY wQj ivRbwZK| wewUkiv GUv MvcbI Ki wb|
evOvwj wn`y gakwYi gZvK Le Ki Ges Zvi ivRbxwZK wewUk weivwaZv
_K h_vme gymjgvb weivwaZvi w`K Vj Ìqvi Dk h Zuviv e
wefvMi cwiKbv MnY KiwQjb m K_v Mvcb Kivi Kvbv cqvRbxqZv jW
KvRb A_ev wewUk fviZxq miKvi eva Kib wb|efi cieZx ermi 1906
mvji 5 deqvwi KvRbi cieZx fvBmiq jW wgUv fviZ mwPe gwji KvQ
wjwLZ GKwU c ejb, ef evOvwj ivRbwZK Av`vjbi nvmcvw DMi
GKwU iZi KviY `~ixf~Z KiZ mvnvh Kie|
Zxe Av`vjbi gyL ef i` Ges c~e I cwgevsjv cybivq GKwZ Ki GKwU
c_K c`k MVb Kiv njI Gi viv mv`vwqK cwiwwZi h AebwZ i nqwQj
ZvK iva Kiv me nq wb| Dci mv`vwqKZv cieZx chvqi msm`xq
ivRbwZK Av`vjb Mfxi cfve wevi Ki wn`y gymjgvbi ga ivRbwZK wef`
I wewQbZv ewi c_B ck Ki| KvRB wewUk miKvi kl ch ef i` KiZ
eva njI 1905 _K 1911 mvj ch ef mviv evsjv`k Ges mB m mviv
fviZevcx h cwiwwZi mw Ki ZvZ Zvì g~j ivRbwZK Dk fvjfveB
wm nq, ivRbxwZ mv`vwqKZv GKwU kwkvjx ceYZv wnme cwZwZ nq|
GB ivRbwZK ceYZvK eenvi Ki wewUkiv 1947 mvj evsjvK mv`vwqKfve
Avevi wef KiZ mg_ nq|...
6. ^vaxb evsjv`k mvc`vwqKZvi De njv Kb ?
cvwKvwb wRvwZ ZK cZvLvb Ki Rb nqwQjv agwbic evsjv`ki|
^vaxbZvi ci mvc`vwqK ivRbxwZi Avi Kvb wfw _vKvi K_v wQj bv| wK Kb
Avevi mvc`vwqK ivRbxwZi De NUjv? kvmK kwYi mgM Aski wKQz c`c I
e_ZvB ^vaxb evsjv`k mvc`vwqKZvi De NUvZ mvnvh KiQ
6.1 wRvwZ Zi evnK cvwKvwb ivK cZvLvb Ki ^vaxb evsjv`ki Rb
njI kvmK kwY cvwKvwb cwZwqvkxj ivi Pwii Kvb cwieZb Kib wb ev
cwieZb NUvZ AgZv `wLqQb| cwZwqvkxj wewUk I cvwKvwb iv cMwZkxj
ev kwYMZ Kvb eo Av`vjbi myLxb nj mv`vwqK BmyK mvgb wbq
AvmZv| Zvì g``B mv`vwqKZv eo DVwQj| mevB Avkv KiwQj, cvwKvwb
cwZwqvkxj ivi RvqMvq ^vaxb evsjv`ki iv ne cMwZkxj| Rbckvmb,
Mvq`v, AvBbkLjv evwnbx, wePvi wefvMmn mewKQzK gywhyi PZbvi AvjvK
Xj mvRvbv ne| wRvwZ Zi evnK cvwKvwb ivK f h bZzb cMwZkxj
iv Mo DVe mB iv mv`vwqK gZv`ki wei, wg_v I Re Qovbvi
wei, zj KjR GKck BwZnvm covbvi wei Ges mv`vwqK msev`ci
wei eev be| ivi nvZ _vKv wkveev, iwWI, miKvwi cPvih Ges
AvBwb AwaKvi I `gb Kivi cqvRbxq DcKiY eenvi Ki mv`vwqKZvev`K
gZv`wkK I ivRbwZKfve gvKvwejv I asm Kiv ne| wK Dcgnv`k ivh
mv`vwqKZvev`xì I mv`vwqK gZv`ki h Abycek 1930-Gi `kK _K
NU PjQ Zv ^vaxb evsjv`kI AevnZ _vK|... wRvwZ Zi evnK cvwKvwb
cwZwqvkxj ivi Pwii gwjK Kvb cwieZb NUvZ AgZvi dj iv
agwbicZvi wfw Mo ZzjZ ay e_B nq wb, eis Zv wewUk I cvwKvwb ivi
f~wgKvq AeZxY nq|
6.2 gvbyli A_bwZK I mvgvwRK wbivcvnxbZv mv`vwqKZvi gZv AhwK

gZv`k ewi c me mgqB myweavRbK| gywhyi gaw`q RbMYi AvKvkPz^x
AvKvvi Kvb evevqb kvmK `j AvIqvgx jxM ZLb KiZ cvi wb| cZvkv I
AvKvvi mv_ myhvMi weiva `Lv `q| kvmK `j gywhyi civwRZ kwi
mv_ Avcm KiZ i Ki| ZLb kwkvjx Kvb gvKmev`x cvwU bv _vKvq kvmK
kwYi e_Zvi wei RbMYi eoaibi Kvb msMwVZ Av`vjb Mo IV wb|
nZvkvI evoZ _vK| GKw`K kvmK kwYi e_Zv, Abw`K RbMYi nZvkv I
mvgvwRK wbivcvnxbZvi mB cwiek kvmK kwYi e_Zvi wei Kvb msMwVZ
Av`vjb bv _vKvq mv`vwqK gZv`ki Rb mgvR RvqMv Zwi nZ i Ki|
gywhyi PZbvi AvjvK RbMYi mwqZv mvgvRevì wei Ges mgvR
icvii w`K cwiPvwjZ bv nIqvq RbMYi DrKv-AvKvv-AveM-Pvwn`v I
ivRbwZK Awfew mv`vwqKZvi gZv mvgvwRKfve cv`gyLx c_ cKvki kZ
Zwi KiwQj|
6.3 agxq I ciivMZ mswZ mv`vwqK ivRbwZK gZv`k I Av`vjbK ckq
Ìqvi ceYZv `Lvq| kvmK `j gywhyi PZbvi AvjvK cMwZkxj MYZvwK
PZbv I mswZi weKvk NUvZ cvi wb| mv`vwqKvZvevì wei Kvb mwq
ivRbwZK-gZv`kMZ cPvi Awfhvb msMwVZ nq wb| gvbyli ciivMZ mswZi
MYZvwK I gvbeZvev`x w`Kwji m AvaywbK evwbK mswZ I gywhyi
PZbvK GK Ki Kvb bZzb mswZ Mo Zvjvi cPv bIqv nq wb| cMwZkxj
mswZi wfwZ GKwU bZzb RvZxq PZbv mwi e_Zvi dj mv`vwqK gZv`k
ewi kZ Zwi nqwQj| A_bwZK nZvkv RbMYK gvbwmKfve Aviv agvkqx Ki
Zvj| kvmK kwY RbMYi GB gvbwmK Aevi cwieZbi Rb D`vM bv wbq
ZvivI agi mvgvwRK I ivRbwZK eenvi i Ki|
6.4 wkv eev hw` ^vaxb wPv I wevbgbZvi weKvk NUvZ mg bv nq Zvnj
wkwZ gvbylI mv`vwqK gZv`ki wkKvi cwiYZ nq| ^vaxb evsjv`kI
wevbwfwK GKgyLx wkveev ceZb Kiv hvq wb| gv`vmv wkvK ccvlKZv
Kiv nq hv AvR mv`vwqKZvi gZv`kMZ cavb Drm nq DVQ|
6.5 wewUk Avgj _KB Avgvì `k BwZnvmi cwZ mv`vwqK Ges AevwbK
`wfw mv`vwqK gZv`ki Dvb GKwU eo f~wgKv iLQ| zj I KjR
weKZ BwZnvm wkv mv`vwqK PZbvi weKvk mvnvh KiQ| gywhyi BwZnvmi
Kvb evwbK cvV DcvwcZ nq wb| eis gywhyi BwZnvmi weKwZ, LwZKiY I
`jxqKiY, wbggvbi weZK, GKRbK gwngvw^Z Kivi Rb Abì Aenjv BZvw`
gywhyi BwZnvmi cKZ PZbvq bZzb cRbK Mo Zvjvi euvavi mw
KiQ|
6.6 kvmK `jwj 1975-Gi wbgg ivRbwZK cwieZbi ci GB avivK Aviv
cmvwiZ Ki Zvj| weGbwc-RvZxq cvwU cyiv cvwKvwb avivq `k cwiPvjbv
KiZ i Ki| weGbwc mv`vwqK msMVb Kivi weavb msweavb mshvwRZ Ki|
RvZxq cvwU ivag Bmjvg msweavb wbq Avm| mekl AvIqvgx jxM msweavb
ivag Bmjvgi weavb iL mvc`vwqKZvi ck Avcm Ki| weGbwc mvc`vwqK
ivRbwZK `j RvgvqvZK ivgZvi Askx`vwiZ w`q Zvì weKvkK P~ov chvq
wbq MQ| AvIqvgx jxMI RvgvZi mv_ GK Av`vjb Ki RvgvZK GK
aibi eaZv c`vb Ki| AvIqvgx jxM-weGbwc-RvZxq cvwUmn kvmK kwYi me
AskB agwbfi ivRbwZK I mvgvwRK msMVbK fvUi ivRbxwZZ eenvi Ki|
Gfve kvmK kwYi mgM Aski wKQz c`c I e_ZvB ^vaxb evsjv`k
mvc`vwqKZvi De NUvZ mvnvh KiQ| GLb evsjv`k mvc`vwqK gjev`
cvKvcv wfwi Ici ùvwoq MQ|
cKZc ^vaxb evsjv`k mvc`vwqK ivRbxwZi wfw Zwi nqQ jyUiv cyuwRev`x
kvmK kwYi KviYBZvì ^v_ I e_Zvq| Avgvì `k AvRK h
mvc`vwqKZv Avgiv `LwQ Zv GKw`K hgb gjevì mw, Avevi Abw`K GB
gjevì Rb nqQ jyUiv cyuwRevì gaB, Zvi mvnvh I AvcmKvwgZvi Rb|
Avgvì gZv `k mvc`vwqK ivRbxwZ jyUiv eyRvqv kvmK kwYi kvmb I
kvlYi mnvqK| Zv we`gvb kvlYg~jK eevi mnhvMx| mv`vwqKZvi gvag
kgRxexì `w Zvì wbRì A_bwZK-mvswZK-ivRbwZK msMvg _K wfb
LvZ cevwnZ Kiv hvq| Zvì kwY PZbv Mo IVvi cwZeKZv mw Kiv
hvq, agi Avovj Zvì kvlY I jybK XK ivLv hvq| fvUi ivRbxwZZ
cvavb wevii Pv Kiv hvq| GRb Avgvì `k agi ivRbwZK eenvi I
mvc`vwqKZv AvR cyuwRev`x kvmK kwYi mgM Aski e_Zv I ^v_i mv_
AweQ`fve mwKZ| mvc`vwqKZv aygv agxq gjevì vivB mw nq wb,
eis Zv kvmK kwYi vivI cZ ev civfve Zwi nqQ|
6.7 gjevì AvRvwZK ccvlK mvgvRev` mviv `ywbqvi gZv evsjv`kI
Zvi A_bwZK-ivRbwZK-mvswZK-gZv`wkK ^v_ mvc`vwqKZvi weKvk weivU
Ae`vb iLQ| mgvRZi kwK `yej Kivi Rb GK mgq agxq gjevì
Dvb mvweK mnhvwMZv w`qQ mvgvRev`| jyb I `Lj`vwiZi Rb mvgvRev`
agxq mvc`vwqKZvK bvbvfve eenvi Ki| KviY mgvR hZ f`vf` _vKe
evavnxbfve `Lj I jyb ZZB mnR| GRb mvgvRev` me mgqB mgvR
mvc`vwqK f`vfì AbyKj cwiwwZ mw Ki `q| RbMYi mvgvRev`weivax
PZbvK wec_Mvgx Kivi Rb mvgvRev` cvwZvwbK agjvK ciii wei
eenvi Ki| Zvì HwZnvwmK weivajvK wbR^ ^v_ KvR jvMvq| ewb
BwZnvm _K `Lv hvq mvgvRev` I mvc`vwqK ivRbxwZi ga mnhvwMZvg~jK
mK iqQ, cZ I civfve Zviv GK AbK mnhvwMZv KiQ| hgb
RvgvqvZ GK mgq ewUk mvgvRevì Ges eZgvb gvwKb mvgvRevì mnhvwMZv
cvQ|
6.8 cKvk `wYcx msMVbwjB bq, cvb BmjvwgRgi g Mvcb `wYcx

msMVbjvI evsjv`k mwq| agxq cwiwPwZi ev mv`vwqKZvevì wfwZ AwZ
`wYcx msMVbjv wekRyo GKwU Bmjvgx LjvdZ ev cvb BmjvwgRgi g
`xwZ nq KvR KiQ| v gZv`ki wfwZ cwiPvwjZ Gme wRnvw` msMVbjv
AvgwiKv-BDivcxq mvgvRevì fzj gZv`kMZ bxwZ-Kkji djB cavbZ mw
nqQ| cvb BmjvwgRgi v `kbi cfve Gm coQ Avgvì `kI|
AvRvwZK Gme Rnvw` msMVbi kvLv ev mnhvMx ev mggbv msMVb Mo DVQ
Avgvì `k| Giv Avgvì cP SuywKi ga dj w`Z cvi|
6.9 KicviU cyuwRi ^v_ I mnvqZvq fviZ mv`vwqK kwi Dvb evsjv`ki
gjev`xì bZzb A Zzj w`qQ| cwg e evgweivax miKvii mv_
evsjv`ki gjev`xì mnhvwMZvi mK DKRbK| fviZxq enr cyuwRi KvQ
AvZwbfi cMwZkxj evsjv`k KLbB myLKi bq| Zviv AvZwbfi cMwZkxj
Amv`vwqK evsjv`kK fviZxq ivi AwZi Rb gwK ej gb Ki|
HKe fviZ wUwKq ivLvi Rb KicviU cyuwR I mv`vwqK kw GK fviZi
msLvMwi gvbyli agK Db dvwmev`x Kvq`vq ivRbxwZi gq`vb wbq GmQ|
Avi GUv KiZ Mj mB agK AvNvZKvix mve ki GKwU cwZQwe RbMYi
gvbmcU RvwMq ivLv LyeB cqvRb| cwg mxgv cvwKvb Zv AvQB, c~e w`K
evsjv`kI hw` Bmjvgx gjev`x kwi Dvb NU Zvnj ZvK fviZi wbivcvi
Rb GKUv gwK wnme DcwZ Kiv mnR nq| Avi Gi cwZivai Rb
wn`yZev`K k Ki AuvKo aij RvwZ, fvlv I mswZMZfve eavwef
fviZi HKe KvVvgvwUK AUzU ivLv kvmK Mvxi c Zzjbvg~jKfve mnR
evcvi| fviZi kvmKkwY mB KvRwUB Ki hvQ|
6.10 evgcx `jwjI mv`vwqK kwi Dvb gvKvwejvq KvhKi f~wgKv ivLZ
cvi wb| evgcxiv kvmK kwYi e_Zvi wei RbMYi eoaibi Kvb msMwVZ
Av`vjb Mo ZzjZ cvib wb| mv`vwqKvZvevì wei GKwU mwq
ivRbwZK-gZv`kMZ cPvi Awfhvb msMwVZ Kiv nq wb| eyRvqvì Ici me `vl
Pvwcq `qv nqQ, A_ev eyRvqvì Ici wbfi Ki mv`vwqKZv gvKvwejvi K_v
fvev nqQ| mvc`vwqKZvi wei ùvovevi ck gvKmev`xì ga bxwZ I
Kkj wbq gZwfbZv AvQ| GUv fzj hvIqv nq ev Dcv Kiv nq mgvR I
ivi MYZvwK-Amvc`vwqK agwbic wfwwj MYZvwK AwaKvi cqvMi ivv
Ki `q hv kwY mgvekK GwMq wbq hvIqvi iZc~Y c~ekZ| mvc`vwqKZvK
civ Kivi `p msMvg ewZiK ecweK AMMwZ me bq| gvKmev`xì ga
AbKB mvc`vwqKZvi welqwU nvjKv Ki `Lb| Zviv aygv mvgvRev`weivax
Av`vjbKB iZ c`vb Kib| AbK Avevi mvc`vwqKZv I mvgvRevì
mKK hvwKfve `Lb| Avevi KD KD mvc`vwqKZvK mvgvRev` _K
wewQbfve `LZ Af| AbKB evOvwj RvZxqZvevì cMwZkxjZv eySZ
cvib bv| dj Amvc`vwqKZvi k-wg I HKi ck, mvgwMKfve Kkj
wbaviYi RwUjZv _KB hvq| Avgvì `k Amv`vwqK ew I kwi Afve

bB| ìKvi GKwU bxwZ I Kkji wfwZ Zvì HKe Kiv|
80-i `kK Mvg I kni eo eo ZgRyi I kwgK Av`vjb msNwUZ nqQ|
evgcxiv hvwKfve gb KiwQjb, GB msMvg ^qswqfve RvZxq I kwY
mPZbZvi weKvk NUve| cZvkv Kiv nqwQj, RvZxqZvev` Ges kwY mPZbZv
hZ weKvkcv ne, mv`vwqKZvev` ZZB wbRi AwbwnZ wg_v I msKxY
mvgvwRK wfwi dj gZzgyL cwZZ ne| ai bIqv nqwQj h, mv`vwqKZvev`
hnZz RbMYi ^v_i cwZdjb Ki bv, ZvB RbMY Zvi viv iZifve cfvweZ
neb bv, weklZ hw` A_bwZK welqmg~n mvgb Avm m Zv bqB| GB
gvKmev`x wkv gb ivLv nq wb h, aygv GKwU mPZb ivRbwZK I gZv`kMZ
cwqvi gvagB kwYMZ bZzb cwiwPwZ jvf Kiv hvq Ges mB cwiwPwZi wfwZ
mPZbZv jvf KivI me nq| gvbyl wbRi Bw`qi mvnvh cZfve mvgvwRK
eveZvK aiZ cvi bv| Zviv welqMZ mvgvwRK eveZv Ges mvgvwRK mKi
cm AewnZ nq Kej gZv`ki i|
ag wbq gvKmi vwK `wfw eySZ bv cvivI evgcxì GK eo e_Zv| Zviv
Avwdg Zi h_v_ gvKmev`x evLv w`Z cvi wb|
7. DiYi c_
7.1 mywbw` gZv`ki wfwZ mvgwMK I mevZKfve mv`vwqK gZv`k I
ivRbxwZi wei jovB KiZ ne| Ab me mv`vwqKZvi gZv agxq
mv`vwqKZvI MwVZ AbKwj Dcv`vbi viv| Zvi ewntcKvkI nq GKvwaK
Dcv`vbi wgkY| mv`vwqKZvK gvKvwejvI KiZ ne GKvwaK Dcvq, AbK
Dcv`vb mg nq| wK mv`vwqKZv mevM GKwU gZv`k I mB gZv`k wfwK
ivRbxwZ, GRb mv`vwqKZv _K eivevi c_ LyuRZ ne H gZv`k I
ivRbxwZweivax msMvgi ga| Di AvaywbKZvi gZv Kejgv mv`vwqK
DRbvi mgq A_ev wbQK Kvbv Bmy wbq msMvg mv`vwqK gZv`ki wejyw
NUve bv| mywbw` gZv`ki wfwZ mvgwMK I mevZKfve mv`vwqK gZv`k I
ivRbxwZi wei jovB KiZ ne|
gZv`wkK msMvgi Ae : gZv`wkK msMvgi gvag `Lvbv ìKvi, agxq
cwiwPwZ gvbyli mvgvwRK cwiwPwZi GKwU iZc~Y w`K njI mv`vwqK gZv`ki
Ici wfw Ki m`vqMZ cwiwPwZ mvi ivRbxwZ Zvi mvgvwRK ^v_i cwZdjb
NUvZ cvi bv| Kejgv RvZxq I kwYMZ cwiwPwZB Zvì mvgvwRK ^v_i
cwZdjb Ges mB ^v_i evevqb KiZ cvi|
7.2 BwZnvm mv`vwqKZvi gZv v PZbv I gZv`ki D`q nqQ, wK mwj
me`v wUK _vK wb| AbKwj GKwU wbw` cei Rb ew cqQ Ges Zvici
hLb AwaKZi h_v_ bZzb gZv`k I cwiwPwZi weKvk NUQ ZLb wcQz nVQ|
gvKmevì mwkxjZvB nZ cvi mB h_v_ bZzb gZv`k Ges MYZvwK msMvgi
GB chvq cMwZkxj RvZxq PZbvq wm wecex kwY cwiwPwZB nZ cvi mB bZzb

AvZcwiPq|...gb ivLv ìKvi, AvRKi w`b aygv fvlvwfwK RvwZiv, nvK Zv
cMwZkxj, gnbwZ gvbyl I bvixK gyw w`Z cvi bv| GRb GKB mv_ RbMYK
cMwZkxj RvZxqZvev`x-fvlvMZ-I wecex kwYwfwK welq, Kgm~Px I gZv`ki
gvag HKe KiZ ne|
RbMYK agwbic welq, Kgm~Px I gZv`ki gvag HKe Kivi Rb evOvwj
RvZxqZvevì cMwZkxj w`Kwj weivU f~wgKv ivLZ cvi| wK eyRvqviv evOvwj
RvZxqZvev` weKvki cMwZkxj ceYZvK Zvì kwY^v_i Rvj AvUK iLQ |
eZgvb mvgvRev`x wekvqb ce eyRvqviv mvgvRev`weivax RvZxqZvev`K aviY
Ki bv ev ZvK bZZ w`q mvgb AMmi KiZ cvi bv| GB KvR KiZ ne evg
I KwgDwbì| wbqvgK kw wnme Mvg-knii gnbwZ gvbylK msMwVZ KiZ
ne, gawe I RvZxq ^v_i cwZ mse`bkxj Drcv`bgywL RvZxq eyRvqvì KvQ
UvbZ ne Ges GB avivq ivRbwZK kw mgvek Mo ZzjZ ne| eMZfve
mgvRi mePvBZ cMwZkxj I Amvc`vwqK Ask Mvg I knii gnbwZ gvbyl| GB
gnbwZ gvbylB mvgvRev` I mvc`vwqKZvi wei MYZvwK msMvg cavb kw
nq DVZ cvi| G ìKvi Zvì ivRbwZK-Av`kMZfve msMwVZ I wkwZ
Ki Zvjv| cMwZkxj evOvwj RvZxqZvevì PZbvi Avavi wecex kwY PZbvi
fvev`kMZ A gnbwZì msMwVZ KivB ne cavb KvR| gnbwZ gvbyl h gvvq
msMwVZ I mPZb ne mvc`vwqKZvweivax msMvg Rqhy nIqvi ZZB mvebv
Zwi ne| gawei h Ask evOvwj RvZxqZvevì cMwZkxj w`Kwj I gywhyi
PZbvq Avv ivL Zvì mvc`vwqKZvweivax Av`vjb weivU f~wgKv ivLvi
AeKvk AvQ| kvnevMi Qv-hye MYRvMiY GB mvebvK Aviv Ki ZzjQ|
Abw`K mv`vwqK gZv`ki dj mePq fzfvMx nq bvix| mvc`vwqKZvi
wei MYZvwK msMvg bvixmgvR ivLZ cvi iZc~Y f~wgKv| GRb bvixi
cKZ gywi msMvg evcK msMVwbK I gZv`wkK KvR KiZ ne|
7.3 mv`vwqKZv Avi agxq msLvjNy I z` RvwZmvmg~ni myivi ck wjq
djj Pje bv| agxq msLvjNy I z` RvwZmvmg~n hme ebv-elg I
kvlYi wkKvi nq mmei Ici wfw Ki Zvì ga mskq I fxwZi gb Mo
IV| mskq I fxwZi gbi cKZ Drm mvb I weklY KiZ ne| Gwj
AcmviY Kivi Ges msLvjNy I z` RvwZmvmg~ni myivi cKZ c_ `LvZ ne,
mRb msMvg KiZ ne| Zvi gvb GB bq msLvjNy mv`vwqKZvev`K Dcv
KiZ ne ev Zvì cwZ big I mwnz `wfx wbZ ne| msLvMwi
mv`vwqKZvevì gZv ZvìI weivwaZv KiZ ne| msLvjNy mv`vwqKZvev`
wecbK, KviY Zv msLvjNyì mv`vwqK ivRbxwZi nvZ Zzj `q hv Zvì
^v_i Awbevhfve wZ Ki| msLvjNy mv`vwqKZvevì wei jovB bv Kij
msLvMwi mv`vwqKZvev`weivax msMvg KivI KwVb nq co| msLvMwi
mv`vwqKZvevì cwiYwZ hgb dvwmev`, Zgwb msLvjNy mv`vwqKZvevì
cwiYwZ Kvbv bv Kvbv aibi wewQbZvev`|
7.4 ag mv`vwqKZvevì g~j _vK bv, agwbicZvi Rb agi wei hyi

cqvRb bv _vKjI AekB agwbic agi Abyc ekK iva KiZ ne|
wekl Ki agK iv Ges ivRbwZK I A_bwZK RMr _K m~Yic wewQb
KiZ ne| ag _K mv`vwqKZvev` bv GjI, AhwK `wfx I Dcvmbv,
agxq msKxY gvbwmKZv, Kzmsvi Ges agfvei AZwaK ew mv`vwqK gZv`k I
ivRbxwZK MnY Kivi GK iKg gRvR Zwi Ki `q ev Zvì Rb RvqMv Ki
`q| hme Dcv`vb mv`vwqK gZv`k I ivRbxwZK RvqMv Ki `q, mwj
weklY Kiv wkLZ ne Ges `~i Kivi mwkxj cwqv ei KiZ ne| Kvbv
m`n bB GB cwqv wewfb agi Rb wfb aibi ne|
ag wbq gvKmi vwK `wfw eySZ ne Ges DcwiKvVvgvi iZc~Y I
kKvZi Dcv`vb wnme agK me mgq Avgvì weePbvi ga ivLZ ne|
Gjm 21 mî 1890 R. eKi KvQ GK wPwVZ DcwiKvVvgvi iZ
AvjvPbv KiZ wMq agi cmwU DjL KiQb| DcwiKvVvgvi ek wKQz welq
wfwi Dci cfve djZ cvi| Ggb wK HwZnvwmK msMvgi MwZK cfvweZ Ki
Ges e Zvì ic wbaviY eo nq IV| Gjm Rvgvb KlK hy mK
wjLZ wMq `wLqQb Kx Ki wbcxwoZ kwY agK Zvì jovBqi gZv`k
AvKvi MnY Ki Ges AbK Zviv mdjI nq| eyRvqv MYZvwK wecei
MvovZ agi f~wgKv AvQ|... gjev`weivax msMvg Avgvì mg HwZnvwmK
DivwaKvi hgb iqQ ZgbB iqQ Gi kwkvjx nvwZqvi| wKQz mxgveZv
mI mB nvwZqviwU njv agi jwKK fvl| ay jwKK agB bq, kvxq agK
cwZwqvkxj fvl _K Dvi Ki mmei ga mvg-gx-vZZi AtmviK
D`&NvUb KiQb h me gbxlx m me gbxlxi wkvI gjev`weivax jovBq KvR
jvMvZ ne|
Zv nj AZxZ h ag kvmK kwYi nvZ kvlYi nvwZqvi ic eeZ nqQ,
fwelZ mB agi Kvb ic wK kvmK kwYi wei RbMYi msMvgx nvwZqvi nq
DVZ cvi? agi Ggb Kvb beZi fvl wK Avwevi Kiv me hvi dj ag ay
RMr I RxebgyLxB ne bv, AZvPvi AwePvi Amvgi wei MYmsMvgi nvwZqvi
nq DVZ cvi?
Ugvm gybrmvii bZZ Ges ZvwK AbyciYvq 1524-25 mvj h evcK Ges
mk KlK Afzvb NU, Zvi ga mvg I ^vaxbZvi my Av`k eZgvb wQjv,
Ges Zv mywbw`fve kvmKkwYi wei cwiPvwjZ nqwQjv| Avi mvg I
^vaxbZvi G msMvgx Av`k gybrmvi iPbv KiwQjb evBej Abymvix wL agi b~Zb
wbR^ fvli wfwZ| PZz`k kZvxZ Bsjv IqvU UvBjvii bZZ h KlK
we`vn nqwQj, cv`wi Rb ej Av`g I Bfi mgq gvbyli Avw` mvgi D`vniY
w`q wL agi ciYvq m we`vnK DxwcZ KiwQjb gybrmvi wQjb m
HwZniB avivevnx|... mU dvbwmm, Rb ej, Ugvm gybrmvi Ges RiviW
DBbvbwj mvgvwRK icvi evBej-Gi RvMwZK fvlv eenvii h ciiv mw
KiwQjb, Zvi m gvKmevì wKQz Ask hy Ki cavbZ jvwZb AvgwiKvq lvUi
`kK _K wjevikb w_IjwR ev MYgywi agZ bvg GK b~Zb aibi agxq

ivRbxwZ AvZcKvk Ki| wjevikb w_IjwRi cevì ga hwÌ AbK
gZcv_K AvQ, Z_vwc Giv cvq mKjB evBej-Gi AvcvZ gvbeZvev`x eei
GK aibi gvKmev`x fvli mvnvh kgRxex kwYi gyw Ges mvgvRev`
weivwaZvq, kwY msMvg, Ggb wK mk wece AskMnYi mg_b Kib| ...Avgiv
evwR ai ejZ cvwi bv, evsjv`k wKQz kZmvc Ggb Kvb aviv Mo DVeB
bv| mePq iZc~Y kZ Kx nZ cvi?
mvwfqZ BDwbqb Ges c~e BDivc mgvRZi Hme gWji wechqi ci
gywi agZi ceviv AbKUv bxie I wbwq nq coQb| jvwUb AvgwiKvi
hme `k mgvRZvwK Av`vjb Rvivjv mLvb `yejfve njI GUv AvQ|
mvwfqZ BDwbqb Ges c~e BDivc mgvRZi DcwwZ Ges `ywbqv evcx
kwkvjx KwgDwb Av`vjb wQj ejB gywi agZi De I weKvk nqwQj|
GRb vb wevbi h AMMwZ nQ Zvi mv_ gvKmev`x wecex wPv Ges jvKvqZ
mswZi cMwZkxj Dcv`vbK hy Ki kwY I cMwZkxj RvZxqZvi wfwZ
kwkvjx mvswZK-ivRbwZK Av`vjb wbgvY KiZ cvijB evsjv`ki mgvR
we`gvb wjevikb w_qvjvwRi gZv ARm Dcv`vb, nq Zvì wbRì ^v_ A_ev
bxwZMZ fveB mgvR cMwZi msMvgi mv_ hy ne|
bZzb gZv`k I `wfx cPvi Kivi Rb AZxZi KvQ Ave`b Kiv Ges agi
gZv AZxZi gZv`k ev cwZvbi mvnvh bIqv BwZnvm cvqB `Lv hvq| wK
Avgiv hb RbMYK cMwZkxj RvZxqZvev`x-fvlvMZ-I wecex kwYwfwK welq,
Kgm~Px I gZv`ki gvag HKe Kivi mgq DcwiKvVvgvi Kvb cyibv PZbvi
KvQ AwZwi Rvi bv `B| G welq ` GBwUb_& egqvi Ad jyB evbvcvU-G
gvKmi ee iY ivLv ìKvi cqvZ cRbwji HwZn RxweZì gb `yt^ci
gZv fi Ki _vK| Avi, wVK hLb Zviv AvcvZfve wbRì I Zvì eMZ
cvwicvwkKi ecweK icvi iZ _vK, hv we`gvb bq Zvi mwZ iZ _vK,
wecex msKUi wVK mB hyMmg~nB Zviv fxZfve Zvì mvnvh Kivi Rb AZxZi
cZvZvì RvwMq Zvj ; Zviv Zvì bvg, iYawb I ekf~lv FY bq, hvZ bZzb
wek HwZnvwmK `kK g Kiv hvq GB cexY I kq Qek I avi Kiv fvlvq|
jy_vi aviY KiwQjb, hxi, wkl cji gyLvk ; 17891814-i wece wbRK
GKevi mvwRqwQj ivgi mvaviYZ wnme, Avi GKevi ivgi mvvR ic ;
Avi 1848-Gi wece Kvbv mgq 1789-K, Avi Ab mgq 1793-5-Gi wecex
HwZnK bKj Kivi Pq fvjv wKQz RvbZ bv| GKBfve, h GKwU bZzb fvlv m`
wkLZ Avi KiQ, m me`v Zv wbRi gvZfvlvq Abyev` Ki bq ; m bZzb
fvlvwUi gg AvZ KiQ Ges wbRK H fvlvq Aeva e KiZ wkLQ G K_v
ZLbB ejv hvq, hLb m cyibv fvlvi mvnvh QvovB H fvlvK eenvi KiZ cvi
Ges hLb m bZzbwUi eenvi Kvj wbRi cyibv fvlvK fzj hvq|
7.5 iv I mgvRi mv`vwqKiY Ges agwbicKiYi ga cf` eySZ ne|

iv I mgvRi agwbicKiYi msMvg GKB mv_ PvjvZ ne| ivxq i mePq
iZc~Y, wK GKKfve Zvi Ici iZ w`q mvgvwRK iK Aenjv Kiv hve
bv| iv agwbic njB mgvR agwbic neB Ggb Kvb K_v bB| hLvb
RYMYi fvU I wbevwPZ miKvii c_v we`gvb _vK mLvb AbK mgq mgvRi
mv`vwqKiY NU, iv Zvi AbymiY Ki| AbK mgqB GKwU MYZvwKfve
wbevwPZ ivRbwZK bZZ mv`vwqK cPvi ev mvmi wei KVvi c`c wbZ
e_ nq ev mv`vwqK Pvci KvQ bwZ ^xKvi Ki| me mgq Zviv mv`vwqK
ejB GgbwU Ki Zv wK bq, fvU Kg hvIqvi Avkvq Zviv mv`vwqKZ mgvR
I RbgZi wei ùvovZ Pvq bv| GgbI nZ cvi h, ivi mv_ GKB mgq
mgvRi mv`vwqKiY NU| GRb iv I mgvRi agwbicKiYi msMvg GKB
mv_ PvjvZ ne| mgvRi agwbicKiY eywRxex, mvswZ Kgxi Ges
^Qvmex msMVb mePq KvhKi nZ cvi| wekl D`vM wbq MelYv, wkv I
Rbwcq i BwZnvmi evwbK evLv cPvi KiZ ne| KviY wewfb cPvi gvagi
mvnvh, cwievi-zj-cvov-gnjvq mvgvwRKxKiYi gvag mv`vwqKZvev`
BwZnvmi weKZ evLv RbMYi gb XzwKq `q kke _KB| AhwKZv I
mv`vwqK gZv`k Qovbv _K wdj-iwWI Ges UwjwfkbK weiZ ivLvi mv_
mv_ evwbK wPv I agwbic cMwZkxj RvZxqZvev`x `wfxK RvwMq Zvjvi
Pv KiZ ne|
7.6 mv`vwqKZvevì ZvwK ev mv`vwqK bZeM I Zvì mv`vwqK
AbyMvgxì ga c_KxKiY Kivi cqvRb iqQ| mv`vwqK AbyMvgxì ewe`c ev nbv Kiv DwPZ bq| Zvì `LZ ne mv`vwqKZvevì viv wev
wnme Ges hvì mvgvwRK Aev Zvì mw`K Vj w`qQ| Zvì mv`vwqK
wPv KvwUq DVZ ezZc~Y mvnvh KiZ ne| gb ivLv ìKvi, Dcgnv`ki
wekl mvgvwRK weKvki ìb eMZfve Amv`vwqK kwgKkwY I KlKì
GKUv eov Aski gaI GUv Qwoq AvQ| D`vicx mvc`vwqKZvev` Ges DM
mv`vwqKZvevì ga cv_K evSv ìKvi| wK Zv D`vicx
mv`vwqKZvevì wei gZv`kMZ msMvg Govbvi Rb ev Zvi cwZ AcvKZ
big `wfx MnY Kivi Rb ev Zvì Dci bvhZv c`vb Kivi Rb bq| cf`
Kiv cqvRb, KviY GB `yB mv`vwqKZvevì weivwaZv KiZ ne wfb wfb
Dcvq| D`vicx mv`vwqKZvevì weivwaZv KiZ ne Awbevhfve gZv`ki
gvag, hLvb DM mv`vwqKZvevì ivRbwZK msMvg KiZ ne| hw`
D`vicx mv`vwqKZvev`K mdjfve gvKvwejv Kiv bv hvq, Ze Zv DM
dvwmev`x mv`vwqKZvevì viv m ivRbwZK cwiwwZi Dci wbfi Ki cv
hZ cvi| me auvPi mv`vwqKZvev`xiv kl ch GKB gZv`k MnY Ki, ZvB
D`vicx mv`vwqKZvev`xiv DM-mv`vwqKZvevì wei gZv`kMZfve jovB
Kie, GB Avkv Ki Zvì Dci wbfi Kiv hvq bv| D`vicx mv`vwqKZvev`xì
mv_ DM-mv`vwqKZvev`xì h ivRbwZK _vK ZvK mv`vwqKZv-weivax

msMvg KkjMZ cqvRb cqvM Kiv hZ cvi, wK D`vicx mv`vwqKZvev`
DM-mv`vwqKZvevì wei wbii gZv`kMZfve jovB Kie G Avkv Kivi
Kvb gvb bB|
7.7 mvgvRev` I AvRvwZK gjevì ga eZgvb h `Lv hvQ mUv
mvgwqK| agxq gjev` I mvgvRev` DfqB cwZwqvi Avavi| dj Zvì ga
eZgvb msNvZ mI hKvb mgq KkjMZ evSvcov nq hZ cvi|
mvgvRev` GLb gjevì wei jovB KiQ ej mvgvRev`K mg_b Kiv hgb
Kvb ck IV bv, Zgwb gjev` eZgvb mvgvRevì wei jovB KiQ ej
gjevì cwZ mnvbyf~wZkxj nIqvi Kvb cqvRb bB| mvgvRev` I gjevì
wei GKB mv_ msMvg AevnZ ivLZ ne| `ywbqvi hLvbB mvgvRev` I
gjevì wei jovB ne, RbMYK mv_ wbq mB msMvgK Avgvì bwZK
mg_b RvbvZ ne Ges mB PZbvK RbMYi ga Qwoq w`Z ne|
kl K_v : hnZz mvc`vwqKZv eo IVvi cQb ay gjev` bq, `kxq cyuwR I
AvRvwZKfve mvgvRevì cZ I civ ^v_ I nvZ iqQ, mvc`vwqKZvi
De I weKvki mv_ mvgvRev`wbfi jyUiv kvmK kwYi me AskiB GKwU f~wgKv
I ^v_ AvQ, GRb AvIqvgx jxM-weGbwcmn kvmKkwYi Kvb AskiB
mvc`vwqKZvweivax Av`vjb gywhyi PZbvq my j AwfgyLx f~wgKv ivLvi
mvebv bB| mvc`vwqKZvweivax MYZvwK Av`vjbjvZ bxwZwb evgcxì
_vKZ ne PvwjKv kwi f~wgKvq| RvZxq Av`vjb evgcxì _vKZ ne
HKe, wbZ ne ^vaxb I mRbkxj D`vM| eyRvqv ivRbxwZi wecixZ Mo
ZzjZ ne evgMYZvwK weK| mv`vwqKZv-mvgvRev` I jyUiv cuywRev`K civ
Ki gywhyi g~j PZbvi evsjv`k Mo Zvjvi j RbMYi kwYMZ I Abvb
bvh `vwei wfwZ cwiPvwjZ MYmsMvgi avivq ZvìK mPZb I msMwVZ Ki
ivRbxwZ I mgvR eZgvb kvmK- kvlK kwYi AvwacZ Le Ki iv gZvi
wbqY MnYi gZv weK kwY kwi cvavb cwZv KiZ ne| GRb
mvc`vwqKZvi ckwUK `k I wekcwimi kwYKvVvgvi ga wePvi-weklY Ki,
evOvwj RvZxqZvevì cMwZkxj Avavi wecex kwYPZbvi fvev`kMZ A
gnbwZì msMwVZ Ki mvc`vwqKZvi wei mvgvwRK-A_bwZK-ivRbwZKmvswZK-gZv`wkK GK `xN gqv`x msMvgi m~Pbv KiZ ne| mvc`vwqKZvi
iZi wec` gvKvwejvi Rb Aviv ewk kw I bgbxqZv wbq mgvRi me aibi
Amvc`vwqK kwK HKe cwZivai kwZ cwiYZ KiZ ne|
jLK : mfvcwZ; wmwcwe, Lyjbv Rjv KwgwU
ag I mv`vwqKZv ck wecex `wfw

gvnv` bvmi
1. f~wgKv
2012 mvji 29 mî ivgyZ eì Dci RNbZg mvc`vwqK nvgjv, MZ
eQii 2 deqvwi mvC`xi ivqi ci _K mviv `k wn`y agvej^xì Dci
gvMZ nvgjv, ^vaxbZv msMvg bZZ`vbKvix `j miKvi A_P GKwUZI Kvb
Avmvgxi wePvi bv nIqv BZvw` NUbvq ggvnZ nq dmeyK MZ 7 AvM GK
vUvm wjLwQjvg, mvgb 14 I 15 AvM, cvwKvb I fviZi ^vaxbZv
wèm| Avwg wbwZ Ggb GKw`b Avme hLb GB Dcgnv`ki AwaKvsk gvbyl
gb Kie Ijv Kvbv ^vaxbZv wèm wQj bv, wQj Avgvì wcZcyilì
welcvbi w`b, wQj mvgvRev``wk enr cyuwR-mvgev`-evYev`-gymwjg
AwfRvZZ m Rvj AvUKv covi w`b| H wel cj cj Kvj nq hvQ wZb
`k KvwU KvwU msLvjNy gvbyl, chy` nQ gnbwZ gvbyl, jvwZ nQ kZ kZ
bvix| gvSLvb 71-G ...evOvwji nvRvi eQii k mvbì viv AbycvwYZ nq
jovB KiwQj G Rbc`| wk j cvY I
`y j gv-evbi BZi wewbgq
evsjv`k cwZv Ki wcZcyilì cvc jb Kivi cqvm cqwQj| evqvbi fvlv
Av`vjb I Dbmii MYAfz_vbi wmuwo eq GKvii gnvb gywhy gywi
mvebv mw KijI m mvebv gv mvo wZb eQi mvc`vwqK-mvgvRev`x kwi
nvZ b nj| ...G Rbcì nvRvi eQii gvbweK avivK wea Ki djv nqQ|
Kb Ggb nj? Kb Ggb nQ? Avgiv hviv GB aviv e`jvZ PvB Zviv wK fzj c_
Pv KiwQ? Avgiv wK fzj mvgvwRK `kb Avv?... | mvgvwRK `kbK AviI
KvhKi Kivi Dk mvc`vwqKZv mK wbR^ fvebv Dcvcb Kivi cqvm
cvB|
wekcwimi mvgvRev` gvbeZvi cavbZg k njI evsjv`kmn Dcgnv`k
mvc`vwqKZvK LvUv Kivi Kvb myhvM bB| mvc`vwqKZv GKUv RbMvxi
DbqbK `yw`K _K wZM Ki h nvi msLvjNy RbMY AwaKvi nviv nq
wbR`k cievmx nq co, Zvì fZiKvi mRbkxjZv, AvZwekvm i nq co;
mB nvi msLvi RbMY bvbv AMYZvwK-AevwbK PZbv hgb agvZv,
eYev`, AvwjKZv BZvw` viv AvQb nq co, mRbkxjZv nq c_nviv, Ges
GgbwK mvm wbhvZb-Nyl-`ybx wZ G aibi AgvbweK DcmMI m nq RRwiZ|
bvbvb `yhvM-evav (mvgvwRK-cvKwZK) KvbUvB m gvKvejv KiZ cvi bv
h_v_fve| Gfve mg RbMvx (gywgq awbK-jyUiv Qvov) Abybqbi Rvj
Avo nq co| Ze GUv wVK, GZ mePvBZ ewk wZM nq msLvjNy RbMY
Ges msLvii wbPi Zjvi Ask| G`ki mvc`vwqKZvi BwZnvm wK mB mZ
Zzj ai bv? g~jZ mvc`vwqKZvi KviY GB Aj gawe _K h_v_ wecex
eywRxex mw nQ bv, gnbwZiv kwYPZbvq Dy nq HKe nZ e_ nQ ;
mvgvRev` I Zvi `vjvjMvx AwZ mnRB Zvi bKkv evevwqZ KiZ cviQ|
mvc`vwqKZv kwU evsjv`ki ivRbxwZZ I mswZZ ej DPvwiZ njI GUv

AZ cwiZvci welq h, GB welq Avgvì `k Kvb wmwiqvm AvjvPbv ev
MelYv nq wb| G ewZg mq` Avwgij Bmjvg I KvRj e`vcvavq
mvw`Z evsjv`ki eywew : ag-mvc`vwqKZvi mU kxlK ce msKjbwU
(23wU ce)| GB MwUZ G`ki mswZZ Av`wkK cwigj wekl Ki
gymwjg gvbwmKZvq mvc`vwqKZvi kKo aivi Pv Kiv nqQ, ejvi Acv ivL
bv hv LyeB iZc~Y (evOvwj gymjgvbiv ^xKvi KiZ Pvq bv) wK ek wKQy iZc~Y
welq AbyjwLZ iqQ, hme welq Qvov mvc`vwqKZvK mvgwMKfve Abyfe Kiv
me bq :
K) mvgvRev`, RvZxqZvev` I mvc`vwqKZvi mK
L) fviZxq ivi K`xq AvgjvZ I enr cyuwR, wekl Ki gvoIqvix cyuwR I
mvc`vwqKZvi mK
M) evsjv`ki ivxq KvVvgv I f~wgeevi mv_ mvc`vwqKZvi mK
N) evOvwj wn`y-gvbm mvc`vwqKZv
mevcwi, GB mvc`vwqKZvi nvZ _K cwivY cvIqvi c_ wbq Zgb Kvb
AvjvPbv Kiv nq wb| weklY Ki `Lv nq wb| lvUi `kKi gZv gawei Dci
fi Ki H PZbv wdwiq Avbv me wK bv| Avgiv `pfve gb Kwi, mUv me bq|
bZzb kwYi Dci fi Ki, bZzb mvgvwRK iK Av`vwjZ Ki, PZbv AviI mg
Ki cybivi ne| Beb AvRv` Zvi mywjwLZ ce, evOjvi ivRbxwZ I evOvwj
RvZxqZvev` (1992)-G m K_vwU bvbvb hyw I HwZnvwmK Z_ w`q Dcvcb
KiQb Ges mwVKfve AvIqvgx jxMi cieZxKvji RvgvZ ZvlY bxwZi c~evfvm
w`Z mg nqQb|
egvb cei g~j Dk mvc`vwqKZv DrgYi c_vbymvb| mB c_i wKQy
iciLv Zzj aivi c~e ^ AvjvwPZ A_P LyeB iZc~Y wKQy welq K_v ejZ
PvB| Avgvì fzj hvIqv DwPZ bq, kwYwef mgvR cwZwU agi kwYic _vK,
AL agi eve Kvb AwZ bB ; gvbe mgvR Kvb cvavbkxj kwYi A_bwZK
^v_i AbyKj bv nj mvc`vwqKZvi gZv Av`kMZ cc Kejgv fveMZ KviY
kwkvjx _vKZ cvi bv| mKviYB g~j AvjvPbvq hvIqvi cvvj mvgvRev`,
RvZxqZvev` I mvc`vwqKZvi mK wbq Zzjbvg~jK wek`fve, Ges fviZxq
ivi K`xq AvgjvZ I enr cyuwR, wekl Ki gvoIqvix cyuwRi mvc`vwqKZvi
jvjb Ges evsjv`ki ivxq KvVvgv I f~wgeevi mv_ mvc`vwqKZvi mZzeb
Gi Dci msw AvjvPbv ck KiZ PvB|
2| mvgvRev`, RvZxqZvev` I mvc`vwqKZvev` :
cyuwRcwZ kwYi A_bwZK ^v_Uv Ggb cyuwR msMn Kiv, cyuwR wewbqvM Kiv,
mevP jvfi Pv Kiv ; AviI cY wew Kiv, AviI jvf Kiv, cY fvM Kiv,
jvfi Rb wi cyuwR evovI, mvq KuvPvgvj Kbv ev `Lj Kiv, Kg `vg kg Kbv
ev kwgKK ewk LvUvI, cwZx cyuwR asm Kiv, bZzb bZzb GjvKvq evRvi
mcmvwiZ Kiv ev cyivZb evRvi bZzb Pvwn`v mw Kiv, gvv K_v cyuwR xZ
Kiv| cyuwRevì cv_wgK hyM, mvgevì mv_ jovBZ Ab kwYK cvIqvi Rb

mvgevì fqven weiZv-KcgyKZv I agvwkZ elgK fvOvi Rb cyuwRev`xì
mvg-gx-MYZ-bvix AvwaKvicwZwU RvwZi mgvbvwaKvi BZvw` gvbweK
welqjvK mvgb Zzj aiZ nqQ, Zvi wbRi bL-ùvZK wKQyUv njI jywKq
ivLZ nqQ| m~Pbv _KB ZvB cyuwRev`x kwYK GKm `yUv ciiweivax KvR
KiZ nQ| Zvi xwZKiY cwqv hgb wbwZ KiZ nQ, Zgwb ZvK Zvi
DeKvjxb cwZkwZ ivi Rb wKQy KiZ `Lv hvQ| wK cyuwRi Aeva
cwZhvwMZvi hyM dj cyuwR hZB GKPwUqvi w`K hvQ, ZZB elg MfxiZi
nQ, ZZB Zvi cZ Dj nq aiv coQ| jvfi Rb, cyuwRi wbiwewQb eabi
Rb hKvb wRwbm RvqR| m hb ejQ MYZ `vI, MYZ fOv, cvwZvwbK
agK kl Kiv, cvwZvwbK agK KvR jvMvI, RvZxqZvev`x nI ev wekRbxb
nIqvi Rb fvb Kiv, AbK RvZxqZvev`nxb Kiv ev RvZxqZvev` wbgwZ Kiv,
wbRi ivK wbqY Kiv, Aviv kwkvjx Kiv, Ab ivK fvM Kiv I `yej
Kiv, `yej ivjvi weivaK DmKvI, Zvì ga msNvZ mw Kiv, `vjvj iv
evbvI, mvRv c_ geagvb jvf wbwZ bv nj euvKv c_ ai Nyl `vI, bvix
mieivn Kiv, mvsevw`K Kbv, eywRxex Kbv, mvgwiK evwnbxi Rbvij Kbv,
cqvRb hZ UvKv jvM cavbgx Kbv, ZvI hw` bv cviv hvq Kz Ki wbRi `vjvj
emvI, mUv bv nj mivmwi hy Kiv| ZvZ GKwXj `yB cvwL gviv hvebZzb
evRvi KKgy ne Ges mvgwiK Ai eenvii ga w`q mvgwiK cyuwR ewaZ
ne| cyivZb cY asmi gvag bZzb cYi Pvwn`v mw ne| wbRi `k wk
Pvv ne, Kgmsvb evoe, A_bxwZ Pvv ne| MZ Qqk eQii cyuwRevì BwZnvm,
wekl Ki AvwdKv, gacvP I fviZxq Dcgnv`ki BwZnvm NuvUj Avgiv GB me
Z_-eei h_v_Zv LyuR cve| AvZeab cwqvi KviY cv_wgK Aevi Aeva
cwZhvwMZvi hyM cwiq Ebwesk kZvxi kl `yB `kK cyuwR GKPwUqv hyM cek
Kij, mgM cw_exK A_bwZK weKvki gvivZK Amg Rvj Rwoq djj; cwg
BDivc, hyiv I Rvcvb m GKvwaK Zxe cwZwZvkxj K` Mo Zzjj Ges
ZviB Acwinvh kZ wnme Abvb `kmg~nK Vj w`j cv| Zvi ivRbwZK
evwntcKvk wnme wesk kZvxi m~PbvjM cw_exevcx wekhyi `vgvgv eR DVj|
GB Aev evLv KiZ wMq AbK MelK GwMq Gjb : nemb (1902),
wnjdviwWs (1910), eyLvwib (191517), jwbb (1916) cgyL| jwbb cyuwRevì
GB chvqK mevP Ges wqz AvLv w`jb, Zvi ewkmg~n wb`k Kijb Ges
bZzb mgvR wbgvYi Dk wekwece Avnvb Kijb| Zuvi mvgvRev` :
cyuwRevì mevP chvq (1916) bvgK Agi M wZwb G hyMi ewkmg~n mywbw`
Kijb :
* Avw_K GKPwUqv msvjvi cvavb _vK|
* evsKjv GKPwUqv cyuwRi MVb I cyuwRi K`xfebi cwqvK Zxefve
Zivw^Z I msnZ Ki|
Avw_K GKPwUqv msvjv Avw_K cwqvw` mPZbfve wbqY I cwiPvjbv

Ki|
* gybvdvi GK weivU Ask Avw_K cwqvi AceenviKvix gavi cKU hvq|
* mvgvRevì GKwU cqvRbxq Avw_K wfw nQ cyuwR ivwb, hv jwM LvZK
Drcv`b _K wewQb Ki dj Ges cyiv `kK ciRxex Ki Zvj Ges hv
kgi wekevcx kvlYi viv wUK _vK|
* ciwbfikxj jwM LvZi Avq evwYwRK Avq _K AbK ewk nq, hv
mvgvRev`x ciRxweZvi gge Ges GB RbB fvUKLv`K (Rentier) iveev
K_vUv Pvjy nqQ|
* fvUKLv`K iv nQ GKwU ciRxex, wqz, cyuwRev`x iv Ges Zvi GB Aev
Zvi me aibi mvgvwRK-ivRbwZK AevK cfvweZ Ki|
* wewUk bevwnbxi gZv cwZvbmg~ni De NU, hviv `bv`viì wei
ivKeP wnme KvR Ki (GUv gZzduvìcx bvbvb Kkjmn AvB. Gg. Gd.
mw nIqvi 30 eQi AvMi K_v)|
weKvkgvb RvwZmg~ni bevwZ Av`vjbK g~jvqb KiZ wMq BDivci kwgK
Av`vjbi gvKmev`x bZviv wZbfvM wef nq co| KvDUwmn AbK mivmwi
bvbvb aibi Zi Avovj wbRì mvgvRev`x kwi c bb ; ivRv jygevM,
cvbvKvqK cgyL GB Av`vjbi wecex Zvrch Abyaveb KiZ e_ nb, Zviv
mvgvRev`x K` mgvRZvwK wece mb KivK GKgv KZe wnme mywbw`
Kib| jwbb welqUvK Abfve weklY Kijb, Zvi bZZ ZZxq AvRvwZK
`ywbqvi gR`yi GK nI kvMvbK cwieZb Ki `ywbqvi gR`yi Gi mv_ mKj
wbcxwoZ RvwZmg~n hy Ki| Zviv mKj wbcxwoZ RvwZmg~ni AvZ-AwaKvii
Av`vjb wecex mvebv `LwQjb, wekkwgK Av`vjbi wg wnme
fewQjb| wZwb mvgvRev`x hyM mvgvR cyuwRi AviI Pig weivavZK AvPiY Zzj
aijb| Drcv`b I evRvi AviI AvRvwZK nIqv mI Zvi wbRi ivi mv_
MuvUQov b KiQ bv, Zvi wbRi kwgK kwYI gaiK RvZxqZvevì gvS
AvUK ivLvi Pv KiQ, Mwie `kjvK RvZxqZvev`nxb nZ ejQ| kwgK
kwYi KvR wK? DbZ cyuwRev`x weki kwgK kwYK cKZ AvRvwZK nq DVZ
ne| hKvb aibi RvZxqZvevì weivPviY KiZ ne, wbR Dcwbeki
^vaxbZvi Av`vjbic~Y mg_b w`Z ne| Kwlcavb `k KvRwU AviI RwUj|
ZvìK GKB mv_ AvRvwZK nq DVZ ne Avevi RvZxq Avkv-AvKvvi iZ
w`Z ne, RvZxq ^v_i g~j ivKvix nZ ne| Zv bv nj Zviv KlKì mg_b
cve bv, RvZxq eyRvqvK jygcb eyRvqv _K Avjv`v KiZ cvie bv| weki
hmKj RvwZ agvZv I mvgvRevì KvQ evi evi gvi Lvq Ges eyRvqv kwYi
mKj Ask Pig e_ nq mme RvwZK iv Kivi HwZnvwmK `vwqZ eZvq kwgKZgRyi-Mwie KlKi gxi Dci| RvZxqZvev`x `jmg~ni RNb Avcm 1930Gi `kK Pxb I wKDevq `Lv wMqwQj| Pxb gvI-m-ZzO, wfqZbvg nvwPwgb I
wKDevq wd`j cKZ RvZxqZvev`x I evg kwìK HKe Ki H Avcmi
ùvZfvOv Reve w`qwQj| j Kivi welqjwbb hLvb Zvi ivRbwZK Rxeb i

KiwQjb GKRb gvKmev`x wnme, gvI-m-ZzO, nvwPwgb I wd`j cKZ
RvZxqZvev`x wnme hvv i Ki cieZxZ gvKmev`x nqwQjb|
GB K_v gb ivLZ neGB me `k kwgK Av`vjb hKvb mgq DM
RvZxqZev`x gvbwmKZv Mo IVvi eMZ mvebv cej| Pxb-mvwfqZ K
cKZc RvZxqZevì wnme `L Rvcvb KwgDwb cvwU h ee w`qQ
Zvi mv_ Avwg GKgZ (1982, 1994)| ewki fvM gvbyl cKZ AvRvwZK bv nZ
cvij cwiek msKU h_v_fve gvKvejv Kiv me bq| gvbe RvwZi Rb kwgK
kwYi wece AwZ cqvRbxq nq coQ| gb ivLZ newekcwimi RvZxqZvev`
kwgK kwYi fvev`kMZfve g~j k| RvZxq mswZi weKvk Qvov gahyMxq
mswZK civwRZ Kiv Ges h_v_ AvRvwZK mswZ wbgvY me bq| wK evOvwj
eyRvqv kwY I gaii e_Zvi KviY kwgK kwYK RvZxq Avkv-AvKvvi A_vr
RvZxqZvevì cMwZkxj w`Ki bZZ w`Z ne| AvRKi ivRvfv wece `wLqQ
wKfve RvZxq wbcxobi wei msMvgi cvkvcvwk mvgvRev`, cyilZ I
mvc`vwqKZvi mv_ jovB Pvwjq hZ nq|
2.1 c_g gnvhy I wek wecex cwqv :
c_g gnvhy wekA_bxwZ-ivRbxwZZ AZ wZbwU djvdj mw Ki :
(K) cyuwRev`x A_bxwZZ cvq wZbk eQii bZvbxq f~wgKv weUbK ZvM KiZ
njv| Zvi j RvqMv wbj Zvi GK mgqKvi Dcwbek, ZviB fvlv hvi miKvwi
fvlv-mB gvwKb hyiv (mvgb mwdwi, 2002)|
(L) A_bxwZZ Kqjvi RvqMv h Black Gold (Zj) be mUv weUbi bevwnbx mviv wekK Rvbvj| gacvP cPyi Zji mvb cvIqv Mj| A_P mjv
eenvi Kivi Rb mg Kvbv ivRbwZK-A_bwZK-mvswZK KvVvgv mLvb
bB| cZKwU GjvKv ZLb ivRv ev Mvcavb viv kwmZ| GB Black Gold-K
K` Ki MwVZ nj bZzb igmLvb wZb bvqK : weUb, dv I hyiv ;
Zvì iwZv, ivRv ev Mvcavbiv| AwaKvsk RbMY Mfxi wb`vq| Zzi, wgmi I
Bivb RvMZ i KiQ, wK ewZgnxbfve AvjvwKZ BDivc gahyMxq ivRv ev
Mvcavbì c| AvieìK wef Kiv nj, Kzw`ìK ivwenxb|
Kurds are known to be the largest nation in the world without its
own state. The history of the Kurds is often associated with countless
uprisings in the face of systematic oppression by the nation states
controlling their lands. Since the creation of nation states after the
collapse of the Ottoman Empire by British and French colonialists,
Kurdistan has been divided between four countries: Iran, Iraq, Syria
and Turkey. The Kurds were the first victims of colonialist
agreements.
The secret Sykes-Picot agreement in 1916 ignored the right of the
Kurds to rule their own land. This led to many decades of massacres,
oppression, and assimilation. The Kurds language was banned, their
rights were denied, and they were displaced from their ancestral
lands. The artificial borders that were agreed upon in both the SykesPicot agreement and in the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne that fixed the
borders of Turkey continue to haunt the Kurdish people living
around them.
(Sardar Saadi (2014), Rojava revolution: building autonomy in the
Middle East
http://roarmag.org/2014/07/rojava-autonomy-syrian-kurds/)
(M) hy kl cyuwRev`x kwYi KeiLv`K kwgK kwY jwbbi bZZ ivwkqvi

ivgZv `Lj Kij| ZZxq wek RbZvi Nyg fvOZ i Kij|
wekRyo mw njv cyuwRevì bvbvb msKU| GKw`K ejkwfK fxwZ, Abw`K
gnvg`vi Avb hyiv cwiq cwg BDivc Qwoq coj| c_g gnvhy civwRZ
RvgvwbZ vZv wnme Avwef~Z njv wnUjvi Ges BZvwjZ gymvwjbx| ZvivI
wekevRvii fvM Pvq, cyivZb mvb wdi cZ Pvq| i njv AviKwU wekhy|
wZxq gnvhyi ga w`q mvwfqZ BDwbqb bZzb GKwU cyuwRev`weivax ivkw
wnme Avwef~Z njv, ZvK wNi mgvRZvwKwek Zwi njv| Kjvwbi `kjvZ
RbZv RM DVj| mvbBqvr mb, gvI mZzO, nvwPwgb, myKY, Mvx, myjZvb Rv`n,
bni, fMZ wms, gyRd&di Avng`, bvmi, gvmvK cgyL wekgvbi bZviv ZZxq
weki beRvMiY bZZ w`Z GwMq Gjb| mvgvRev`x weki bZzb bZv gvwKb
hyiv hyi Avb _K `~i Aevb Ki dzj duc DVjv Ges wek GDP-Gi
cvk kZvski gvwjK nq exi`c GwMq Gjv cyuwRev` iv KiZ| cvq
AvZmgcY KiZ D`Z RvcvbK AvYweK evgv gi hyiv Rvwbq w`j Zvi
kwK| cwg BDivc ejkwfKevì geagvb cfveK VKvZ 1948 mvj
MVb Kiv njv NATO| bIqv njv Marshal Plan ; Black gold-Gi mZxZ
iv_ gacP mw Kiv njv wZbwU mvUjvBU iv BmivBj (1948), mw`
Avie (1932) Ges gvmvK-Di Bivb (1953)| Rbwcq wbevwPZ gvmvK
miKviK DrLvZ Kij CIA I MI9, emvj ivRZK ; gvmvKi ywUZvi
miKvii Zj-m` RvZxqKiY| cvki `kKi gvSvgvwS mvwfqZ BDwbqb
NATO-Gi cwZwqv wnme MVb Kij WA RSAW cv, i njv Vvv hy|
mw` Aviei Zj m` mK 1945 mvj gvwKb hyivi ivxq wefvMi GK
bw_Z jLv nQ, wek-BwZnvmi AbZg elwqK m` Ges iYbxwZMZ cP
kwi Drm| (K, 1975)| 1950 mvj gvwKb cwmWU Uygvb mw` ivRvK
wjLQb, Avcbvi gZvi cwZ Kvbv Pvj Avgvì ^v_i cwZ ZvrwYK
gwK ej weewPZ ne| (KvwUm, 1998)| BmivBj mgM cw_exi RbMYi
mnmvski evm, gv_vwcQy Avq lvjvZg ; A_P 2000 mvj ch gvwKb mvnvhi
40 kZvsk cqQ m| 1999 mvj gacvP hyivi mvnvhi 54% cqQ
BmivBj| mcwZ evrmwiK mvnvh 3.5 wewjqb Wjvi Qvwoq MQ| gRvi evcvi
nQ G gvwKb KsMm Kvbv wgZ `Lv hvq bv| 1951 mvj BmivBj
hLvb 0.1 wgwjqb Wjvi gvwKb mvnvh cqQ, mLvb wgmi bvmi gZvq
Avmvi ci 1952 mvj H `k gvwKb mvnvh eo ùvwoqQ 86.4 wgwjqb Wjvi|

(cvVKMY GB ewi KviY Abygvb Kib)| bvmii mvgvRev`weivax RvZxqZvev`x
PZbv I RvU wbic Av`vjb bZZi cwZwqvB Kx Gi KviY bq| gacvP
BmivBj cuvPwU CIA Ges cwZeQi GKk cuwPk wewjqb Wjvi LiP nZ Ggb
mbvevwnbxi KvR mgvav KiQ (Benjamin Beit Hallahmi, 1987)| 1966 mvj
meenr gymwjg cavb `k B`vbwkqvi Rbwcq evg-RvZxqZvev`x bZv myKYK,
whwb RvU wbic Av`vjbiI bZv wQjb ivgZv _K Kz`Zvi gvag
DrLvZ Kiv nj, `k-mnmvwaK gvbylK nZv Kiv nj| bc_i bvqK wnme `Lv
Mj mvgvRev`K| mvgvRevì kZ Pv mI Avgiv 1975-G mvqMb weRq
ch mgM wek, wekl Ki, ZZxq wek `wL mvgvRev`-weivax I evg KwgDwb
kwi kwewgnvKvk yUwbK Mgb, gvwKb hyivi Kvj welduvov wnme
1959 mvj wecex wKDevi Avwefve, AvwdKvq bygv jygy^v cgyL mvgvRev`-weivax
bZvi Rqi_, 1968-69 mvj wekevcx wecex Qv Av`vjb, mvc`vwqK cvwKvb
fO evsjv`ki Afy`q, 1960 mvj OPEC MVb Ges 197074 mvj Gi
kwew Ges B`vPxb gvwKb mvgvRevì cZb| 1975 mvj evsjv`k NUvb nj
`qwe`viK NUbv-mvgwiK Kz`Zvq eez mcwievi wbnZ njb, Rj nZvKvi
wkKvi njb ZvRDwbmn Avgvì ^vaxbZvhyi Pvi bZv|
mii `kKi gvSvgvwS _K `wL mvgvRev`weivax I mgvRZvwK kwi
gvebwZ| Zvi KviYmg~n wek`fve ejvi BQv AvcvZ Pc iL AvjvPbvi
m~YZvi Rb msw AvKvi AvjvPbv KiwQ :
(K) Pxb-mvwfqZ RvZxqZvev`x kZvg~jK |
(L) wek-A_bxwZi K` hZw`b mvgvRev`xì nvZ _vKe, ZZw`b h DbZ
mgvRZ wbgvY me bq, mwU mvwfqZ bZZi fzj hvIqv|
(M) mvgvRevì eovRvj _vKvi dj ^xq RbMYi AwaKvi Le KiZ eva
nIqvUvK DbZ mgvRZ ej Pwjq Ìqv| Gi dj mgvRZvwK ivi I
cvwUi ga mgvRZweivax kw Mo IVvi myhvM cvq, ZMZ evZ Avm,
gvbe mgvR bZzb MwZceYZv mwVKfve wPwZ Kivi e_Zv `Lv `q|
(N) mevcwi gvKmxq `kbi ggK fzj wMq cyuwRev`x `kbwbfi gvcKvwVZ
gvbe-DbqbK gvcvi Pv Kiv|
Ab ceYZv nQcyuwRev`x Kì mvgwMK kw ew, wfqZbvg hy fzj _K
wkv wbq bZzb Kkj MnY, mvgvRZvwK wekK A-cwZhvwMZvq Ub Gb
RbMYK Pvc djv, gymwjg gjev`xì `k `k g`` Ìqv, wek-A_bxwZ
TNC-Gi Avwefve, KwDUvi cKkji evcK eenvi, gwKb ivi A_bwZK
kw Pvj Kivi gZv cyuwRev`x wek `yUv Kì Avwefvecwg BDivc I
Rvcvb| 1979 mvj RbMYi wecei gvag Bivbi kvn DrLvZ njv, gacvP
gvwKbxì wZb cvqi GK cv am Mj| Zvi GK eQi AvM AvdMvwbvb
mvwfqZ evwnbxi AvMgb NUj| Nixon Doctrine-Gi j Pj Gjv Carter
Doctrine| Avgiv bjvg Rapid Development ev Rapid Deployed Force-Gi
K_v| KvUvii gZv f`jvKi Kb Ggb AvPiY? Zvi KviY Avgiv mnR eySZ
cvwi hw` gacvP Black gold -Gi K_v gb ivwL :
gacvP _K AvnwiZ Zj-mì KviY Zj Kvvwbjv A_bwZK RMZ
weivU ma wbgvY KiZ ciQ| 1973 mvj bvMv` cw_exi meenr eviwU Kvvwbi
ga mvZwU nQ Zj Kvvbx Exxon, Mobil, Chevron, Texaco, Gulf,
Shell and Bp-have| (mdix, 2002) hw` AviI Lqvj Kwi GBme Z_ivwkK :
* MZ kZvx wQj Zji, GB kZvx ne Zj I Mvmig~jZ Mvmi|
(mdix, 2002)|
* DcmvMixq Aj (BivK, Bivb, KzqZ Ges mw` Avie) cgvwYZ Zji
55% gRy` iqQ (mw` 25%, BivK 12%)| (1980 mvji wnmve
Abyhvqx)|
* eZgvb eeZ kwi 62% Zj Ges Mvm| eeZ Zj I Mvmi
6570% wZbwU A_bxwZ fvM Ki hyiv, Rvcvb I BDivcxq BDwbqb|
Dbqbkxj wek _K hyivi AwRZ jvfi 60% Zj _K Avm|
* BivK 124 wUwmGd Mvm iqQ| cw_exi mePvBZ mv Zj BivKi|
wekliv ejQb, BivK eZgvb cgvwYZ 112 wewjqb evij fwelZ 250
wewjqb evij wMq ùvovZ cvi| BivK cgvwYZ Zji 70wU i ga
GLbI 55wU AeeZ iq MQ| Zvi ga 8wUi cZKwUZ GK wewjqb
evij Zj gRy` iqQ, hLvb Drcv`b LiP ne LyeB Kg Zvi Zzjbv
cw_exZ Kv_vI bB|
evij cwZ Drcv`b LiP
Aj
1.5 Wjvi
cvim DcmvMixq Aj
4.5 Wjvi
hyiv
5.5 Wjvi
KvbvWv
7 Wjvi
Kvwqvb ewmb
10 Wjvi
ivwkqv
AvMvgx `yB `kK H GjvKv _K wekevcx Zj Avg`vwb wY ne ej
Abygvb Kiv nQ| GB mvbv wK Abi nvZ Qo Ìqv hvq?
* Kvwqvb GjvKv, AvwdKv I `wY AvgwiKvq cv bZzb Zj OPEC-fz
`kjvi evBi Zji cwigvY evwoqQ| wK cvim DcmvMixq GjvKvq
bZzb bZzb Zj gacvP Ges OPEC-Gi Zji Aski cwigvY AviI
evwoqQ|
mvj
gacvP
OPEC
1980
55%
69%
2002
69%
80%
AvMvgx cbi eQii ga Non-OPEC `kjvi Zj dzwiq hve, wK
OPEC-Gi Zj AviI 80 eQi ai Pje ej gb Kiv nQ| ZvB fwelZ
1973-Gi gZv OPEC (hvZ BivK iZc~Y f~wgKv iLwQj) hvZ Zji
evRvi wbqY bv KiZ cvi wbRì jfvsk evovZ bv cvi Zvi eev Kiv
ìKvi bq wK?
* Kvwqvb GjvKvq 70200 wewjqb evij Zj iqQ| ZzKgwbqvq ZZxq
eng Mvm iqQ| cvkeZx `k DRewKvb iqQ cw_exi meenr
^YLwb|
* gvci w`K PvL eyjvj `LZ cve gacvP I K`xq Gwkqvq gvSLvb
Bivb, KvYvq wmwiqv Qvov meKqwU `k (cvwKvb, AvdMvwbvb, DRewKvb,
ZzKwgwbqv, Zzi, BivK, mw` Avie, KzqZ BZvw`) gvwKbevwnbx ev Zvì
Zuve`vi miKvi RjRj KiQ|
Avgiv Rvwb, 1958 mvj BivKi ivRv byi-G-mvC`, Ave`j Kwig Kvwmgi bZZ
mbvevwnbxi GKwU Aski viv DrLvZ nIqvi ci, wKfve B-gvwKb mvgvRev`
BivK AvgY D`Z nqwQj, ZLb _K wKfve BivK Zjmì Dci Zvì
wbqY wKQyUv AvjMv nqwQj, wKfve KvwmgK CIA 1963 mvj gZvPyZ
KiwQj, wKfve ZviciI gZvmxb BivwK ewiv AbK fzj wmv wbjI,
KLbI KLbI mvgvRvì KvQ bwZ ^xKvi KijI, Zj msv wmv bIqvi
gZv Zviv KLbI mvgvRevì nvZ Qvo wb; eis 1973 mvj OPEC-G k
f~wgKv iL mvvg gvwKbxì gv_v Nywiq w`qwQj| A_P mvvgi gacvP eo
bZv nIqvi AvKvv, GKbvqKZmyjf AvPiY I cKZ `kcwgKMYZvwK kw
_K wewQbZv, ZvK AwPi CIA-Gi wU nZ mvnvh Kij| ZviB cwiYwZZ
Avgiv `Ljvg ivgmd-mvvg ezZ, 8 eQii BivK-Bivb hy, KzqZ-mw`
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(http://davidharvey.org/reading-capital/; or search in youtube videos by
David Hurvey; http://www.amazon.com/David-Harvey/e/B001I9U0JI|
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today and the years ahead kxlK cvivq wjLQb
Since 19891990, when the Warsaw Pact states began to fall, the
proportion of world production that is noncyclical has fallen to a little
more than 10 percent ... The gyroscope of the postwar world economy
has been profoundly damaged. Certainly, there is absolutely nothing

capitalism can do to prevent the growing disproportionalities from
spiraling into general crisis in the imperialist center itself. ... Is there any
doubt that as the crisis grows, capitalist attacks will escalate against the
working class and its states, trade unions, and all of its organizations,
indeed against all the exploited and oppressed? Is there any doubt that
imperialism, choking in overproduction, will engage in enforced
destruction of productive forces by both peaceful and military means? Is
there any question that a bankrupt imperialism will engage in evergreater racism and national chauvinism, will back the most extreme right
wing and even fascist forces, not least to lubricate and facilitate its
nefarious wars? ( NST, Vol. 10 No. 4, 1997)
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Lvbv hve? The Wall Street Journal Gi wewfb jLv _K (hgb 19-G
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KiZ cvi wb| gv Aqfvii, Protestant ethics: the spirit of capitalism
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period-within countries and across countries (Foster, 2002)| 2008
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No matter which policy is being followed, the result is to
favour the billionaires club that now constitutes an increasingly
powerful plutocracy both within countries and (like Rupert
Murdoch) upon the world stage. Everywhere, the rich are getting
richer by the minute. The top 100 billionaires in the world (from
China, Russia, India, Mexico and Indonesia as well as from the
traditional centres of wealth in North America and Europe)
added $240 billion to their coffers in 2012alone (enough,
calculates Oxfam, to end world poverty overnight). By contrast,
the well-being of the masses at best stagnates or more likely
undergoes an accelerating if not catastrophic (as in Greece and
Spain) degradation. (David Hurvey, 2014)
3. fviZxq ivi K`xq AvgjvZ -enr cyuwR wekl Ki gvoIqvix cyuwR I

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^v_ KZUzKz eenvi Kie| gywhyi PZbvq fvî evsjv`k Zvì mKji
wei hvq, Kej Dcgnv`ki mvaviY gvbyli bq, cvjvBb _K wdwjcvBb

ch mKj wbcxwoZ gvbyli ^v_i cwZf~ nq IV| GB KviYB gb nq gvoIqvix
cyuwR ^vaxb evsjv`ki mvc`vwqK kwi Avkq`vbKvix Ges fviZweivax kvMvbi
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fviZxq Pi evwnbxi Zveavb gywRe evwnbx MVb Kiv nqwQj| AvR mvi`vi gZv
fviZxq KcviU Kvi ckq nvRvi KvwU UvKv RvgvZK `q? evsjv`k bvgUv
Kej gymwjg mvc`vwqK Mvxi bq AbK fviZxq eywRxexi AcQì wQj,
GLbI iqQ| msKi RvwZ wnme G`ki gvbyli c mKj msKxYZvi Ea
DV AvaywbK vb wevb AvZ Ki mwZKvii AvaywbK RvwZ wnme Mo IVvi
mvebv Ab RvwZi Zzjbvq GKUz ewk bq wK? Avgiv GUv bv eySjI mvgRev`x I
mvc`vwqK kw fvjfve Rvb| fviZxqZi mv_ evOvwjZi mK wK ne? wK
nIq DwPZ? Ab`vksKi ivqi GKzk deqvwii Zvrch ce G evcvi Zvi gZ
cvwQ, m ce wZwb cwg evOjvi evOvwj wnme ejQb, evOvwjZ Avgvì
hZB wcq nvK bv Kb fviZxqZ Avgvì Awgvq| Avi evsjv`ki evOvwj
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A_vr Avgiv Kej evOvwji mvabv Ki hve| wK GBUzKz ejv h_ bq, fviZxq
iv Avgvì md evOvwjZi weKvk wKfve beGB cki Di Avgvì cZ
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wK KLbv evsjv`kK fviZi KvbvWv wnme `LZ Pvq, bv Zviv PvBe
evsjv`kK gwKv wnme cZ| Avgvì wmv wbZ ne Avgiv wK KvbvWv,
myBRvijv, wdbjv (ivwkqv msjM), wKDev (hyivi beB wKjvwgUvi `~i
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c_g 10wU `ki ga MY njI mvgvwRK I AjMZ elg Pigfve wK,
mvc`vwqKZvq-eYev` `xY, Zvi ALZv gwKi myLxb (cYe Pvcvavq,
2002)| GB Aevq fviZi mgvR cvavb weviKvix kwY-Mvxmg~ni
agwbicZvi cwieZ wn`yZev` cqvRb, cqvRb gyL gymwjg KvR eei Rx
cvwKvbi gymwjg RvZxqZvevì Li `yej evsjv`kK AvUKvbv| Ggb

evsjv`k Zvi ^v_ KqKfve iv KiQ ev Kie|
4. evsjv`ki ivxq KvVvgv I f~wgeevi mv_ mvc`vwqKZvi mK
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ejZb, evsjvi cwj gvwUZ KLbv Di fviZi gZv KwVb kv RgvU euva wb,
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fi Ki GKUv RvwZ AvaywbK nZ cvi bv| meZ evwbK PZbvi NvUwZi KviY
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bvGB
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mg_b nvwiq `yej njI gywhyi weRqx kw ZvK wbRi ^v_ cwiewZZ KiZ
e_ nj| ZvK bv e`wjq fvj ZweqZ iL Ìqv nj| ivi g~j wfwGB mbv
evwnbx, cywjk, wePvi eevq wPwZ cvwKvb cgxì iL Ìqv nj, KvVvgvi
Kvb cwieZb nj bv| cvwKvbi Ki `vjvj Gikv`, Zvqve, gvqvg cgyLK
gywhvv mbv Awdmviì Zxe weivwaZvi gyLI mbvevwnbxZ bqv nj|
Kejgv gywhvvì wbq GKwU gv evwnbx Kivi ZvRDwbi HwZnvwmK cve
MnY Kiv nj bv| cvwKvbi mbvevwnbxi AbK AvfixY bxwZ evsjv`k
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cybivq wdi Gj| Kvb aibi Kwl KvVvgvi cybMVb Qvov, cvwKvbx ivxq KvVvgv
envj iL wecex cwqv i nqQGgb cv_wgK A_P my`~icmvix fzj Avgiv
Kijvg| Avgiv fqvbKfve `qg KiZ e_ njvg A_bxwZ-iv-mgvR-wkv
eevi Avg~j wecex cwieZb Qvov cvwKvbx f~Z vqxfve civf~Z Kiv me bq|
Kej msweavb iPbvB h_ bq, msweavb iv KiZ cvi Ggb iv I mvgwRK
kwY Acwinvh|
dj wnme `Ljvg BwZnvmi AbZg bksm nZvKv ; ivZvivwZ evsjv`k eZvi
nq Mj iwWI evsjv`k ; Pvjbv eì,
cvU Ad Pvjbv| wgwb cvwKvb
wdi Gj| MZ cvk eQi evsjv`k KwlwfwK cvq mgZvwfwK GKwU mgvR fO
wMq mevLvZwbfi Pig elgg~jK AKwlwfwK mgvR icvwiZ nqQ| GKw`K
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gawe jyUiv 41 jvL awbK kwY viv wev-eeZ nQ ; Zvi wbR^ f~wgKv cvq
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mev Kib wb, wbR^ cvwievwiK mÌ eenvi KiQb, hviv gvbe cgI wQjb
AbymiYxqZvìK cvc ghv`v c`vb KzwZ mLvb wK Kvbv wekgvbi wevbx
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muvw_qv, AfqbMi, ivbvcvRv, ZvRwib mLvb nZB _vKe| Avgiv Avbw`Z MZ
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aibi Abyvb AvqvRb KiZ| Avgiv wK MvgvjK ^vaxbZv weivaxì nvZ
Qo w`qwQ| Avgiv wK fzj MwQ ga I QvU KlKi mvbiv gywhy KiwQj|
Wgiv-Av`gRx-Uxi kwgKì mwq AskMnY Qvov Dbmii MYAfyvb mdj
nZ cviZ bv| Bmjvgx agZ mg_Kiv mgM RbMvxi KZ Ask? wewfb wbevPbi
djvdj, gv`vmvi wecyj ew Ges mvcwZK NUbvejx mv `q, 12 _K 15
kZvsk gvbyl Zvì mg_K| Rbmg_bi PvBZ Gi mvsMVwbK I Avw_K kw AviI
ewk| geagvb gv`vmvjvi AwaKvsk Zvì mg_K| mvgwMKfve RbMYweivax
iv gjevì mnvqK ; GB KviY ivi AbK iZc~Y c` Zviv Avmxb| Zviv
cP ivweivax KgKv KiI cvi cq hvq| jyUiv awbK kwY Zvì kvlYi
^v_ ; RbMYi Av`vjbK wwgZ Kivi j gjev`x agv kw wUwKq ivLZ
Pvq| ZvB Avgiv `wL RvZxqZvev`x kwi weivU Ask Mvov _K gjev`x kwK
ckq w`q AvmQ| GLb hLb gjev` Zvì wMj LZ D`Z ZLb Zviv
AvZmgcYg~jK gbvfve cvlY KiQ| mvgwMK evOvwj mswZweivax
mvc`vwqKZvwbfi gymwjg RvZxqZveva gjevì mg_b f~wg wnme KvR KiQ|
GK wnme `Lv hvq gymwjg RbMvxi cvq lvU kZvsk gvbyl GB fvev`ki
cwigj Ave iqQ| mgvRi DuPy ii wKQy gvbyl agZxì mg_b KijI
agZxì mvgvwRK kw wnme KvR Ki gv`vmvjvi QvmgvRi weivU Ask,
Bgvgì GKUv DjLhvM Ask, Mvg I knii wenxb RbmvaviYi GKUv Ask|
agZxì Zvi mvgvwRK kw Ges iv _K DrLvZ Kiv Qvov `yej Kiv me wK?
wbq fzj hvb wb Gikv`vi weGbwc miKvii Pig e_Zv mI 96-Gi

wbevPb 91 Gi Zzjbvq weGbwci Pvi kZvsk fvU KgwQj, 12 Rb KlK cywjki
wjZ wbnZ nIqv mI Diei KlKKzj weGbwcK wRwZqwQj| AvIqvgx
jxMi cuvP eQii kvmb gywhyi PZbvK Zv kwkvjx KiZ cvi wb, eis
gywhyi PZbvweivax kw AvR AviI msnZ nq Aewk gywhyi PZbvK
a~wjmvr KiZ D`Z nqQ| AvIqvgx jxM I weGbwci jyUiv ivRbxwZ Mvgvji
mvaviY KlK mgvRK RvgvZi w`K Vj w`Q|
evg-KwgDwb `jjv Zv beB `kK _K f`jvK mR kni emevm Kib ev
AvIqvgx jxM I weGbwci wcQb Nvib| eZgvb RbMYweivax iv I Zvi
cwZvbmg~nK Avg~j e`wjq, Pc-emv agv-jyb kvw I AvRvwZK
evsjv`kweivax lohK civf~Z Ki evsjv`ki weKvkK gywhyi avivq
wdwiq Avbeb wKfve? mnR Kvb c_ bB, ez| hZ mnR c_ Pv Kieb ZZ
KwVb ne weRqi c_|
5. mvc`vwqKZv DrgYi c_vbymvb
5.1 dgvj jwRKi cwieZ WvqwjKvj jwRK cqvRb
GKUz Lqvj Kij `Le Pvwiw`K G ivM ...AvRwUbv ebvg evwRj, AvIqvgx jxM
ebvg weGbwc, agvZv ebvg bvwKZv, RvZxqZvev` ebvg AvRvwZKZvev`...|
Avgiv, cKZc, AvwiUjxq wPvi KvVvgvZ A_vr agv wPvi KvVvgvZ
Ave| Avgiv kqZvb ebvg div ev en ebvg `vhL ev fvj ebvg g` GB
aibi wecixZgyLx wewQb KvVvgvZ mewKQyK `LZ Af| Avgiv gvSLvb Ab
wKQyi AwZ gvbZ ivwR bB| dgvj jwRKi (AvwiUjxq wPvi KvVvgv) mv_
dvwR jwRKi ev WvqwjKvj jwRKi GKUv iZc~Y cv_K iqQ| dgvj jwRK
hLvb mewKQyK fvj/g` j mKnxbfve gvc, WvqwjKvj jwRK me
NUbvK AwewQb Pjgvb gvvq mKhyfve `LZ Pvq| mvc`vwqKZvi gZv
RwUj Kvb NUbv weklY WvqwjKvj jwRK cqvM KiZ bv wkLj Avgviv cP
fzj Kie| eyRvqvì/ agvì nvZ _K euvPe bv| AvgvìK ag _K
agvZvK, agvZv _K ag-eemvK, cvwZvwbK ag _K ewag-jvKR
agK, Cki wekvm _K AvPviK c_K KiZ wkLZ ne| AvgvìK agK AL
mv wnme bq, Zvi wewfb kwYicK Avjv`v KiZ ne, mvg ag-mvgvRev`x
agK Mwie-Amnvq-wbhvwZZi ag _K mywbw` KiZ ne| hvwK eev` bq,
g~jK eev` cqvM KiZ wkLZ ne| gvKm-Gjm-jwbb-Mvgwm cgyL Zvì
iPbvq GKvwaK vb hvwK eevì PvBZ g~jK fveevì cksmv KiQb|
Avgiv hvwK eev`x ev èv`xì gZv ag`vnx bB, Avgiv agi mKj icK GK
KvZvi wePvi Kwi bv| Avgviv Mwie-Amnvq-wbhvwZZi `xN wbtkvmK Ko wbZ
PvB bv, eis m hvZ mgZvi wfwZ mUv cvjb KiZ cvi Zvi Rb jovB Kwi|
Avgvì msMvg mvg ag-mvgvRev`x agi wei, Avgiv ag eemvK-ag
welK-cyilZK civf~Z KiZ PvB| Avgvì mKj KvRi g~j j gvbyli
gvbyl nIqvi c_ mg evav `~i Kiv, gvbyli AwbwnZ mRbkxjZvi DbvPb
NUvbv| mRbkxjZvi cwZeK Kej `wi`Zv bq, AvwKZv-bvwKZv-cyilZRvZxqZvevÌ nZ cvi| ROJAVA wece GB mKj mZK wekevmxi mvgb Zzj
aiQ|
mgvRi DcwiKvVvgvZ cvavb weviKvix hKvb cci gZv mvc`vwqKZvi
`yUv wfw iqQGKwU eMZ I AbwU fveMZ| GKB fve Amvc`vwqKZviI
`ywU wfw iqQ| wfw `yUv GKB mv_ `yej/kwkvjx bv nj
mvc`vwqKZv/Amvc`vwqKZv `yej/kwkvjx ne bv| GKwUK Aenjv Ki
AvKvwZ dj cvIqv hve bv| cUvm hfve ejQb mfve mvc`vwqKZvK
wek-`kxq cwimi kwYKvVvgvZ dj eySZ ne Ges c_ LyuR wbZ ne|
G `y-w`K _K fzjUv nQ ; hviv mvc`vwqKZv/Amc`vwqKZvi eMZ
wfwK GKevi Aenjv KiQb| Zviv eySQb bv, mgvRi mePvBZ Amvc`vwqK
(eMZfve) RbMvxK (kg ePv Qvov hvì euvPvi Kvb c_ bB) ivRbwZK
A_bwZK-Av`kMZfve kwkvjx bv Ki mvc`vwqKZvK nUvb hve bv|
wekA_bxwZ-mswZ Ges kwYKvVvgvi evBi mvc`vwqKZvK `LQb| ZvB Zviv
Abyaveb KiQb bv ;
(K) mi `kKi klva _K cw_exi mvgb hZB mgvRZ AvKlY nvwiq
djwQj cyuwRev`x wek ZZB mg wUmn (eKviZ, elg, AvMvmx fvMev`)
kwkvjx nwQj Ges `k `k bvbvb aibi mvc`vwqKZv ZZUvB gv_v Pvov
w`q DVwQj| GB cwqv gk AMmigvb nq fqi ic `Lv w`qQ| GUv
hgb `wi`Zv-Awkv cxwoZ RbMYi AvZivg~jK (RweK I
AvwZKDfqv_) c_vbymvb Zgwb `k `k be-D`vi bwZKZvev`xì
Pig myweavev`x-AvZmgcYev`x-wbhvZbg~jK bxwZi dj|
(L) h `k ivRbxwZmPZb gnbwZ gvbyl hZ AmsMwVZ m `k bvbvb aibi
mvc`vwqKZv ZZ evk cKU|
(M) ivRbxwZZ agi eenvi, me`k evojI me`k mgvb fve mUv
mvc`vwqKZvq ic bq wb| mvc`vwqKZv mgvbycvwZK nvi wbfi KiQ mB
`ki
(K) A_bxwZZ cvK&-cyuwRev`x Drcv`b mKi cfve,
(L) ivRbxwZZ mvgvwRKfve cwZvwbK ag Awekvmxì `yejZv|
5.2 PvB mevZK mwwjZ cwiKwZ D`vM

D`vi bwZKZvev`xì (AvIqvgx jxM ev Abvb) KvQ `bìevi Ki hviv
mvc`vwqKZv `~i KiZ Pvq, Zvì evSv DwPZmsLvii weivU Aski AvwiK
mwqZv Qvov mvc`vwqKZvK Kei Ìqv hve bv| mB weivU Ask nZ
cvignbwZ gvbyl Ges wkwZ gawei LyeB cwZfvevb mRbkxj (bRij,
Rvgvj, bRij Bmjvg, kvgmyi ivngvb, ZvRDwb cgyL mRbkxj ewiv) Ask
A_P wewfb cvjvgUvix wbevPb `wLqQ GLbI gnbwZ gvbyliv mvc`vwqK kwi
fvU evsK wnme KvR KiQ| mvc`vwqKZvi Aemvb mgM RbMYi fwelr mg
nj mevi ^v_ mgvbfve iwZ nq bv GgbwK RbMvxi GKvski (hviv
mvc`vwqKZvq jvfevb nqQ/nQ) eZgvb ^v_ wZM ne| G`ki msLvi
gnbwZ Ask MZ mi eQi mvc`vwqKZvq wZM nIqv Qvov jvfevb nq wb|
eis 192030 Gi PvBZ ewk cwigvY `vwi`-Abvnvi-ivM BZvw`Z RRwiZ
nQ| ZvB m kg wew KiZ w`wj ev ev^ ev KjKvZvq hZ cvi| G`ki
gymwjg gawe wK fzjZ cvi 1947-Gi `k fvMi bM` cvwK? wbq bv| Gi
mv_ hvM nqQ eZgvb cyuwRev`x fqi AgvbweK gbvew, (msLvjNyi `qi
e_v Abyfe Kivi Zvi mgq Kv_vq?) gymwjg gvbm cvw_Z fviZxqZi cwZ Aev
Ges wn`y gvbm evOvwjZi Zzjbvq fviZxqZi cwZ AwaKZi `yejZv| bvixiv
kwY-i-Mvx wbwekl cyuwRev`-mvc`vwqKZvi mePvBZ eo ewj| ZvB ZvìK
Zvì gZv Ki mei Avjv`vfve msMwVZ KiZ ne| ROSAVA wece
bvixì AskMnY AvgìK AbycvwYZ Ki| wbhvwZZ agxq mc`vqi cvk
AvgvìK KvhKifve ùvovZ ne| Avgvì kw cqvRbi Zzjbvq Kg nZ
cvi, Kgc `ki Kvb GKUv Aj Avgiv mB Pvj MnY KiZ cvwi| wcwm
ivq, iZb mb, LvbRvnvb Avjx, eez cgyLi Lyjbv Kx mviv `ki mvgb D`vniY
nZ cvi bv!
mvc`vwqKZvi ck Avgvì `ki gvKmev`xiv `y w`K _K fzj KiQ| eMZ
wfwK Abyaveb KijI eMZ wfwK mwVK ivRbwZK-A_bwZK-mvswZK
Av`vjbi gvS bvov w`Z cviwb| c_g kwY Av`vjb ci
mvc`vwqKZvweivax Av`vjbGgb wPvq Zvì bZvKgxiv NyicvK LvQ| Zviv
eySZ cviQ bv `yUv Av`vjbKB mgvb iZ w`q GZ ne| GUvB mgqi
`vwe| GUv AekB gb ivLZ necvwKvbx Avgji gZv eZgvb gawe-wbgwe
kwY djcm~ mvc`vwqKZvweivax Av`vjbi g~j wfw ne bv, nZ cvi bv
kwYmPZb kwgK-w`bgRyi-cvwK KlK I Abvb gnbwZ gvbylK H `vwqZ cvjb
KiZ ne| DPwe, gawe I wbgwei DjLhvM GKvsk mLvb mnvqKi
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cvwQ, Socialism in its goals is closer to Christianity than is capitalism| Kvv
ejQb, I would define liberation theology as an encounter of Christianity with is
roots and Latin American left should consider this one the most important events of
modern times. ... No one is more fervent supporter than I that the church has taken
a correct position with regard to social problem.
gvnv` bvmi (1998)| Rgm cvmi mvwZK ce evsjv`k Zvi cvmwKZv, wkLv AwbevY,
gvnv` kvn Avjg KZK mvw`Z, l msLv, PMvg, 99109|
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weg~p I wbevK nq hvIqv Qvov Kvb Dcvq _vK bv|
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kwYmsMvg GLvbB wgfve vcb KiQ|
mybxwZ Kzgvi Nvl (1998-1999)| evsjv Kb wLwZ njv Ges Kvì ^v_, mswZ, Ag el,
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Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi (1987). The Israeli Connection : Who Israel Arms and Why.
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E-mail : selimcpb@yahoo.com

Communalism in Bangladesh: Problems and Way of Solving

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